1
|
Dewangan HK, Pandey T, Singh S. Nanovaccine for immunotherapy and reduced hepatitis-B virus in humanized model. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:2033-2042. [PMID: 29179600 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1408118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) infections are severe with weak antiviral immune responses. The lack of an appropriate small animal model for chronic hepatitis, a major hurdle for studying the immunotolerance and immunopathogenesis induced by hepatitis B viral (HBV) infection. In this study, for enhancing the antibody production efficiency the prepared polymeric HBsAg-loaded nanoparticles (nanovaccine) will be tested in immune-deficit mice, which suffer from chronic Hepatitis B virus. Vaccination of Balb/c mice by this prepared nanoparticles that were engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), which was already lethally irradiated and transplanted by the bone marrow of NOD (knockout mice) mice. In the present study, after the vaccination detected the high frequencies of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-secreting B cells and mitogen-responsive interferon-Y (IFN-Y) secreting T cells in serum, determined by specific ELISA technique. During the entire observation period, unvaccinated animals showed lower concentration of specific IgG secreting B cells and IFN-Y secreting T cells found in comparison to vaccinated mice group. Chronic HBV carrier PBMCs transplanted into the chimera failed to produce antigen and increased the antibodies production due to vaccination. Furthermore, another advantage was that the viral gene expression and viral DNA replication was no longer observed in vaccinated group. This prepared nanovaccine formulations is better for the cure of Hepatitis B viral infection carrier. Therefore, specific memory responses were elicited by vaccination with Hepatitis B virus surface (HBsAg) antigen of chimeric mice transplanted with PBMCs derived from HBV donors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh Kumar Dewangan
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| | - Tarun Pandey
- b Anaesthesia and Critical Care , Sanjay Gandhi Memorial Hospital , New Delhi , India
| | - Sanjay Singh
- a Department of Pharmaceutics , Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University) , Varanasi , India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Development of anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) antibodies after HBs antigen loss in HIV-hepatitis B virus co-infected patients. J Clin Virol 2017; 95:55-60. [PMID: 28869890 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)-seroconversion, or loss of HBsAg and acquisition of anti-hepatitis B surface (HBs) antibodies, defines functional cure of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. After HBsAg-loss, little is known regarding the development of anti-HBs antibodies and even less so in individuals co-infected with HIV. OBJECTIVES To determine anti-HBs antibody kinetics after HBsAg-loss and explore determinants of HBsAg-seroconversion in HIV-HBV co-infected patients. STUDY DESIGN Patients enrolled in the French HIV-HBV cohort were included if they had >1 study visit after HBsAg-loss. Individual patient kinetics of anti-HBs antibody levels were modeled over time using mixed-effect non-linear regression, whereby maximum specific growth rate and maximal level of antibody production were estimated from a Gompertz growth equation. RESULTS Fourteen (4.6%) of 308 co-infected patients followed in the cohort exhibited HBsAg-loss, all of whom were undergoing antiretroviral therapy. Nine (64.3%) of these patients achieved HBsAg-seroconversion during a median 3.0 years (IQR=1.1-5.1) after HBsAg-loss. Across individuals with HBsAg-seroconversion, the fastest rates of antibody growth ranged between 0.57-1.93year-1 (population maximum growth rate=1.02) and antibody production plateaued between 2.09-3.66 log10 mIU/mL at the end of follow-up (population maximal antibody levels=2.66). Patients with HBsAg-seroconversion had substantial decreases in HBV DNA viral loads (P=0.03) and proportion with elevated ALT levels (P=0.02) and HBeAg-positive serology (P=0.08). No such differences were observed in those without HBsAg-seroconversion. CONCLUSIONS Most co-infected patients with HBsAg-seroconversion produced and maintained stable antibody levels, yet kinetics of anti-HBs production were much slower compared to those observed post-vaccination or after clearance of acute HBV-infection.
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim HY, Kim CW, Choi JY, Yu DS, Kim JW, Han KD, Park YG, Lee YB. Atopic dermatitis is inversely associated with hepatitis B antigen positivity: a population-based cohort study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2017. [PMID: 28646620 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.14428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No clear association between hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and atopic dermatitis (AD) has been established. Some studies have reported that subjects with HBV had an increased risk of atopy; other studies reported an inverse association between HBV seropositivity and allergic diseases. OBJECTIVE We evaluated the association between AD and hepatitis B antigen (HBsAg) positivity using Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. METHODS In total, 14 776 participants aged >19 years were included in the analysis. Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to evaluate the odds ratio of HBsAg positivity in association with AD and asthma. RESULTS The prevalence of HBsAg positivity was lower in individuals with AD than in those without AD (mean [SE], 0.7% [0.4] vs. 3.7% [0.2]; P < 0.001). However, HBsAg positivity was not significantly associated with asthma (3.7% [0.2] vs. 2.8% [0.8]; P < 0.001). HBsAg positivity decreased the risk of AD significantly (OR = 0.223; 95% CI = 0.069-0.72). CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates an inverse association between AD and HBsAg positivity using a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional health examination and survey.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Y Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - C W Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J Y Choi
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - D S Yu
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J W Kim
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - K D Han
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y G Park
- Department of Medical Statistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Y B Lee
- Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bertoletti A, Ferrari C. Adaptive immunity in HBV infection. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S71-S83. [PMID: 27084039 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 300] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
During hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, the presence of HBV-specific antibody producing B cells and functional HBV-specific T cells (with helper or cytotoxic effects) ultimately determines HBV infection outcome. In this review, in addition to summarizing the present state of knowledge of HBV-adaptive immunity, we will highlight controversies and uncertainties concerning the HBV-specific B and T lymphocyte response, and propose future directions for research aimed at the generation of more efficient immunotherapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Bertoletti
- Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
| | - Carlo Ferrari
- Divisione Malattie Infettive, Ospdale Maggiore Parma, Parma, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mohamadkhani A, Bastani F, Khorrami S, Ghanbari R, Eghtesad S, Sharafkhah M, Montazeri G, Poustchi H. Negative Association of Plasma Levels of Vitamin D and miR-378 With Viral Load in Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B Infection. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2015; 15:e28315. [PMID: 26288634 PMCID: PMC4533027 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.28315v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) is accompanied by inflammation of liver because of infection with Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Previous studies revealed an inverse association between vitamin D and HBV DNA levels. OBJECTIVES The current study aimed to investigate the levels of 25 (OH) D3 (the steady form of vitamin D), miR-378 and HBV DNA in the patients with CHB. PATIENTS AND METHODS One hundred and seventy three patients with HBeAg negative CHB were recruited for the study. Plasma levels of HBVDNA and 25 (OH) D3 were quantified. The expression level of miR-378 in plasma was measured by a relative quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qRT-PCR) assay. RESULTS In the pathway regression analysis, the plasma level of 25 (OH) D3 showed a significant inverse correlation with plasma levels of HBV DNA (-0.198, P = 0.008) and direct correlation with miR-378 (0.188, P = 0.013). Similarly plasma level of miR-378 had inverse association with HBV DNA level (-0.177, P = 0.020). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that vitamin D could involve in a miRNA- mediated regulatory pathway in control of HBV replication. Further studies are recommended to understand the effects of miR-378 and anti-infective action of vitamin D on Hepatitis B Virus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Mohamadkhani
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Faegh Bastani
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Samaneh Khorrami
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Reza Ghanbari
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Sareh Eghtesad
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Maryam Sharafkhah
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ghodratollah Montazeri
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding Author: Hossein Poustchi, Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel: +98-2182415141, Fax: +98-2182415400, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cheng L, Li F, Bility MT, Murphy CM, Su L. Modeling hepatitis B virus infection, immunopathology and therapy in mice. Antiviral Res 2015; 121:1-8. [PMID: 26099683 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the availability of a preventive vaccine, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection-induced liver diseases continue to be a major global public health problem. HBV naturally infects only humans and chimpanzees. This narrow host range has hindered our ability to study the characteristics of the virus and how it interacts with its host. It is thus important to establish small animal models to study HBV infection, persistence, clearance and the immunopathogenesis of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we briefly summarize currently available animal models for HBV research, then focus on mouse models, especially the recently developed humanized mice that can support HBV infection and immunopathogenesis in vivo. This article is part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "From the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B: an unfinished story."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Cheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Moses T Bility
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christopher M Murphy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gong Y, Zhao C, Zhao P, Wang M, Zhou G, Han F, Cui Y, Qian J, Zhang H, Xiong H, Sheng J, Jiang T. Role of IL-10-Producing Regulatory B Cells in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:1308-14. [PMID: 25260658 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3358-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A subset of interleukin (IL)-10-producing regulatory B (Breg) cells that suppress T-cell-mediated immunity was recently identified; however, their role in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) remains elusive. AIM To explore the possible role of Breg in the interaction with Th cells and consequent pathogenesis of CHB. METHODS The prevalence of Breg as well as 3 major effector T-cell subsets--CD4(+)CD25(high)Foxp3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells, T helper 1 cells (Th1), and T helper 2 cells (Th2)--was assessed in the peripheral blood of 31 patients with CHB, 28 patients with acute hepatitis B (AHB), and 25 healthy controls (HC). RESULTS Compared to patients with AHB and HC, the prevalence of Breg and Treg cells and the concentration of IL-10 in the supernatant of cultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were greatly increased in patients with CHB. A significantly decreased proportion of Th1 cells was also observed in patients with CHB and was demonstrated to have a negative correlation with the prevalence of Breg. Furthermore, depletion of Treg cells in the PBMCs of patients with CHB did not alter the frequency of Breg cells or their ability to produce IL-10, indicating little, if any, impact of Treg cells on the generation and maintenance of Breg cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that increased Breg cells might be a major source of elevated IL-10 in CHB and represent a critical and independent regulatory force in the development of impaired anti-HBV immunity, consequently contributing to the pathogenesis of CHB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Gong
- Institution for Laboratory Medicine, Changshu, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Mouse models for therapeutic vaccination against hepatitis B virus. Med Microbiol Immunol 2014; 204:95-102. [DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
9
|
Dandri M, Lütgehetmann M. Mouse models of hepatitis B and delta virus infection. J Immunol Methods 2014; 410:39-49. [PMID: 24631647 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Liver disease associated to persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem of global impact. Therapeutic regimens currently available can efficiently suppress HBV replication; however, the unique replication strategies employed by HBV permit the virus to persist within the infected hepatocytes. As a consequence, relapse of viral activity is commonly observed after cessation of treatment with polymerase inhibitors. Among the HBV chronically infected patients, more than 15million patients are estimated to be co-infected with the hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a defective satellite virus that needs the HBV envelope for propagation. No specific drugs are currently available against HDV, while nucleos(t)ide analogs are not effective against HDV replication. Since chronic HBV/HDV co-infection leads to the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis in men, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms of HDV-mediated pathogenesis and the development of improved therapeutic approaches is urgently needed. The obvious limitations imposed by the use of great apes and the paucity of robust experimental models of HBV infection have hindered progresses in understanding the complex network of virus-host interactions that are established in the course of HBV and HDV infections. This review focuses on summarizing recent advances obtained with well-established and more innovative experimental mouse models, giving emphasis on the strength of infection systems based on the reconstitution of the murine liver with human hepatocytes, as tools for elucidating the whole life cycle of HBV and HDV, as well as for studies on interactions with the infected human hepatocytes and for preclinical drug evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research, Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel Partner Site, Germany.
| | - Marc Lütgehetmann
- I. Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu D, Ni B, Wang L, Zhang M, Liu W, Wu Y. Hepatitis B virus core protein interacts with CD59 to promote complement-mediated liver inflammation during chronic hepatitis B virus infection. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3314-20. [PMID: 24036449 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory response mediated by the immune system is the major cause of hepatitis B virus (HBV)-associated liver injury. Here, we identified CD59, as a novel HBc-interacting protein in hepatocytes by tandem affinity purification (TAP) screening. The expression of CD59 was markedly down-regulated in HBc-transfected HepG2 or HepG2.215 cells, which resulted in an upshift of hepatocyte sensitivity to membrane attack complex (MAC)-induced cell lysis. These results were consistent with the accumulation of MACs in the liver of HBV-infected patients. Additional analyses using laser confocal microscopy, quantitative PCR and flow cytometry revealed that CD59 was specifically translocated to the nucleus upon binding to HBc, which induced the down-regulation of CD59 on both the mRNA and protein levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Institute of Immunology, PLA, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Guan F, Hou X, Nie G, Xiao Y, Zhang Q, Liu WQ, Li YL, Lei JH. Effect of Trichinella spiralis infection on the immune response to HBV vaccine in a mouse model. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013; 10:882-7. [PMID: 23883369 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2013.1545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective and cost-effective way to treat hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Collective data suggest that helminth infections affect immune responses to some vaccines. Therefore, it is important to reveal the effects of helminth infections on the efficacy of protective vaccines in countries with highly prevalent helminth infections. In the present work, effects of Trichinella spiralis infection on the protective efficacy of HBV vaccine in a mouse model were investigated. This study demonstrated that the enteric stage of T. spiralis infection could inhibit the proliferative response of spleen lymphocytes to hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and lead to lower levels of anti-HBsAg antibodies, interferon-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2, along with higher levels of IL-4 and IL-5. However, these immunological differences are absent in the muscle stage of T. spiralis infection. The results suggest that the muscle stage of T. spiralis infection does not affect the immune response to HBV vaccination, while the enteric-stage infection results in a reduced immune response to HBsAg.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hepatitis B surface antigen could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus infection. ISRN GASTROENTEROLOGY 2013; 2013:935295. [PMID: 23401786 PMCID: PMC3562682 DOI: 10.1155/2013/935295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Various findings concerning the clinical significance of quantitative changes in hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) during the acute and chronic phase of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection have been reported. In addition to being a biomarker of HBV-replication activity, it has been reported that HBsAg could contribute to the immunopathogenesis of HBV persistent infection. Moreover, HBsAg could become an attractive target for immune therapy, since the cellular and humeral immune response against HBsAg might be able to control the HBV replication and life cycle. However, several reports have described the immune suppressive function of HBsAg. HBsAg might suppress monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer (NK), and natural killer T (NK-T) cells by direct interaction. On the other hand, cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper T (Th) cells were exhausted by high amounts of HBsAg. In this paper, we focused on the immunological aspects of HBsAg, since better understanding of the interaction between HBsAg and immune cells could contribute to the development of an immune therapy as well as a biomarker of the state of HBV persistent infection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Chen Y, Qiu LM, Yao XS, Zhuang QJ, Lv H. Effect of antiviral treatment with nucleoside and nucleotide analogues on cellular immune function in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3521-3528. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i35.3521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
China is a country where hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is highly endemic, and a large sample survey shows that chronic HBV infection affects as many as 120 million people in China. Since immune response dysregulation caused by persistent HBV infection and replication is the underlying cause of disease progression in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), effective antiviral therapy should be given to halt the progression of the disease. Nucleoside and nucleotide analogues have been generally accepted as effective anti-HBV drugs and widely used in the clinical setting. They exert antiviral effects against HBV mainly by inhibition of DNA polymerase-mediated DNA replication. In addition, nucleoside and nucleotide analogues also have an impact on the body's immune function. In this article we review recent progress in understanding the effect of antiviral treatment with nucleoside and nucleotide analogues on cellular immune function in CHB patients.
Collapse
|
14
|
Chen L, Liu WQ, Lei JH, Guan F, Li MJ, Song WJ, Li YL, Wang T. Chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection reduces immune response to vaccine against hepatitis B in mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51512. [PMID: 23272112 PMCID: PMC3522692 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatitis B and schistosomiasis are most prevalent in Africa and Asia, and co-infections of both are frequent in these areas. The immunomodulation reported to be induced by schistosome infections might restrict immune control of hepatitis B virus (HBV) leading to more severe viral infection. Vaccination is the most effective measure to control and prevent HBV infection, but there is evidence for a reduced immune response to the vaccine in patients with chronic schistosomiasis japonica. Methodology/Principal Findings In this paper, we demonstrate in a mouse model that a chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection can inhibit the immune response to hepatitis B vaccine (HBV vaccine) and lead to lower production of anti-HBs antibodies, interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin-2 (IL-2). After deworming with Praziquantel (PZQ), the level of anti-HBs antibodies gradually increased and the Th2-biased profile slowly tapered. At 16 weeks after deworming, the levels of anti-HBs antibodies and Th1/Th2 cytokines returned to the normal levels. Conclusions/Significance The results suggest that the preexisting Th2-dominated immune profile in the host infected with the parasite may down–regulate levels of anti-HBs antibodies and Th1 cytokines. To improve the efficacy of HBV vaccination in schistosome infected humans it may be valuable to treat them with praziquantel (PZQ) some time prior to HBV vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Wuhan Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-qi Liu
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia-hui Lei
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Guan
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Man-jun Li
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wen-jian Song
- Department of Parasitology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yong-long Li
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Department of Parasitology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Dandri M, Lütgehetmann M, Petersen J. Experimental models and therapeutic approaches for HBV. Semin Immunopathol 2012; 35:7-21. [PMID: 22898798 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-012-0335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease associated to persistent infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) continues to be a major health problem of global impact. In spite of the existence of an effective vaccine, approximately 360 million people are chronically infected worldwide, who are at high risk of developing liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although current therapeutic regimens can efficiently suppress viral replication, the unique replication strategies employed by HBV permit the virus to persist within the infected hepatocytes. As a consequence, relapse of viral activity is commonly observed after cessation of treatment with polymerase inhibitors. The narrow host range of HBV has hindered progresses in understanding specific steps of HBV replication and the development of more effective therapeutic strategies aiming at achieving sustained viral control and, eventually, virus eradication. This review will focus on summarizing recent advances obtained with well-established and more innovative experimental models, giving emphasis on the strength of the different systems as tools for elucidating distinct aspects of HBV persistence and for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brezillon N, Kremsdorf D, Weiss MC. Cell therapy for the diseased liver: from stem cell biology to novel models for hepatotropic human pathogens. Dis Model Mech 2009; 1:113-30. [PMID: 19048074 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.000463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
It has long been known that hepatocytes possess the potential to replicate through many cell generations because regeneration can be achieved in rodents after serial two-thirds hepatectomy. It has taken considerable time and effort to harness this potential, with liver regeneration models involving hepatocyte transplantation developing over the past 15 years. This review will describe the experiments that have established the models and methodology for liver repopulation, and the use of cells other than adult hepatocytes in liver repopulation, including hepatic cell lines and hematopoietic, cord blood, hepatic and embryonic stem cells. Emphasis will be placed on the characteristics of the models and how they can influence the outcome of the experiments. Finally, an account of the development of murine models that are competent to accept human hepatocytes is provided. In these models, liver deficiencies are induced in immunodeficient mice, where healthy human cells have a selective advantage. These mice with humanized livers provide a powerful new experimental tool for the study of human hepatotropic pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Brezillon
- INSERM, U845, Pathogenèse des Hépatites Virales B et Immunothérapie, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Chen M, Zhang D, Zhen W, Shi Q, Liu Y, Ling N, Peng M, Tang K, Hu P, Hu H, Ren H. Characteristics of circulating T cell receptor gamma-delta T cells from individuals chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV): an association between V(delta)2 subtype and chronic HBV infection. J Infect Dis 2008; 198:1643-50. [PMID: 18954265 DOI: 10.1086/593065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, few studies have been conducted to determine whether T cell receptor (TCR) gammadelta T cells are involved in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. This study was performed to assess the quantity and immune function of TCRgammadelta T cells in the blood of patients with chronic HBV infection and to analyze the relationship between proportions of TCRgammadelta T cells and both proportions of other immune cells and clinical parameters. METHODS Flow cytometry was used to detect the proportions of TCRgammadelta T cells and other immune cells in the peripheral blood of 46 asymptomatic carriers (AsCs) of HBV, 95 patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB), and 29 healthy donors (HDs). The immune functions of TCRgammadelta T cells from 5 AsCs, 6 patients with CHB, and 5 HDs were assessed by cytokine secretion and cytotoxity assays. RESULTS The difference in the proportion of the V(delta)2 T cell subtype between HDs and patients was significant. For the patients, the proportion of V(delta)2 T cells was negatively correlated with alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and total bilirubin levels. The differences in interferon (IFN)-gamma secretion and cytotoxicity between patients and HDs were significant. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of circulating V(delta)2 T cells was significantly decreased in patients with chronic HBV infection, and this was accompanied by a strong immune response in the liver. IFN-gamma secretion and TCRgammadelta T cell cytotoxicity was lower in patients than in HDs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, People's Republic of China Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, Chongqing University of Medical Sciences, No. 74 Lin Jiang Road, Chongqing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Wu Q, Wang XY, Zhou XR, Tang W, Su L. Effect of dendritic cells loaded with HBsAg on the differentiation of HBsAg-specific T helper 1 cells in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:1344-1349. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i12.1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the influence of dendritic cells (DCs) loaded with HBsAg from peripheral blood monocytes of patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) on the differentiation of autologous T helper 1 (Th1).
METHODS: Mononuclear cells were isolated from CHB patients using the methods of density gradient centrifugation (Ficoll-Hypaque) and adherence. The adherent monocytes were incubated with recombinant human GM-CSF and interleukin-4 (IL-4) to induce DC generation. The phenotypes on DCs including CD80, CD86, CD40 and HLA-DR were determined by flow cytometry (FCM). DCs' ability to stimulate allogenic mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR) was detected by CCK-8 assay. The concentration of IL-12 in DC supernate was tested by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). CD4+ Th cell subpopulation in peripheral blood of CHB patients was isolated and purified by immunomagnetic beads. Subsequently, purified CD4+ Th cells were co-cultured with autologous mature DCs. The differentiation of Th1/Th2 was detected by FCM using intracellular staining of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and IL-4. ELISA assay was also used to quantify the IFN-γ and IL-4 in co-culture supernate.
RESULTS: In comparison with those in the control group, the expression levels of CD80, CD86, CD40 and HLA-DR and the concentration of IL-12 in DC supernate of the IFN-γ group, HBsAg group and HBsAg + IFN-γ group were higher, and the capability of DCs to stimulate allogenic lymphocytes to proliferate in the three groups was also stronger. Meanwhile, the percentages of Th1 cells in CD4+ T cells and the level of IFN-γ in co-culture supernate of the IFN-γ group, HBsAg group and HBsAg + IFN-γ group were higher (Th1 cells: 10.76% ± 3.98%, 11.43% ± 4.32%, 15.28% ± 4.73% vs 7.84% ± 3.10%, P < 0.01; IFN-γ: 578 ± 47 mg/L, 496 ± 92 mg/L, 784 ± 97 mg/L vs 342 ± 34 mg/L, P < 0.05). However, the percentages of Th2 cells in CD4+ T cells and the level of IL-4 in the three groups were lower (Th2 cells: 1.43% ± 0.96%, 1.68% ± 0.16%, 0.92% ± 0.21% vs 2.61% ± 1.27%, P < 0.01; IL-4: 187 ± 52 mg/L, 169 ± 38 mg/L, 89 ± 37 mg/L vs 226 ± 48 mg/L, P < 0.05). The most significant effect was observed in the HBsAg + IFN-γ group.
CONCLUSION: DCs loaded with HBsAg can improve the insufficient differentiation of Th1 cells resulted from dysfunction of DCs in vivo in CHB patients.
Collapse
|
19
|
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether immune responses against chronic HBV infection in children have an effect on prevalence of allergic diseases and atopy. METHODS Children with chronic HBV infection [HBV carriage (group 1) and chronic hepatitis (group 2)] were screened for allergic diseases. The results were compared with age-matched controls (group 3). RESULTS The frequencies of doctor-diagnosed 'asthma', 'allergic rhinitis' and 'eczema' were 29.4%, 7.8% and 7.8% in group 1; 7.8%, 5.2% and 5.2% in group 2 and 12.4%, 9% and 2.8% in group 3, respectively. 'History of ever wheezing', doctor-diagnosed 'asthma' and 'eczema' were more common in group 1 than group 3 (p < 0.05 for all parameters), and 'history of ever wheezing' and 'doctor-diagnosed asthma' were more common in group 1 than group 2 (p < 0.05 for al parameters). Atopy was more common in group 1 (35.2%) than both groups 2 (15.7%) and 3 (18%) (p < 0.05 for all parameters). Vertical transmission was more common in patients with versus without atopy in HBV carrier group (33.3% vs. 9%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Immune responses in chronic HBV infection associated with carrier state may also lead to allergic diseases, which suggests the necessity of following these patients for the allergic diseases along with their viral reactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Cakir
- Karadeniz Technical University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Pediatric Allergy, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rosenau J, Hooman N, Rifai K, Solga T, Tillmann HL, Grzegowski E, Nashan B, Klempnauer J, Strassburg CP, Wedemeyer H, Manns MP. Hepatitis B virus immunization with an adjuvant containing vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease: failure of humoral and cellular immune response. Transpl Int 2007; 19:828-33. [PMID: 16961775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-2277.2006.00374.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Long-term hepatitis B reinfection prophylaxis after liver transplantation with hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) and nucleoside analogues is expensive and inconvenient. Studies evaluating humoral immune responses to hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccines showed conflicting results. Best results were achieved under continuous HBIG administration with an adjuvant-containing HBsAg vaccine. In the present study, 8 patients who had been HBsAg positive and HBV DNA negative prior to liver transplantation were immunized with HBsAg-vaccine containing the adjuvant 3-deacylated monophosphoryl-lipid-A. Vaccination was started after discontinuation of HBIG. Six vaccinations were administered at weeks 0, 2, 4, 12, 16 and 24. Humoral (anti-HBs titres) and cellular (enzyme-linked immunospot assay and fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis) immune responses were studied. Only one of eight patients responded with a humoral immune response (maximum anti-HBs titre 561 U/l). In this patient, decrease of anti-HBs titre before vaccination was significantly slower than in the other seven patients and anti-HBs did not become negative before first vaccination. A T-cell response to HBsAg could not be detected in any of the patients. The responder was the only patient who showed a T-cell response to HBcAg. In conclusion, the adjuvant-containing vaccine did not induce a humoral or a detectable cellular immune response in most patients. Patient-related preconditions and concomitant HBIG administration should be further investigated as possible predictors for response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Rosenau
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Dandri M, Volz T, Lutgehetmann M, Petersen J. Modeling infection with hepatitis B viruses in vivo. Future Virol 2006. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.1.4.461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a human-specific liver pathogen whose viral cycle and mechanisms of pathogenesis are not yet fully understood. Along with invaluable infection studies in chimpanzees, avian and mammalian HBV-related viruses continue to offer ample opportunities for studies in their natural hosts. Yet, none of these hosts are commonly used laboratory animals; the lack of reliable in vitro infection systems and convenient animal models has severely hampered progress in HBV research. The need to perform studies in HBV-permissive hepatocytes has led researchers to create new, challenging human–mouse chimera infection models. The types of animal models currently available to perform infection studies with HBV are presented and discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maura Dandri
- University Hospital Hamburg, Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tassilo Volz
- University Hospital Hamburg, Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marc Lutgehetmann
- University Hospital Hamburg, Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jorg Petersen
- University Hospital Hamburg, Department of Medicine, University of Hamburg, Eppendorf, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Xiao P, Chen QF, Yang YL, Guo ZH, Chen H. Serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection and its relation with anti-HBc. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 12:482-4. [PMID: 16489655 PMCID: PMC4066074 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v12.i3.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) level and anti-HBc in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
METHODS: Sera from 100 patients with chronic HBV infection and 30 healthy controls were included in this study. The patients were divided into group A [HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+) and anti-HBc (+), n = 50] and group B [HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+) and anti-HBc (–), n = 50]. sIL-2R levels were determined using ELISA. HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) were also detected.
RESULTS: Serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in patients with chronic HBV infection than in healthy controls. Moreover, serum sIL-2R levels were significantly higher in patients with HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+) and anti-HBc (+) (976.56±213.51×103 U/L) than in patients with HBsAg (+), HBeAg (+) and anti-HBc (–) (393.41 ± 189.54×103 U/L, P < 0.01). A significant relationship was found between serum sIL-2R and ALT levels (P < 0.01) in patients with chronic HBV infection, but there was no correlation between sIL-2R and HBV DNA levels. The anti-HBc status was significantly related to the age of patients (P < 0.01).
CONCLUSION: The high sIL-2R level is related to positive anti-HBc in chronic hepatitis B patients. Positive anti-HBc may be related to T-lymphocyte activation and negative anti-HBc may imply immune tolerance in these patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xiao
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, 1 West Donggang Road, Lanzhou 730000, Gansu Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Dandri M, Volz TK, Lütgehetmann M, Petersen J. Animal models for the study of HBV replication and its variants. J Clin Virol 2005; 34 Suppl 1:S54-62. [PMID: 16461225 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-6532(05)80011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enormous progresses in hepatitis B virus research have been made through the identification of avian and mammalian HBV related viruses, which offer ample opportunities for studies in naturally occurring hosts. However, none of these natural hosts belongs to the commonly used laboratory animals, and the development of various mouse strains carrying HBV transgenes offered unique opportunities to investigate some mechanisms of viral pathogenesis. Furthermore, the need to perform infection studies in a system harbouring HBV-permissive hepatocytes has lately led researchers to create new challenging human mouse chimera models of HBV infection. In this review, we will overview the type of animal models currently available in hepadnavirus research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Dandri
- Department of Medicine, University Hospital Eppendorf University of Hamburg, Martinistr 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Bienzle U, Günther M, Neuhaus R, Vandepapeliere P, Vollmar J, Lun A, Neuhaus P. Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease. Hepatology 2003; 38:811-9. [PMID: 14512868 DOI: 10.1053/jhep.2003.50396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Patients who undergo transplantation for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases are treated indefinitely with hepatitis B hyperimmunoglobulin (HBIG) to prevent endogenous HBV reinfection of the graft. Active immunization with standard hepatitis B vaccines in these patients has recently been reported with conflicting results. Two groups of 10 liver transplant recipients on continuous HBIG substitution who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBV DNA negative before transplantation were immunized in a phase I study with different concentrations of hepatitis B s antigen formulated with the new adjuvants 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Quillaja saponaria (QS21) (group I/vaccine A: 20 microg HBsAg, 50 microg MPL, 50 microg QS21; group II/vaccine B: 100 microg HBsAg, 100 microg MPL, 100 microg QS21). Participants remained on HBIG prophylaxis and were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2, 4, 16, and 18. They received 3 additional doses of vaccine B at bimonthly intervals if they did not reach an antibody titer against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) greater than 500 IU/L. Sixteen (8 in each group) of 20 patients (80%) responded (group I: median, 7,293 IU/L; range, 721-45,811 IU/L anti-HBs; group II: median, 44,549 IU/L; range, 900-83,121 IU/L anti-HBs) and discontinued HBIG. They were followed up for a median of 13.5 months (range, 6-22 months). The vaccine was well tolerated. In conclusion, most patients immunized with the new vaccine can stop HBIG immunoprophylaxis for a substantial, yet to be determined period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Bienzle
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité, Humboldt University, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Bienzle U, Günther M, Neuhaus R, Vandepapeliere P, Vollmar J, Lun A, Neuhaus P. Immunization with an adjuvant hepatitis B vaccine after liver transplantation for hepatitis B-related disease. Hepatology 2003. [PMID: 14512868 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840380407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Patients who undergo transplantation for hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related diseases are treated indefinitely with hepatitis B hyperimmunoglobulin (HBIG) to prevent endogenous HBV reinfection of the graft. Active immunization with standard hepatitis B vaccines in these patients has recently been reported with conflicting results. Two groups of 10 liver transplant recipients on continuous HBIG substitution who were hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive and HBV DNA negative before transplantation were immunized in a phase I study with different concentrations of hepatitis B s antigen formulated with the new adjuvants 3-deacylated monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL) and Quillaja saponaria (QS21) (group I/vaccine A: 20 microg HBsAg, 50 microg MPL, 50 microg QS21; group II/vaccine B: 100 microg HBsAg, 100 microg MPL, 100 microg QS21). Participants remained on HBIG prophylaxis and were vaccinated at weeks 0, 2, 4, 16, and 18. They received 3 additional doses of vaccine B at bimonthly intervals if they did not reach an antibody titer against hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs) greater than 500 IU/L. Sixteen (8 in each group) of 20 patients (80%) responded (group I: median, 7,293 IU/L; range, 721-45,811 IU/L anti-HBs; group II: median, 44,549 IU/L; range, 900-83,121 IU/L anti-HBs) and discontinued HBIG. They were followed up for a median of 13.5 months (range, 6-22 months). The vaccine was well tolerated. In conclusion, most patients immunized with the new vaccine can stop HBIG immunoprophylaxis for a substantial, yet to be determined period of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Bienzle
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Charité, Humboldt University, Spandauer Damm 130, 14050 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Doh H, Roh S, Lee KW, Kim K. Response of primed human PBMC to synthetic peptides derived from hepatitis B virus envelope proteins: a search for promiscuous epitopes. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 35:77-85. [PMID: 12589960 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(02)00461-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
This investigation was aimed at identifying effective T helper cell epitopes to the hepatitis B virus in humans. A panel of synthetic peptides that represent the hepatitis B virus whole envelope proteins was examined for their capability to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells from human subjects infected with hepatitis B virus naturally. In addition, a large number of subjects were examined and their human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II allele types were identified to determine whether the helper T cell epitope is specific for a particular HLA allele or 'promiscuous'. The peptides of the amino acid residues 52-67, 110-125, 190-205, and 228-243 appeared to be immunogenic, and particularly, the 52-67 residue was the most promiscuous epitope peptide. These results would contribute to the better understanding of the helper T cell responses to the hepatitis B virus and provide a useful way in designing epitope-based vaccines and future therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyounmie Doh
- Division of Molecular Life Sciences and College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, 11 Daehyun-Dong, Seoul 120-750, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Monsalve-De Castillo F, Romero TA, Estévez J, Costa LL, Atencio R, Porto L, Callejas D. Concentrations of cytokines, soluble interleukin-2 receptor, and soluble CD30 in sera of patients with hepatitis B virus infection during acute and convalescent phases. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:1372-5. [PMID: 12414777 PMCID: PMC130099 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.6.1372-1375.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The immunoregulatory roles of interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-10, gamma interferon (IFN-gamma), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), the soluble form of the IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R), and the soluble form of CD30 (sCD30) were evaluated in patients with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Two groups of subjects were studied: 15 healthy individuals without hepatitis antecedents and 15 patients with HBV infection. Blood samples were taken during the acute and convalescent phases. The analysis of the samples was done by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay technique. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha levels decreased in the convalescent phase. IL-10, IL-2, and sIL-2R levels increased in the acute and convalescent phases, while sCD30 levels increased during the acute phase. The IL-4 concentrations decreased in both phases. During the acute phase, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced increases in IL-2, sIL-2R, IL-10, and sCD30 levels in serum, which allowed the development of immunity characterized by the nonreactivity of the HBV surface antigen, the onset of antibodies to the HBV surface antigen (anti-HBs), and normal alanine aminotransferase levels during the convalescent phase. Increased IL-2 levels during the acute phase would stimulate the activities of NK cells and CD8(+) lymphocytes, which are responsible for viral clearing. The raised sIL-2R levels reveal activation of T lymphocytes and control of the IL-2-dependent immune response. The sCD30 increment during the acute phase reflects the greater activation of the Th2 cellular phenotype. Its decrease in the convalescent phase points out the decrease in the level of HBV replication. The increase in IL-10 levels could result in a decrease in IL-4 levels and modulate IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha levels during both phases of disease, allowing the maintenance of anti-HBs concentrations.
Collapse
|
28
|
Dahmen A, Herzog-Hauff S, Böcher WO, Galle PR, Löhr HF. Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin-2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B. J Med Virol 2002; 66:452-60. [PMID: 11857521 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate therapeutic immunostimulation nine chronic hepatitis B patients received six monthly intradermal vaccinations with HBsAg in combination with daily lamivudine. Another five patients received six doses of the vaccine and daily lamivudine together with daily Interleukin-2 (IL-2) s.c. within 3 months in an open-labeled trial. Clinical efficacy was assessed by alanine transaminase levels and HBV serology. The induction of specific T and B cell responses was analyzed serially by 3H-thymidine uptake, ELISA and ELISPOT assays. After the therapy was stopped, seven of nine vaccine/lamivudine and two of five vaccine/lamivudine/IL-2 recipients did not have detectable HBV DNA. Four complete responders cleared the virus and had normalized ALT levels, however, one of these patients showed transient disease reactivation followed by spontaneous viral clearance and normal ALT five months later. Low frequencies of anti-HBs producing B cells and HBV specific T helper cells secreting predominantly interferon-gamma were induced by i.d. vaccine therapy. The ELISPOT technique demonstrated transient induction of HBV peptide specific cytotoxic T cells in seven HLA-A2 positive chronic HBV carriers. The preliminary data from this study demonstrate that the HBV surface antigen vaccine in combination with antiviral or immunomodulating drugs induced antiviral immune responses and consequently viral elimination may be achieved in patients with unfavorable prognosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Dahmen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Johannes-Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Böcher WO, Dekel B, Schwerin W, Geissler M, Hoffmann S, Rohwer A, Arditti F, Cooper A, Bernhard H, Berrebi A, Rose-John S, Shaul Y, Galle PR, Löhr HF, Reisner Y. Induction of strong hepatitis B virus (HBV) specific T helper cell and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses by therapeutic vaccination in the trimera mouse model of chronic HBV infection. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:2071-9. [PMID: 11449360 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200107)31:7<2071::aid-immu2071>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Humanized BALB/c mice (termed trimera mice) conditioned by lethal total body irradiation and bone marrow transplantation from SCID mice have been described to support rapid engraftment of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and the induction of strong B and T cell responses after immunization in vivo. Moreover, these mice can be infected with the hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV, HCV). The current study employed this model to study therapeutic vaccination approaches against the HBV. Thus, strong primary Th cell responses against the HBV core (HBc) and the Borrelia burgdorferi control antigen were induced by transfer of antigen-loaded dendritic cells together with autologous PBMC from HBV-naive donors as well as by vaccination with high doses of antigen or a DNA plasmid encoding for HBcAg. Moreover, primary peptide-specific CTL responses against the immunodominant epitope HBc(18 - 27) were induced by HBc particle or DNA vaccination of chimera engrafted with HBV-naive PBMC. Finally, strong HBc-specific Th cell and antibody responses were induced by HBc or DNA vaccination of mice reconstituted with PBMC from a chronic HBV patient. Thus, since HBc represents the immunodominant antigen in self-limited HBV infection, HBc particles or DNA vectors are good candidates for therapeutic vaccination, that will be further studied in our model and clinical studies.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Dendritic Cells/transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hepatitis B Antibodies/biosynthesis
- Hepatitis B Core Antigens/immunology
- Hepatitis B Vaccines/pharmacology
- Hepatitis B virus/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/therapy
- Humans
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/transplantation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Vaccines, DNA/pharmacology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W O Böcher
- Ist Department of Internal Medicine Hospital, Mainz, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|