1
|
Cosi I, Moccia A, Pescucci C, Munagala U, Di Giorgio S, Sineo I, Conticello SG, Notaro R, De Angioletti M. Identification and characterization of novel ETV4 splice variants in prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5267. [PMID: 37002241 PMCID: PMC10066307 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
ETV4, one of ETS proteins overexpressed in prostate cancer, promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation in prostate cells. This study identifies a series of previously unknown ETV4 alternatively spliced transcripts in human prostate cell lines. Their expression has been validated using several unbiased techniques, including Nanopore sequencing. Most of these transcripts originate from an in-frame exon skipping and, thus, are expected to be translated into ETV4 protein isoforms. Functional analysis of the most abundant among these isoforms shows that they still bear an activity, namely a reduced ability to promote proliferation and a residual ability to regulate the transcription of ETV4 target genes. Alternatively spliced genes are common in cancer cells: an analysis of the TCGA dataset confirms the abundance of these novel ETV4 transcripts in prostate tumors, in contrast to peritumoral tissues. Since none of their translated isoforms have acquired a higher oncogenic potential, such abundance is likely to reflect the tumor deranged splicing machinery. However, it is also possible that their interaction with the canonical variants may contribute to the biology and the clinics of prostate cancer. Further investigations are needed to elucidate the biological role of these ETV4 transcripts and of their putative isoforms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cosi
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- ICCOM - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Annalisa Moccia
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Pescucci
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Uday Munagala
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Salvatore Di Giorgio
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Sineo
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvestro G Conticello
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- IFC - National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy
- IFC - National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Viale Pieraccini 6, 50139, Florence, Italy.
- ICCOM - National Research Council, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Cosi I, Pellecchia A, De Lorenzo E, Torre E, Sica M, Nesi G, Notaro R, De Angioletti M. ETV4 promotes late development of prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia and cell proliferation through direct and p53-mediated downregulation of p21. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:112. [PMID: 32791988 PMCID: PMC7427297 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00943-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ETV4 is one of the ETS proteins overexpressed in prostate cancer (PC) as a result of recurrent chromosomal translocations. In human prostate cell lines, ETV4 promotes migration, invasion, and proliferation; however, its role in PC has been unclear. In this study, we have explored the effects of ETV4 expression in the prostate in a novel transgenic mouse model. METHODS We have created a mouse model with prostate-specific expression of ETV4 (ETV4 mice). By histochemical and molecular analysis, we have investigated in these engineered mice the expression of p21, p27, and p53. The implications of our in vivo findings have been further investigated in human cells lines by chromatin-immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and luciferase assays. RESULTS ETV4 mice, from two independent transgenic lines, have increased cell proliferation in their prostate and two-thirds of them, by the age of 10 months, developed mouse prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (mPIN). In these mice, cdkn1a and its p21 protein product were reduced compared to controls; p27 protein was also reduced. By ChIP assay in human prostate cell lines, we show that ETV4 binds to a specific site (-704/-696 bp upstream of the transcription start) in the CDKN1A promoter that was proven, by luciferase assay, to be functionally competent. ETV4 further controls CDKN1A expression by downregulating p53 protein: this reduction of p53 was confirmed in vivo in ETV4 mice. CONCLUSIONS ETV4 overexpression results in the development of mPIN but not in progression to cancer. ETV4 increases prostate cell proliferation through multiple mechanisms, including downregulation of CDKN1A and its p21 protein product: this in turn is mediated through direct binding of ETV4 to the CDKN1A promoter and through the ETV4-mediated decrease of p53. This multi-faceted role of ETV4 in prostate cancer makes it a potential target for novel therapeutic approaches that could be explored in this ETV4 transgenic model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irene Cosi
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy.,Doctorate School GenOMeC, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pellecchia
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Emanuele De Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Eugenio Torre
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences, Section of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Florence, 50134, Florence, Italy
| | - Michela Sica
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Gabriella Nesi
- Division of Pathology, Department of Health Sciences, University of Florence, 50139, Florence, Italy
| | - Rosario Notaro
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy
| | - Maria De Angioletti
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Core Research Laboratory, Istituto per lo Studio, la Prevenzione e la Rete Oncologica (ISPRO), Florence, 50139, Italy. .,ICCOM-National Council of Research, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, 50019, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Z, Yin J, Zhou W, Bai J, Xie Y, Xu K, Zheng X, Xiao J, Zhou L, Qi X, Li Y, Li X, Xu J. Complex impact of DNA methylation on transcriptional dysregulation across 22 human cancer types. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:2287-2302. [PMID: 32002550 PMCID: PMC7049702 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that transcriptional regulation is affected by DNA methylation. Understanding the perturbation of DNA methylation-mediated regulation between transcriptional factors (TFs) and targets is crucial for human diseases. However, the global landscape of DNA methylation-mediated transcriptional dysregulation (DMTD) across cancers has not been portrayed. Here, we systematically identified DMTD by integrative analysis of transcriptome, methylome and regulatome across 22 human cancer types. Our results revealed that transcriptional regulation was affected by DNA methylation, involving hundreds of methylation-sensitive TFs (MethTFs). In addition, pan-cancer MethTFs, the regulatory activity of which is generally affected by DNA methylation across cancers, exhibit dominant functional characteristics and regulate several cancer hallmarks. Moreover, pan-cancer MethTFs were found to be affected by DNA methylation in a complex pattern. Finally, we investigated the cooperation among MethTFs and identified a network module that consisted of 43 MethTFs with prognostic potential. In summary, we systematically dissected the transcriptional dysregulation mediated by DNA methylation across cancer types, and our results provide a valuable resource for both epigenetic and transcriptional regulation communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zishan Wang
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jiaqi Yin
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Weiwei Zhou
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jing Bai
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yunjin Xie
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Kang Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Li Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College, Chengde, Hebei Province, China
| | - Xiaolin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.,College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Xia Li
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.,College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| | - Juan Xu
- College of Bioinformatics Science and Technology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 571199, China.,College of Biomedical Information and Engineering, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan 570100, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang Y, Ding X, Liu B, Li M, Chang Y, Shen H, Xie SM, Xing L, Li Y. ETV4 overexpression promotes progression of non-small cell lung cancer by upregulating PXN and MMP1 transcriptionally. Mol Carcinog 2019; 59:73-86. [PMID: 31670855 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
ETS variant 4 (ETV4), together with ETV1 and ETV5, constitute the PEA3 subfamily of ETS transcription factors, which are implicated in the progression of many cancers. However, the clinicopathologic significance and molecular events regulated by ETV4 in lung cancer are still poorly understood, especially in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung. Here, we aimed to identify functional targets involved in ETV4-driven lung tumorigenesis. Microarray analysis and validation data revealed that ETV4 was the most preponderant PEA3 factor, which was significantly related to the advanced stage, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs; all P < .001). Reduced ETV4 expression suppressed the growth and metastasis of NSCLC both in vivo and in vitro. Microarray, gain, or loss of function and luciferase report assays revealed the direct regulatory effect of ETV4 on the expression of focal adhesion gene PXN and matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP1), and PXN and/or MMP1 inhibition partially abolished cell proliferation and migration induced by ETV4. Kaplan-Meier analysis indicated that ETV4 and PXN or MMP1 co-overexpression is associated with poor prognosis in human NSCLCs. In conclusion, the ETV4-PXN and ETV4-MMP1 axes are useful biomarkers of tumor progression and worse outcomes in NSCLCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaosong Ding
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Bei Liu
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Minglei Li
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Shelly M Xie
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Lingxiao Xing
- Department of Pathology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.,Center of Metabolic Diseases and Cancer Research, Institute of Medical and Health Science, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Pathology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Eid W, Abdel-Rehim W. Genome-wide analysis of ETV1 targets: Insights into the role of ETV1 in tumor progression. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:8983-8991. [PMID: 30629294 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.28169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
ETS variant 1 (ETV1) is a key player in metastatic progression in several types of human cancers, yet the direct target genes of ETV1 and the mechanisms by which ETV1 exerts its deleterious function remain largely elusive. Here, we performed large-scale mapping and analysis of target loci of ETV1 in the prostate cancer cells LNCaP using the DNA adenine methyltransferase identification technique, we identified close to 800 direct targets for ETV1. Expression analysis using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction confirmed a positive regulation by ETV1 in most of the genes examined. Furthermore, gene and pathway analysis unraveled new signaling pathways and biological networks that interact with ETV1. Our findings cast light on genes and networks regulated by ETV1, it also opens new fronts for studying the role of ETV1 and its target genes in tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wassim Eid
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Wafaa Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical Research Institute, University of Alexandria, Alexandria, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen HIH, Chiu YC, Zhang T, Zhang S, Huang Y, Chen Y. GSAE: an autoencoder with embedded gene-set nodes for genomics functional characterization. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2018; 12:142. [PMID: 30577835 PMCID: PMC6302374 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-018-0642-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Background Bioinformatics tools have been developed to interpret gene expression data at the gene set level, and these gene set based analyses improve the biologists’ capability to discover functional relevance of their experiment design. While elucidating gene set individually, inter-gene sets association is rarely taken into consideration. Deep learning, an emerging machine learning technique in computational biology, can be used to generate an unbiased combination of gene set, and to determine the biological relevance and analysis consistency of these combining gene sets by leveraging large genomic data sets. Results In this study, we proposed a gene superset autoencoder (GSAE), a multi-layer autoencoder model with the incorporation of a priori defined gene sets that retain the crucial biological features in the latent layer. We introduced the concept of the gene superset, an unbiased combination of gene sets with weights trained by the autoencoder, where each node in the latent layer is a superset. Trained with genomic data from TCGA and evaluated with their accompanying clinical parameters, we showed gene supersets’ ability of discriminating tumor subtypes and their prognostic capability. We further demonstrated the biological relevance of the top component gene sets in the significant supersets. Conclusions Using autoencoder model and gene superset at its latent layer, we demonstrated that gene supersets retain sufficient biological information with respect to tumor subtypes and clinical prognostic significance. Superset also provides high reproducibility on survival analysis and accurate prediction for cancer subtypes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12918-018-0642-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hung-I Harry Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.,Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Yu-Chiao Chiu
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Tinghe Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA
| | - Songyao Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.,Laboratory of Information Fusion Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710072, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Huang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Yidong Chen
- Greehey Children's Cancer Research Institute, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA. .,Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiao J, Yang S, Shen P, Wang Y, Sun H, Ji F, Zhou D. Phosphorylation of ETV4 at Ser73 by ERK kinase could block ETV4 ubiquitination degradation in colorectal cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 486:1062-1068. [PMID: 28373072 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
It was reported that Src-mediated and RTK-dependent accumulation of key transcription factor, ETV4, which played an important role in the migration of embryonic cells and tumor cells, were regulated by their common downstream MAPK molecules. However, the detailed mechanism was not completely clear. In the present study, we revealed that ETV4 protein was significantly enhanced by ERK kinase activation in the colorectal cancer (CRC) patients and mouse models as well as in the CRC cell lines. It was further confirmed that the activation of ERK kinase led to the phosphorylation of ETV4 at Ser73 and the ETV4 phosphorylation could block its binding to COP1, thereby stabilized ETV4 via avoiding its ubiquitination degradation. In addition, this effect was not due to altering an E3 ubiquitin ligase, COP1 amount or p-COP1/COP1 ratio. Our results will help understand the mechanism of ETV4 overexpression in CRC patients and provide a clue to search new therapeutic target to treat the related tumors in clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Xiao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Shu Yang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Ping Shen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yaxi Wang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Haimei Sun
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Fengqing Ji
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Deshan Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Cancer Invasion and Metastasis Research, Beijing 100069, PR China; Cancer Institute of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kherrouche Z, Monte D, Werkmeister E, Stoven L, De Launoit Y, Cortot AB, Tulasne D, Chotteau-Lelievre A. PEA3 transcription factors are downstream effectors of Met signaling involved in migration and invasiveness of Met-addicted tumor cells. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1852-67. [PMID: 26238631 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Various solid tumors including lung or gastric carcinomas display aberrant activation of the Met receptor which correlates with aggressive phenotypes and poor prognosis. Although downstream signaling of Met is well described, its integration at the transcriptional level is poorly understood. We demonstrate here that in cancer cells harboring met gene amplification, inhibition of Met activity with tyrosine kinase inhibitors or specific siRNA drastically decreased expression of ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5, three transcription factors constituting the PEA3 subgroup of the ETS family, while expression of the other members of the family were less or not affected. Similar link between Met activity and PEA3 factors expression was found in lung cancer cells displaying resistance to EGFR targeted therapy involving met gene amplification. Using silencing experiments, we demonstrate that the PEA3 factors are required for efficient migration and invasion mediated by Met, while other biological responses such as proliferation or unanchored growth remain unaffected. PEA3 overexpression or silencing revealed that they participated in the regulation of the MMP2 target gene involved in extracellular matrix remodeling. Our results demonstrated that PEA3-subgroup transcription factors are key players of the Met signaling integration involved in regulation of migration and invasiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zoulika Kherrouche
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France
| | - Didier Monte
- CNRS USR 3078, Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq 59658, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France; BioImaging Center Lille Nord de France, Lille 59021, France
| | - Luc Stoven
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France
| | - Yvan De Launoit
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France
| | - Alexis B Cortot
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France; Thoracic Oncology Department, Lille University Hospital, Université de Lille, France
| | - David Tulasne
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France.
| | - Anne Chotteau-Lelievre
- CNRS UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université de Lille, SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille 59021, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
MacKenzie B, Korfei M, Henneke I, Sibinska Z, Tian X, Hezel S, Dilai S, Wasnick R, Schneider B, Wilhelm J, El Agha E, Klepetko W, Seeger W, Schermuly R, Günther A, Bellusci S. Increased FGF1-FGFRc expression in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res 2015; 16:83. [PMID: 26138239 PMCID: PMC4495640 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0242-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Recent clinical studies show that tyrosine kinase inhibitors slow the rate of lung function decline and decrease the number of acute exacerbations in patients with Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF). However, in the murine bleomycin model of fibrosis, not all tyrosine kinase signaling is detrimental. Exogenous ligands Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF) 7 and 10 improve murine lung repair and increase survival after injury via tyrosine kinase FGF receptor 2b-signaling. Therefore, the level and location of FGF/FGFR expression as well as the exogenous effect of the most highly expressed FGFR2b ligand, FGF1, was analyzed on human lung fibroblasts. Methods FGF ligand and receptor expression was evaluated in donor and IPF whole lung homogenates using western blotting and qPCR. Immunohistochemistry for FGF1 and FGFR1/2/3/4 were performed on human lung tissue. Lastly, the effects of FGF1, a potent, multi-FGFR ligand, were studied on primary cultures of IPF and non-IPF donor fibroblasts. Western blots for pro-fibrotic markers, proliferation, FACS for apoptosis, transwell assays and MetaMorph analyses on cell cultures were performed. Results Whole lung homogenate analyses revealed decreased FGFR b-isoform expression, and an increase in FGFR c-isoform expression. Of the FGFR2b-ligands, FGF1 was the most significantly increased in IPF patients; downstream targets of FGF-signaling, p-ERK1/2 and p-AKT were also increased. Immunohistochemistry revealed FGF1 co-localization within basal cell sheets, myofibroblast foci, and Surfactant protein-C positive alveolar epithelial type-II cells as well as co-localization with FGFR1, FGFR2, FGFR3, FGFR4 and myofibroblasts expressing the migratory marker Fascin. Both alone and in the presence of heparin, FGF1 led to increased MAPK-signaling in primary lung fibroblasts. While smooth muscle actin was unchanged, heparin + FGF1 decreased collagen production in IPF fibroblasts. In addition, FGF1 + heparin increased apoptosis and cell migration. The FGFR inhibitor (PD173074) attenuated these effects. Conclusions Strong expression of FGF1/FGFRs in pathogenic regions of IPF suggest that aberrant FGF1-FGFR signaling is increased in IPF patients and may contribute to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis by supporting fibroblast migration and increased MAPK-signaling. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0242-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- BreAnne MacKenzie
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Martina Korfei
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Henneke
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Zaneta Sibinska
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Xia Tian
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Hezel
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Salma Dilai
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Roxana Wasnick
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Beate Schneider
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Jochen Wilhelm
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Elie El Agha
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany
| | - Walter Klepetko
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, General Hospital University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Seeger
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Greifenstein, Germany
| | - Ralph Schermuly
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Greifenstein, Germany
| | - Andreas Günther
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany.,German Center for Lung Research, Greifenstein, Germany.,AGAPLESION Lung Clinic Waldhof-Elgershausen, Greifenstein, Germany
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- German Center for Lung Research, Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Giessen, Hessen, Germany. .,German Center for Lung Research, Greifenstein, Germany. .,Developmental Biology Program, Division of Surgery, Saban Research Institute of Children's Hospital Los Angeles, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya Street, Kazan, 420008, Russian Federation.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Grageda M, Silveyra P, Thomas NJ, DiAngelo SL, Floros J. DNA methylation profile and expression of surfactant protein A2 gene in lung cancer. Exp Lung Res 2014; 41:93-102. [PMID: 25514367 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.976298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of the methylation profile of genes allow for the identification of biomarkers that may guide diagnosis and effective treatment of disease. Human surfactant protein A (SP-A) plays an important role in lung homeostasis and immunity, and is encoded by two genes (SFTPA1 and SFTPA2). The goal of this study was to identify differentially methylated CpG sites in the promoter region of the SFTPA2 gene in lung cancer tissue, and to determine the correlation between the promoter's methylation profile and gene expression. For this, we collected 28 pairs of cancerous human lung tissue and adjacent noncancerous (NC) lung tissue: 17 adenocarcinoma (AC), 9 squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and 2 AC with SCC features, and we evaluated DNA methylation of the SFTPA2 promoter region by bisulfite conversion. Our results identified a higher methylation ratio in one CpG site of the SFTPA2 gene in cancerous tissue versus NC tissue (0.36 versus 0.11, p = 0.001). When assessing AC samples, we also found cancerous tissues associated with a higher methylation ratio (0.43 versus 0.10, p = 0.02). In the SCC group, although cancerous tissue showed a higher methylation ratio (0.22 versus 0.11), this difference was not statistically significant (p = 0.35). Expression of SFTPA2 mRNA and total SP-A protein was significantly lower in cancer tissue when compared to adjacent NC tissue (p < 0.001), and correlated with the hypermethylated status of an SFTPA2 CpG site in AC samples. The findings of this pilot study may hold promise for future use of SFTPA2 as a biomarker for the diagnosis of lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Grageda
- 1Pediatric Critical Care Division, Department of Pediatrics, Pennsylvania State Children's Hospital, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine , Hershey, PA , United States
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Liclican EL, Walser TC, Hazra S, Krysan K, Park SJ, Pagano PC, Gardner BK, Larsen JE, Minna JD, Dubinett SM. Loss of miR125a expression in a model of K-ras-dependent pulmonary premalignancy. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2014; 7:845-55. [PMID: 24913817 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-14-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of lung cancer is necessary to identify biomarkers/targets specific to individual airway molecular profiles and to identify options for targeted chemoprevention. Herein, we identify mechanisms by which loss of microRNA (miRNA)125a-3p (miR125a) contributes to the malignant potential of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) harboring an activating point mutation of the K-ras proto-oncogene (HBEC K-ras). Among other miRNAs, we identified significant miR125a loss in HBEC K-ras lines and determined that miR125a is regulated by the PEA3 transcription factor. PEA3 is upregulated in HBEC K-ras cells, and genetic knockdown of PEA3 restores miR125a expression. From a panel of inflammatory/angiogenic factors, we identified increased CXCL1 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by HBEC K-ras cells and determined that miR125a overexpression significantly reduces K-ras-mediated production of these tumorigenic factors. miR125a overexpression also abrogates increased proliferation of HBEC K-ras cells and suppresses anchorage-independent growth (AIG) of HBEC K-ras/P53 cells, the latter of which is CXCL1-dependent. Finally, pioglitazone increases levels of miR125a in HBEC K-ras cells via PEA3 downregulation. In addition, pioglitazone and miR125a overexpression elicit similar phenotypic responses, including suppression of both proliferation and VEGF production. Our findings implicate miR125a loss in lung carcinogenesis and lay the groundwork for future studies to determine whether miR125a is a possible biomarker for lung carcinogenesis and/or a chemoprevention target. Moreover, our studies illustrate that pharmacologic augmentation of miR125a in K-ras-mutated pulmonary epithelium effectively abrogates several deleterious downstream events associated with the mutation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvira L Liclican
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Tonya C Walser
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Saswati Hazra
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Kostyantyn Krysan
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Stacy J Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Paul C Pagano
- Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA
| | - Brian K Gardner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Jill E Larsen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine; Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center; VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care Center, Los Angeles, California; and
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li S, Huang X, Zhang D, Huang Q, Pei G, Wang L, Jiang W, Hu Q, Tan R, Hua ZC. Requirement of PEA3 for transcriptional activation of FAK gene in tumor metastasis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79336. [PMID: 24260201 PMCID: PMC3832605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a non-receptor tyrosine kinase critically involved in cancer metastasis. We found an elevation of FAK expression in highly metastatic melanoma B16F10 cells compared with its less metastatic partner B16F1 cells. Down-regulation of the FAK expression by either small interfering RNA or dominant negative FAK (FAK Related Non-Kinase, FRNK) inhibited the B16F10 cell migration in vitro and invasiveness in vivo. The mechanism by which FAK activity is up-regulated in highly metastatic cells remains unclear. In this study, we reported for the first time that one of the Est family proteins, PEA3, is able to transactivate FAK expression through binding to the promoter region of FAK. We identified a PEA3-binding site between nucleotides -170 and +43 in the FAK promoter that was critical for the responsiveness to PEA3. A stronger affinity of PEA3 to this region contributed to the elevation of FAK expression in B16F10 cells. Both in vitro and in vivo knockdown of PEA3 gene successfully mimicked the cell migration and invasiveness as that induced by FAK down-regulation. The activation of the well-known upstream of PEA3, such as epidermal growth factor, JNK, and ERK can also induce FAK expression. Furthermore, in the metastatic human clinic tumor specimens from the patients with human primary oral squamous cell carcinoma, we observed a strong positive correlation among PEA3, FAK, and carcinoma metastasis. Taking together, we hypothesized that PEA3 might play an essential role in the activation of the FAK gene during tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shufeng Li
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaofeng Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qilai Huang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guoshun Pei
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingang Hu
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Renxiang Tan
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zi-Chun Hua
- The State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science and School of Stomatology, Affiliated Stomatological Hospital, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Changzhou High-Tech Research Institute of Nanjing University and Jiangsu TargetPharma Laboratories Inc., Changzhou, People’s Republic of China
- The State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng X, Lu P, Bai H, Xiao P, Fan Q. Transcriptional regulatory networks in human lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:961-6. [PMID: 22895549 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer worldwide and its absolute incidence is increasing markedly. Transcriptional regulation is one of the most fundamental processes in lung AC development. However, high-throughput functional analyses of multiple transcription factors and their target genes in lung AC are rare. Thus, the objective of our study was to interpret the mechanisms of human AC through the regulatory network using the GSE2514 microarray data. Our results identified the genes peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (CEBPB), ets variant 4 (ETV4), Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1), T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (TAL1) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1) as hub nodes in the transcriptome network. Among these genes, it appears that: PPARG promotes the PPAR signaling pathway via the upregulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, but suppresses the cell cycle pathway via downregulation of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, γ (GADD45G) expression; ETV4 stimulates matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expression to induce the bladder cancer pathway; FLI upregulates transforming growth factor, β receptor II (TGFBR2) expression to activate TGF-β signaling and upregulates cyclin D3 (CCND3) expression to promote the cell cycle pathway; NFKB1 upregulates interleukin 1, β (IL-1B) expression and initiates the prostate cancer pathway; CEBPB upregulates IL-6 expression and promotes pathways in cancer; and TAL1 promotes kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) expression to promote the TGF-β signaling pathway. This transcriptional regulation analysis may provide an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung AC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Overexpression of ETV4 is oncogenic in prostate cells through promotion of both cell proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition. Oncogenesis 2012; 1:e20. [PMID: 23552736 PMCID: PMC3412649 DOI: 10.1038/oncsis.2012.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of translocations that involve one of the genes of the ETS family (ERG, ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5) has been a major advance in understanding the molecular basis of prostate cancer (PC). Each one of these translocations results in deregulated expression of one of the ETS proteins. Here, we focus on the mechanism whereby overexpression of the ETV4 gene mediates oncogenesis in the prostate. By siRNA technology, we show that ETV4 inhibition in the PC3 cancer cell line reduces not only cell mobility and anchorage-independent growth, but also cell proliferation, cell cycle progression and tumor growth in a xenograft model. Conversely, ETV4 overexpression in the nonmalignant human prostate cell line (RWPE) increases anchorage-independent growth, cell mobility and cell proliferation, which is probably mediated by downregulation of p21, producing accelerated progression through the cell cycle. ETV4 overexpression is associated with changes in the pattern of E-cadherin and N-cadherin expression; the cells also become spindle-shaped, and these changes are characteristic of the so-called epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT). In RWPE cells overexpressing ETV4 EMT results from a marked increase in EMT-specific transcription factors such as TWIST1, SLUG1, ZEB1 and ZEB2. Thus, whereas ETV4 shares with the other ETS proteins (ERG, ETV5 and ETV1) a major role in invasiveness and cell migration, it emerges as unique in that it increases at the same time also the rate of proliferation of PC cells. Considering the wide spectrum in the clinical course of patients with PC, it may be highly relevant that ETV4 is capable of inducing most and perhaps all of the features that make a tumor aggressive.
Collapse
|
15
|
Oh S, Shin S, Janknecht R. ETV1, 4 and 5: an oncogenic subfamily of ETS transcription factors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2012; 1826:1-12. [PMID: 22425584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The homologous ETV1, ETV4 and ETV5 proteins form the PEA3 subfamily of ETS transcription factors. In Ewing tumors, chromosomal translocations affecting ETV1 or ETV4 are an underlying cause of carcinogenesis. Likewise, chromosomal rearrangements of the ETV1, ETV4 or ETV5 gene occur in prostate tumors and are thought to be one of the major driving forces in the genesis of prostate cancer. In addition, these three ETS proteins are implicated in melanomas, breast and other types of cancer. Complex posttranslational modifications govern the activity of PEA3 factors, which can promote cell proliferation, motility and invasion. Here, we review evidence for a role of ETV1, 4 and 5 as oncoproteins and describe modes of their action. Modulation of their activation or interaction with cofactors as well as inhibiting crucial target gene products may ultimately be exploited to treat various cancers that are dependent on the PEA3 group of ETS transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sangphil Oh
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Gu S, Chen L, Hong Q, Yan T, Zhuang Z, Wang Q, Jin W, Zhu H, Wu J. PEA3 activates CXCR4 transcription in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2011; 43:771-8. [PMID: 21831961 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmr070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a cell surface receptor that has been shown to mediate the metastasis of many solid tumors including lung, breast, kidney, and prostate tumors. In this study, we found that overexpression of ets variant gene 4 (PEA3) could elevate CXCR4 mRNA level and CXCR4 promoter activity in human MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. PEA3 promoted CXCR4 expression and breast cancer metastasis. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that PEA3 could bind to the CXCR4 promoter in the cells transfected with PEA3 expression vector. PEA3 siRNA attenuated CXCR4 promoter activity and the binding of PEA3 to the CXCR4 promoter in MDA-MB-231 and MCF-7 cells. These results indicated that PEA3 could activate CXCR4 promoter transcription and promote breast cancer metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengmei Gu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Breast Cancer Institute, Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Institute of Biomedical Science, Fudan University, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Llauradó M, Abal M, Castellví J, Cabrera S, Gil-Moreno A, Pérez-Benavente A, Colás E, Doll A, Dolcet X, Matias-Guiu X, Vazquez-Levin M, Reventós J, Ruiz A. ETV5 transcription factor is overexpressed in ovarian cancer and regulates cell adhesion in ovarian cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:1532-43. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
18
|
Yuen HF, McCrudden CM, Chan KK, Chan YP, Wong MLY, Chan KYK, Khoo US, Law S, Srivastava G, Lappin TR, Chan KW, El-Tanani M. The role of Pea3 group transcription factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:992-1003. [PMID: 21689625 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factors Pea3, Erm, and Er81 can promote cancer initiation and progression in various types of solid tumors. However, their role in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not been elucidated. In this study, we found that the expression levels of Pea3 and Erm, but not that of Er81, were significantly higher in ESCC compared with nontumor esophageal epithelium. A high level of Pea3 expression was significantly correlated with a shorter overall survival in a cohort of 81 patients with ESCC and the subgroup with N1 stage tumor (Wilcoxon-Gehan test, P = 0.016 and P = 0.001, respectively). Pea3 was overexpressed in seven ESCC cell lines compared with two immortalized esophageal cell lines. Pea3 knockdown reduced cell proliferation and suppressed nonadherent growth, migration, and invasion in ESCC cells in vitro. In addition, Pea3 knockdown in ESCC cells resulted in a down-regulation of phospho-Akt and matrix metalloproteinase 13, whereas a significant positive correlation in the expression levels was observed between Pea3 and phospho-Akt (r = 0.281, P < 0.013) and between Pea3 and matrix metalloproteinase 13 in the human specimens (r = 0.462, P < 0.001). Moreover, Pea3 modulated the sensitivity of EC109 cells to doxorubicin, probably via reduced activity of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt-mammalian target of Rapamycin complex 1 pathway on Pea3 knockdown. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 plays an important role in the progression of ESCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Center for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yuen HF, Chan YK, Grills C, McCrudden CM, Gunasekharan V, Shi Z, Wong ASY, Lappin TR, Chan KW, Fennell DA, Khoo US, Johnston PG, El-Tanani M. Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein promotes breast cancer metastatic progression through Snail-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2011; 224:78-89. [PMID: 21404275 DOI: 10.1002/path.2859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 protein (Pea3), also known as ETV4, is a member of the Ets-transcription factor family, which promotes metastatic progression in various types of solid cancer. Pea3-driven epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been described in lung and ovarian cancers. The mechanisms of Pea3-induced EMT, however, are largely unknown. Here we show that Pea3 overexpression promotes EMT in human breast epithelial cells through transactivation of Snail (SNAI1), an activator of EMT. Pea3 binds to the human Snail promoter through the two proximal Pea3 binding sites and enhances Snail expression. In addition, knockdown of Pea3 in invasive breast cancer cells results in down-regulation of Snail, partial reversal of EMT, and reduced invasiveness in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of Snail partially rescues the phenotype induced by Pea3 overexpression, suggesting that Snail is one of the mediators bridging Pea3 and EMT, and thereby metastatic progression of the cancer cells. In four breast cancer patient cohorts whose microarray and survival data were obtained from the Gene Expression Omnibus database, Pea3 and Snail expression are significantly correlated with each other and with overall survival of breast cancer patients. We further demonstrate that nuclear localization of Pea3 is associated with Snail expression in breast cancer cell lines and is an independent predictor of overall survival in a Chinese breast cancer patient cohort. In conclusion, our results suggest that Pea3 may be an important prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for metastatic progression of human breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hiu-Fung Yuen
- Centre for Cancer Research and Cell Biology, Queen's University of Belfast, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhao Y, Liu J, Hong Q, Yang C, Chen L, Chen Y, Wang Q, Zhao K, Jin W. Involvement of MyoD and PEA3 in regulation of transcription activity of MDR1 gene. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2010; 42:900-7. [PMID: 20980337 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmq094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1) in cancer remains one of the major causes for the failure of chemotherapy. In the present study, we found that MyoD and PEA3 could activate P-glycoprotein (P-gp) expression in SGC7901 cells. Knockdown of MyoD and PEA3 attenuated MDR1 expression and increased the sensitivity of multidrug resistant cancer cells to cytotoxic drugs that were transported by P-gp in SGC7901/VCR cells. MyoD or PEA3 could bind to the E-box and PEA3 sites on the MDR1 promoter and activate its transcription. The regulation of MDR1 expression by MyoD and PEA3 may provide potential ways to overcome MDR in cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Zhao
- Department of general surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ratovitski EA. LKB1/PEA3/ΔNp63 pathway regulates PTGS-2 (COX-2) transcription in lung cancer cells upon cigarette smoke exposure. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:317-24. [PMID: 21150337 PMCID: PMC3154041 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.5.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This is the first study to show that cigarette smoking induced the LKB1/PEA 3/ΔNp63-dependent transcriptional regulation of inflammatory molecules, such as COX-2/PTGS-2. Using mainstream smoke extract (MSE) and sidestream smoke extract (SSE) as modeling tools for primary and secondhand smoking, we found that both MSE and SSE downregulated protein levels for LKB1, while upregulated protein levels for PEA 3 and COX-2 in a dose-dependent manner. Using the endogenous ChIP analysis, we further found that the C/EBPβ, NFκB, NF-Y (CHOP), PEA 3 (ETS) and ΔNp63 proteins bound to the specific area (-550 to -130) of the COX-2 promoter, while forming multiple protein complexes in lung cancer cells exposed to MSE and SSE. Our results define a novel link between various transcription factors occupying the COX-2 promoter and cellular response to cigarette smoke exposure bringing a new component, ΔNp63α, showing a critical role for cooperation between various chromatin components in regulation of COX-2 expression and, therefore strengthening the central role of inflammatory process in tumorigenesis of epithelial cells, especially after cigarette smoke exposure (both primary and secondhand).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Ratovitski
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Baker R, Kent CV, Silbermann RA, Hassell JA, Young LJT, Howe LR. Pea3 transcription factors and wnt1-induced mouse mammary neoplasia. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8854. [PMID: 20107508 PMCID: PMC2809747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2009] [Accepted: 01/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors in breast neoplasia is controversial. Although overexpression of PEA3 (E1AF/ETV4), and of the related factors ERM (ETV5) and ER81 (ETV1), have been observed in human and mouse breast tumors, PEA3 factors have also been ascribed a tumor suppressor function. Here, we utilized the MMTV/Wnt1 mouse strain to further interrogate the role of PEA3 transcription factors in mammary tumorigenesis based on our previous observation that Pea3 is highly expressed in MMTV/Wnt1 mammary tumors. Pea3 expression in mouse mammary tissues was visualized using a Pea3NLSlacZ reporter strain. In normal mammary glands, Pea3 expression is predominantly confined to myoepithelial cells. Wnt1 transgene expression induced marked amplification of this cell compartment in nontumorous mammary glands, accompanied by an apparent increase in Pea3 expression. The pattern of Pea3 expression in MMTV/Wnt1 mammary glands recapitulated the cellular profile of activated β-catenin/TCF signaling, which was visualized using both β-catenin immunohistochemistry and the β-catenin/TCF-responsive reporter Axin2NLSlacZ. To test the requirement for PEA3 factors in Wnt1-induced tumorigenesis, we employed a mammary-targeted dominant negative PEA3 transgene, ΔNPEA3En. Expression of ΔNPEA3En delayed early-onset tumor formation in MMTV/Wnt1 virgin females (P = 0.03), suggesting a requirement for PEA3 factor function for Wnt1-driven tumor formation. Consistent with this observation, expression of the ΔNPEA3En transgene was profoundly reduced in mammary tumors compared to nontumorous mammary glands from bigenic MMTV/Wnt1, MMTV/ΔNPEA3En mice (P = 0.01). Our data provide the first description of Wnt1-mediated expansion of the Pea3-expressing myoepithelial compartment in nontumorous mammary glands. Consistent with this observation, mammary myoepithelium was selectively responsive to Wnt1. Together these data suggest the MMTV/Wnt1 strain as a potential model of basal breast cancer. Furthermore, this study provides evidence for a protumorigenic role of PEA3 factors in breast neoplasia, and supports targeting the PEA3 transcription factor family in breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Baker
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Claire V. Kent
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Rachel A. Silbermann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John A. Hassell
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence J. T. Young
- Center for Comparative Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Louise R. Howe
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, United States of America
- Strang Cancer Research Laboratory, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Maruta S, Sakai H, Kanda S, Hayashi T, Kanetake H, Miyata Y. E1AF expression is associated with extra-prostatic growth and matrix metalloproteinase-7 expression in prostate cancer. APMIS 2009; 117:791-6. [PMID: 19845529 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2009.02534.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
E1AF is associated with malignant aggressiveness via regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which play pivotal roles in invasion through the degradation of extracellular matrix of tissues surrounding tumors. However, the clinical significance of E1AF and MMPs in patients with prostate cancer is not fully understood. We reviewed 50 tissue samples from patients with T2-3N0M0 prostate cancer who had undergone radical operation. Expression levels of E1AF, MMP-1, -3, -7, -9 and -14 were determined semiquantitatively by immunohistochemistry. The mean +/- SD percentage of E1AF-stained cancer cells was 8.56 +/- 5.22, and it was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than the E1AF-immunostaining index of normal cells (1.17 +/- 0.61). E1AF immunostaining index in pT3 (12.74 +/- 4.80) was significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that in pT2 (5.78 +/- 3.31). Although E1AF expression correlated with that of MMP-7 and MMP-9 (r = 0.47, p < 0.001 and r = 0.41, p = 0.004, respectively), multivariate analysis showed that E1AF correlated with only MMP-7 expression (OR = 5.81, 95% CI = 1.27-26.59, p = 0.023). Our results demonstrated that increased expression of E1AF is involved in tumor aggression of prostate cancer. This finding may be influenced by regulation of MMP-7. We speculate that E1AF is a possible target in treatment and prevention of tumor growth in prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugure Maruta
- Department of Urology, Nagasaki University School of Medicine, Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Sloan KA, Marquez HA, Li J, Cao Y, Hinds A, O'Hara CJ, Kathuria S, Ramirez MI, Williams MC, Kathuria H. Increased PEA3/E1AF and decreased Net/Elk-3, both ETS proteins, characterize human NSCLC progression and regulate caveolin-1 transcription in Calu-1 and NCI-H23 NSCLC cell lines. Carcinogenesis 2009; 30:1433-42. [PMID: 19483189 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Caveolin-1 protein has been called a 'conditional tumor suppressor' because it can either suppress or enhance tumor progression depending on cellular context. Caveolin-1 levels are dynamic in non-small-cell lung cancer, with increased levels in metastatic tumor cells. We have shown previously that transactivation of an erythroblastosis virus-transforming sequence (ETS) cis-element enhances caveolin-1 expression in a murine lung epithelial cell line. Based on high sequence homology between the murine and human caveolin-1 promoters, we proposed that ETS proteins might regulate caveolin-1 expression in human lung tumorigenesis. We confirm that caveolin-1 is not detected in well-differentiated primary lung tumors. Polyoma virus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3), a pro-metastatic ETS protein in breast cancer, is expressed at low levels in well-differentiated tumors and high levels in poorly differentiated tumors. Conversely, Net, a known ETS repressor, is expressed at high levels in the nucleus of well-differentiated primary tumor cells. In tumor cells in metastatic lymph node sites, caveolin-1 and PEA3 are highly expressed, whereas Net is now expressed in the cytoplasm. We studied transcriptional regulation of caveolin-1 in two human lung cancer cell lines, Calu-1 (high caveolin-1 expressing) and NCI-H23 (low caveolin-1 expressing). Chromatin immunoprecipitation-binding assays and small interfering RNA experiments show that PEA3 is a transcriptional activator in Calu-1 cells and that Net is a transcriptional repressor in NCI-H23 cells. These results suggest that Net may suppress caveolin-1 transcription in primary lung tumors and that PEA3 may activate caveolin-1 transcription in metastatic lymph nodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin A Sloan
- Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chioni AM, Grose R. Negative regulation of fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF-10) by polyoma enhancer activator 3 (PEA3). Eur J Cell Biol 2009; 88:371-84. [PMID: 19410332 PMCID: PMC2691923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2009.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
FGF-10 plays an important role in development and disease, acting as the key ligand for FGFR2B to regulate cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Aberrant FGF signalling is implicated in tumourigenesis, with several cancer studies reporting FGF-10 or FGFR2B upregulation or identifying activating mutations in Fgfr2. We used 5’ RACE to identify a novel transcription start site for murine Fgf-10. Conventional in silico analysis predicted multiple binding sites for the transcription factor PEA3 upstream of this site. Binding was confirmed by chromatin immunopreciptation, and functional significance was studied by both RNAi knockdown and transient over-expression of PEA3. Knockdown of PEA3 message led to increased Fgf-10 expression, whereas overexpression of PEA3 resulted in decreased Fgf-10 expression. Thus, we have identified PEA3 as a negative regulator of Fgf-10 expression in a murine cell line and confirmed that activity also is seen in human breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231). Furthermore, over-expression of PEA3 in these cells resulted in impaired cell migration, which was rescued by treatment with FGF-10. Thus, PEA3 can regulate the transcription of Fgf-10 and such modulation can control breast cancer cell behaviour.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Athina-Myrto Chioni
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Institute of Cancer, Barts & The London School of Medicine & Dentistry, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hua D, Chen B, Bai M, Yu H, Wu X, Jin W. PEA3 activates VEGF transcription in T47D and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2009; 41:63-8. [PMID: 19129951 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmn007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent stimulator of angiogenesis and a prognostic factor for many tumors, including those of endocrine-responsive tissues such as the breast and uterus. In this study, we found that overexpression of PEA3 could increase VEGF mRNA levels and VEGF promoter activity in human T47D and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that PEA3 could bind to the VEGF promoter in the cells transfected with PEA3 expression vector. PEA3 small interfering RNA attenuated VEGF promoter activity and the binding of PEA3 to the VEGF promoter in T47D and SKBR3 cells. These results indicated that PEA3 could activate VEGF promoter transcription.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hua
- Wuxi 4th People's Hospital, The 4th Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Jiangsu Province, Wuxi, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Firlej V, Ladam F, Brysbaert G, Dumont P, Fuks F, de Launoit Y, Benecke A, Chotteau-Lelievre A. Reduced tumorigenesis in mouse mammary cancer cells following inhibition of Pea3- or Erm-dependent transcription. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:3393-402. [PMID: 18827017 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.027201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pea3 and Erm are transcription factors expressed in normal developing branching organs such as the mammary gland. Deregulation of their expression is generally associated with tumorigenesis and particularly breast cancer. By using RNA interference (RNAi) to downregulate the expression of Pea3 and/or Erm in a mammary cancer cell line, we present evidence for a role of these factors in proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of cancer cells. We have used different small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) targeting pea3 and erm transcripts in transiently or stably transfected cells, and assessed the physiological behavior of these cells in in vitro assays. We also identified an in vivo alteration of tumor progression after injection of cells that overexpress pea3 and/or erm short hairpin RNAs (shRNAs) in immunodeficient mice. Using transcriptome profiling in Pea3- or Erm-targeted cells, two largely independent gene expression programs were identified on the basis of their shared phenotypic modifications. A statistically highly significant part of both sets of target genes had previously been already associated with the cellular signaling pathways of the ;proliferation, migration, invasion' class. These data provide the first evidence, by using endogenous knockdown, for pivotal and complementary roles of Pea3 and Erm transcription factors in events crucial to mammary tumorigenesis, and identify sets of downstream target genes whose expression during tumorigenesis is regulated by these transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Firlej
- UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS Universités de Lille 1 and 2, Institut Pasteur de Lille, IFR 142, BP 447, 1 rue Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kathuria H, Cao Y, Hinds A, Ramirez MI, Williams MC. ERM is expressed by alveolar epithelial cells in adult mouse lung and regulates caveolin-1 transcription in mouse lung epithelial cell lines. J Cell Biochem 2007; 102:13-27. [PMID: 17390339 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.21270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We previously identified an Ets cis-element in the mouse caveolin-1 promoter that is selectively activated in lung epithelial (E10), but not lung endothelial murine lung endothelial cell line (MFLM-4), cell lines and therefore appears important for differential, cell-specific caveolin-1 transcription. In the present study, we demonstrate that immunostaining of adult mouse lung detects the ETS protein Ets-related molecule (ERM PEA3) in distal lung epithelium in alveolar type I and II cells, but not in bronchial epithelium or lung endothelial cells. We tested ERM and polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) for their ability to increase endogenous caveolin-1 transcripts and to activate caveolin-1 promoter fragments containing the -865 Ets cis-element. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays show that both ERM and PEA3 bind to the caveolin-1 promoter in murine E10, but not MFLM-4, cells. Normalized luciferase activities show that only ERM activates the caveolin-1 promoter in E10 cells, but neither protein enhances promoter activity in MFLM-4 cells. Mutation of the Ets site blocks ERM-mediated promoter activation in E10 cells. Furthermore, overexpression of ERM increases the cellular content of caveolin-1 mRNA and protein, in E10, but not MFLM-4, cells. The effects of PEA3 on the cellular content of endogenous caveolin-1 expression are variable. These results demonstrate that ERM is involved in caveolin-1 regulation in a murine lung epithelial, but not lung endothelial cell line. We conclude that transcriptional regulation of caveolin-1 differs markedly between lung epithelial and endothelial cell lines, perhaps explaining why the onset of caveolin-1 expression differs in epithelial and endothelial cells during lung development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hasmeena Kathuria
- Department of Medicine, Pulmonary Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Upadhyay S, Liu C, Chatterjee A, Hoque MO, Kim MS, Engles J, Westra W, Trink B, Ratovitski E, Sidransky D. LKB1/STK11 suppresses cyclooxygenase-2 induction and cellular invasion through PEA3 in lung cancer. Cancer Res 2007; 66:7870-9. [PMID: 16912160 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We showed that the PEA3 transcriptional factor interacted with LKB1, a serine/threonine kinase, which is somatically mutated in lung cancer. This interaction occurred through the ETS domain of PEA3 and the kinase domain of LKB1. Mutation of LKB1 in lung cancer cells stabilized PEA3. Reintroduction of wild-type (WT) LKB1 into cells induced down-regulation of PEA3 and subsequently resulted in reduced cyclooxygenase-2 RNA and protein expression, whereas germ-line and somatic LKB1 mutants were defective in this activity. LKB1 phosphorylated PEA3 and promoted its degradation through a proteasome-mediated mechanism. Cells expressing mutant LKB1 possessed greater invasive potential compared with cells expressing WT LKB1. Increased invasion of cells with mutant LKB1 was partly due to PEA3 expression, as RNA interference inhibition of PEA3 resulted in dramatic decrease of Matrigel invasion. However, forced expression of PEA3 resulted in down-regulation of epithelial markers and induction of mesenchymal markers. These results suggest that PEA3 stabilization due to LKB1 inactivation could lead to epithelial/mesenchymal transition and greater lung cancer invasion potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Upadhyay
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205-2196, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
de Launoit Y, Baert JL, Chotteau-Lelievre A, Monte D, Coutte L, Mauen S, Firlej V, Degerny C, Verreman K. The Ets transcription factors of the PEA3 group: transcriptional regulators in metastasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2006; 1766:79-87. [PMID: 16546322 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2006.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2006] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/07/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The PEA3 group is composed of three highly conserved Ets transcription factors: Erm, Er81, and Pea3. These proteins regulate transcription of multiple genes, and their transactivating potential is affected by post-translational modifications. Among their target genes are several matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), which are enzymes degrading the extracellular matrix during normal remodelling events and cancer metastasis. In fact, PEA3-group genes are often over-expressed in different types of cancers that also over-express these MMPs and display a disseminating phenotype. Experimental regulation of the synthesis of PEA3 group members influences the metastatic process. This suggests that these factors play a key role in metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yvan de Launoit
- UMR 8161, Institut de Biologie de Lille, CNRS/Université de Lille I/Université de Lille II/Institut Pasteur de Lille, BP 447, 1 rue Calmette, 59021 Lille Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Hakuma N, Kinoshita I, Shimizu Y, Yamazaki K, Yoshida K, Nishimura M, Dosaka-Akita H. E1AF/PEA3 activates the Rho/Rho-associated kinase pathway to increase the malignancy potential of non-small-cell lung cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006; 65:10776-82. [PMID: 16322223 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
E1AF/PEA3, an Ets family transcription factor, is frequently overexpressed in non-small-cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). Overexpression of E1AF increases motility and invasion of VMRC-LCD and NCI-H226 NSCLC cells, which lack endogenous E1AF expression, and the effect is synergistically increased by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF). The small GTPase Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway is also involved in motility and invasion. To determine the role of the Rho/ROCK pathway in malignant phenotypes induced by E1AF, we analyzed VMRC-LCD cells transfected with an E1AF expression vector (LCD-E1AF cells) or with empty vector (LCD-vector cells). LCD-E1AF cells had more GTP-bound (active) Rho than LCD-vector cells and Rho activation was synergistically increased by HGF. The Rho activation by E1AF and HGF was also shown in NCI-H226 cells. Phosphorylation of myosin light chain (MLC), a downstream effector of ROCK signaling, was higher in LCD-E1AF cells than in LCD-vector cells, especially under HGF treatment. A specific ROCK inhibitor, Y27632, strongly suppressed MLC phosphorylation, cell motility, and invasion. In nude mice implanted s.c. and intrapulmonarily, LCD-E1AF cells made more local tumors than LCD-vector cells (six of six versus one of seven mice and four of seven versus one of seven mice, respectively). Three of the four mice with lung tumors from LCD-E1AF cells had lymph node metastases whereas the mouse with LCD-vector tumors did not. LCD-E1AF tumors showed higher MLC phosphorylation than LCD-vector tumors. These results suggest that E1AF activates the Rho/ROCK pathway in an HGF-enhanced manner and its activation is important in E1AF-induced motility and invasion as well as tumorigenesis and metastasis in NSCLC cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Hakuma
- First Department of Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mellor HR, Snelling S, Hall MD, Modok S, Jaffar M, Hambley TW, Callaghan R. The influence of tumour microenvironmental factors on the efficacy of cisplatin and novel platinum(IV) complexes. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:1137-46. [PMID: 16139250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2005] [Revised: 07/15/2005] [Accepted: 07/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin is an important treatment for many types of solid tumours, in particular non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Platinum(IV) complexes offer several advantages to cisplatin due to their requirement for reduction to the active platinum(II) form to elicit cytotoxicity. This should minimise non-specific effects and facilitate higher amounts of the active complexes reaching the target DNA. Hypoxia and a quiescent cell population are features of the tumour microenvironment known to lead to resistance to many chemotherapeutic agents. It is unclear how these microenvironmental factors will impact on the efficacy of novel platinum(IV) complexes. Consequently, the cytotoxicities of several platinum drugs were determined in monolayer and tumour spheroid cultures derived from NSCLC lines. Platinum(IV) reduction potential correlated well with cytotoxicity. The complex containing a chloro axial ligand demonstrated the greatest potency and the drug with the hydroxy ligand was the least effective. Although drug cytotoxicity was not enhanced under hypoxic conditions, both cisplatin and the platinum(IV) complexes retained full potency. In addition, all of the platinum drugs retained the ability to evoke apoptosis in quiescent cells. In summary, unlike many anticancer drugs, the platinum(IV) complexes retain cytotoxic potency under resistance-inducing tumour microenvironmental conditions and warrant further investigation as more selective alternatives to current platinum-based therapy for the treatment of solid tumours.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H R Mellor
- Oxford Drug Resistance Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Abstract
Cancer can be defined as a genetic disease, resulting as a consequence of multiple events associated with initiation, promotion and metastatic growth. Cancer results from the loss of control of cellular homeostasis. Cell homeostasis is the result of the balance between proliferation and cell death, while cellular transformation can be viewed as a loss of relationship between these events. Oncogenes and tumour suppressor genes act as modulators of cell proliferation, while the balance of apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes controls cell death. All cancer cells acquire similar sets of functional capacities: (1) independence from mitogenic/growth signals; (2) loss of sensitivity to "anti-growth" signals; (3) evade apoptosis; (4) Neo-angiogenic conversion; (5) release from senescence; and (6) invasiveness and metastasis. One of the goals of molecular biology is to elucidate the mechanisms that contribute to the development and progression of cancer. Such understanding of the molecular basis of cancer will provide new possibilities for: (1) earlier detection as well as better diagnosis and staging of disease with detection of minimal residual disease recurrences and evaluation of response to therapy; (2) prevention; and (3) novel treatment strategies. We feel that increased understanding of ETS-regulated biological pathways will directly impact these areas. ETS proteins are transcription factors that activate or repress the expression of genes that are involved in various biological processes, including cellular proliferation, differentiation, development, transformation and apoptosis. Identification of target genes that are regulated by a specific transcription factor is one of the most critical areas in understanding the molecular mechanisms that control transcription. Furthermore, identification of target gene promoters for normal and oncogenic transcription factors provides insight into the regulation of genes that are involved in control of normal cell growth, and differentiation, as well as provide information critical to understanding cancer development. This review will highlight the current understanding of ETS genes and their role in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arun Seth
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Research, Laboratory of Molecular Pathology, Sunnybrook and Women's College Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5.
| | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Boedefeld WM, Soong R, Weiss H, Diasio RB, Urist MM, Bland KI, Heslin MJ. E1A-F is overexpressed early in human colorectal neoplasia and associated with cyclooxygenase-2 and matrix metalloproteinase-7. Mol Carcinog 2005; 43:13-7. [PMID: 15800927 DOI: 10.1002/mc.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies suggest the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and matrilysin (MMP-7) increase in the early stages of colorectal carcinogenesis, however their interaction with other molecular markers is poorly understood. Results from cell line studies and mouse models suggest polyomavirus enhancer activator 3 (PEA3) may play a role in the activation of COX-2 and MMP-7 promoters. However, the role of E1A-F, the human homolog of murine PEA3, in colorectal cancer (CRC) development has not been elucidated. In this study, we used real-time reverse transcription (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to measure the levels of E1A-F, COX-2, and MMP-7 in matched normal mucosa, adenomas, and/or carcinomas from 128 patients. Our results demonstrate significant overexpression of E1A-F and MMP-7 in adenomas and E1A-F, COX-2, and MMP-7 in carcinomas. In carcinomas, E1A-F expression was significantly associated with both COX-2 and MMP-7 overexpression. These results suggest E1A-F is overexpressed in early stages of human CRC development and may be an important factor in the overexpression of COX-2 and MMP-7.
Collapse
|
35
|
Chotteau-Lelièvre A, Révillion F, Lhotellier V, Hornez L, Desbiens X, Cabaret V, de Launoit Y, Peyrat JP. Prognostic value of ERM gene expression in human primary breast cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:7297-303. [PMID: 15534105 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We measured the expression of ERM gene, a nuclear transcription factor belonging to the ets family, in a series of 364 unselected primary breast cancers from patients who underwent locoregional surgery in the Centre Oscar Lambret between May 1989 and December 1991. The expression of ERM was quantified with a real-time one-step reverse transcription-PCR assay based on the 5'-nuclease activity of the TaqDNA polymerase and with an Abi Prism 7700 Sequence Detector System (Applied Biosystems, Courtaboeuf, France). ERM was positively correlated (Spearman test) to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; P < 0.001, r = 0.296) and to histoprognostic grading (P = 0.044, r = 0.112), whereas it was negatively correlated to estradiol receptors (P = 0.019, r = -0.124), HER3 (c-erbB-3; P = 0.01, r = -0.135), and HER4 (c-erbB-4; P = 0.003, r = -0.154). Using the chi2 test, a positive relationship was found between the expression of ERM and EGFR (chi2 = 7.795, P = 0.007). In overall survival studies, Cox univariate analyses demonstrated a prognostic value of ERM (P = 0.006; risk ratio, 2.95) besides the classical prognostic factors histoprognostic grading, node involvement, tumor size, estradiol receptors, progesterone receptors, EGFR, HER3, and HER4. In multivariate analyses, ERM preserved its prognostic value (P = 0.004; risk ratio, 3.779) together with histoprognostic grading, tumor size, estradiol receptors, and progesterone receptors. In relapse-free survival studies, univariate analyses demonstrated that histoprognostic grading, node involvement, tumor size, and HER4 were prognostic factors. These parameters, except histoprognostic grading, retained their prognostic value in multivariate analyses. This study demonstrates for the first time that ERM gene expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor for overall survival in breast cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chotteau-Lelièvre
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 8117-Centre National de la Recherché Scientifique, Régulation Transcriptionnelle au cours de la Tumorigenèse Mammaire, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Su ZZ, Sarkar D, Emdad L, Duigou GJ, Young CSH, Ware J, Randolph A, Valerie K, Fisher PB. Targeting gene expression selectively in cancer cells by using the progression-elevated gene-3 promoter. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2005; 102:1059-64. [PMID: 15647352 PMCID: PMC545837 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0409141102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2004] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One impediment to effective cancer-specific gene therapy is the rarity of regulatory sequences targeting gene expression selectively in tumor cells. Although many tissue-specific promoters are recognized, few cancer-selective gene promoters are available. Progression-elevated gene-3 (PEG-3) is a rodent gene identified by subtraction hybridization that displays elevated expression as a function of transformation by diversely acting oncogenes, DNA damage, and cancer cell progression. The promoter of PEG-3, PEG-Prom, displays robust expression in a broad spectrum of human cancer cell lines with marginal expression in normal cellular counterparts. Whereas GFP expression, when under the control of a CMV promoter, is detected in both normal and cancer cells, when GFP is expressed under the control of the PEG-Prom, cancer-selective expression is evident. Mutational analysis identifies the AP-1 and PEA-3 transcription factors as primary mediators of selective, cancer-specific expression of the PEG-Prom. Synthesis of apoptosis-inducing genes, under the control of the CMV promoter, inhibits the growth of both normal and cancer cells, whereas PEG-Prom-mediated expression of these genes kills only cancer cells and spares normal cells. The efficacy of the PEG-Prom as part of a cancer gene therapeutic regimen is further documented by in vivo experiments in which PEG-Prom-controlled expression of an apoptosis-inducing gene completely inhibited prostate cancer xenograft growth in nude mice. These compelling observations indicate that the PEG-Prom, with its cancer-specific expression, provides a means of selectively delivering genes to cancer cells, thereby providing a crucial component in developing effective cancer gene therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhong Su
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Shindoh M, Higashino F, Kohgo T. E1AF, an ets-oncogene family transcription factor. Cancer Lett 2004; 216:1-8. [PMID: 15500943 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2004.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2004] [Accepted: 07/18/2004] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
E1AF is an ets-oncogene family transcription factor. E1AF was shown to upregulate multiple matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes and contribute to the malignant phenotype of cancer cells by inducing invasive and metastatic activities. E1AF is upregulated by hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) stimulation, which indicates that E1AF would participate in cell motility by HGF/scatter factor. On the other hand, E1AF upregulates p21waf1/cip1 to induce cell cycle arrest when cells are exposed to stress. EWS/ETS fusions are frequently observed in Ewing's sarcoma, and we have revealed that EWS/ETS chimeric protein activates telomerase activity by upregulating hTERT. However, substitution ets binding site (EBS) mutants did not affect the responsiveness to EWS/E1AF. DNA-IP assay showed that the complexes contained EWS/E1AF bound to the hTERT promoter, which suggested that EWS/ETS functions as a co-activator for TERT transcription. Our findings that EWS/ETS acts as a transcriptional co-factor may imply that the transcription pathway is regulated by the interaction of transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masanobu Shindoh
- Department of Oral Pathobiological Science, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Dental Medicine, N 13 W7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8586, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Zhu X, Jiang J, Shen H, Wang H, Zong H, Li Z, Yang Y, Niu Z, Liu W, Chen X, Hu Y, Gu J. Elevated beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I in highly metastatic human lung cancer cells. Identification of E1AF as important transcription activator. J Biol Chem 2004; 280:12503-16. [PMID: 15611127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m413631200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The elevated levels of beta1,4-galactosyltransferase I (GalT I; EC 2.4.1.38) are detected in highly metastatic lung cancer PGBE1 cells compared with its less metastatic partner PGLH7 cells. Decreasing the GalT I surface expression by small interfering RNA or interfering with the surface of GalT I function by mutation inhibited cell adhesion on laminin, the invasive potential in vitro, and tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase. The mechanism by which GalT I activity is up-regulated in highly metastatic cells remains unclear. To investigate the regulation of GalT I expression, we cloned the 5'-region flanking the transcription start point of the GalT I gene (-1653 to +52). Cotransfection of the GalT I promoter/luciferase reporter and the Ets family protein E1AF expression plasmid increased the luciferase reporter activity in a dose-dependent manner. By deletion and mutation analyses, we identified an Ets-binding site between nucleotides -205 and -200 in the GalT I promoter that was critical for responsiveness to E1AF. It was identified that E1AF could bind to and activate the GalT I promoter by electrophoretic mobility shift assay in PGLH7 cells and COS1 cells. A stronger affinity of E1AF for DNA has contributed to the elevated expression of GalT I in PGBE1 cells. Stable transfection of the E1AF expression plasmid resulted in increased GalT I expression in PGLH7 cells, and stable transfectants migrated faster than control cells. Meanwhile, the content of the beta1,4-Gal branch on the cell surface was increased in stably transfected PGLH7 cells. GalT I expression can also be induced by epidermal growth factor and dominant active Ras, JNK1, and ERK1. These data suggest an essential role for E1AF in the activation of the human GalT I gene in highly metastatic lung cancer cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Gene Research Center, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Davidson B, Goldberg I, Tell L, Vigdorchik S, Baekelandt M, Berner A, Kristensen GB, Reich R, Kopolovic J. The clinical role of the PEA3 transcription factor in ovarian and breast carcinoma in effusions. Clin Exp Metastasis 2004; 21:191-9. [PMID: 15387369 DOI: 10.1023/b:clin.0000037703.37275.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Ets transcription factors play a central role in invasion and metastasis through regulation of synthesis of proteolytic enzymes and angiogenic molecules. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of PEA3 in tumor progression of ovarian and breast carcinoma metastatic to effusions, and to evaluate the expression of Ets-2 and Erg in ovarian carcinoma. Ovarian (83 malignant effusions, 102 corresponding solid lesions) and breast (33 malignant effusions, 40 corresponding solid lesions) carcinomas were evaluated for expression of PEA3 using mRNA in situ Hybridization (ISH). Expression of Ets-2 and Erg mRNA was analyzed in 50 ovarian carcinoma effusions using the same method. PEA3 mRNA expression was comparable at all sites in ovarian carcinoma (44 out of 83; 53% of effusions, 48 out of 102; 47% of solid tumors). PEA3 mRNA expression in effusions correlated with mRNA expression of the previously studied alphav (P = 0.022), alpha6 (P < 0.001) and beta1 (P < 0.001) integrin subunits, the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inducer EMMPRIN (P = 0.015) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) (P = 0.033). Erg and Ets-2 mRNA was expressed in 15 out of 50 (30%) and 18 out of 50 (36%) effusions, respectively, and co-localized with PEA3 (P = 0.017 for Erg, P = 0.004 for Ets-2). In breast carcinoma, PEA3 expression was seen in 19/40 (48%) of solid lesions, with a significant upregulation in corresponding effusions compared to primary tumors (24 out of 33; 73%, P = 0.038). PEA3 mRNA expression in effusions obtained prior to the institution of chemotherapy predicted significantly shorter overall survival in univariate analysis (24 vs 37 months, P = 0.03), with a similar trend for Erg (13 vs 30 months, P = 0.1). In conclusion, PEA3 is expressed at all anatomic sites in serous ovarian cancer and co-localizes with Erg, Ets-2 and several metastasis-associated molecules. PEA3 mRNA expression is a novel marker for tumor progression to malignant effusion in breast carcinoma, and predicts poor outcome in effusions sampled prior to therapeutic intervention in ovarian carcinoma. These findings support a biological role for Ets transcription factors in these malignancies and suggests that they may be targets for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ben Davidson
- Department of Pathology, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Montebello, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Hollenhorst PC, Jones DA, Graves BJ. Expression profiles frame the promoter specificity dilemma of the ETS family of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2004; 32:5693-702. [PMID: 15498926 PMCID: PMC524310 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence-specific DNA binding proteins that function as transcription factors are frequently encoded by gene families. Such proteins display highly conserved DNA binding properties, yet are expected to retain promoter selectivity. In this report we investigate this problem using the ets gene family, a group of metazoan genes whose members regulate cell growth and differentiation and are mutated in human cancers. We tested whether the level of mRNA can serve as a specificity determinant. The mRNA levels of the 27 paralogous human ets genes were measured in 23 tissues and cell lines. Real-time RT-PCR provided accurate measurement of absolute mRNA levels for each gene down to one copy per cell. Surprisingly, at least 16 paralogs were expressed in each cell sample and over half were expressed ubiquitously. Tissues and complementary cell lines showed similar expression patterns, indicating that tissue complexity was not a limitation. There was no unique, highly expressed gene for each cell type. Instead, one of only eight ets genes showed the highest expression in all samples. DNA binding studies illustrate both overlapping and unique specificities for ubiquitous ETS proteins. These findings establish the parameters of the promoter specificity dilemma within the ets family of transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Hollenhorst
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Huntsman Cancer Institute, 2000 Circle of Hope, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Saito T, Mizumoto H, Tanaka R, Satohisa S, Adachi K, Horie M, Kudo R. Overexpressed progesterone receptor form B inhibit invasive activity suppressing matrix metalloproteinases in endometrial carcinoma cells. Cancer Lett 2004; 209:237-43. [PMID: 15159027 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2003] [Revised: 12/09/2003] [Accepted: 12/16/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we focused on the influence of progesterone and its receptor in invasion and MMPs on endometrial carcinoma cells. The growth of Ishikawa cells, to which an progesterone receptor form B (PR-B) expressing vector was transfected, was inhibited by progesterone as was the inhibition of the expression of cyclin D1. By invasion assay, in conditions with progesterone, the invasiveness of Ishikawa cells was inhibited as well as the expression of (metalloproteinase) MMP-1, -2, -7 and -9 and Ets-1 decreased. These results suggest that activation of PR-B by progesterone results in tumor suppression by inhibiting cell growth and invasiveness via suppression of the expression of MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, S-1, W-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Horiuchi S, Yamamoto H, Min Y, Adachi Y, Itoh F, Imai K. Association of ets-related transcriptional factor E1AF expression with tumour progression and overexpression of MMP-1 and matrilysin in human colorectal cancer. J Pathol 2003; 200:568-76. [PMID: 12898592 DOI: 10.1002/path.1387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Expression of E1AF/PEA3 (ETV4), an ets family transcription factor, has been implicated in the invasive potential of several cancer cell lines through induction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. The aim of this study was to examine E1AF mRNA expression and to determine whether it is correlated with progression of, and/or MMP expression in, human colorectal cancer. Using the semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), 100 colorectal cancer tissues were analysed for E1AF mRNA expression. Expression of ER81 (ETV1) and ERM (ETV5), the other two members of the PEA3 subfamily, and Ets-1 and Ets-2 was also analysed. The results were correlated with clinicopathological characteristics and MMP expression. Immunohistochemical analysis and an in vitro invasion assay were also performed. E1AF mRNA expression was detected in 62% of the 100 colorectal cancer tissues, but was undetectable or only faintly detected in adjacent non-tumour tissues. E1AF mRNA was detected in all of the ten liver metastases from colorectal cancers. E1AF expression correlated significantly with depth of invasion, lymphatic and venous invasion, lymph node and distant metastasis, advance in pathological tumour-node-metastasis stage, and recurrence. Patients with E1AF-positive tumours had significantly shorter overall and disease-free survival periods than did those with E1AF-negative tumours (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0001, respectively). E1AF expression retained its significant predictive value for overall and disease-free survival in multivariate analysis that included conventional clinicopathological factors (p = 0.0066 and p = 0.0109, respectively). Among the MMPs analysed, expression of MMP-1 and matrilysin correlated significantly with E1AF expression. In contrast, expression of ER81 and ERM did not correlate with clinicopathological characteristics or the expression of these MMPs. Immunohistochemical expression of E1AF was predominantly observed at the invasive front, where the expression of MMP-1 and matrilysin and nuclear beta-catenin expression were often co-localized. Antisense E1AF-transfected HT-29 colon cancer cells expressed reduced levels of MMP-1 and matrilysin and were less invasive in vitro than neo-transfected HT-29 cells. The results of this study suggest that E1AF, the expression of which is closely correlated with the expression of MMP-1 and matrilysin, plays a key role in the progression of colorectal cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shina Horiuchi
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Sapporo Medical University, South-1, West-16, Chuo-ku, Sapporo 060-8543, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Chotteau-Lelievre A, Montesano R, Soriano J, Soulie P, Desbiens X, de Launoit Y. PEA3 transcription factors are expressed in tissues undergoing branching morphogenesis and promote formation of duct-like structures by mammary epithelial cells in vitro. Dev Biol 2003; 259:241-57. [PMID: 12871699 DOI: 10.1016/s0012-1606(03)00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic program that controls reciprocal tissue interactions during epithelial organogenesis is still poorly understood. Erm, Er81 and Pea3 are three highly related transcription factors belonging to the Ets family, within which they form the PEA3 group. Little information is yet available regarding the function of these transcription factors. We have previously used in situ hybridization to compare their expression pattern during critical stages of murine embryogenesis [Oncogene 15 (1997), 937; Mech. Dev. 108 (2001), 191]. In this study, we have examined the expression of PEA3 group members during organogenesis of the lung, salivary gland, kidney, and mammary gland. In all of these developmental settings, we observed a tight correlation between branching morphogenesis and the expression of specific members of the PEA3 group. To assess the functional relevance of these findings, Erm and Pea3 were overexpressed in the TAC-2.1 mammary epithelial cell line, which has the ability to form branching duct-like structures when grown in collagen gels. We found that overexpression of Erm and Pea3 markedly enhances branching tubulogenesis of TAC-2.1 cells and also promotes their invasion into a collagen matrix. Collectively, these findings suggest that the differential expression of PEA3 group transcription factors has an important role in the regulation of branching morphogenesis and raise the question of their implication in branching signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Chotteau-Lelievre
- UMR 8117-CNRS, Institut de Biologie de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Université des Sciences et Technologies de Lille, 1 rue Calmette, BP 447, 59021, Lille Cedex, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Thompson HGR, Harris JW, Wold BJ, Lin F, Brody JP. p62 overexpression in breast tumors and regulation by prostate-derived Ets factor in breast cancer cells. Oncogene 2003; 22:2322-33. [PMID: 12700667 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
p62 is a multifunctional cytoplasmic protein able to noncovalently bind ubiquitin and several signaling proteins, suggesting a regulatory role connected to the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. No studies to date have linked p62 protein expression with pathological states. Here we demonstrate the overabundance of p62 protein in malignant breast tissue relative to normal breast tissue. The proteasome inhibitor PSI increased p62 mRNA and protein; however, PSI treatment of breast epithelial cells transfected with the p62 promoter did not affect promoter activity. High levels of prostate-derived Ets factor (PDEF) mRNA have been identified in breast cancer compared to normal breast. Only the PSA and maspin promoters have been identified as targets of this transcription factor. Here we show that PDEF stimulates the p62 promoter through at least two sites, and likely acts as a coactivator. PSI treatment abrogates the PDEF-stimulated increase of p62 promoter activity by 50%. Thus, multiple mechanisms for the induction of p62 exist. We conclude that (1) p62 protein is overexpressed in breast cancer; (2) p62 mRNA and protein increase in response to PSI, with no change of basal promoter activity; (3) PDEF upregulates p62 promoter activity through at least two sites; and (4) PSI downregulates PDEF-induced p62 promoter activation through one of these sites.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acetylcysteine/analogs & derivatives
- Acetylcysteine/pharmacology
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing
- Breast/cytology
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Computer Systems
- Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Cysteine Proteinase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Epithelial Cells/drug effects
- Epithelial Cells/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Humans
- Leupeptins/pharmacology
- Multienzyme Complexes/metabolism
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Oligopeptides/pharmacology
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex
- Proteins
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-ets
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- Regulatory Sequences, Nucleic Acid
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequestosome-1 Protein
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/physiology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Ubiquitin/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Garrett R Thompson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, CA 92697-2715, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Lu WC, Liu YN, Kang BB, Chen JH. Trans-activation of heparanase promoter by ETS transcription factors. Oncogene 2003; 22:919-23. [PMID: 12584571 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1206201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM) is an important process required for cancer cells to turn into invasive and metastatic cancer cells. To dissolve the protein components of ECM, matrix metalloproteinases are some of the essential enzymes. Another ECM remodeling enzyme is the heparanase (Hpa) that digests the heparin sulfate component of the matrix. In metastatic cancer cells the Hpa gene is upregulated. To investigate the mechanism of why Hpa was upregulated in metastatic cancer cells, the regulatory sequence of heparanase gene was isolated and its function analysed in metastatic breast cancer cells. We found there are four ETS transcription factor binding sites. Two of them flanking the transcription initiation of the Hpa gene are nonfunctional, whereas two others are highly functional and responded to exogenously added ETS transcription factors. Mutation of these two ETS binding sites abolished the transcriptional activation of Hpa promoter by ETS transcription factors. Among four transcription factors tested (ETS1, ETS2, PEA3, and ER81), ETS1 and ETS2 are more potent in transactivating the human Hpa gene. Furthermore, dominant-negative ETS transcription factors failed to transactivate Hpa promoter and could abrogate the function of wild-type transcription factor in transactivation activity of ETS transcription factors on the Hpa promoter. These results suggest that ETS transcription factors play an important role in tumor invasion and metastasis by modulating the remodeling of ECM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W C Lu
- Graduate Institute of Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Mizumoto H, Saito T, Ashihara K, Nishimura M, Tanaka R, Kudo R. Acceleration of invasive activity via matrix metalloproteinases by transfection of the estrogen receptor-alpha gene in endometrial carcinoma cells. Int J Cancer 2002; 100:401-6. [PMID: 12115520 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.10504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
It is well known that the functions of reproductive organs are regulated by sex steroids and their receptors and it is hypothesized that the progression of neoplasms that originate from the reproductive organs is influenced by them. However, the correlation between sex steroids and tumor progression, especially tumor invasion, is not well known in endometrial carcinoma. In our study, we focused on the influence of estrogen and its receptor in invasion and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which are known to be important in tumor invasion, as well as on endometrial carcinoma cells. The growth of Ishikawa cells, to which an estrogen receptor-alpha expressing vector was transfected, was accelerated by 17 beta-estradiol as was the acceleration of the expression of cyclin D1. By invasion assay, in conditions with 17 beta-estradiol, the invasiveness of Ishikawa cells was enhanced. Furthermore, according to the accelerated invasiveness, the expression of MMP-1, -7 and -9 and Ets-1 was enhanced. These results suggest that activation of ER-alpha by estrogen results in tumor progression by stimulating cell growth and invasiveness via acceleration of the expression of MMPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hisanobu Mizumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|