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Piekarski DJ, Zahr NM, Zhao Q, Ferizi U, Pohl KM, Sullivan EV, Pfefferbaum A. White matter microstructural integrity continues to develop from adolescence to young adulthood in mice and humans: Same phenotype, different mechanism. NEUROIMAGE. REPORTS 2023; 3:100179. [PMID: 37916059 PMCID: PMC10619509 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynirp.2023.100179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
As direct evaluation of a mouse model of human neurodevelopment, adolescent and young adult mice and humans underwent MR diffusion tensor imaging to quantify age-related differences in microstructural integrity of brain white matter fibers. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was greater in older than younger mice and humans. Despite the cross-species commonality, the underlying developmental mechanism differed: whereas evidence for greater axonal extension contributed to higher FA in older mice, evidence for continuing myelination contributed to higher FA in human adolescent development. These differences occurred in the context of species distinctions in overall brain growth: whereas the continued growth of the brain and skull in the murine model can accommodate volume expansion into adulthood, human white matter volume and myelination continue growth into adulthood within a fixed intracranial volume. Appreciation of the similarities and differences in developmental mechanism can enhance the utility of animal models of brain white matter structure, function, and response to exogenous manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Piekarski
- Center for Health Science, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94015, USA
| | - Natalie M. Zahr
- Center for Health Science, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94015, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Qingyu Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Uran Ferizi
- Center for Health Science, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94015, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kilian M. Pohl
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Edith V. Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Science, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave., Menlo Park, CA, 94015, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of, Medicine, 401 Quarry Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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2
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Hu X, Meier M, Pruessner J. Challenges and opportunities of diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease based on structural magnetic resonance imaging. Brain Behav 2023; 13:e2925. [PMID: 36795041 PMCID: PMC10013953 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.2925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This article aimed to carry out a narrative literature review of early diagnostic markers of Alzheimer's disease (AD) based on both micro and macro levels of pathology, indicating the shortcomings of current biomarkers and proposing a novel biomarker of structural integrity that associates the hippocampus and adjacent ventricle together. This could help to reduce the influence of individual variety and improve the accuracy and validity of structural biomarker. METHODS This review was based on presenting comprehensive background of early diagnostic markers of AD. We have compiled those markers into micro level and macro level, and discussed the advantages and disadvantages of them. Eventually the ratio of gray matter volume to ventricle volume was put forward. RESULTS The costly methodologies and related high patient burden of "micro" biomarkers (cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers) hinder the implementation in routine clinical examination. In terms of "macro" biomarkers- hippocampal volume (HV), there is a large variation of it among population, which undermines its validity Considering the gray matter atrophies while the adjacent ventricular volume enlarges, we assume the hippocampal to ventricle ratio (HVR) is a more reliable marker than HV alone the emerging evidence showed hippocampal to ventricle ratio predicts memory functions better than HV alone in elderly sample. CONCLUSIONS The ratio between gray matter structures and adjacent ventricular volumes counts as a promising superior diagnostic marker of early neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Hu
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Maria Meier
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Jens Pruessner
- Department of Psychology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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3
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Fong S, Rogell B, Amcoff M, Kotrschal A, van der Bijl W, Buechel SD, Kolm N. Rapid mosaic brain evolution under artificial selection for relative telencephalon size in the guppy ( Poecilia reticulata). SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabj4314. [PMID: 34757792 PMCID: PMC8580313 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj4314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The mosaic brain evolution hypothesis, stating that brain regions can evolve relatively independently during cognitive evolution, is an important idea to understand how brains evolve with potential implications even for human brain evolution. Here, we provide the first experimental evidence for this hypothesis through an artificial selection experiment in the guppy (Poecilia reticulata). After four generations of selection on relative telencephalon volume (relative to brain size), we found substantial changes in telencephalon size but no changes in other regions. Further comparisons revealed that up-selected lines had larger telencephalon, while down-selected lines had smaller telencephalon than wild Trinidadian populations. Our results support that independent evolutionary changes in specific brain regions through mosaic brain evolution can be important facilitators of cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Fong
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. (S.F.); (N.K.)
| | - Björn Rogell
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Aquatic Resources, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Drottningholm, Sweden
| | - Mirjam Amcoff
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alexander Kotrschal
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Behavioural Ecology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Wouter van der Bijl
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Niclas Kolm
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Corresponding author. (S.F.); (N.K.)
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Dump the "dimorphism": Comprehensive synthesis of human brain studies reveals few male-female differences beyond size. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 125:667-697. [PMID: 33621637 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the explosion of neuroimaging, differences between male and female brains have been exhaustively analyzed. Here we synthesize three decades of human MRI and postmortem data, emphasizing meta-analyses and other large studies, which collectively reveal few reliable sex/gender differences and a history of unreplicated claims. Males' brains are larger than females' from birth, stabilizing around 11 % in adults. This size difference accounts for other reproducible findings: higher white/gray matter ratio, intra- versus interhemispheric connectivity, and regional cortical and subcortical volumes in males. But when structural and lateralization differences are present independent of size, sex/gender explains only about 1% of total variance. Connectome differences and multivariate sex/gender prediction are largely based on brain size, and perform poorly across diverse populations. Task-based fMRI has especially failed to find reproducible activation differences between men and women in verbal, spatial or emotion processing due to high rates of false discovery. Overall, male/female brain differences appear trivial and population-specific. The human brain is not "sexually dimorphic."
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5
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Barber AD, Hegarty CE, Lindquist M, Karlsgodt KH. Heritability of Functional Connectivity in Resting State: Assessment of the Dynamic Mean, Dynamic Variance, and Static Connectivity across Networks. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:2834-2844. [PMID: 33429433 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent efforts to evaluate the heritability of the brain's functional connectome have predominantly focused on static connectivity. However, evaluating connectivity changes across time can provide valuable insight about the inherent dynamic nature of brain function. Here, the heritability of Human Connectome Project resting-state fMRI data was examined to determine whether there is a genetic basis for dynamic fluctuations in functional connectivity. The dynamic connectivity variance, in addition to the dynamic mean and standard static connectivity, was evaluated. Heritability was estimated using Accelerated Permutation Inference for the ACE (APACE), which models the additive genetic (h2), common environmental (c2), and unique environmental (e2) variance. Heritability was moderate (mean h2: dynamic mean = 0.35, dynamic variance = 0.45, and static = 0.37) and tended to be greater for dynamic variance compared to either dynamic mean or static connectivity. Further, heritability of dynamic variance was reliable across both sessions for several network connections, particularly between higher-order cognitive and visual networks. For both dynamic mean and static connectivity, similar patterns of heritability were found across networks. The findings support the notion that dynamic connectivity is genetically influenced. The flexibility of network connections, not just their strength, is a heritable endophenotype that may predispose trait behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita D Barber
- Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York, 11004, USA.,Institute for Behavioral Science, The Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Manhasset, New York, 11030, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, 11549, USA
| | | | - Martin Lindquist
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 21205, USA
| | - Katherine H Karlsgodt
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA
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6
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van Dijk MT, Cha J, Semanek D, Aw N, Gameroff MJ, Abraham E, Wickramaratne PJ, Weissman MM, Posner J, Talati A. Altered Dentate Gyrus Microstructure in Individuals at High Familial Risk for Depression Predicts Future Symptoms. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2021; 6:50-58. [PMID: 32855106 PMCID: PMC7750261 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Offspring of individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) are at increased risk for developing MDD themselves. Altered hippocampal, and specifically dentate gyrus (DG), structure and function may be involved in depression development. However, hippocampal abnormalities could also be a consequence of the disease. For the first time, we tested whether abnormal DG micro- and macrostructure were present in offspring of individuals with MDD and whether these abnormalities predicted future symptomatology. METHODS We measured the mean diffusivity of gray matter, a measure of microstructure, via diffusion tensor imaging and volume of the DG via structural magnetic resonance imaging in 102 generation 2 and generation 3 offspring at high and low risk for depression, defined by the presence or absence, respectively, of moderate to severe MDD in generation 1. Prior, current, and future depressive symptoms were tested for association with hippocampal structure. RESULTS DG mean diffusivity was higher in individuals at high risk for depression, regardless of a lifetime history of MDD. While DG mean diffusivity was not associated with past or current depressive symptoms, higher mean diffusivity predicted higher symptom scores 8 years later. DG microstructure partially mediated the association between risk and future symptoms. DG volume was smaller in high-risk generation 2 but not in high-risk generation 3. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that the DG has a role in the development of depression. Furthermore, DG microstructure, more than macrostructure, is a sensitive risk marker for depression and partially mediates future depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milenna T van Dijk
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jiook Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Department of Psychology, Seoul National University, South Korea
| | - David Semanek
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Child Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Natalie Aw
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Child Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Marc J Gameroff
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Eyal Abraham
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Priya J Wickramaratne
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Myrna M Weissman
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Jonathan Posner
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Child Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York
| | - Ardesheer Talati
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York; Division of Translational Epidemiology, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York.
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7
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Iso-Markku P, Waller K, Hautasaari P, Kaprio J, Kujala UM, Tarkka IM. Twin studies on the association of physical activity with cognitive and cerebral outcomes. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 114:1-11. [PMID: 32325068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity (PA) offers positive effects on the human body. However, the effects of PA on cognition and in the brain are less clear. In this paper, we narratively review the relationship of PA with cognition and dementia, first from general perspective and then through genetically informed studies on the topic. Then we move on to imaging studies on exercise and brain anatomy first by presenting an overall picture of the topic and then discussing brain imaging studies addressing PA and brain structure in twins in more detailed way. Regarding PA and cognition or dementia, genetically informed studies are uncommon, even though the relationship between PA and cognitive ageing has been extensively studied. It is challenging to find twin pairs discordant for PA and dementia. Concerning brain imaging studies, among PA discordant young adult twin pairs, the more active co-twins showed larger gray matter volumes in striatal, prefrontal, and hippocampal regions and in electrophysiological studies automatic deviance-detection processes differed in brain regions involved with sensorimotor, visual and memory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Iso-Markku
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, HUS Medical Imaging Center, Helsinki 42, University Central Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katja Waller
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Pekka Hautasaari
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urho M Kujala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ina M Tarkka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
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8
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Raffington L, Czamara D, Mohn JJ, Falck J, Schmoll V, Heim C, Binder EB, Shing YL. Stable longitudinal associations of family income with children's hippocampal volume and memory persist after controlling for polygenic scores of educational attainment. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2019; 40:100720. [PMID: 31678692 PMCID: PMC6974918 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2019.100720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite common notion that the correlation of socioeconomic status with child cognitive performance may be driven by both environmentally- and genetically-mediated transactional pathways, there is a lack of longitudinal and genetically informed research that examines these postulated associations. The present study addresses whether family income predicts associative memory growth and hippocampal development in middle childhood and tests whether these associations persist when controlling for DNA-based polygenic scores of educational attainment. Participants were 142 6-to-7-year-old children, of which 127 returned when they were 8-to-9 years old. Longitudinal analyses indicated that the association of family income with children's memory performance and hippocampal volume remained stable over this age range and did not predict change. On average, children from economically disadvantaged background showed lower memory performance and had a smaller hippocampal volume. There was no evidence to suggest that differences in memory performance were mediated by differences in hippocampal volume. Further exploratory results suggested that the relationship of income with hippocampal volume and memory in middle childhood is not primarily driven by genetic variance captured by polygenic scores of educational attainment, despite the fact that polygenic scores significantly predicted family income.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel Raffington
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Department of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Darina Czamara
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Johannes Julius Mohn
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Falck
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vanessa Schmoll
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Heim
- Berlin School of Mind and Brain, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Medical Psychology, Berlin, Germany; Pennsylvania State University, Department of Biobehavioral Health, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Elisabeth B Binder
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yee Lee Shing
- Center for Lifespan Psychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Development, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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9
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Reiterer M, Schmidt-Kastner R, Milton SL. Methionine sulfoxide reductase (Msr) dysfunction in human brain disease. Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1144-1154. [PMID: 31775527 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1662899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has shown that oxidative stress is strongly associated with aging, senescence and several diseases, including neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Oxidative stress is caused by the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can be counteracted by both enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidants. One of these antioxidant mechanisms is the widely studied methionine sulfoxide reductase system (Msr). Methionine is one of the most easily oxidized amino acids and Msr can reverse this oxidation and restore protein function, with MsrA and MsrB reducing different stereoisomers. This article focuses on experimental and genetic research performed on Msr and its link to brain diseases. Studies on several model systems as well as genome-wide association studies are compiled to highlight the role of MSRA in schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Genetic variation of MSRA may also contribute to the risk of psychosis, personality traits, and metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Reiterer
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | | | - Sarah L Milton
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Science, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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10
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Schoemaker D, Buss C, Pietrantonio S, Maunder L, Freiesleben SD, Hartmann J, Collins DL, Lupien S, Pruessner JC. The hippocampal-to-ventricle ratio (HVR): Presentation of a manual segmentation protocol and preliminary evidence. Neuroimage 2019; 203:116108. [PMID: 31472249 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.116108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disentangling age-related changes from developmental variations in hippocampal volume has proven challenging. This article presents a manual segmentation protocol for the hippocampal-to-ventricle ratio (HVR), a measure combining the assessment of hippocampal volume with surrounding ventricular volume. By providing in a single measure both a standard volumetric assessment of the hippocampus and an approximation of volume loss, based on ventricular enlargement, we believe the HVR provides a superior cross-sectional estimation of hippocampal structural integrity. In a first attempt to validate this measure, we contrasted the HVR and standard hippocampal volume in their associations with age and memory performance in two independent cohorts of healthy aging individuals. The first cohort consisted in 50 cognitively normal subjects (mean age: 66.8 years, SD: 4.96, range: 60-75 years), while the second cohort included 88 cognitively normal subjects (mean age: 65.06 years, SD: 6.42, range: 55-80 years). We showed that the manual segmentation protocol for the HVR can be implemented with high reliability. In both cohorts, the HVR showed stronger negative associations with age than standard hippocampal volume. Correlations with memory performance were also numerically superior with the HVR than standard hippocampal volume, across the two cohorts. These findings support an added benefit of using the HVR over standard hippocampal volume when examining relationships with age or memory function in aging individuals. Although further validation is required, we propose that the computation of the HVR is a promising method to improve the evaluation of hippocampal integrity from cross-sectional MR images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Schoemaker
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; McGill Centre for Studies in Aging & Douglas Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Claudia Buss
- Department of Psychology, Charite Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sandra Pietrantonio
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging & Douglas Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Larah Maunder
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
| | - Silka Dawn Freiesleben
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging & Douglas Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Johanna Hartmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Constance, Germany
| | - D Louis Collins
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Sonia Lupien
- Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jens C Pruessner
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging & Douglas Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Department of Psychology, University of Constance, Constance, Germany.
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11
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Yang R, Sun H, Wu Y, Lu G, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhou J, Sun H, Sun L. Long-Lasting Sex-Specific Effects Based On Emotion- and Cognition-Related Behavioral Assessment of Adult Rats After Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder From Different Lengths of Maternal Separation. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:289. [PMID: 31231246 PMCID: PMC6558979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse early life stress is a major cause of vulnerability to various mental disorders in adulthood, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Recent studies have suggested that early life stress can help the body adapt optimally when faced with stressful trauma in adult life. An interaction may exist between early life stress (e.g., childhood trauma) and vulnerability to PTSD. This study aimed to evaluate emotion-related behaviors and verify the long-lasting effects of cognitive aspects of PTSD after exposure to severe adverse early life stress, such as long-term separation. Adverse early life stress was simulated by subjecting rats to 3 or 6 consecutive hours of maternal separation (MS) daily, from postnatal day (PND) 2 to PND 14. Single-prolonged stress (SPS) was simulated on PND 80 to imitate other adulthood stresses of PTSD with gender divisions (M-MS3h-PTSD, F-MS3h-PTSD, M-MS6h-PTSD, F-MS6h-PTSD, M-PTSD, and F-PTSD). After the MS and PTSD sessions, behavioral tests were conducted to assess the effectiveness of these treatments, which included an open field test (OFT), elevated plus maze test (EPMT), water maze test (WMT), and forced swimming test (FST) to detect anxiety-like behavior (OFT and EPMT), memory behavior (WMT), and depressive behavior (FST). The M-MS3h-PTSD group had fewer time entries into the open arms of EPMT than the F-MS3h-PTSD group, and the M-MS6h-PTSD group demonstrated fewer up-right postures in the OFT than the F-MS6h-PTSD group. The M-MS3h-PTSD group exhibited more exploratory behavior than the M-MS6h-PTSD and M-PTSD groups in the OFT. Less exploratory behavior was observed in the F-MS3h-PTSD group than in the F-MS6h-PTSD group, which demonstrated significantly increased freezing times in the FST compared to the F-PTSD group. The WMT revealed significant differences in learning and memory performance between the M-MS3h-PTSD group and other treatment groups, which were not found in the female rats. These findings demonstrate that an early stressful experience, such as MS, may be involved in helping the body adapt optimally when faced with additional trauma in adulthood, although mild early life stress might benefit learning and memory among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucui Yang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Haoran Sun
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yani Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Guohua Lu
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yanyu Wang
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Centre for Reproduction Growth and Development, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Jin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hongwei Sun
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Psychology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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12
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Validation of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 101:113-121. [PMID: 30951763 PMCID: PMC6525303 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent knowledge on hippocampal structural plasticity is reviewed. This knowledge is harnessed to develop biomarkers of cumulative experience. Hippocampal plasticity is shown to have construct, content and criterion validity in mammals. The biomarkers require further validation to be used in birds and fish. We discuss some practical considerations to implement the biomarkers.
Progress in improving the welfare of captive animals has been hindered by a lack of objective indicators to assess the quality of lifetime experience, often called cumulative affective experience. Recent developments in stress biology and psychiatry have shed new light on the role of the mammalian hippocampus in affective processes. Here we review these findings and argue that structural hippocampal biomarkers demonstrate criterion, construct and content validity as indicators of cumulative affective experience in mammals. We also briefly review emerging findings in birds and fish, which have promising implications for applying the hippocampal approach to these taxa, but require further validation. We hope that this review will motivate welfare researchers and neuroscientists to explore the potential of hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience.
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Ellwood-Lowe ME, Humphreys KL, Ordaz SJ, Camacho MC, Sacchet MD, Gotlib IH. Time-varying effects of income on hippocampal volume trajectories in adolescent girls. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 30:41-50. [PMID: 29275097 PMCID: PMC5963716 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from lower-SES families exhibit smaller hippocampal volume than do their higher-SES peers. Few studies, however, have compared hippocampal developmental trajectories as a function of SES. Thus, it is unclear whether initial rank-order stability is preserved, or whether volumes diverge/converge over the course of adolescence. In a sample of 101 girls ages 10-24 years, we examined the longitudinal association between family income and parental education, proxies for SES, and changes in hippocampal volume. Hippocampal volume was obtained using MRI; using mixed modeling, we examined the effects of income and education on hippocampal volume across age. As expected, changes in volume were non-linear across development. Further, trajectories diverged in mid-adolescence, with lower-income girls exhibiting reductions in hippocampal volume. Maximal income-related differences were observed at 18 years, and trajectories converged thereafter. This interaction remained significant when accounting for maternal hippocampal volume, suggesting a unique contribution of environment over potential heritable differences. In contrast, the association between parental education and offspring hippocampal volume appeared to be stable across adolescence, with higher levels of parental education predicting consistently larger hippocampal volume. These findings constitute preliminary evidence that girls from lower-income homes exhibit unique trajectories of hippocampal growth, with differences most evident in late adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah J Ordaz
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Sacchet
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ian H Gotlib
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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Basu S, Kumar D, Anupurba S, Verma A, Kumar A. Effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia on fetal neural development. J Perinatol 2018; 38:233-239. [PMID: 29234149 DOI: 10.1038/s41372-017-0023-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Perinatal iron deficiency may have deleterious consequences on fetal neural development. The present study was conducted to determine the effect of maternal iron deficiency anemia (IDA) on fetal hippocampal morphogenesis and production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). STUDY DESIGN Seventy term, singleton neonates born to mothers with IDA (hemoglobin <110g/L and serum ferritin <12 μg/L) formed the study group. Twenty gestational age-matched neonates born to healthy mothers without IDA (hemoglobin ≥110 g/L and serum ferritin >12 μg/L) served as controls. Maternal and fetal inflammatory conditions, infections and neonates with perinatal asphyxia were excluded. Cord blood BDNF concentrations were estimated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Volumetric analysis of hippocampus (right, left and combined, corrected for total intracranial volume) was done by cranial magnetic resonance imaging on days 3-5 of life. RESULTS In the study group, 24 mothers had mild (hemoglobin 100.0-109.0 g/L), 24 had moderate (hemoglobin 70.0-99.0 g/L), and 22 had severe (hemoglobin <70.0 g/L) anemia. Both hippocampal volumes and serum BDNF concentrations of neonates born to iron-deficient mothers were significantly reduced compared to controls. A progressive decline in hippocampal volumes and BDNF concentrations was observed with increasing severity of maternal anemia. Pearson correlation showed significant correlations among maternal and cord blood hemoglobin, iron indices, hippocampal volumes and BDNF concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Maternal IDA adversely affects hippocampal morphogenesis and fetal production of BDNF. The degree of affection is proportional to the severity of maternal anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sriparna Basu
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shampa Anupurba
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashish Verma
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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15
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Wigmore EM, Clarke TK, Howard DM, Adams MJ, Hall LS, Zeng Y, Gibson J, Davies G, Fernandez-Pujals AM, Thomson PA, Hayward C, Smith BH, Hocking LJ, Padmanabhan S, Deary IJ, Porteous DJ, Nicodemus KK, McIntosh AM. Do regional brain volumes and major depressive disorder share genetic architecture? A study of Generation Scotland (n=19 762), UK Biobank (n=24 048) and the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (n=5766). Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1205. [PMID: 28809859 PMCID: PMC5611720 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a heritable and highly debilitating condition. It is commonly associated with subcortical volumetric abnormalities, the most replicated of these being reduced hippocampal volume. Using the most recent published data from Enhancing Neuroimaging Genetics through Meta-analysis (ENIGMA) consortium's genome-wide association study of regional brain volume, we sought to test whether there is shared genetic architecture between seven subcortical brain volumes and intracranial volume (ICV) and MDD. We explored this using linkage disequilibrium score regression, polygenic risk scoring (PRS) techniques, Mendelian randomisation (MR) analysis and BUHMBOX. Utilising summary statistics from ENIGMA and Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, we demonstrated that hippocampal volume was positively genetically correlated with MDD (rG=0.46, P=0.02), although this did not survive multiple comparison testing. None of the other six brain regions studied were genetically correlated and amygdala volume heritability was too low for analysis. Using PRS analysis, no regional volumetric PRS demonstrated a significant association with MDD or recurrent MDD. MR analysis in hippocampal volume and MDD identified no causal association, however, BUHMBOX analysis identified genetic subgrouping in GS:SFHS MDD cases only (P=0.00281). In this study, we provide some evidence that hippocampal volume and MDD may share genetic architecture in a subgroup of individuals, albeit the genetic correlation did not survive multiple testing correction and genetic subgroup heterogeneity was not replicated. In contrast, we found no evidence to support a shared genetic architecture between MDD and other regional subcortical volumes or ICV.
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Affiliation(s)
- E M Wigmore
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK,Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh EH10 5HF, UK. E-mail:
| | - T-K Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - L S Hall
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Y Zeng
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - J Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - G Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M Fernandez-Pujals
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P A Thomson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - C Hayward
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - B H Smith
- Division of Population Health Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - L J Hocking
- Division of Applied Medicine, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - S Padmanabhan
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - D J Porteous
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - K K Nicodemus
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - A M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK,Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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16
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Patel S, Park MTM, Devenyi GA, Patel R, Masellis M, Knight J, Chakravarty MM. Heritability of hippocampal subfield volumes using a twin and non-twin siblings design. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4337-4352. [PMID: 28561418 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is composed of distinct subfields linked to diverse functions and disorders. The subfields can be mapped using high-resolution magnetic resonance images, and their volumes can potentially be used as quantitative phenotypes for genetic investigation of hippocampal function. We estimated the heritability of hippocampus subfield volumes of 465 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (twins and non-twin siblings) using two methods. The first used a univariate model to estimate heritability with and without adjustment for total brain volume (TBV) and ipsilateral hippocampal volume to determine if heritability was uniquely attributable to subfield volume rather than confounds that attributed to global volumes. We observed the right: subiculum, cornu ammonis 2/3, and cornu ammonis 4/dentate gyrus subfields had the highest significant heritability estimates after adjusting for ipsilateral hippocampal volume. In the second analysis, we used a bivariate model to investigate the shared heritability and genetic correlation of the subfield volumes with TBV and ipsilateral hippocampal volume. Genetic correlation demonstrates shared genetic architecture between phenotypes and shared heritability is what proportion of the genetic architecture of one trait is shared by the other. Highest genetic correlations were between subfield volumes and ipsilateral hippocampal volume than with TBV. The pattern was opposite for shared heritability suggesting that subfields share greater proportion of the genetic architecture with TBV than with ipsilateral hippocampal volume. The relationship between the genetic architecture of TBV, hippocampal volume, and of individual subfields should be accounted for when using hippocampal subfield volumes as quantitative phenotypes for imaging genetics studies. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4337-4352, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejal Patel
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Neurogenetics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Min Tae M Park
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gabriel A Devenyi
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Raihaan Patel
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mario Masellis
- Department of Neurology, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jo Knight
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Neurogenetics, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Lancaster Medical School and Data Science Institute, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, United Kingdom
| | - M Mallar Chakravarty
- Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Biological and Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Bettio LEB, Rajendran L, Gil-Mohapel J. The effects of aging in the hippocampus and cognitive decline. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:66-86. [PMID: 28476525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aging is a natural process that is associated with cognitive decline as well as functional and social impairments. One structure of particular interest when considering aging and cognitive decline is the hippocampus, a brain region known to play an important role in learning and memory consolidation as well as in affective behaviours and mood regulation, and where both functional and structural plasticity (e.g., neurogenesis) occur well into adulthood. Neurobiological alterations seen in the aging hippocampus including increased oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, altered intracellular signalling and gene expression, as well as reduced neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity, are thought to be associated with age-related cognitive decline. Non-invasive strategies such as caloric restriction, physical exercise, and environmental enrichment have been shown to counteract many of the age-induced alterations in hippocampal signalling, structure, and function. Thus, such approaches may have therapeutic value in counteracting the deleterious effects of aging and protecting the brain against age-associated neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E B Bettio
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Luckshi Rajendran
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joana Gil-Mohapel
- Division of Medical Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada; UBC Island Medical program, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada.
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18
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Branch CL, Jahner JP, Kozlovsky DY, Parchman TL, Pravosudov VV. Absence of population structure across elevational gradients despite large phenotypic variation in mountain chickadees ( Poecile gambeli). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170057. [PMID: 28405402 PMCID: PMC5383859 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Montane habitats are characterized by predictably rapid heterogeneity along elevational gradients and are useful for investigating the consequences of environmental heterogeneity for local adaptation and population genetic structure. Food-caching mountain chickadees inhabit a continuous elevation gradient in the Sierra Nevada, and birds living at harsher, high elevations have better spatial memory ability and exhibit differences in male song structure and female mate preference compared to birds inhabiting milder, low elevations. While high elevation birds breed, on average, two weeks later than low elevation birds, the extent of gene flow between elevations is unknown. Despite phenotypic variation and indirect evidence for local adaptation, population genetic analyses based on 18 073 single nucleotide polymorphisms across three transects of high and low elevation populations provided no evidence for genetic differentiation. Analyses based on individual genotypes revealed no patterns of clustering, pairwise estimates of genetic differentiation (FST, Nei's D) were very low, and AMOVA revealed no evidence for genetic variation structured by transect or by low and high elevation sites within transects. In addition, we found no consistent evidence for strong parallel allele frequency divergence between low and high elevation sites within the three transects. Large elevation-related phenotypic variation may be maintained by strong selection despite gene flow and future work should focus on the mechanisms underlying such variation.
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19
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White matter alterations to cingulum and fornix following very preterm birth and their relationship with cognitive functions. Neuroimage 2017; 150:373-382. [PMID: 28216430 PMCID: PMC5405171 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Very preterm birth (VPT; <32 weeks of gestation) has been associated with impairments in memory abilities and functional neuroanatomical brain alterations in medial temporal and fronto-parietal areas. Here we investigated the relationship between structural connectivity in memory-related tracts and various aspects of memory in VPT adults (mean age 19) who sustained differing degrees of perinatal brain injury (PBI), as assessed by neonatal cerebral ultrasound. We showed that the neurodevelopmental consequences of VPT birth persist into young adulthood and are associated with neonatal cranial ultrasound classification. At a cognitive level, VPT young adults showed impairments specific to effective organization of verbal information and visuospatial memory, whereas at an anatomical level they displayed reduced volume of memory-related tracts, the cingulum and the fornix, with greater alterations in those individuals who experienced high-grade PBI. When investigating the association between these tracts and memory scores, perseveration errors were associated with the volume of the fornix and dorsal cingulum (connecting medial frontal and parietal lobes). Visuospatial memory scores were associated with the volume of the ventral cingulum (connecting medial parietal and temporal lobes). These results suggest that structural connectivity alterations could underlie memory difficulties in preterm born individuals. Very preterm born adults exhibit memory and learning impairments. White matter tracts implicated in memory are altered following perinatal brain injury. Structural alterations to memory tracts may underlie specific memory impairments.
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20
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Adams SL, Benayoun L, Tilton K, Chavez OR, Himali JJ, Blusztajn JK, Seshadri S, Delalle I. Methionine Sulfoxide Reductase-B3 (MsrB3) Protein Associates with Synaptic Vesicles and its Expression Changes in the Hippocampi of Alzheimer's Disease Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2017; 60:43-56. [PMID: 28777754 PMCID: PMC5922439 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified susceptibility loci associated with decreased hippocampal volume, and found hippocampal subfield-specific effects at MSRB3 (methionine sulfoxide reductase-B3). The MSRB3 locus was also linked to increased risk for late onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we uncovered novel sites of MsrB3 expression in CA pyramidal layer and arteriolar walls by using automated immunohistochemistry on hippocampal sections from 23 individuals accompanied by neuropathology reports and clinical dementia rating scores. Controls, cognitively intact subjects with no hippocampal neurofibrillary tangles, exhibited MsrB3 signal as distinct but rare puncta in CA1 pyramidal neuronal somata. In CA3, however, MsrB3-immunoreactivity was strongest in the neuropil of the pyramidal layer. These patterns were replicated in rodent hippocampi where ultrastructural and immunohistofluorescence analysis revealed MsrB3 signal associated with synaptic vesicles and colocalized with mossy fiber terminals. In AD subjects, the number of CA1 pyramidal neurons with frequent, rather than rare, MsrB3-immunoreactive somatic puncta increased in comparison to controls. This change in CA1 phenotype correlated with the occurrence of AD pathological hallmarks. Moreover, the intensity of MsrB3 signal in the neuropil of CA3 pyramidal layer correlated with the signal pattern in neurons of CA1 pyramidal layer that was characteristic of cognitively intact individuals. Finally, MsrB3 signal in the arteriolar walls in the hippocampal white matter decreased in AD patients. This characterization of GWAS-implicated MSRB3 protein expression in human hippocampus suggests that patterns of neuronal and vascular MsrB3 protein expression reflect or underlie pathology associated with AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Adams
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Laurent Benayoun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Kathy Tilton
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Olivia R. Chavez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jayandra J. Himali
- Framingham Heart Study, 72 East Concord Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Department of Neurology, 72 East Concord Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Jan Krzysztof Blusztajn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Framingham Heart Study, 72 East Concord Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Department of Neurology, 72 East Concord Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
| | - Ivana Delalle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 670 Albany Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
- Department of Neurology, 72 East Concord Street, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118
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Rossi R, Pievani M, Järvenpää T, Testa C, Koskenvuo M, Räihä I, Kaprio J, Frisoni GB, Rinne JO, Laakso MP. Voxel-based morphometry study on monozygotic twins discordant for Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 133:427-33. [PMID: 26370660 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We set to investigate the possible role of genes and environment in developing Alzheimer's disease (AD) in monozygotic twin pairs discordant for AD. METHODS Three pairs of twins discordant for AD, who were enrolled in the Finnish Twin Cohort, were used in the study and compared with 13 controls. Gray matter changes were assessed with magnetic resonance images using voxel-based morphometry with statistical parametric mapping. RESULTS In the affected twins, the peaks of volume loss were located bilaterally in the temporal (including the hippocampus), the frontal, and the parietal lobes, while in the unaffected siblings, the peaks were located in the frontal gyri and in the parietal lobule. Thus, in the unaffected twins, the pattern of volume loss overlaps with the neocortical but not with the medial temporal areas. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that genetic factors more largely control neocortical regions, whereas environmental factors more strongly affect medial temporal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Rossi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology Neuroimaging and Telemedicine; IRCCS - Centro San Giovanni di Dio FBF; Brescia Italy
| | - M. Pievani
- Laboratory of Epidemiology Neuroimaging and Telemedicine; IRCCS - Centro San Giovanni di Dio FBF; Brescia Italy
| | - T. Järvenpää
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Department of Neurology; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - C. Testa
- Machine Vision Laboratory; Department of Mathematics and Computer Science; University of Udine; Udine Italy
| | - M. Koskenvuo
- Department of Public Health; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - I. Räihä
- Department of Geriatrics; University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku City Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - J. Kaprio
- Department of Public Health; University of Helsinki; Helsinki Finland
- Department of Mental Health and Alcohol Research; National Public Health Institute; Helsinki Finland
| | - G. B. Frisoni
- Laboratory of Epidemiology Neuroimaging and Telemedicine; IRCCS - Centro San Giovanni di Dio FBF; Brescia Italy
- AFaR Associazione Fatebenefratelli per la Ricerca; Rome Italy
| | - J. O. Rinne
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku; Turku Finland
| | - M. P. Laakso
- Department of Clinical Radiology; Kuopio University Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Niuvanniemi Hospital; Kuopio Finland
- Vanha Vaasa Hospital; Vaasa Finland
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22
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Environmental experiences influence cortical volume in territorial and nonterritorial side-blotched lizards, Uta stansburiana. Anim Behav 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2016.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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23
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Whelan CD, Hibar DP, van Velzen LS, Zannas AS, Carrillo-Roa T, McMahon K, Prasad G, Kelly S, Faskowitz J, deZubiracay G, Iglesias JE, van Erp TGM, Frodl T, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Jahanshad N, Schmaal L, Sämann PG, Thompson PM. Heritability and reliability of automatically segmented human hippocampal formation subregions. Neuroimage 2016; 128:125-137. [PMID: 26747746 PMCID: PMC4883013 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The human hippocampal formation can be divided into a set of cytoarchitecturally and functionally distinct subregions, involved in different aspects of memory formation. Neuroanatomical disruptions within these subregions are associated with several debilitating brain disorders including Alzheimer's disease, major depression, schizophrenia, and bipolar disorder. Multi-center brain imaging consortia, such as the Enhancing Neuro Imaging Genetics through Meta-Analysis (ENIGMA) consortium, are interested in studying disease effects on these subregions, and in the genetic factors that affect them. For large-scale studies, automated extraction and subsequent genomic association studies of these hippocampal subregion measures may provide additional insight. Here, we evaluated the test-retest reliability and transplatform reliability (1.5T versus 3T) of the subregion segmentation module in the FreeSurfer software package using three independent cohorts of healthy adults, one young (Queensland Twins Imaging Study, N=39), another elderly (Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, ADNI-2, N=163) and another mixed cohort of healthy and depressed participants (Max Planck Institute, MPIP, N=598). We also investigated agreement between the most recent version of this algorithm (v6.0) and an older version (v5.3), again using the ADNI-2 and MPIP cohorts in addition to a sample from the Netherlands Study for Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) (N=221). Finally, we estimated the heritability (h(2)) of the segmented subregion volumes using the full sample of young, healthy QTIM twins (N=728). Test-retest reliability was high for all twelve subregions in the 3T ADNI-2 sample (intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC)=0.70-0.97) and moderate-to-high in the 4T QTIM sample (ICC=0.5-0.89). Transplatform reliability was strong for eleven of the twelve subregions (ICC=0.66-0.96); however, the hippocampal fissure was not consistently reconstructed across 1.5T and 3T field strengths (ICC=0.47-0.57). Between-version agreement was moderate for the hippocampal tail, subiculum and presubiculum (ICC=0.78-0.84; Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC)=0.55-0.70), and poor for all other subregions (ICC=0.34-0.81; DSC=0.28-0.51). All hippocampal subregion volumes were highly heritable (h(2)=0.67-0.91). Our findings indicate that eleven of the twelve human hippocampal subregions segmented using FreeSurfer version 6.0 may serve as reliable and informative quantitative phenotypes for future multi-site imaging genetics initiatives such as those of the ENIGMA consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Whelan
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Derrek P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Laura S van Velzen
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anthony S Zannas
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tania Carrillo-Roa
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Katie McMahon
- Centre for Advanced Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gautam Prasad
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Sinéad Kelly
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Joshua Faskowitz
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Greig deZubiracay
- Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Juan E Iglesias
- Basque Center on Cognition, Brain and Language, Donostia, Gipuzkoa, Spain
| | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | - Thomas Frodl
- Department of Psychiatry, Otto-von Guericke-University of Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Margaret J Wright
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Neda Jahanshad
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA
| | - Lianne Schmaal
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center and GGZ inGeest, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philipp G Sämann
- Department of Translational Research in Psychiatry, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Paul M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, CA, USA.
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24
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Wood AG, Chen J, Moran C, Phan T, Beare R, Cooper K, Litras S, Srikanth V. Brain Activation during Memory Encoding in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Discordant Twin Pair Study. J Diabetes Res 2016; 2016:3978428. [PMID: 27314047 PMCID: PMC4903142 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3978428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus increases the risk of dementia and neuronal dysfunction may occur years before perceptible cognitive decline. We aimed to study the impact of type 2 diabetes on brain activation during memory encoding in middle-aged people, controlling for age, sex, genes, and early-shared environment. Twenty-two twin pairs discordant for type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean age 60.9 years) without neurological disease were recruited from the Australian Twin Registry (ATR) and underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during a memory encoding task, cognitive tests, and structural MRI. Type 2 diabetes was associated with significantly reduced activation in left hemisphere temporoparietal regions including angular gyrus, supramarginal gyrus, and middle temporal gyrus and significantly increased activation in bilateral posteriorly distributed regions. These findings were present in the absence of within-pair differences in standard cognitive test scores, brain volumes, or vascular lesion load. Differences in activation were more pronounced among monozygotic (MZ) pairs, with MZ individuals with diabetes also displaying greater frontal activation. These results provide evidence for preclinical memory-related neuronal dysfunction in type 2 diabetes. They support the search for modifiable later-life environmental factors or epigenetic mechanisms linking type 2 diabetes and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. Wood
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston B152TT, UK
| | - Jian Chen
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher Moran
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Thanh Phan
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Richard Beare
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Developmental Imaging, Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Kimberley Cooper
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Stacey Litras
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - Velandai Srikanth
- Stroke and Ageing Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
- Menzies Research Institute, Hobart, TAS 7000, Australia
- *Velandai Srikanth:
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25
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It's getting bigger all the time: Estimating the Flynn effect from secular brain mass increases in Britain and Germany. LEARNING AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lindif.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Tan A, Ma W, Vira A, Marwha D, Eliot L. The human hippocampus is not sexually-dimorphic: Meta-analysis of structural MRI volumes. Neuroimage 2016; 124:350-366. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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27
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Luciano M, Marioni RE, Hernández MV, Maniega SM, Hamilton IF, Royle NA, Scotland G, Chauhan G, Bis JC, Debette S, DeCarli C, Fornage M, Schmidt R, Ikram MA, Launer LJ, Seshadri S, Bastin ME, Porteous DJ, Wardlaw J, Deary IJ. Structural Brain MRI Trait Polygenic Score Prediction of Cognitive Abilities. Twin Res Hum Genet 2015; 18:738-45. [PMID: 26427786 PMCID: PMC4747328 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) traits share part of their genetic variance with cognitive traits. Here, we use genetic association results from large meta-analytic studies of genome-wide association (GWA) for brain infarcts (BI), white matter hyperintensities, intracranial, hippocampal, and total brain volumes to estimate polygenic scores for these traits in three Scottish samples: Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS), and the Lothian Birth Cohorts of 1936 (LBC1936) and 1921 (LBC1921). These five brain MRI trait polygenic scores were then used to: (1) predict corresponding MRI traits in the LBC1936 (numbers ranged 573 to 630 across traits), and (2) predict cognitive traits in all three cohorts (in 8,115-8,250 persons). In the LBC1936, all MRI phenotypic traits were correlated with at least one cognitive measure, and polygenic prediction of MRI traits was observed for intracranial volume. Meta-analysis of the correlations between MRI polygenic scores and cognitive traits revealed a significant negative correlation (maximal r = 0.08) between the HV polygenic score and measures of global cognitive ability collected in childhood and in old age in the Lothian Birth Cohorts. The lack of association to a related general cognitive measure when including the GS:SFHS points to either type 1 error or the importance of using prediction samples that closely match the demographics of the GWA samples from which prediction is based. Ideally, these analyses should be repeated in larger samples with data on both MRI and cognition, and using MRI GWA results from even larger meta-analysis studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Luciano
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Maria Valdés Hernández
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susana Munoz Maniega
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Iona F Hamilton
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Generation Scotland
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ganesh Chauhan
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) - Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Joshua C. Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Stephanie Debette
- Inserm Research Center for Epidemiology and Biostatistics (U897) - Team Neuroepidemiology, Bordeaux, France
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neurology, Bordeaux University Hospital, Bordeaux, France
| | - Charles DeCarli
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience, University of California at Davis, Davis, CA
| | - Myriam Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
- Human Genetics Center, Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX
| | | | - M. Arfan Ikram
- Departments of Epidemiology, Radiology and Neurology at Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lenore J. Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sudha Seshadri
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study
| | - the CHARGE Consortium
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Framingham Heart Study
| | - Mark E. Bastin
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J. Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Medical Genetics Section, Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna Wardlaw
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, Department of Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Cross-sectional versus longitudinal estimates of age-related changes in the adult brain: overlaps and discrepancies. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:2563-7. [PMID: 26059713 PMCID: PMC4523414 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The healthy adult brain undergoes tissue volume decline with age, but contradictory findings abound regarding rate of change. To identify a source of this discrepancy, we present contrasting statistical approaches to estimate hippocampal volume change with age based on 200 longitudinally-acquired magnetic resonance imaging in 70 healthy adults, age 20-70 years, who had 2-5 magnetic resonance imaging collected over 6 months to 8 years. Linear mixed-effects modeling using volume trajectories over age for each subject revealed significantly negative slopes with aging after a linear decline with a suggestion of acceleration in older individuals. By contrast, general linear modeling using either the first observation only of each subject or all observations treated independently (thereby disregarding trajectories) indicated no significant correlation between volume and age. Entering a quadratic term into the linear model yielded a biologically plausible function that was not supported by longitudinal analysis. The results underscore the importance of analyses that incorporate the trajectory of individuals in the study of brain aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolf Pfefferbaum
- Center for Health Sciences, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Edith V Sullivan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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29
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Croston R, Branch C, Kozlovsky D, Dukas R, Pravosudov V. Heritability and the evolution of cognitive traits: Table 1. Behav Ecol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arv088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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30
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Croston R, Branch CL, Kozlovsky DY, Roth TC, LaDage LD, Freas CA, Pravosudov VV. Potential Mechanisms Driving Population Variation in Spatial Memory and the Hippocampus in Food-caching Chickadees. Integr Comp Biol 2015; 55:354-71. [DOI: 10.1093/icb/icv029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
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31
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What twin studies tell us about the heritability of brain development, morphology, and function: a review. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:27-46. [PMID: 25672928 PMCID: PMC4412550 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9278-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of brain structure and function shows large inter-individual variation. The extent to which this variation is due to genetic or environmental influences has been investigated in twin studies using structural and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). The current review presents an overview of twin studies using MRI in children, adults and elderly, and focuses on cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. The majority of the investigated brain measures are heritable to a large extent (60–80 %), although spatial differences in heritability are observed as well. Cross-sectional studies suggest that heritability estimates slightly increase from childhood to adulthood. Long-term longitudinal studies are better suited to study developmental changes in heritability, but these studies are limited. Results so far suggest that the heritability of change over time is relatively low or absent, but more studies are needed to confirm these findings. Compared to brain structure, twin studies of brain function are scarce, and show much lower heritability estimates (~40 %). The insights from heritability studies aid our understanding of individual differences in brain structure and function. With the recent start of large genetic MRI consortia, the chance of finding genes that explain the heritability of brain morphology increases. Gene identification may provide insight in biological mechanisms involved in brain processes, which in turn will learn us more about healthy and disturbed brain functioning.
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32
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Sumowski JF, Rocca MA, Leavitt VM, Riccitelli G, Sandry J, DeLuca J, Comi G, Filippi M. Searching for the neural basis of reserve against memory decline: intellectual enrichment linked to larger hippocampal volume in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2015; 23:39-44. [PMID: 25648966 DOI: 10.1111/ene.12662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Active engagement in intellectually enriching activities (e.g. reading, hobbies) builds 'reserve' against memory decline in elders and persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but the neural basis for this protective influence of enrichment is unknown. Herein the neuroanatomical basis of reserve against memory decline in MS patients is investigated. METHODS Relapse-onset MS patients (N = 187) underwent 3.0 T magnetic resonance imaging of the brain to quantify T2 lesion volume (T2LV) and normalized volumes of total brain, total white, total grey (using SIENAX) and thalamus, caudate, putamen, pallidum, amygdala and hippocampus (using FIRST). Patients completed a survey quantifying their engagement in early life intellectual enrichment (i.e. reading, hobbies). Verbal and visuospatial episodic memory was assessed with neuropsychological tasks in a representative subsample (N = 97). RESULTS Controlling for demographics and T2LV, intellectual enrichment was specifically linked to larger normalized hippocampal volume (r(p) = 0.213, P = 0.004), with no link to other brain volumes/structures. Moreover, greater intellectual enrichment moderated/attenuated the negative relationship between normalized total brain volume (i.e. overall cerebral atrophy) and normalized hippocampal volume (i.e. hippocampal atrophy; P = 0.001) whereby patients who engaged in more early life intellectual enrichment better maintained hippocampal volume in the face of worse overall cerebral atrophy. Finally, the link between greater intellectual enrichment and better memory was partially mediated through larger hippocampal volume. CONCLUSIONS These findings support larger hippocampal volume as one key component of the neuroanatomical basis of reserve against memory decline in MS. These findings are consistent with previous literature on experience-dependent neuroplasticity within the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sumowski
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.,Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - M A Rocca
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - V M Leavitt
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - G Riccitelli
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - J Sandry
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.,Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - J DeLuca
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, Kessler Foundation, West Orange, NJ, USA.,Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - G Comi
- Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - M Filippi
- Neuroimaging Research Unit, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy.,Department of Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
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33
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Mather KA, Armstrong NJ, Wen W, Kwok JB, Assareh AA, Thalamuthu A, Reppermund S, Duesing K, Wright MJ, Ames D, Trollor JN, Brodaty H, Schofield PR, Sachdev PS. Investigating the genetics of hippocampal volume in older adults without dementia. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116920. [PMID: 25625606 PMCID: PMC4308067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Hippocampal atrophy is observed with ageing and age-related neurodegenerative disease. Identification of the genetic correlates of hippocampal volume (HV) and atrophy may assist in elucidating the mechanisms of ageing and age-related neurodegeneration. Using two community cohorts of older Caucasians we estimated the heritability of HV and examined associations of HV with previously identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In addition we undertook genome-association studies (GWAS) examining HV and HV atrophy. Participants were community-dwelling non-demented older adults from the longitudinal Sydney Memory and Ageing Study (Sydney MAS) (N = 498) and the Older Australian Twins Study (OATS) (N = 351) aged 65 and over. HV was measured using T1-weighted magnetic resonance images. Heritability of HV was estimated in OATS. Genome-wide genotyping was imputed using the 1K Genomes reference set. Associations with HV-candidate and Alzheimer’s disease (AD)-related SNPs were investigated. A GWAS examining HV (in both cohorts) and an exploratory GWAS of HV atrophy over two years (in Sydney MAS only) were also undertaken. HV heritability was estimated at 62–65%. The previously identified GWAS HV SNP (rs6581612) and the candidate BDNF SNP (rs6265) were nominally significant (p = 0.047 and p = 0.041 respectively). No AD-related SNPs, including the APOE ε4 polymorphism, were significant. No significant results were observed for either of the GWAS undertaken. Despite our estimate of a high heritability of HV, our results are consistent with a highly polygenic model suggesting that SNPs identified from prior studies, including GWAS meta-analyses, can be difficult to replicate in smaller samples of older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Mather
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | - Nicola J. Armstrong
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - John B. Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Amelia A. Assareh
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Anbupalam Thalamuthu
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Simone Reppermund
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
| | - Konsta Duesing
- The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) Animal Food and Health Sciences Division, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David Ames
- National Ageing Research Institute, Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian N. Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Henry Brodaty
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter R. Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, UNSW, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S. Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Sydney, Australia
- Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, Australia
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Doxey CR, Kirwan CB. Structural and functional correlates of behavioral pattern separation in the hippocampus and medial temporal lobe. Hippocampus 2014; 25:524-33. [PMID: 25394655 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Structures of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) are known to be involved in declarative memory processes. However, little is known about how age-related changes in MTL structures, white matter integrity, and functional connectivity affect pattern separation processes in the MTL. In this study, we used magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to measure the volumes of MTL regions of interest, including hippocampal subfields (dentate gyrus, CA3, CA1, and subiculum) in healthy older and younger adults. Additionally, we used diffusion tensor imaging to measure white matter integrity for both groups. Finally, we used functional MRI to acquire resting functional connectivity measures for both groups. We show that, along with age, the volume of left CA3/dentate gyrus predicts memory performance. Differences in fractional anisotropy and the strength of resting functional connections between the hippocampus and other cortical structures implicated in memory processing were not significant predictors of performance. As previous studies have only hinted, it seems that the size of left CA3/dentate gyrus contributes more to successful discrimination between similar mnemonic representations than other hippocampal sub-fields, MTL structures, and other neuroimaging correlates. Accordingly, the implications of aging and atrophy on lure discrimination capacities are discussed.
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Abstract
Alcohol-dependent individuals (ALC) have smaller hippocampi and poorer neurocognition than healthy controls. Results from studies on the association between alcohol consumption and hippocampal volume have been mixed, suggesting that comorbid or premorbid factors (i.e., those present prior to the initiation of alcohol dependence) determine hippocampal volume in ALC. We aimed to characterize the effects of select comorbid (i.e., cigarette smoking) and premorbid factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF] genotype [Val66Met rs6265]) on hippocampal volume in an ALC cohort followed longitudinally into extended abstinence. One hundred twenty-one adult ALC in treatment (76 smokers, 45 non-smokers) and 35 non-smoking light-drinking controls underwent quantitative magnetic resonance imaging, BDNF genotyping, and neurocognitive assessments. Representative subgroups were studied at 1 week, 1 month, and at an average of 7 months of abstinence. ALC had smaller hippocampi than healthy controls at all time points. Hippocampal volume at 1 month of abstinence correlated with lower visuospatial function. Smoking status did not influence hippocampal volume or hippocampal volume recovery during abstinence. However, only BDNF Val homozygotes tended to have hippocampal volume increases over 7 months of abstinence, and Val homozygotes had significantly larger hippocampi than Met carriers at 7 months of abstinence. These findings suggest that BDNF genotype, but not smoking status or measures of drinking severity, regulate functionally relevant hippocampal volume recovery in abstinent ALC. Future studies aimed at exploring genetic determinants of brain morphometry in ALC may need to evaluate individuals during extended abstinence after the acute environmental effects of chronic alcohol consumption have waned.
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36
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Swagerman SC, Brouwer RM, de Geus EJC, Hulshoff Pol HE, Boomsma DI. Development and heritability of subcortical brain volumes at ages 9 and 12. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2014; 13:733-42. [DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. C. Swagerman
- Department of Biological Psychology; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - R. M. Brouwer
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - E. J. C. de Geus
- Department of Biological Psychology; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Emgo Institute for Health and Care Research; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - H. E. Hulshoff Pol
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry; University Medical Center Utrecht; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - D. I. Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology; VU University Amsterdam; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Genetic, psychosocial and clinical factors associated with hippocampal volume in the general population. Transl Psychiatry 2014; 4:e465. [PMID: 25313508 PMCID: PMC4350511 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2014.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus--crucial for memory formation, recall and mood regulation--is involved in the pathophysiology of dementia and depressive disorders. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified five genetic loci associated with hippocampal volume (HV). Previous studies have described psychosocial and clinical factors (for example, smoking, type 2 diabetes and hypertension) to have an impact on HV. However, the interplay between genetic, psychosocial and clinical factors on the HV remains unclear. Still, it is likely that genetic variants and clinical or psychosocial factors jointly act in modifying HV; it might be possible they even interact. Knowledge of these factors might help to quantify ones individual risk of or rather resilience against HV loss. We investigated subjects (N=2463; 55.7% women; mean age 53 years) from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-2; SHIP-TREND-0) who underwent whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and genotyping. HVs were estimated with FreeSurfer. For optimal nonlinear model fitting, we used regression analyses with restricted cubic splines. Genetic variants and associated psychosocial or clinical factors were jointly assessed for potential two-way interactions. We observed associations between HV and gender (P<0.0001), age (P<0.0001), body height (P<0.0001), education (P=0.0053), smoking (P=0.0058), diastolic blood pressure (P=0.0211), rs7294919 (P=0.0065), rs17178006 (P=0.0002), rs6581612 (P=0.0036), rs6741949 (P=0.0112) and rs7852872 (P=0.0451). In addition, we found three significant interactions: between rs7294919 and smoking (P=0.0473), rs7294919 and diastolic blood pressure (P=0.0447) and between rs7852872 and rs6581612 (P=0.0114). We suggest that these factors might have a role in the individual susceptibility to hippocampus-associated disorders.
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Jasinska AJ, Schmitt CA, Service SK, Cantor RM, Dewar K, Jentsch JD, Kaplan JR, Turner TR, Warren WC, Weinstock GM, Woods RP, Freimer NB. Systems biology of the vervet monkey. ILAR J 2014; 54:122-43. [PMID: 24174437 DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilt049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHP) provide crucial biomedical model systems intermediate between rodents and humans. The vervet monkey (also called the African green monkey) is a widely used NHP model that has unique value for genetic and genomic investigations of traits relevant to human diseases. This article describes the phylogeny and population history of the vervet monkey and summarizes the use of both captive and wild vervet monkeys in biomedical research. It also discusses the effort of an international collaboration to develop the vervet monkey as the most comprehensively phenotypically and genomically characterized NHP, a process that will enable the scientific community to employ this model for systems biology investigations.
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Female-dependent impaired fear memory of adult rats induced by maternal separation, and screening of possible related genes in the hippocampal CA1. Behav Brain Res 2014; 267:111-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Gu J, Kanai R. What contributes to individual differences in brain structure? Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:262. [PMID: 24808848 PMCID: PMC4009419 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual differences in adult human brain structure have been found to reveal a great deal of information about variability in behaviors, cognitive abilities and mental and physical health. Driven by such evidence, what contributes to individual variation in brain structure has gained accelerated attention as a research question. Findings thus far appear to support the notion that an individual’s brain architecture is determined largely by genetic and environmental influences. This review aims to evaluate the empirical literature on whether and how genes and the environment contribute to individual differences in brain structure. It first considers how genetic and environmental effects may separately contribute to brain morphology, by examining evidence from twin, genome-wide association, cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. Next, evidence for the influence of the complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors, characterized as gene-environment interactions and correlations, is reviewed. In evaluating the extant literature, this review will conclude that both genetic and environmental factors play critical roles in contributing to individual variability in brain structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Gu
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Brighton, UK
| | - Ryota Kanai
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex Brighton, UK ; Sackler Centre for Consciousness Science, University of Sussex Brighton, UK
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Abstract
Cognitive impairment is common among persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but some patients are able to withstand considerable disease burden (e.g. white matter lesions, cerebral atrophy) without cognitive impairment (cognitive inefficiency, memory decline). What protects these patients from cognitive impairment? We review the literature on cognitive reserve in MS, which shows that heritable (larger maximal lifetime brain growth) and environmental (greater intellectual enrichment) factors attenuate the negative effect of disease burden on cognitive status. That is, persons with larger maximal lifetime brain growth, greater vocabulary knowledge, and/or greater early life participation in cognitive leisure activities (e.g. reading, hobbies) are better able to cope with MS disease without cognitive impairment. We review evidence that benefits of intellectual enrichment on cognitive status may stem from more efficient patterns of brain function. We discuss clinical implications and highlight important unanswered questions for future research on reserve against cognitive impairment in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sumowski
- Kessler Foundation Research Center, USA, and Rutgers, New Jersey Medical School, USA.
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42
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Li M, Luo XJ, Rietschel M, Lewis CM, Mattheisen M, Müller-Myhsok B, Jamain S, Leboyer M, Landén M, Thompson PM, Cichon S, Nöthen MM, Schulze TG, Sullivan PF, Bergen SE, Donohoe G, Morris DW, Hargreaves A, Gill M, Corvin A, Hultman C, Toga AW, Shi L, Lin Q, Shi H, Gan L, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Czamara D, Henry C, Etain B, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Fornage M, Debette S, Launer LJ, Seshadri S, Erk S, Walter H, Heinz A, Bellivier F, Stein JL, Medland SE, Arias Vasquez A, Hibar DP, Franke B, Martin NG, Wright MJ, Su B. Allelic differences between Europeans and Chinese for CREB1 SNPs and their implications in gene expression regulation, hippocampal structure and function, and bipolar disorder susceptibility. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:452-61. [PMID: 23568192 PMCID: PMC3937299 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2012] [Revised: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bipolar disorder (BD) is a polygenic disorder that shares substantial genetic risk factors with major depressive disorder (MDD). Genetic analyses have reported numerous BD susceptibility genes, while some variants, such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in CACNA1C have been successfully replicated, many others have not and subsequently their effects on the intermediate phenotypes cannot be verified. Here, we studied the MDD-related gene CREB1 in a set of independent BD sample groups of European ancestry (a total of 64,888 subjects) and identified multiple SNPs significantly associated with BD (the most significant being SNP rs6785[A], P=6.32 × 10(-5), odds ratio (OR)=1.090). Risk SNPs were then subjected to further analyses in healthy Europeans for intermediate phenotypes of BD, including hippocampal volume, hippocampal function and cognitive performance. Our results showed that the risk SNPs were significantly associated with hippocampal volume and hippocampal function, with the risk alleles showing a decreased hippocampal volume and diminished activation of the left hippocampus, adding further evidence for their involvement in BD susceptibility. We also found the risk SNPs were strongly associated with CREB1 expression in lymphoblastoid cells (P<0.005) and the prefrontal cortex (P<1.0 × 10(-6)). Remarkably, population genetic analysis indicated that CREB1 displayed striking differences in allele frequencies between continental populations, and the risk alleles were completely absent in East Asian populations. We demonstrated that the regional prevalence of the CREB1 risk alleles in Europeans is likely caused by genetic hitchhiking due to natural selection acting on a nearby gene. Our results suggest that differential population histories due to natural selection on regional populations may lead to genetic heterogeneity of susceptibility to complex diseases, such as BD, and explain inconsistencies in detecting the genetic markers of these diseases among different ethnic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Li
- 1] State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China [2] University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - X-J Luo
- University of Rochester Flaum Eye Institute, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - M Rietschel
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - C M Lewis
- MRC SGDP Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M Mattheisen
- Channing Laboratory, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - S Jamain
- 1] Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France [2] Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France
| | - M Leboyer
- 1] Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France [2] Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France [3] Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, France [4] Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - M Landén
- 1] Section of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden [2] Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - P M Thompson
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S Cichon
- 1] Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Juelich, Juelich, Germany [2] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- 1] Department of Genomics, Life and Brain Center and Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany [2] German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Bonn, Germany
| | - T G Schulze
- 1] Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany [2] Section on Psychiatric Genetics, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - P F Sullivan
- Departments of Genetics, Psychiatry and Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - S E Bergen
- 1] Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA [2] Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - G Donohoe
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - D W Morris
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Hargreaves
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - M Gill
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Corvin
- Neuropsychiatric Genetics Group and Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Trinity College Institute of Neuroscience, Trinity College Dublin, St James Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - C Hultman
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A W Toga
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - L Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Q Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - H Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - L Gan
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - A Meyer-Lindenberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - D Czamara
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - C Henry
- 1] Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France [2] Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France [3] Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, France [4] Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Est, Créteil, France
| | - B Etain
- 1] Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France [2] Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France [3] Pôle de Psychiatrie, AP-HP, Hôpital H. Mondor-A. Chenevier, Créteil, France
| | - J C Bis
- Cardiovascular Health Research Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M A Ikram
- 1] Department of Radiology and Epidemiology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands [2] The Netherlands Consortium of Healthy Aging, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Fornage
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine and Human Genetics Center School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - S Debette
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U708, Neuroepidemiology, Paris, France [3] Department of Epidemiology, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Paris, France
| | - L J Launer
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Intramural Research Program, National Institute of Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - S Seshadri
- 1] Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA [2] The National, Heart, Lung and Blood Institute's Framingham Heart Study, Framingham, MA, USA
| | - S Erk
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany [2] Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - H Walter
- 1] Department of Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany [2] Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany [3] Division of Mind and Brain Research, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - A Heinz
- Department of Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - F Bellivier
- 1] Inserm U 955, IMRB, Psychiatrie Génétique, Créteil, France [2] Fondation Fondamental, Créteil, France [3] AP-HP, Hôpital St-Louis-Lariboisière-F Widal, Service Universitaire de Psychiatrie, Paris, France [4] Faculté de Médecine, Université Denis Diderot, Paris, France
| | - J L Stein
- 1] Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA [2] Neurogenetics Program, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - S E Medland
- 1] Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [2] Quantitative Genetics Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia [3] Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Boston, MA, USA
| | - A Arias Vasquez
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - D P Hibar
- Imaging Genetics Center, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - B Franke
- 1] Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [2] Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - N G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - M J Wright
- Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - B Su
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Harrisberger F, Spalek K, Smieskova R, Schmidt A, Coynel D, Milnik A, Fastenrath M, Freytag V, Gschwind L, Walter A, Vogel T, Bendfeldt K, de Quervain DJF, Papassotiropoulos A, Borgwardt S. The association of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the hippocampal volumes in healthy humans: a joint meta-analysis of published and new data. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:267-78. [PMID: 24674929 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism (refSNP Cluster Report: rs6265) is a common and functionally relevant single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). The gene itself, as well as the SNP rs6265, have been implicated in hippocampal learning and memory. However, imaging genetic studies have produced controversial results about the impact of this SNP on hippocampal volumes in healthy subjects. METHODS We examined the association between the rs6265 polymorphism and hippocampal volume in 643 healthy young subjects using automatic segmentation and subsequently included these data in a meta-analysis based on published studies with 5298 healthy subjects in total. RESULTS We found no significant association between SNP rs6265 and hippocampal volumes in our sample (g=0.05, p=0.58). The meta-analysis revealed a small, albeit significant difference in hippocampal volumes between genotype groups, such that Met-carriers had slightly smaller hippocampal volumes than Val/Val homozygotes (g=0.09, p=0.04), an association that was only evident when manual (g=0.22, p=0.01) but not automatic tracing approaches (g=0.04, p=0.38) were used. Studies using manual tracing showed evidence for publication bias and a significant decrease in effect size over the years with increasing sample sizes. CONCLUSIONS This study does not support the association between SNP rs6265 and hippocampal volume in healthy individuals. The weakly significant effect observed in the meta-analysis is mainly driven by studies with small sample sizes. In contrast, our original data and the meta-analysis of automatically segmented hippocampal volumes, which was based on studies with large samples sizes, revealed no significant genotype effect. Thus, meta-analyses of the association between rs6265 and hippocampal volumes should consider possible biases related to measuring technique and sample size.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Harrisberger
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Basel, Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Spalek
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - R Smieskova
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Basel, Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Schmidt
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Basel, Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D Coynel
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Milnik
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Fastenrath
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - V Freytag
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - L Gschwind
- University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Walter
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - T Vogel
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - K Bendfeldt
- University Hospital Basel, Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - D J-F de Quervain
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland
| | - A Papassotiropoulos
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department of Psychology, Division of Molecular Neuroscience, Birmannsgasse 8, 4055 Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Department Biozentrum, Life Science Training Facility, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - S Borgwardt
- University of Basel, Department of Psychiatry (UPK), Wilhelm Klein-Strasse 27, 4056 Basel, Switzerland; University Hospital Basel, Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland; King's College London, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, De Crespigny Park 16, SE5 8AF London, UK.
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Batouli SAH, Trollor JN, Wen W, Sachdev PS. The heritability of volumes of brain structures and its relationship to age: a review of twin and family studies. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:1-9. [PMID: 24211464 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Total brain volume (BV) and the volumes of brain substructures are influenced by genes, the magnitude of which changes with age. One approach to the examination of genetic influences on the volumes of brain structures is to determine their heritability using twin and family studies. We reviewed published cross-sectional studies which examined heritability in healthy subjects at different ages. We identified 32 studies, which examined a total of 77 brain volumetric measures. The findings of our review showed that BVs are under significant genetic influence at all ages, although different brain regions showed different heritability levels. Furthermore, the cross-sectional approach of our review found that heritability factor for the majority of BVs declined with age, such as in the total brain and cerebrum, followed by subsequent increment of environmental influences. Overall, this study identified for the first time a cross-sectional pattern for brain structures' heritability changes with age, and suggests the potential for longitudinal investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia; Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Medicine, School of Psychiatry, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia; Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Medicine, School of Psychiatry, NSW, Australia.
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Sachdev PS, Lee T, Wen W, Ames D, Batouli AH, Bowden J, Brodaty H, Chong E, Crawford J, Kang K, Mather K, Lammel A, Slavin MJ, Thalamuthu A, Trollor J, Wright MJ. The contribution of twins to the study of cognitive ageing and dementia: the Older Australian Twins Study. Int Rev Psychiatry 2013; 25:738-47. [PMID: 24423226 DOI: 10.3109/09540261.2013.870137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Older Australian Twins Study (OATS) is a major longitudinal study of twins, aged ≥ 65 years, to investigate genetic and environmental factors and their interactions in healthy brain ageing and neurocognitive disorders. The study collects psychiatric, neuropsychological, cardiovascular, metabolic, biochemical, neuroimaging, genomic and proteomic data, with two-yearly assessments, and is currently in its third wave. The initial cohort comprises 623 individuals (161 monozygotic and 124 dizygotic twin pairs; 1 MZ triplets; 27 single twins and 23 non-twin siblings), of whom 426 have had wave 2 assessment. A number of salient findings have emerged thus far which assist in the understanding of genetic contributions to cognitive functions such as processing speed, executive ability and episodic memory, and which support the brain reserve hypothesis. The heritability of brain structures, both cortical and subcortical, brain spectroscopic metabolites and markers of small vessel disease, such as lacunar infarction and white matter hyperintensities, have been examined and can inform future genetic investigations. Work on amyloid imaging and functional magnetic resonance imaging is proceeding and epigenetic studies are progressing. This internationally important study has the potential to inform research into cognitive ageing in the future, and offers an excellent resource for collaborative work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perminder S Sachdev
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing, School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales , Kensington, New South Wales
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Yang X, Goh A, Chen SHA, Qiu A. Evolution of hippocampal shapes across the human lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 34:3075-85. [PMID: 22815197 PMCID: PMC6870440 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant hippocampal morphology plays an important role in the pathophysiology of aging. Volumetric analysis of the hippocampus has been performed in aging studies; however, the shape morphometry--which is potentially more informative in terms of related cognition--has yet to be examined. In this paper, we employed an advanced brain mapping technique, large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM), and a dimensionality reduction approach, locally linear diffeomorphic metric embedding (LLDME), to explore age-related changes in hippocampal shape as delineated from magnetic resonance (MR) images of 302 healthy adults aged from 18 to 94 years. Compared with the hippocampal volumes, the hippocampal shapes clearly showed the nonlinear trajectory of biological aging across the human lifespan, where the variation of hippocampal shapes by age was characterized by a cubic polynomial. By integrating of LDDMM and LLDME, we were also able to illustrate the average hippocampal shapes in each individual decade. In addition, LDDMM and LLDME facilitated the identification of 63 years as a threshold beyond which hippocampal morphological changes were accelerated. Adults over 63 years of age showed the inward-deformation bilaterally in the head of the hippocampi and the left subiculum regardless of hippocampal volume reduction when compared to adults younger than 63. Hence, we demonstrated that the shape of anatomical structures added another dimension of structural morphological quantification beyond the volume in understanding aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianfeng Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Batouli SAH, Sachdev PS, Wen W, Wright MJ, Ames D, Trollor JN. Heritability of brain volumes in older adults: the Older Australian Twins Study. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 35:937.e5-18. [PMID: 24231518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.10.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors to brain structure change throughout the lifespan. Brain structures have been reported to be highly heritable in middle-aged individuals and younger; however, the influence of genes on brain structure is less studied in older adults. We performed a magnetic resonance imaging study of 236 older twins, with a mean age of 71.4 ± 5.7 years, to examine the heritability of 53 brain global and lobar volumetric measures. Total brain volume (63%) and other volumetric measures were moderately to highly heritable in late life, and these genetic influences tended to decrease with age, suggesting a greater influence of environmental factors as age advanced. Genetic influences were higher in men and on the left hemisphere compared with the right. In multivariate models, common genetic factors were observed for global and lobar total and gray matter volumes. This study examined the genetic contribution to 53 brain global and lobar volumetric measures in older twins for the first time, and the influence of age, sex, and laterality on these genetic contributions, which are useful information for a better understanding of the process of brain aging and helping individuals to have a healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
| | - Wei Wen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - David Ames
- Director, National Ageing Research Institute and University of Melbourne, Australia; Professor of Ageing and health, Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Centre for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Head, Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Li YJ, Ga SN, Huo Y, Li SY, Gao XG. Characteristics of hippocampal volumes in healthy Chinese from MRI. Neurol Res 2013; 29:803-6. [PMID: 17601367 DOI: 10.1179/016164107x223557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The volume of hippocampus has been associated with a number of disorders and would be helpful in clinical and research practice. This study provided the normal data of hippocampal volumes in a healthy Chinese sample and assessed the possible effects of age, gender and side on it. METHODS Sixty-one normal participants with a broad age span from 6 to 82 years were enrolled in the study. The hippocampal volumes of them were obtained from oblique coronal MR images using inversion recovery (IR) sequence and normalized to adjust intersubject variation in head size. RESULTS The corrected volume in the right side of hippocampus was 2.204-2.944 cm(3), and 2.068-2.700 cm(3) in the left. There were no statistically significant differences among different age and gender groups (p>0.05). The volume of right hippocampus was larger than that of the left side (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS We presented the volume range of hippocampus in healthy Chinese on MRI in this study. No age and gender effects were found on hippocampal volumes. Side-to-side asymmetry was obtained by statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Jie Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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Sumowski JF, Rocca MA, Leavitt VM, Riccitelli G, Comi G, DeLuca J, Filippi M. Brain reserve and cognitive reserve in multiple sclerosis: what you've got and how you use it. Neurology 2013; 80:2186-93. [PMID: 23667062 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318296e98b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We first tested the brain reserve (BR) hypothesis in multiple sclerosis (MS) by examining whether larger maximal lifetime brain volume (MLBV; determined by genetics) protects against disease-related cognitive impairment, and then investigated whether cognitive reserve (CR) gained through life experience (intellectually enriching leisure activities) protects against cognitive decline independently of MLBV (BR). METHODS Sixty-two patients with MS (41 relapsing-remitting MS, 21 secondary progressive MS) received MRIs to estimate BR (MLBV, estimated with intracranial volume [ICV]) and disease burden (T2 lesion load; atrophy of gray matter, white matter, thalamus, and hippocampus). Early-life cognitive leisure was measured as a source of CR. We assessed cognitive status with tasks of cognitive efficiency and memory. Hierarchical regressions were used to investigate whether higher BR (ICV) protects against cognitive impairment, and whether higher CR (leisure) independently protects against cognitive impairment over and above BR. RESULTS Cognitive status was positively associated with ICV (R(2) = 0.066, p = 0.017). An ICV × disease burden interaction (R(2) = 0.050, p = 0.030) revealed that larger ICV attenuated the impact of disease burden on cognition. Controlling for BR, higher education (R(2) = 0.047, p = 0.030) and leisure (R(2) = 0.090, p = 0.001) predicted better cognition. A leisure × disease burden interaction (R(2) = 0.037, p = 0.030) showed that leisure independently attenuated the impact of disease burden on cognition. Follow-up analyses revealed that BR protected against cognitive inefficiency, not memory deficits, whereas CR was more protective against memory deficits than cognitive inefficiency. CONCLUSION We provide evidence of BR in MS, and show that CR independently protects against disease-related cognitive decline over and above BR. Lifestyle choices protect against cognitive impairment independently of genetic factors outside of one's control.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sumowski
- Neuropsychology and Neuroscience, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, NJ, USA.
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Abstract
The Twin Research Registry (TRR) at SRI International is a community-based registry of twins established in 1995 by advertising in local media, mainly on radio stations and in newspapers. As of August 2012, there are 3,120 same- and opposite-sex twins enrolled; 86% are 18 years of age or older (mean age 44.9 years, SD 16.9 years) and 14% less than 18 years of age (mean age 8.9 years, SD 4.5); 67% are female, and 62% are self-reported monozygotic (MZ). More than 1,375 twins have participated in studies over the last 15 years in collaboration with the University of California Medical Center in San Francisco, the University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Stanford University School of Medicine. Each twin completes a registration form with basic demographic information either online at the TRR Web site or during a telephone interview. Contact is maintained with members by means of annual newsletters and birthday cards. The managers of the TRR protect the confidentiality of twin data with established policies; no information is given to other researchers without prior permission from the twins; and all methods and procedures are reviewed by an Institutional Review Board. Phenotypes studied thus far include those related to nicotine metabolism, mutagen sensitivity, pain response before and after administration of an opioid, and a variety of immunological responses to environmental exposures, including second-hand smoke and vaccination for seasonal influenza virus and Varicella zoster virus. Twins in the TRR have participated in studies of complex, clinically relevant phenotypes that would not be feasible to measure in larger samples.
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