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Vedie A, Laouali N, Gelot A, Severi G, Boutron‐Ruault M, Rebours V. Childhood and adulthood passive and active smoking, and the ABO group as risk factors for pancreatic cancer in women. United European Gastroenterol J 2024; 12:440-450. [PMID: 38064161 PMCID: PMC11091772 DOI: 10.1002/ueg2.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Active smoking and the A blood group are associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PC) risk. However, potential interactions between those risk factors and the role of passive smoking have been little investigated. We aimed to explore specific and joint associations of passive and active smoking, and effect modification by the ABO blood group in French women. METHODS The study included 96,594 women from the E3N prospective cohort, mean age: 49 years (SD 6.7). Information on active and passive smoking was reported at inclusion and throughout follow-up. Cases were classified according to the International Classification of Diseases 10. Associations with passive and active smoking and effect modification by the ABO blood group were investigated with multivariable Cox regression models to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS During a 24-year median follow-up, 346 incident PC cases were identified. Current smoking compared with never and former smoking (HR 1.51 [95% CI 1.08-2.10]), and passive smoking in childhood compared with no childhood exposure (HR 1.47 [95% CI 1.08-2.00]) were associated with increased PC risk, but not passive exposure in adulthood (HR 1.16 [95% CI 0.91-1.47]). Exposure to both passive smoking in childhood and current smoking was associated with a stronger risk (HR 2.80 [95% CI 1.42-5.52]) than exposure to both current smoking and passive smoking only in adulthood (HR 1.68 [95% CI 1.10-2.57]) compared with neither passive nor active smoking. Associations between active smoking and PC risk were strongest in the O or B groups, while associations with passive smoking were strongest in the A or AB blood groups, but the interaction terms were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Both current smoking and passive smoking in childhood were associated with PC risk, with a maximal risk of current smokers exposed to passive smoking during childhood. Possible interactions between blood groups and active or passive smoking must be investigated in a larger series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne‐Laure Vedie
- Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology Department ‐ Beaujon HospitalAPHPClichy et Université Paris‐CitéParisFrance
| | - Nasser Laouali
- Paris‐Saclay UniversityUVSQUniversity Paris‐SudInsermGustave Roussy“Exposome and Heredity” TeamCESPVillejuifFrance
- Department of Biostatistics and EpidemiologySchool of Public Health and Health SciencesUniversity of MassachusettsAmherstMassachusettsUSA
- Scripps Institution of OceanographyUniversity of CaliforniaSan DiegoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Amandine Gelot
- Paris‐Saclay UniversityUVSQUniversity Paris‐SudInsermGustave Roussy“Exposome and Heredity” TeamCESPVillejuifFrance
| | - Gianluca Severi
- Paris‐Saclay UniversityUVSQUniversity Paris‐SudInsermGustave Roussy“Exposome and Heredity” TeamCESPVillejuifFrance
| | | | - Vinciane Rebours
- Pancreatology and Digestive Oncology Department ‐ Beaujon HospitalAPHPClichy et Université Paris‐CitéParisFrance
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Bogumil D, Stram D, Preston DL, Pandol SJ, Wu AH, McKean-Cowdin R, Conti DV, Setiawan VW. Excess pancreatic cancer risk due to smoking and modifying effect of quitting smoking: The Multiethnic Cohort Study. Cancer Causes Control 2024; 35:541-548. [PMID: 37924460 PMCID: PMC10838846 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-023-01811-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Risk factors for pancreatic cancer include racial/ethnic disparities and smoking. However, risk trajectories by smoking history and race/ethnicity are unknown. We examined the association of smoking with pancreatic cancer by race/ethnicity to generate age-specific incidence estimates by smoking history. METHODS We modeled pancreatic cancer incidence by race/ethnicity, age, pack-years, and years-quit using an excess relative risk model for 182,011 Multiethnic Cohort participants. We tested heterogeneity of smoking variables and pancreatic cancer by race/ethnicity and predicted incidence by smoking history. RESULTS We identified 1,831 incident pancreatic cancer cases over an average 19.3 years of follow-up. Associations of pack-years (p interaction by race/ethnicity = 0.41) and years-quit (p interaction = 0.83) with pancreatic cancer did not differ by race/ethnicity. Fifty pack-years smoked was associated with 91% increased risk (95% CI 54%, 127%) relative to never smokers in the combined sample. Every year quit corresponded to 9% decreased excess risk (95% CI 2%, 15%) from pack-years smoked. Differences in baseline pancreatic cancer risk across racial/ethnic groups (p < 0.001) translated to large differences in risk for smokers at older ages across racial/ethnic groups (65-122 cases per 100,000 at age 70). CONCLUSION Smoking pack-years were positively associated with elevated pancreatic cancer risk. Predicted risk trajectories showed a high impact of smoking cessation at < 65 years. Although we did not identify significant heterogeneity in the association of pack-years or years quit with pancreatic cancer risk, current smoker risk varied greatly by race/ethnicity in later life due to large differences in baseline risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bogumil
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
- Epidemiology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA.
| | - Daniel Stram
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | | | - Stephen J Pandol
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Anna H Wu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta McKean-Cowdin
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - David V Conti
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 1450 Biggy Street, Room 1517C, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Center for Genetic Epidemiology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gram IT, Park SY, Wilkens LR, Le Marchand L, Setiawan VW. Smoking and pancreatic cancer: a sex-specific analysis in the Multiethnic Cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 2023; 34:89-100. [PMID: 36253659 PMCID: PMC9816198 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-022-01637-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine whether the detrimental smoking-related association with pancreatic cancer (PC) is the same for women as for men. METHODS We analyzed data from 192,035 participants aged 45-75 years, enrolled in the Multiethnic Cohort study (MEC) in 1993-1996. We identified PC cases via linkage to the Hawaii and California Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program cancer registries through December 2017. RESULTS During a mean follow-up of 19.2 years, we identified 1,936 incident PC cases. Women smokers smoked on average less than men smokers. In multivariate Cox regression models, as compared with sex-specific never smokers, current smokers had a similar elevated risk of PC for women, hazard ratio (HR) 1.49 (95% CI 1.24, 1.79) and as for men, HR 1.48 (95% CI 1.22, 1.79) (pheterogeneity: 0.79). Former smokers showed a decrease in risk of PC for men within 5 years, HR 0.74 (95% CI 0.57, 0.97) and for women within 10 years after quitting, HR 0.70 (95% CI 0.50, 0.96), compared with their sex-specific current smokers. Both sexes showed a consistent, strong, positive dose-response association with PC for the four measures (age at initiation, duration, number of cigarettes per day, number of pack-years) of smoking exposure among current smokers and an inverse association for years of quitting and age at smoking cessation among former smokers (all ptrend's < 0.001). CONCLUSION Although MEC women smoke on average less than their men counterparts, the smoking-related increase in PC risk and the benefits of cessation seem to be of similar magnitudes for women as for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inger T Gram
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Postboks 6050 Langnes, 9037, Tromsø, Norway.
| | - Song-Yi Park
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Lynne R Wilkens
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- Population Sciences in the Pacific Program, University of Hawai'i Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Veronica Wendy Setiawan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ke TM, Lophatananon A, Muir KR. Risk Factors Associated with Pancreatic Cancer in the UK Biobank Cohort. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14204991. [PMID: 36291775 PMCID: PMC9599736 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14204991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on pancreatic cancer (PaCa) risk factors from large population-based cohort studies is limited. This study investigated the PaCa risk factors and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of modifiable risk factors in the UK Biobank cohort. The UK Biobank is a prospective cohort consisting of 502,413 participants with a mean follow-up time of 8.2 years. A binomial generalized linear regression model was used to calculate relative risks for PaCa risk factors. PAF was calculated to estimate the proportional reduction in PaCa if modifiable risk factors were to be eliminated. A total of 728 (0.14%) PaCa incident cases and 412,922 (82.19%) non-PaCa controls were analyzed. The non-modifiable risk factors included age and gender. The modifiable risk factors were cigarette smoking, overweight and obesity, increased waist circumstance, abdominal obesity, Diabetic Mellitus (DM), and pancreatitis history. The PAF suggested that eliminating smoking and obesity can contribute around a 16% reduction in PaCa cases while avoiding abdominal obesity can eliminate PaCa cases by 22%. Preventing pancreatitis and DM could potentially reduce PaCa cases by 1% and 6%, respectively. This study has identified modifiable and non-modifiable PaCa risk factors in the UK population. The PAF of modifiable risk factors can be applied to inform PaCa prevention programs.
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Olakowski M, Bułdak Ł. Modifiable and Non-Modifiable Risk Factors for the Development of Non-Hereditary Pancreatic Cancer. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58080978. [PMID: 35893093 PMCID: PMC9394367 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58080978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is becoming an increasing healthcare concern. Though it is a 14th most common cancer worldwide, its incidence is steadily rising. Results of currently available therapies are still not satisfactory. Therefore, great attention should be put on the identification and reduction of risk factors for pancreatic cancer. A thorough up-to-date review of available data on the impact of well-established and novel risk factors of pancreatic cancer development have been performed. Several risk factors associated with lifestyle have significant impact on the risk of pancreatic cancer (i.e., smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption). Physicians should also be aware of the novel findings suggesting increasing role of microbiome, including viral and bacterial infections, in the development of pancreatic cancer. A growing body of evidence suggest also an increased risk during certain occupational exposures. In general, lifestyle seems to be a major contributor in the development of pancreatic cancer. Special attention should be given to individuals with a vicious cluster consisting of metabolic syndrome, tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Physicians should urge patients to comply to healthy diet, cessation of smoking and moderation of alcohol consumption, which may halve pancreatic cancer incidence. Further studies are warranted to explore the potential use of therapeutic approach on novel risk factors (e.g., microbiome).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Olakowski
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 14, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Bułdak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Silesia, Medyków 18, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Nam DJ, Oh CM, Ha E, Kim MH, Yang EH, Lee HC, Shin SS, Hwang WY, You AH, Ryoo JH. The association of pancreatic cancer incidence with smoking status and smoking amount in Korean men. Epidemiol Health 2022; 44:e2022040. [PMID: 35468271 PMCID: PMC9350416 DOI: 10.4178/epih.e2022040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our study examined the dose-response relationship between smoking amounts (pack-years) and the risk of developing pancreatic cancer in Korean men. METHODS Of 125,743 participants who underwent medical health checkups in 2009, 121,408 were included in the final analysis and observed for the development of pancreatic cancer. We evaluated the associations between smoking amounts and incident pancreatic cancer in 4 groups classified by pack-year amounts. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of incident pancreatic cancer by comparing groups 2 (<20 pack-year smokers), 3 (20-≤40 pack-year smokers), and 4 (>40 pack-year smokers) with group 1 (never smokers). RESULTS During 527,974.5 person-years of follow-up, 245 incident cases of pancreatic cancer developed between 2009 and 2013. The multivariate-adjusted HRs (95% CIs) for incident pancreatic cancer in groups 2, 3, and 4 were 1.05 (0.76 to 1.45), 1.28 (0.91 to 1.80), and 1.57 (1.00 to 2.46), respectively (p for trend=0.025). The HR (95% CI) of former smokers showed a dose-response relationship in the unadjusted model, but did not show a statistically significant association in the multivariate-adjusted model. The HR (95% CI) of current smokers showed a dose-response relationship in both the unadjusted (p for trend=0.020) and multivariate-adjusted models (p for trend=0.050). CONCLUSIONS The risk of developing pancreatic cancer was higher in current smokers status than in former smokers among Korean men, indicating that smoking cessation may have a protective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Jin Nam
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chang-Mo Oh
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eunhee Ha
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Ewha Womans University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min-Ho Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Hye Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Choon Lee
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soon Su Shin
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Woo Yeon Hwang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ann Hee You
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Ryoo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Kyung Hee University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Papadakos SP, Dedes N, Pergaris A, Gazouli M, Theocharis S. Exosomes in the Treatment of Pancreatic Cancer: A Moonshot to PDAC Treatment? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3620. [PMID: 35408980 PMCID: PMC8998433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC) constitutes a leading cause of cancer death globally. Its mortality remains unaltered despite the considerable scientific progress made in the fields of diagnostics and treatment. Exosomes comprise of small extracellular vesicles secreted by nearly all cells; their cargo contains a vast array of biomolecules, such as proteins and microRNAs. It is currently established that their role as messengers is central to a plethora of both physiologic and pathologic processes. Accumulating data have shed light on their contributions to carcinogenesis, metastasis, and immunological response. Meanwhile, the advancement of personalized targeted therapies into everyday clinical practice necessitates the development of cost-efficient treatment approaches. The role of exosomes is currently being extensively investigated towards this direction. This review aims to summarize the current pre-clinical and clinical evidence regarding the effects of exosomal applications in the timely diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic management of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavros P. Papadakos
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Nikolaos Dedes
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Alexandros Pergaris
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
| | - Maria Gazouli
- Laboratory of Biology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Stamatios Theocharis
- First Department of Pathology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (S.P.P.); (N.D.); (A.P.)
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Alhobayb T, Peravali R, Ashkar M. The Relationship between Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis with Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: Review. Diseases 2021; 9:diseases9040093. [PMID: 34940031 PMCID: PMC8700754 DOI: 10.3390/diseases9040093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal disease with poor prognosis, leading to significant cancer-related mortality and an overall five-year survival rate of about nine percent. Acute and chronic pancreatitis have been associated with PDAC through common risk factors based on multiple epidemiological studies. Acute pancreatitis (AP) might be one of the earliest manifestations of PDAC, but evolving chronic pancreatitis (CP) following recurrent bouts of AP has been proposed as a risk factor for cancer development in the setting of persistent inflammation and ongoing exposure to carcinogens. This review aims to highlight the evidence supporting the relationship between acute and chronic pancreatitis with PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Alhobayb
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Rahul Peravali
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
| | - Motaz Ashkar
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA;
- Correspondence:
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Teufel A, Quante M, Kandulski A, Hirth M, Zhan T, Eckardt M, Thieme R, Kusnik A, Yesmembetov K, Wiest I, Riemann JF, Schlitt HJ, Gockel I, Malfertheiner P, Ebert MP. [Prevention of gastrointestinal cancer]. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR GASTROENTEROLOGIE 2021; 59:964-982. [PMID: 34507375 DOI: 10.1055/a-1540-7539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the past decades, considerable progress has been made in the (early) diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancers. However, the prognosis for advanced stages of gastrointestinal tumors remains limited for many patients and approximately one third of all tumor patients die as a result of gastrointestinal tumors. The prevention and early detection of gastrointestinal tumors is therefore of great importance.For this reason, we summarize the current state of knowledge and recommendations for the primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of esophageal, stomach, pancreas, liver and colorectal cancer in the following.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Teufel
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Sektion Hepatologie, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim.,Klinische Kooperationseinheit Healthy Metabolism, Zentrum für Präventivmedizin und Digitale Gesundheit Baden-Württemberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim
| | - Michael Quante
- Klinik für Innere Medizin II, Medizinische Universitätsklinik, Universitätsklinikum Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau
| | - Arne Kandulski
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg
| | - Michael Hirth
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Tianzuo Zhan
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Maximilian Eckardt
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - René Thieme
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Department für Operative Medizin (DOPM), Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig
| | - Alexander Kusnik
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
| | - Kakharman Yesmembetov
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Stoffwechselerkrankungen und Internistische Intensivmedizin (Med. III), RWTH Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Aachen
| | - Isabella Wiest
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim
| | | | - Hans Jürgen Schlitt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Chirurgie, Universitatsklinikum Regensburg, Regensburg
| | - Ines Gockel
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Department für Operative Medizin (DOPM), Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Klinik für Gastroenterologie, Hepatologie und Infektiologie, Medizinische Fakultät Magdeburg, Magdeburg
| | - Matthias Philip Ebert
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim, Universitätsklinikum Mannheim, Mannheim.,Klinische Kooperationseinheit Healthy Metabolism, Zentrum für Präventivmedizin und Digitale Gesundheit Baden-Württemberg, Medizinische Fakultät Mannheim, Universität Heidelberg, Mannheim
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10
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Pancreatic Cancer Exposome Profile to Aid Early Detection and Inform Prevention Strategies. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10081665. [PMID: 33924591 PMCID: PMC8069449 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10081665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PCa) is associated with a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The causes of PCa are not fully elucidated yet, although certain exposome factors have been identified. The exposome is defined as the sum of all environmental factors influencing the occurrence of a disease during a life span. The development of an exposome approach for PCa has the potential to discover new disease-associated factors to better understand the carcinogenesis of PCa and help with early detection strategies. Our systematic review of the literature identified several exposome factors that have been associated with PCa alone and in combination with other exposures. A potential inflammatory signature has been observed among the interaction of several exposures (i.e., smoking, alcohol consumption, diabetes mellitus, obesity, and inflammatory markers) that further increases the incidence and progression of PCa. A large number of exposures have been identified such as genetic, hormonal, microorganism infections and immune responses that warrant further investigation. Future early detection strategies should utilize this information to assess individuals' risk for PCa.
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Alghamdi IG, Almadi M, Alsohaibani F, Mosli M, De Vol EB, Abaalkhail F, AlSaif FA, Al-Hamoudi WK, Al-Sanea N, Hassanain M, Alqahtani SA. Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer in Saudi Arabia: A Retrospective Analysis of Pancreatic Cancer Diagnosed in Saudi Arabia Between 2004 and 2015. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2021; 14:45-57. [PMID: 33603433 PMCID: PMC7882803 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s289269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Over the last decades, the incidence of pancreatic cancer has increased, particularly in countries with a higher socioeconomic status. The present work aimed to provide detailed epidemiological data on the incidence of pancreatic cancer in Saudi Arabia. Patients and Methods In this retrospective descriptive study, the epidemiological data on pancreatic cancer cases diagnosed in 13 administrative regions of Saudi Arabia between January 2004 and December 2015 were extracted from the Saudi Cancer Registry. The frequency, the crude incidence rate (CIR), and the age-standardized incidence rate (ASIR), stratified by geographical region, gender, and the year of diagnosis, were analyzed. Results From January 2004 to December 2015, a total of 2338 cases of pancreatic cancer were registered, including 1443 males and 895 females. The overall CIR was 1.28/100,000 among males and 0.80/100,000 in females, with an overall ASIR of 2.26 and 1.41/100,000 for males and females, respectively. Higher ASIR and CIR were observed among males than females (ratio 1.6). In both genders, the ASIR of pancreatic cancer increased with increasing age, with the highest incidence in patients aged 70 years or more. The ASIR in the Eastern Region (3.2/100,000) and the regions of Riyadh (3.0/100,000) and Tabuk (2.6/100,000) proved to be significantly higher than in the other regions of the country. Among women, the ASIR was significantly higher in Riyadh (2.3/100,000), the northern region (2.2/100,000), and Tabuk (2.0/100,000). Conclusion This study revealed a slight increase of the CIR and ASIR of pancreatic cancer among males and females of the Saudi population. Eastern region, Riyadh, and Tabuk had the highest overall ASIRs of pancreatic cancer among males, Riyadh, Northern region, and Tabuk among Saudi females. The area least affected by pancreatic cancer was observed in Jazan among male and female Saudis. The rates of pancreatic cancer in Saudi Arabia were significantly higher among males compared with female Saudis. Further analytical studies are needed to identify the potential risk factors for pancreatic cancer among the Saudi population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim G Alghamdi
- Public Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Al-Baha, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Almadi
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, King Khalid University Hospital, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Gastroenterology, McGill University Health Center, Montreal General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Fahad Alsohaibani
- Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mosli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward B De Vol
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal Abaalkhail
- Gastroenterology Section, Department of Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faisal A AlSaif
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Waleed K Al-Hamoudi
- Liver Disease Research Center, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser Al-Sanea
- Health Affairs, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Surgery, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mazen Hassanain
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Saleh A Alqahtani
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Scientific Computing Department, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Liver Transplant Center, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Early Diagnosis of Pancreatic Cancer: The Key for Survival. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:diagnostics10110869. [PMID: 33114412 PMCID: PMC7694042 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10110869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer. Negative prognosis is mainly due to the late diagnosis in advanced stages, when the disease is already therapeutically overcome. Studies in recent years have focused on identifying biomarkers that could play a role in early diagnosis, leading to the improvement of morbidity and mortality. Currently, the only biomarker widely used in the diagnosis of PC is carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19.9), which has, however, more of a prognostic role in the follow-up of postoperative recurrence than a diagnostic role. Other biomarkers, recently identified as the methylation status of ADAMTS1 (A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1) and BNC1 (zinc finger protein basonuclin-1) in cell-free deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), may play a role in the early detection of PC. This review focuses on the diagnosis of PC in its early stages.
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13
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Rawla P, Thandra KC, Sunkara T. Pancreatic cancer and obesity: epidemiology, mechanism, and preventive strategies. Clin J Gastroenterol 2019; 12:285-291. [PMID: 30788774 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-019-00953-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has seen a global increase in the past decades, escalating to one of the major epidemiological challenges today. Global economic growth has caused changes in dietary and physical activity patterns fueling obesity across age, gender, and income groups. The implications are many, as obesity has been associated with numerous serious health conditions, ultimately affecting morbidity and mortality. There is a growing recognition of the risk a high body mass index confers on the development and outcome of several malignancies, including pancreatic cancer. Pancreatic cancer is a highly lethal disease with exceptionally poor outcome, with incidences rising worldwide. Due to vague symptoms and no screening recommendations, a vast majority of patients are diagnosed at late stages, with already advanced disease and no opportunity for surgical intervention. Obesity mediates risk for pancreatic cancer through insufficiently understood mechanisms, possibly including inflammation and hormonal misbalance. As excess abdominal adiposity is among the few modifiable risk factors for pancreatic cancer onset, enduring weight loss could manifest an effective preventive measure. Lifestyle modifications on a population level aimed to reduce obesity could also scale down the grim pancreatic cancer rates. In cases when these measures alone are insufficiently effective, bariatric surgery can be an advantageous alternative. Extremely obese patients exhibit many health benefits following bariatric surgery along with weight loss, consequently reducing the chances of pancreatic cancer, especially if additionally adopting healthy lifestyle habits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Internal Medicine/Hospitalist, SOVAH Health, 320 Hospital Dr, Martinsville, VA, 24115, USA.
| | - Krishna Chaitanya Thandra
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sentara Virginia Beach General Hospital, Virginia Beach, VA, USA
| | - Tagore Sunkara
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA, 50314, USA
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14
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The Correlation Between Bladder Cancer and Obesity, Overweight, Physical Inactivity, and Tobacco Use: An Ecological Study in Asian Countries. Ann Glob Health 2019; 85. [PMID: 31298827 PMCID: PMC6634367 DOI: 10.5334/aogh.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Bladder cancer is the ninth most common cancer in the world. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the correlation between age-standardized incidence rates of bladder cancer and some risk factors in Asian countries through an extensive ecological analysis. Methods: This ecological study evaluated the correlation between age-standardized incidence rates of bladder cancer and obesity, overweight, physical inactivity, and tobacco use in 30 Asian countries. To determine the factors that were significantly related to age-standardized incidence rate of bladder cancer, a univariate analysis was performed using simple linear regression. In the next step, variables with p-values less than 0.25 were entered into a multivariate linear regression model. Results: The incidence of bladder cancer was higher in countries with higher prevalence of overweight (r2 = 0.36, p < 0.001), obesity (r2 = 0.34, p = 0.001), current daily tobacco use (r2 = 0.17, p = 0.03), and physical inactivity (r2 = 0.13, p = 0.04). The results of multiple regression analysis indicated a direct correlation between the incidence of bladder cancer and overweight (β = 0.15, p < 0.001) and current daily tobacco use (β = 0.21, p = 0.001). Conclusions: There was a significant relationship between the incidence of bladder cancer and overweight and current daily tobacco use. Further epidemiological studies are needed to confirm this relationship.
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15
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Zhang J, Bai R, Li M, Ye H, Wu C, Wang C, Li S, Tan L, Mai D, Li G, Pan L, Zheng Y, Su J, Ye Y, Fu Z, Zheng S, Zuo Z, Liu Z, Zhao Q, Che X, Xie D, Jia W, Zeng MS, Tan W, Chen R, Xu RH, Zheng J, Lin D. Excessive miR-25-3p maturation via N 6-methyladenosine stimulated by cigarette smoke promotes pancreatic cancer progression. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1858. [PMID: 31015415 PMCID: PMC6478927 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09712-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is an important mechanism in miRNA processing and maturation, but the role of its aberrant regulation in human diseases remained unclear. Here, we demonstrate that oncogenic primary microRNA-25 (miR-25) in pancreatic duct epithelial cells can be excessively maturated by cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) via enhanced m6A modification that is mediated by NF-κB associated protein (NKAP). This modification is catalyzed by overexpressed methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) due to hypomethylation of the METTL3 promoter also caused by CSC. Mature miR-25, miR-25-3p, suppresses PH domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), resulting in the activation of oncogenic AKT-p70S6K signaling, which provokes malignant phenotypes of pancreatic cancer cells. High levels of miR-25-3p are detected in smokers and in pancreatic cancers tissues that are correlated with poor prognosis of pancreatic cancer patients. These results collectively indicate that cigarette smoke-induced miR-25-3p excessive maturation via m6A modification promotes the development and progression of pancreatic cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/blood
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/etiology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/mortality
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Co-Repressor Proteins/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Disease Progression
- Epithelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Male
- Methyltransferases/genetics
- Methyltransferases/metabolism
- MicroRNAs/blood
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Pancreatic Ducts/cytology
- Pancreatic Ducts/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/blood
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/etiology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/mortality
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/genetics
- Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/metabolism
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- RNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Repressor Proteins
- Ribosomal Protein S6 Kinases, 70-kDa/metabolism
- Smoke/adverse effects
- Smoking/adverse effects
- Smoking/blood
- Nicotiana/toxicity
- Up-Regulation
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialiang Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruihong Bai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mei Li
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Ye
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Wu
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Chengfeng Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shengping Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liping Tan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Mai
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ling Pan
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanfen Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiachun Su
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shangyou Zheng
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhixiang Zuo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zexian Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Che
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Xie
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weihua Jia
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wen Tan
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Rufu Chen
- Department of Pancreaticobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Rui-Hua Xu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Dongxin Lin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China and Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China.
- Department of Etiology and Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
- CAMS Key Laboratory of Genetics and Genomic Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China.
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16
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Rawla P, Sunkara T, Gaduputi V. Epidemiology of Pancreatic Cancer: Global Trends, Etiology and Risk Factors. World J Oncol 2019; 10:10-27. [PMID: 30834048 PMCID: PMC6396775 DOI: 10.14740/wjon1166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1244] [Impact Index Per Article: 248.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the seventh leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. However, its toll is higher in more developed countries. Reasons for vast differences in mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are not completely clear yet, but it may be due to lack of appropriate diagnosis, treatment and cataloging of cancer cases. Because patients seldom exhibit symptoms until an advanced stage of the disease, pancreatic cancer remains one of the most lethal malignant neoplasms that caused 432,242 new deaths in 2018 (GLOBOCAN 2018 estimates). Globally, 458,918 new cases of pancreatic cancer have been reported in 2018, and 355,317 new cases are estimated to occur until 2040. Despite advancements in the detection and management of pancreatic cancer, the 5-year survival rate still stands at 9% only. To date, the causes of pancreatic carcinoma are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as tobacco smoking, diabetes mellitus, obesity, dietary factors, alcohol abuse, age, ethnicity, family history and genetic factors, Helicobacter pylori infection, non-O blood group and chronic pancreatitis. In general population, screening of large groups is not considered useful to detect the disease at its early stage, although newer techniques and the screening of tightly targeted groups (especially of those with family history), are being evaluated. Primary prevention is considered of utmost importance. Up-to-date statistics on pancreatic cancer occurrence and outcome along with a better understanding of the etiology and identifying the causative risk factors are essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth Rawla
- Department of Internal Medicine, SOVAH Health, Martinsville, VA 24112, USA
| | - Tagore Sunkara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mercy Medical Center, Des Moines, IA 50314, USA
| | - Vinaya Gaduputi
- Division of Gastroenterology, SBH Health System, Bronx, NY, USA
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17
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Gupta MK, Sarojamma V, Vadde R. Diabetes and Pancreatic Cancer: A Bidirectional Relationship Perspective. EXPLORING PANCREATIC METABOLISM AND MALIGNANCY 2019:35-51. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-32-9393-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
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18
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Licata A, Montalto G, Soresi M. Pancreatic cancer: risk and preventive factors. Intern Emerg Med 2018; 13:321-323. [PMID: 29417381 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-018-1795-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Licata
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Soresi
- Internal Medicine & Hepatology, DIBIMIS, University of Palermo, 90127, Palermo, Italy
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19
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Moossavi S, Mohamadnejad M, Pourshams A, Poustchi H, Islami F, Sharafkhah M, Mirminachi B, Nasseri-Moghaddam S, Semnani S, Shakeri R, Etemadi A, Merat S, Khoshnia M, Dawsey SM, Pharoah PD, Brennan P, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, Kamangar F, Malekzadeh R. Opium Use and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2018; 27:268-273. [PMID: 29263189 PMCID: PMC5835180 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: We examined the association between opium consumption and pancreatic cancer incidence in a large-scale prospective cohort of the general population in northeastern Iran.Methods: A total of 50,045 adults were systematically followed up (median of 7.4 years), and incident cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. Self-reported data on opium consumption was collected at baseline. Cumulative use (-year) was defined as number of nokhods (a local unit, approximately 0.2 g) of opium consumed per day multiplied by number of years consuming. Adjusted HRs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between opium consumption and pancreatic cancer were calculated using Cox proportional hazards regression models.Results: Overall, 54 confirmed cases of pancreatic cancer were identified. Opium use of more than 81 nokhod-years (high cumulative use), compared with never use, was strongly associated with pancreatic cancer even after adjustments for multiple potential confounding factors [HR = 3.01; 95% CI, 1.25-7.26]. High cumulative consumption of opium was significantly associated with risk of pancreatic cancer after adjusting for cumulative dose of cigarette smoking [HR = 3.56; 95% CI, 1.49-8.50]. In a sensitivity analysis, we excluded participants (including 2 pancreatic cancer cases) who were recruited within the first 5 years of starting opium consumption; high cumulative use of opium was still associated with pancreatic cancer risk [HR = 2.75; 95% CI, 1.14-6.64].Conclusions: Our results showed a positive association between opium consumption and pancreatic cancer.Impact: This is the first prospective large-scale study to show the association of opium consumption with pancreatic cancer as a risk factor. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 27(3); 268-73. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Moossavi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mohamadnejad
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Pourshams
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Islami
- Surveillance and Health Services Research, American Cancer Society, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Maryam Sharafkhah
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Babak Mirminachi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siavosh Nasseri-Moghaddam
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahryar Semnani
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Ramin Shakeri
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Etemadi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shahin Merat
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Khoshnia
- Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Sanford M Dawsey
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paul D Pharoah
- Departments of Oncology and Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Brennan
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Christian C Abnet
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Paolo Boffetta
- The Tisch Cancer Institute and Institute for Transitional Epidemiology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Farin Kamangar
- School of Computer, Mathematical, and Natural Sciences, Morgan State University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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20
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Chambers SA, Rowa-Dewar N, Radley A, Dobbie F. A systematic review of grandparents' influence on grandchildren's cancer risk factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185420. [PMID: 29135979 PMCID: PMC5685489 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Many lifestyle patterns are established when children are young. Research has focused on the potential role of parents as a risk factor for non communicable disease in children, but there is limited investigation of the role of other caregivers, such as grandparents. The aim of this review was to identify and synthesise evidence for any influence grandparents' care practices may have on their grandchildren's long term cancer risk factors. A systematic review was carried out with searches across four databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO) as well as searches of reference lists and citing articles, and Google Scholar. Search terms were based on six areas of risk that family care could potentially influence-weight, diet, physical activity, tobacco, alcohol and sun exposure. All study designs were included, as were studies that provided an indication of the interaction of grandparents with their grandchildren. Studies were excluded if grandparents were primary caregivers and if children had serious health conditions. Study quality was assessed using National Institute for Health and Care Excellence checklists. Grandparent impact was categorised as beneficial, adverse, mixed or as having no impact. Due to study heterogeneity a meta-analysis was not possible. Qualitative studies underwent a thematic synthesis of their results. Results from all included studies indicated that there was a sufficient evidence base for weight, diet, physical activity and tobacco studies to draw conclusions about grandparents' influence. One study examined alcohol and no studies examined sun exposure. Evidence indicated that, overall, grandparents had an adverse impact on their grandchildren's cancer risk factors. The theoretical work in the included studies was limited. Theoretically underpinned interventions designed to reduce these risk factors must consider grandparents' role, as well as parents', and be evaluated robustly to inform the evidence base further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A. Chambers
- MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neneh Rowa-Dewar
- Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Radley
- Directorate of Public Health, NHS Tayside, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Dobbie
- Faculty of Heath Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
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Sadr-Azodi O, Konings P, Brusselaers N. Menopausal hormone therapy and pancreatic cancer risk in women: a population-based matched cohort study. United European Gastroenterol J 2017; 5:1123-1128. [PMID: 29238591 DOI: 10.1177/2050640617702060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The role of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in the development of pancreatic cancer is inconclusive owing to small studies and lack of proper study design. Methods This population-based matched cohort study included all Swedish women who used systemic MHT between 1 July 2005 and 31 December 2012. For each user of MHT, three never-users of MHT were randomly selected, matched for childbirth, history of thromboembolic events, and previous hysterectomy, as well as for year of birth, diabetes, obesity, and smoking- or alcohol-related disorders. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between MHT use and pancreatic cancer. The effect of MHT duration on pancreatic cancer development was calculated using multivariable Poisson regression. Results There were 290,186 ever-users of MHT and 870,165 matched never-users. During the follow-up, 311 (0.0011%) ever-users of MHT and 1220 (0.0014) never-users developed pancreatic cancer. In a multivariable adjusted model, ever-users had a 23% reduced risk (OR 0.77; 95% CI: 0.68-0.87) of pancreatic cancer. This risk decreased by 35% (incidence rate ratio (IRR) 0.65; 95% CI: 0.33-1.27) in women who used MHT 1-2 years and by 60% (IRR 0.40; 95% CI: 0.18-0.88) in women who used MHT ≥ 3 years compared to women with <1 year of MHT use. The type of MHT did not change the results. Conclusion Systemic MHT use might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Sadr-Azodi
- Clinical Epidemiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Surgery, Eskilstuna County Hospital, Eskilstuna, Sweden.,Centre for Clinical Research Sörmland, Uppsala University, Eskilstuna, Sweden
| | - Peter Konings
- Upper Gastrointestinal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nele Brusselaers
- Upper Gastrointestinal Research, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Plausible Roles for RAGE in Conditions Exacerbated by Direct and Indirect (Secondhand) Smoke Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18030652. [PMID: 28304347 PMCID: PMC5372664 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18030652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately 1 billion people smoke worldwide, and the burden placed on society by primary and secondhand smokers is expected to increase. Smoking is the leading risk factor for myriad health complications stemming from diverse pathogenic programs. First- and second-hand cigarette smoke contains thousands of constituents, including several carcinogens and cytotoxic chemicals that orchestrate chronic inflammatory responses and destructive remodeling events. In the current review, we outline details related to compromised pulmonary and systemic conditions related to smoke exposure. Specifically, data are discussed relative to impaired lung physiology, cancer mechanisms, maternal-fetal complications, cardiometabolic, and joint disorders in the context of smoke exposure exacerbations. As a general unifying mechanism, the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) and its signaling axis is increasingly considered central to smoke-related pathogenesis. RAGE is a multi-ligand cell surface receptor whose expression increases following cigarette smoke exposure. RAGE signaling participates in the underpinning of inflammatory mechanisms mediated by requisite cytokines, chemokines, and remodeling enzymes. Understanding the biological contributions of RAGE during cigarette smoke-induced inflammation may provide critically important insight into the pathology of lung disease and systemic complications that combine during the demise of those exposed.
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Andersson G, Wennersten C, Borgquist S, Jirström K. Pancreatic cancer risk in relation to sex, lifestyle factors, and pre-diagnostic anthropometry in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Biol Sex Differ 2016; 7:66. [PMID: 27980714 PMCID: PMC5148828 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-016-0120-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Lifestyle factors may influence the risk of developing pancreatic cancer. Whereas cigarette smoking is an established risk factor, the effects of high alcohol intake and obesity are more uncertain. The aim of the present study was to examine the associations of pre-diagnostic anthropometry, alcohol consumption, and smoking habits with pancreatic cancer risk in a Swedish prospective, population-based cohort, with particular reference to potential sex differences. Methods The studied cohort consists of 28,098 participants, including all incident cases of pancreatic cancer, in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study up until December 31, 2013 (n = 163). Non-parametric and chi-squared tests were applied to compare the distribution of risk factors between cases and non-cases. Cox regression proportional hazards models were used to estimate the relationship between investigative factors and pancreatic cancer risk. Anthropometric factors included height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference, waist-hip ratio (WHR), and body fat percentage. Results BMI was not a significant risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but a higher WHR was significantly associated with an increased risk in the entire cohort (hazard ratio (HR) 2.36, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–4.35, p for trend = 0.009). Regular smoking was a significant risk factor among both women (HR 2.62, 95% CI 1.61–4.27) and men (HR 3.57, 95% CI 1.70–7.47), whereas occasional smoking was a significant risk factor only in women (HR 3.29, 95% CI 1.50–7.19). Passive smoking at work for >20 years was significantly associated with an increased risk in the entire cohort (HR 1.73, 95% CI 1.15–2.58) and in women selectively (HR 2.01, 95% CI 1.21–3.31). Alcohol consumption was not a significant risk factor. A significant interaction was found between female sex and age (p = 0.045), but no other factor, in relation to pancreatic cancer risk. Conclusions WHR was the only pre-diagnostic anthropometric factor associated with pancreatic cancer risk, with no sex-related differences. Regular smoking was confirmed as a significant risk factor in both sexes, whereas occasional and passive smoking were significant risk factors only in women. Despite the lack of a significant interaction between smoking and sex in relation with pancreatic cancer risk, potential sex differences should be considered in future epidemiological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustav Andersson
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Christoffer Wennersten
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Signe Borgquist
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Jirström
- Division of Oncology and Pathology, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, 221 85 Lund, Sweden
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Ilic M, Ilic I. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:9694-9705. [PMID: 27956793 PMCID: PMC5124974 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i44.9694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 852] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer of the pancreas remains one of the deadliest cancer types. Based on the GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates, pancreatic cancer causes more than 331000 deaths per year, ranking as the seventh leading cause of cancer death in both sexes together. Globally, about 338000 people had pancreatic cancer in 2012, making it the 11th most common cancer. The highest incidence and mortality rates of pancreatic cancer are found in developed countries. Trends for pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality varied considerably in the world. A known cause of pancreatic cancer is tobacco smoking. This risk factor is likely to explain some of the international variations and gender differences. The overall five-year survival rate is about 6% (ranges from 2% to 9%), but this vary very small between developed and developing countries. To date, the causes of pancreatic cancer are still insufficiently known, although certain risk factors have been identified, such as smoking, obesity, genetics, diabetes, diet, inactivity. There are no current screening recommendations for pancreatic cancer, so primary prevention is of utmost importance. A better understanding of the etiology and identifying the risk factors is essential for the primary prevention of this disease.
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25
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Association between selenium intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Biosci Rep 2016; 36:BSR20160345. [PMID: 27623938 PMCID: PMC5064452 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the association between the intake of selenium and risk of pancreatic cancer is still conflicting. Thus, we conducted a meta-analysis to summarize the evidence from epidemiological studies of selenium intake with the risk of pancreatic cancer. Pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Web of Knowledge to July 2016. The random-effect model was used. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were conducted. Data from six studies including 1424 pancreatic cancer cases were used in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested that highest selenium intake amount compared with lowest amount was significantly associated with the risk of pancreatic cancer [summary relative risk (RR)=0.659, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.489-0.889, I2=47.6%]. The associations were significant both in case-control studies [RR=0.618, 95%CI=0.399-0.956, I2=59.1%] and Americas [RR=0.570, 95%CI=0.357-0.909, I2=65.6%]. No publication bias was found. Our analysis suggested that the higher intake of selenium might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Polvani S, Tarocchi M, Tempesti S, Bencini L, Galli A. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptors at the crossroad of obesity, diabetes, and pancreatic cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:2441-2459. [PMID: 26937133 PMCID: PMC4768191 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i8.2441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the fourth cause of cancer death with an overall survival of 5% at five years. The development of PDAC is characteristically associated to the accumulation of distinctive genetic mutations and is preceded by the exposure to several risk factors. Epidemiology has demonstrated that PDAC risk factors may be non-modifiable risks (sex, age, presence of genetic mutations, ethnicity) and modifiable and co-morbidity factors related to the specific habits and lifestyle. Recently it has become evident that obesity and diabetes are two important modifiable risk factors for PDAC. Obesity and diabetes are complex systemic and intertwined diseases and, over the years, experimental evidence indicate that insulin-resistance, alteration of adipokines, especially leptin and adiponectin, oxidative stress and inflammation may play a role in PDAC. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ) is a nuclear receptor transcription factor that is implicated in the regulation of metabolism, differentiation and inflammation. PPARγ is a key regulator of adipocytes differentiation, regulates insulin and adipokines production and secretion, may modulate inflammation, and it is implicated in PDAC. PPARγ agonists are used in the treatment of diabetes and oxidative stress-associated diseases and have been evaluated for the treatment of PDAC. PPARγ is at the cross-road of diabetes, obesity, and PDAC and it is an interesting target to pharmacologically prevent PDAC in obese and diabetic patients.
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Yellu MR, Olowokure O. Simultaneous presentation of pancreatic cancer in a genetically unrelated couple. BMJ Case Rep 2015; 2015:bcr-2014-207760. [PMID: 26581697 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2014-207760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with pancreatic cancer tend to have a poor prognosis despite aggressive treatment, and their 5-year overall survival rate remains dismal. Several risk factors could potentially trigger the development of pancreatic cancer but many of them identified so far have been only weakly linked. Occurrence of pancreatic cancer in a husband and wife around the same time in the same household even when exposed to similar environmental factors is rare. Although familial pancreatic cancer is a known entity, pancreatic cancer in genetically unrelated married couples has not been studied. Here we present such a scenario involving one couple. In this case report, we discuss the chronological events leading to pancreatic cancer in a genetically unrelated married couple and the risk factors that may have led to cancer, in addition to exploring the possible links.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahender R Yellu
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Olugbenga Olowokure
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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28
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Torres PJ, Fletcher EM, Gibbons SM, Bouvet M, Doran KS, Kelley ST. Characterization of the salivary microbiome in patients with pancreatic cancer. PeerJ 2015; 3:e1373. [PMID: 26587342 PMCID: PMC4647550 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical manifestations of pancreatic cancer often do not occur until the cancer has undergone metastasis, resulting in a very low survival rate. In this study, we investigated whether salivary bacterial profiles might provide useful biomarkers for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Using high-throughput sequencing of bacterial small subunit ribosomal RNA (16S rRNA) gene, we characterized the salivary microbiota of patients with pancreatic cancer and compared them to healthy patients and patients with other diseases, including pancreatic disease, non-pancreatic digestive disease/cancer and non-digestive disease/cancer. A total of 146 patients were enrolled at the UCSD Moores Cancer Center where saliva and demographic data were collected from each patient. Of these, we analyzed the salivary microbiome of 108 patients: 8 had been diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, 78 with other diseases and 22 were classified as non-diseased (healthy) controls. Bacterial 16S rRNA sequences were amplified directly from salivary DNA extractions and subjected to high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Several bacterial genera differed in abundance in patients with pancreatic cancer. We found a significantly higher ratio of Leptotrichia to Porphyromonas in the saliva of patients with pancreatic cancer than in the saliva of healthy patients or those with other disease (Kruskal–Wallis Test; P < 0.001). Leptotrichia abundances were confirmed using real-time qPCR with Leptotrichia specific primers. Similar to previous studies, we found lower relative abundances of Neisseria and Aggregatibacter in the saliva of pancreatic cancer patients, though these results were not significant at the P < 0.05 level (K–W Test; P = 0.07 and P = 0.09 respectively). However, the relative abundances of other previously identified bacterial biomarkers, e.g., Streptococcus mitis and Granulicatella adiacens, were not significantly different in the saliva of pancreatic cancer patients. Overall, this study supports the hypothesis that bacteria abundance profiles in saliva are useful biomarkers for pancreatic cancer though much larger patient studies are needed to verify their predictive utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J Torres
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , United States
| | - Erin M Fletcher
- Department of Medical Sciences, Harvard University , Boston, MA , United States
| | - Sean M Gibbons
- Graduate Program in Biophysical Sciences, University of Chicago , Chicago, IL , United States ; Institute for Genomics and Systems Biology, Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont, IL , United States
| | - Michael Bouvet
- Department of Surgery, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, CA , United States
| | - Kelly S Doran
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , United States ; Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego School of Medicine , La Jolla, CA , United States
| | - Scott T Kelley
- Department of Biology, San Diego State University , San Diego, CA , United States
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Zheng Z, Zheng R, He Y, Sun X, Wang N, Chen T, Chen W. Risk Factors for Pancreatic Cancer in China: A Multicenter Case-Control Study. J Epidemiol 2015; 26:64-70. [PMID: 26441209 PMCID: PMC4728116 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20140148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Despite having one of the highest mortality rates of all cancers, the risk factors of pancreatic cancer remain unclear. We assessed risk factors of pancreatic cancer in China. Methods A case-control study design was conducted using data from four hospital-based cancer registries (Henan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Hebei Provincial Cancer Hospital, and Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences). Controls were equally matched and selected from family members of non-pancreatic cancer patients in the same hospitals. Face-to-face interviews were conducted by trained staff using questionnaires. Conditional logistic regression models were used to assess odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confident intervals (CIs). Results Among 646 recruited participants, 323 were pancreatic cancer patients and 323 were controls. Multivariate logistic analysis suggested that pancreatic cancer family history (adjusted OR 1.23; 95% CI, 1.11–3.70), obesity (adjusted OR 1.77; 95% CI, 1.22–2.57), diabetes (adjusted OR 2.96; 95% CI, 1.48–5.92) and smoking (adjusted OR 1.78; 95% CI, 1.02–3.10) were risk factors for pancreatic cancer, but that drinking tea (adjusted OR 0.49; 95% CI, 0.25–0.84) was associated with reduced risk of pancreatic cancer. Conclusions Cigarette smoking, family history, obesity, and diabetes are risk factors of pancreatic cancer, which is important information for designing early intervention and preventive strategies for pancreatic cancer and may be beneficial to pancreatic cancer control in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxu Zheng
- Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences
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30
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Association between vitamin C intake and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a meta-analysis of observational studies. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13973. [PMID: 26360104 PMCID: PMC4566085 DOI: 10.1038/srep13973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantification of the association between the intake of vitamin C and risk of pancreatic cancer is still conflicting. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to assess the association between them. Pertinent studies were identified by a search of PubMed and Web of Knowledge throughSeptember of 2014. A random effects model was used to combine the data for analysis. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were conducted. Data from 17 studies including 4827 pancreatic cancer cases were used in this meta-analysis. Pooled results suggested that highest vitamin C intake amount versus lowest amount was significantlyassociated with reduced the risk of pancreatic cancer [summary relative risk (RR) = 0.705, 95% CI = 0.612–0.811, I2 = 42.3%]. The associations were also significant both in Caucasian [summary RR = 0.741, 95% CI = 0.626–0.876], Asian [summary RR = 0.455, 95% CI = 0.275–0.754] and Mixed population [summary RR = 0.677, 95% CI = 0.508–0.901]. No publication bias was found. Our analysis suggested that the higher intake of vitamin C might reduce the risk of pancreatic cancer.
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Lin QJ, Yang F, Jin C, Fu DL. Current status and progress of pancreatic cancer in China. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:7988-8003. [PMID: 26185370 PMCID: PMC4499341 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i26.7988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is currently one of the most important public health problems in the world. Pancreatic cancer is a fatal disease with poor prognosis. As in most other countries, the health burden of pancreatic cancer in China is increasing, with annual mortality rates almost equal to incidence rates. The increasing trend of pancreatic cancer incidence is more significant in the rural areas than in the urban areas. Annual diagnoses and deaths of pancreatic cancer in China are now beyond the number of cases in the United States. GLOBOCAN 2012 estimates that cases in China account for 19.45% (65727/337872) of all newly diagnosed pancreatic cancer and 19.27% (63662/330391) of all deaths from pancreatic cancer worldwide. The population’s growing socioeconomic status contributes to the rapid increase of China’s proportional contribution to global rates. Here, we present an overview of control programs for pancreatic cancer in China focusing on prevention, early diagnosis and treatment. In addition, we describe key epidemiological, demographic, and socioeconomic differences between China and developed countries. Facts including no nationwide screening program for pancreatic cancer, delay in early detection resulting in a late stage at presentation, lack of awareness of pancreatic cancer in the Chinese population, and low investment compared with other cancer types by government have led to backwardness in China’s pancreatic cancer diagnosis and treatment. Finally, we suggest measures to improve health outcomes of pancreatic cancer patients in China.
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Rahman F, Cotterchio M, Cleary SP, Gallinger S. Association between alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk: a case-control study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0124489. [PMID: 25856529 PMCID: PMC4391718 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0124489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence is inconsistent regarding alcohol and pancreatic cancer risk, although heavy drinking may increase risk. Methods A population-based case-control study was conducted using 345 pancreas cancer cases diagnosed 2011–2012 and 1,285 frequency-matched controls from Ontario, Canada. Logistic regression was used to evaluate alcohol consumption and pancreatic cancer risk; data was also stratified by sex and smoking status to assess interaction. Results Alcohol consumption was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk (age-adjusted odds ratio=0.78, 95% CI: 0.58, 1.05 for 1 - 3 drinks/week; age-adjusted odds ratio=0.86, 95% CI: 0.63, 1.17 for 4 - 20 drinks/week), however there was a non-significant increased risk for heavy drinkers consuming ≥21 drinks/week (age-adjusted odds ratio=1.35, 95% CI: 0.81, 2.27). Cigarette smoking modified the alcohol-cancer relationship; among current smokers, heavy alcohol consumption was associated with a significantly increased pancreatic cancer risk (age-adjusted odds ratio=4.04, 95% CI: 1.58, 10.37), whereas this significant association with heavy drinking was not observed among non-smokers (age-adjusted odds ratio=2.01, 95% CI: 0.50, 8.18). Furthermore, light – moderate alcohol intake was associated with increased pancreas cancer risk among current smokers. Conclusions While alcohol was not significantly associated with pancreatic cancer risk, smoking status modified this relationship such that among current smokers, alcohol intake was associated with a greater than two-fold increased risk of pancreatic cancer. The results should be interpreted with caution due to small sample sizes within subgroups and correction for multiple comparisons should be considered. These findings should be replicated in larger studies where more precise estimates of risk can be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farah Rahman
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Michelle Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sean P. Cleary
- Department of Surgery, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Prosserman Centre for Health Research, Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steven Gallinger
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of General Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Y, Duan H, Yang X, Guo J. Cigarette smoking and the risk of pancreatic cancer: a case-control study. Med Oncol 2014; 31:184. [PMID: 25159284 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-014-0184-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We proposed to investigate the relationship between smoking and pancreatic cancer. From February 2000 to February 2010, we conducted a hospital-based case-control study on pancreatic cancer. Information was collected by questionnaire. Cases were 307 patients with pancreatic cancer, 1,228 were healthy matched controls. Multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Compared to never smokers, current smokers had a significantly increased risk of pancreatic cancer, OR 1.71 (95% CI 1.25-2.35). Among smokers, a significant association with higher smoking intensity was shown (≥20 cigarettes/day: OR=2.18; 95% CI 1.66-3.69). A significantly decreasing trend in risk with increasing years after smoking cessation was observed (p<0.01). The ORs were 0.73 (95% CI 0.38-1.33) and 0.46 (95% CI 0.21-0.94) for those who had quit smoking for <10 and ≥10 years, respectively. Our case-control study confirmed that cigarette smoking was associated with an increased risk of death from pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shenyang, China,
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Paulo JA, Urrutia R, Kadiyala V, Banks P, Conwell DL, Steen H. Cross-species analysis of nicotine-induced proteomic alterations in pancreatic cells. Proteomics 2013; 13:1499-1512. [PMID: 23456891 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxic compounds in tobacco, such as nicotine, may adversely affect pancreatic function. We aim to determine nicotine-induced protein alterations in pancreatic cells, thereby revealing links between nicotine exposure and pancreatic disease. We compared the proteomic alterations induced by nicotine treatment in cultured pancreatic cells (mouse, rat, and human stellate cells and human duct cells) using MS-based techniques, specifically SDS-PAGE (gel) coupled with LC-MS/MS and spectral counting. We identified thousands of proteins in pancreatic cells, hundreds of which were identified exclusively or in higher abundance in either nicotine-treated or untreated cells. Interspecies comparisons of stellate cell proteins revealed several differentially abundant proteins (in nicotine treated versus untreated cells) common among the three species. Proteins appearing in all nicotine-treated stellate cells include amyloid beta (A4), procollagen type VI alpha 1, integral membrane protein 2B, and toll-interacting protein. Proteins that were differentially expressed upon nicotine treatment across cell lines were enriched in certain pathways, including nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, cytokine, and integrin signaling. At this analytical depth, we conclude that similar pathways are affected by nicotine, but alterations at the protein level among stellate cells of different species vary. Further interrogation of such pathways will lead to insights into the potential effect of nicotine on pancreatic cells at the biomolecular level and the extension of this concept to the effect of nicotine on pancreatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joao A Paulo
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Raul Urrutia
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Gastroenterology Research Unit, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, MN
| | - Vivek Kadiyala
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Peter Banks
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Darwin L Conwell
- Center for Pancreatic Disease, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endoscopy, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hanno Steen
- Department of Pathology, Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA Proteomics Center at Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, MA
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Wang Y, Ji J, Liu YJ, Deng X, He QQ. Passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69915. [PMID: 23922856 PMCID: PMC3724674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds/Objective The prevalence of diabetes is increasing rapidly all over the world. However, studies on passive smoking and type 2 diabetes have not been systematically assessed. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to explore whether an association exists between passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes. Methods We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane library and Web of Science up to April 9th, 2013, to identify prospective cohort studies that assessed passive smoking and risk of type 2 diabetes. The fixed-effect model was used to calculate the overall relative risk (RR). Result 4 prospective cohort studies were included for analysis, with a total of 112,351 participants involved. The pooled RR was 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14 to 1.44) comparing those who were exposed to passive smoking with those who were not. Subgroup, sensitivity analysis and publication bias test suggested the overall result of this analysis was robust. Conclusions Passive smoking is associated with a significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Further well-designed studies are warranted to confirm this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Jie Ji
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yu-jian Liu
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xuan Deng
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Qi-qiang He
- School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most common cause of cancer mortality in the United States, with 5-year survival rates for patients with resectable tumors ranging from 15% to 20%. However, most patients presenting with distant metastases, are not resectable, and have a 5-year survival rate of close to 0%. This demonstrates a need for improved screening to identify pancreatic cancer while the tumor is still localized and amenable to surgical resection. Studies of patients with pancreatic tumors incidentally diagnosed demonstrate longer median survival than tumors discovered only when the patient is symptomatic, suggesting that early detection may improve outcome. Recent evidence from genomic sequencing indicates a 15-year interval for genetic progression of pancreatic cancer from initiation to the metastatic stage, suggesting a sufficient window for early detection. Still, many challenges remain in implementing effective screening. Early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer relies on developing screening methodologies with highly sensitive and specific biomarkers and imaging modalities. It also depends on a better understanding of the risk factors and natural history of the disease to accurately identify high-risk groups that would be best served by screening. This review summarizes our current understanding of the biology of pancreatic cancer relevant to methods available for screening. At this time, given the lack of proven benefit in this disease, screening efforts should probably be undertaken in the context of prospective trials.
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Liu-Mares W, Mackinnon JA, Sherman R, Fleming LE, Rocha-Lima C, Hu JJ, Lee DJ. Pancreatic cancer clusters and arsenic-contaminated drinking water wells in Florida. BMC Cancer 2013; 13:111. [PMID: 23510413 PMCID: PMC3600048 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-13-111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We sought to identify high-risk areas of pancreatic cancer incidence, and determine if clusters of persons diagnosed with pancreatic cancer were more likely to be located near arsenic-contaminated drinking water wells. Methods A total of 5,707 arsenic samples were collected from December 2000 to May 2008 by the Florida Department of Health, representing more than 5,000 individual privately owned wells. During that period, 0.010 ppm (10 ppb) or greater arsenic levels in private well water were considered as the threshold based on standard of United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Spatial modeling was applied to pancreatic cancer cases diagnosed between 1998–2002 in Florida (n = 11,405). Multivariable logistic regression was used to determine if sociodemographic indicators, smoking history, and proximity to arsenic-contaminated well sites were associated with residence at the time of pancreatic cancer diagnosis occurring within versus outside a cluster. Results Spatial modeling identified 16 clusters in which 22.6% of all pancreatic cancer cases were located. Cases living within 1 mile of known arsenic-contaminated wells were significantly more likely to be diagnosed within a cluster of pancreatic cancers relative to cases living more than 3 miles from known sites (odds ratio = 2.1 [95% CI = 1.9, 2.4]). Conclusions Exposure to arsenic-contaminated drinking water wells may be associated with an increased risk of pancreatic cancer. However, case–control studies are needed in order to confirm the findings of this ecological analysis. These cluster areas may be appropriate to evaluate pancreatic cancer risk factors, and to perform targeted screening and prevention studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Liu-Mares
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, 1120 NW 14th St,, CRB 1512, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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Wörmann SM, Algül H. Risk Factors and Therapeutic Targets in Pancreatic Cancer. Front Oncol 2013; 3:282. [PMID: 24303367 PMCID: PMC3831165 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Maria Wörmann
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Hana Algül
- II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Hana Algül, II. Medizinische Klinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Universität München, Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich 81675, Germany e-mail:
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Elena JW, Steplowski E, Yu K, Hartge P, Tobias GS, Brotzman MJ, Chanock SJ, Stolzenberg-Solomon RZ, Arslan AA, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Helzlsouer K, Jacobs EJ, LaCroix A, Petersen G, Zheng W, Albanes D, Allen NE, Amundadottir L, Bao Y, Boeing H, Boutron-Ruault MC, Buring JE, Gaziano JM, Giovannucci EL, Duell EJ, Hallmans G, Howard BV, Hunter DJ, Hutchinson A, Jacobs KB, Kooperberg C, Kraft P, Mendelsohn JB, Michaud DS, Palli D, Phillips LS, Overvad K, Patel AV, Sansbury L, Shu XO, Simon MS, Slimani N, Trichopoulos D, Visvanathan K, Virtamo J, Wolpin BM, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Fuchs CS, Hoover RN, Gross M. Diabetes and risk of pancreatic cancer: a pooled analysis from the pancreatic cancer cohort consortium. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:13-25. [PMID: 23112111 PMCID: PMC3529822 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Diabetes is a suspected risk factor for pancreatic cancer, but questions remain about whether it is a risk factor or a result of the disease. This study prospectively examined the association between diabetes and the risk of pancreatic adenocarcinoma in pooled data from the NCI pancreatic cancer cohort consortium (PanScan). METHODS The pooled data included 1,621 pancreatic adenocarcinoma cases and 1,719 matched controls from twelve cohorts using a nested case-control study design. Subjects who were diagnosed with diabetes near the time (<2 years) of pancreatic cancer diagnosis were excluded from all analyses. All analyses were adjusted for age, race, gender, study, alcohol use, smoking, BMI, and family history of pancreatic cancer. RESULTS Self-reported diabetes was associated with a forty percent increased risk of pancreatic cancer (OR = 1.40, 95 % CI: 1.07, 1.84). The association differed by duration of diabetes; risk was highest for those with a duration of 2-8 years (OR = 1.79, 95 % CI: 1.25, 2.55); there was no association for those with 9+ years of diabetes (OR = 1.02, 95 % CI: 0.68, 1.52). CONCLUSIONS These findings provide support for a relationship between diabetes and pancreatic cancer risk. The absence of association in those with the longest duration of diabetes may reflect hypoinsulinemia and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne W Elena
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Kadekar S, Silins I, Korhonen A, Dreij K, Al-Anati L, Högberg J, Stenius U. Exocrine pancreatic carcinogenesis and autotaxin expression. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43209. [PMID: 22952646 PMCID: PMC3430650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exocrine pancreatic cancer is an aggressive disease with an exceptionally high mortality rate. Genetic analysis suggests a causative role for environmental factors, but consistent epidemiological support is scarce and no biomarkers for monitoring the effects of chemical pancreatic carcinogens are available. With the objective to identify common traits for chemicals inducing pancreatic tumors we studied the National Toxicology Program (NTP) bioassay database. We found that male rats were affected more often than female rats and identified eight chemicals that induced exocrine pancreatic tumors in males only. For a hypothesis generating process we used a text mining tool to analyse published literature for suggested mode of actions (MOA). The resulting MOA analysis suggested inflammatory responses as common feature. In cell studies we found that all the chemicals increased protein levels of the inflammatory protein autotaxin (ATX) in Panc-1, MIA PaCa-2 or Capan-2 cells. Induction of MMP-9 and increased invasive migration were also frequent effects, consistent with ATX activation. Testosterone has previously been implicated in pancreatic carcinogenesis and we found that it increased ATX levels. Our data show that ATX is a target for chemicals inducing pancreatic tumors in rats. Several lines of evidence implicate ATX and its product lysophosphatidic acid in human pancreatic cancer. Mechanisms of action may include stimulated invasive growth and metastasis. ATX may interact with hormones or onco- or suppressor-genes often deregulated in exocrine pancreatic cancer. Our data suggest that ATX is a target for chemicals promoting pancreatic tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kadekar
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ilona Silins
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Anna Korhonen
- Computer Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauy Al-Anati
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Högberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulla Stenius
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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41
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Bosetti C, Lucenteforte E, Silverman DT, Petersen G, Bracci PM, Ji BT, Negri E, Li D, Risch HA, Olson SH, Gallinger S, Miller AB, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Talamini R, Polesel J, Ghadirian P, Baghurst PA, Zatonski W, Fontham E, Bamlet WR, Holly EA, Bertuccio P, Gao YT, Hassan M, Yu H, Kurtz RC, Cotterchio M, Su J, Maisonneuve P, Duell EJ, Boffetta P, La Vecchia C. Cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (Panc4). Ann Oncol 2012; 23:1880-8. [PMID: 22104574 PMCID: PMC3387822 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdr541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the dose-response relationship between cigarette smoking and pancreatic cancer and to examine the effects of temporal variables. METHODS We analyzed data from 12 case-control studies within the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4), including 6507 pancreatic cases and 12 890 controls. We estimated summary odds ratios (ORs) by pooling study-specific ORs using random-effects models. RESULTS Compared with never smokers, the OR was 1.2 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0-1.3) for former smokers and 2.2 (95% CI 1.7-2.8) for current cigarette smokers, with a significant increasing trend in risk with increasing number of cigarettes among current smokers (OR=3.4 for ≥35 cigarettes per day, P for trend<0.0001). Risk increased in relation to duration of cigarette smoking up to 40 years of smoking (OR=2.4). No trend in risk was observed for age at starting cigarette smoking, whereas risk decreased with increasing time since cigarette cessation, the OR being 0.98 after 20 years. CONCLUSIONS This uniquely large pooled analysis confirms that current cigarette smoking is associated with a twofold increased risk of pancreatic cancer and that the risk increases with the number of cigarettes smoked and duration of smoking. Risk of pancreatic cancer reaches the level of never smokers ∼20 years after quitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy.
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Momi N, Kaur S, Ponnusamy MP, Kumar S, Wittel UA, Batra SK. Interplay between smoking-induced genotoxicity and altered signaling in pancreatic carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:1617-28. [PMID: 22623649 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite continuous research efforts directed at early diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer (PC), the status of patients affected by this deadly malignancy remains dismal. Its notoriety with regard to lack of early diagnosis and resistance to the current chemotherapeutics is due to accumulating signaling abnormalities. Hoarding experimental and epidemiological evidences have established a direct correlation between cigarette smoking and PC risk. The cancer initiating/promoting nature of cigarette smoke can be attributed to its various constituents including nicotine, which is the major psychoactive component, and several other toxic constituents, such as nitrosamines, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. These predominant smoke-constituents initiate a series of oncogenic events facilitating epigenetic alterations, self-sufficiency in growth signals, evasion of apoptosis, sustained angiogenesis, and metastasis. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underpinning these events is crucial for the prevention and therapeutic intervention against PC. This review presents various interconnected signal transduction cascades, the smoking-mediated genotoxicity, and genetic polymorphisms influencing the susceptibility for smoking-mediated PC development by modulating pivotal biological aspects such as cell defense/tumor suppression, inflammation, DNA repair, as well as tobacco-carcinogen metabolization. Additionally, it provides a large perspective toward tumor biology and the therapeutic approaches against PC by targeting one or several steps of smoking-mediated signaling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Momi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-5870, USA
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43
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Olson SH, Kurtz RC. Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer and the role of family history. J Surg Oncol 2012; 107:1-7. [PMID: 22589078 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a lethal disease for which only a small number of risk factors have been identified. In addition to older age, male gender, and black race, risk factors include smoking, obesity, long-standing diabetes and pancreatitis, and heavy alcohol use; allergies such as hay fever are related to lowered risk. Several genetic syndromes increase risk of pancreatic cancer. Work on more common genetic variants promises to reveal more potentially important genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.
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Grote VA, Kaaks R, Nieters A, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Overvad K, Skjelbo Nielsen MR, Boutron-Ruault MC, Clavel-Chapelon F, Racine A, Teucher B, Becker S, Pischon T, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Cassapa C, Stratigakou V, Palli D, Krogh V, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Rodríguez L, Duell EJ, Sánchez MJ, Dorronsoro M, Navarro C, Gurrea AB, Siersema PD, Peeters PHM, Ye W, Sund M, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen NE, Travis RC, Fedirko V, Jenab M, Michaud DS, Chuang SC, Romaguera D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Rohrmann S. Inflammation marker and risk of pancreatic cancer: a nested case-control study within the EPIC cohort. Br J Cancer 2012; 106:1866-74. [PMID: 22617158 PMCID: PMC3364108 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2012.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Established risk factors for pancreatic cancer include smoking, long-standing diabetes, high body fatness, and chronic pancreatitis, all of which can be characterised by aspects of inflammatory processes. However, prospective studies investigating the relation between inflammatory markers and pancreatic cancer risk are scarce. Methods: We conducted a nested case–control study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, measuring prediagnostic blood levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and soluble receptors of tumour necrosis factor-α (sTNF-R1, R2) in 455 pancreatic cancer cases and 455 matched controls. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models. Results: None of the inflammatory markers were significantly associated with risk of pancreatic cancer overall, although a borderline significant association was observed for higher circulating sTNF-R2 (crude OR=1.52 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.97–2.39), highest vs lowest quartile). In women, however, higher sTNF-R1 levels were significantly associated with risk of pancreatic cancer (crude OR=1.97 (95% CI 1.02–3.79)). For sTNF-R2, risk associations seemed to be stronger for diabetic individuals and those with a higher BMI. Conclusion: Prospectively, CRP and IL-6 do not seem to have a role in our study with respect to risk of pancreatic cancer, whereas sTNF-R1 seemed to be a risk factor in women and sTNF-R2 might be a mediator in the risk relationship between overweight and diabetes with pancreatic cancer. Further large prospective studies are needed to clarify the role of proinflammatory proteins and cytokines in the pathogenesis of exocrine pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Grote
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology (c020), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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45
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Grote VA, Rohrmann S, Nieters A, Dossus L, Tjønneland A, Halkjær J, Overvad K, Fagherazzi G, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Teucher B, Becker S, Sluik D, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Lagiou P, Trichopoulos D, Palli D, Pala V, Tumino R, Vineis P, Panico S, Rodríguez L, Duell EJ, Molina-Montes E, Dorronsoro M, Huerta JM, Ardanaz E, Jeurnink SM, Beulens JWJ, Peeters PHM, Sund M, Ye W, Lindkvist B, Johansen D, Khaw KT, Wareham N, Allen N, Crowe F, Jenab M, Romieu I, Michaud DS, Riboli E, Romaguera D, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Kaaks R. Diabetes mellitus, glycated haemoglobin and C-peptide levels in relation to pancreatic cancer risk: a study within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Diabetologia 2011; 54:3037-46. [PMID: 21953276 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-011-2316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS There has been long-standing debate about whether diabetes is a causal risk factor for pancreatic cancer or a consequence of tumour development. Prospective epidemiological studies have shown variable relationships between pancreatic cancer risk and blood markers of glucose and insulin metabolism, overall and as a function of lag times between marker measurements (blood donation) and date of tumour diagnosis. METHODS Pre-diagnostic levels of HbA(1c) and C-peptide were measured for 466 participants with pancreatic cancer and 466 individually matched controls within the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate ORs for pancreatic cancer. RESULTS Pancreatic cancer risk gradually increased with increasing pre-diagnostic HbA(1c) levels up to an OR of 2.42 (95% CI 1.33, 4.39 highest [≥ 6.5%, 48 mmol/mol] vs lowest [≤ 5.4%, 36 mmol/mol] category), even for individuals with HbA(1c) levels within the non-diabetic range. C-peptide levels showed no significant relationship with pancreatic cancer risk, irrespective of fasting status. Analyses showed no clear trends towards increasing hyperglycaemia (as marked by HbA(1c) levels) or reduced pancreatic beta cell responsiveness (as marked by C-peptide levels) with decreasing time intervals from blood donation to cancer diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Our data on HbA(1c) show that individuals who develop exocrine pancreatic cancer tend to have moderate increases in HbA(1c) levels, relatively independently of obesity and insulin resistance-the classic and major risk factors for type 2 diabetes. While there is no strong difference by lag time, more data are needed on this in order to reach a firm conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Grote
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology c020, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Adams SV, Passarelli MN, Newcomb PA. Cadmium exposure and cancer mortality in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey cohort. Occup Environ Med 2011; 69:153-6. [PMID: 22068173 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2011-100111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study examined prospective data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) cohort to investigate the relationship between cadmium exposure and cancer mortality, and the specific cancers associated with cadmium exposure, in the general population. METHODS Vital status and cause of death through 31 December 2006 were obtained by the National Center for Health Statistics for NHANES III participants. The cadmium concentration of spot urine samples was measured and corrected for urine creatinine (uCd). Weighted Cox proportional hazards regression with age as the time metric was applied to estimate sex-specific adjusted HRs (aHRs) of mortality associated with uCd for all cancers and the cancers responsible for the most deaths in the USA. Estimates were stratified by smoking history and adjusted for education, body mass index and race. RESULTS uCd was associated with cancer mortality (aHR per twofold higher uCd (95% CI), men: 1.26 (1.07 to 1.48); women: 1.21 (1.04 to 1.42)). In men, mortality from lung cancer, pancreatic cancer and non-Hodgkin lymphoma was associated with uCd; an association with leukaemia mortality was suggested. In women, associations were suggested with mortality due to lung cancer, leukaemia, ovarian and uterine cancer, but evidence was weaker than in men. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium appears to be associated with overall cancer mortality in men and women, but the specific cancers associated differ between men and women, suggesting avenues for future research. Limitations of the study include the possibility of uncontrolled confounding by cigarette smoking or other factors, and the limited number of deaths due to some cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott V Adams
- Cancer Prevention Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington 98109, USA.
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47
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Chuang SC, Stolzenberg-Solomon R, Ueland PM, Vollset SE, Middtun Ø, Olsen A, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Boutron-Ruault MC, Morois S, Clavel-Chapelon F, Teucher B, Kaaks R, Weikert C, Boeing H, Trichopoulou A, Benetou V, Naska A, Jenab M, Slimani N, Romieu I, Michaud DS, Palli D, Sabina S, Panico S, Sacerdote C, Tumino R, Skeie G, Duell EJ, Rodriguez L, Molina-Montes E, Huerta JM, Larrañaga N, Gurrea AB, Johansen D, Manjer J, Ye W, Sund M, Peeters PHM, Jeumink S, Wareham N, Khaw KT, Crowe F, Riboli E, Bueno-de-Mesquita B, Vineis P. A U-shaped relationship between plasma folate and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition. Eur J Cancer 2011; 47:1808-16. [PMID: 21411310 PMCID: PMC3500543 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Folate intake has shown an inverse association with pancreatic cancer; nevertheless, results from plasma measurements were inconsistent. The aim of this study is to examine the association between plasma total homocysteine, methionine, folate, cobalamin, pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, riboflavin, flavin mononucleotide and pancreatic cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). We conducted a nested case-control study in the EPIC cohort, which has an average of 9.6 years of follow-up (1992-2006), using 463 incident pancreatic cancer cases. Controls were matched to each case by center, sex, age (± 1 year), date (± 1 year) and time (± 3 h) at blood collection and fasting status. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI), adjusting for education, smoking status, plasma cotinine concentration, alcohol drinking, body mass index and diabetes status. We observed a U-shaped association between plasma folate and pancreatic cancer risk. The ORs for plasma folate ≤ 5, 5-10, 10-15 (reference), 15-20, and > 20 nmol/L were 1.58 (95% CI=0.72-3.46), 1.39 (0.93-2.08), 1.0 (reference), 0.79 (0.52-1.21), and 1.34 (0.89-2.02), respectively. Methionine was associated with an increased risk in men (per quintile increment: OR=1.17, 95% CI=1.00-1.38) but not in women (OR=0.91, 95% CI=0.78-1.07; p for heterogeneity <0.01). Our results suggest a U-shaped association between plasma folate and pancreatic cancer risk in both men and women. The positive association that we observed between methionine and pancreatic cancer may be sex dependent and may differ by time of follow-up. However, the mechanisms behind the observed associations warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Chun Chuang
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC/HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Rachael Stolzenberg-Solomon
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, MD, USA
| | - Per Magne Ueland
- Section of Pharmacology, Institute of Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stein Emil Vollset
- Department of Public Health and Primary Health Care, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Anja Olsen
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Institute of Cancer Epidemiology, the Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Marie-Christine Boutron-Ruault
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, U1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Sophie Morois
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, U1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Franςoise Clavel-Chapelon
- INSERM, Center for Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, U1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
- Paris South University, UMRS1018, F-94805, Villejuif, France
| | - Brigit Teucher
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Germany
| | - Cornelia Weikert
- German Institute of Human Nutrition, Potsdam-Rehbrüecke Arthur-Scheunert-Alle 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Heiner Boeing
- Department of Epidemiology, Deutsches Institut für Ernährungsforschung, Potsdam-Rehbrücke, Germany
| | - Antonia Trichopoulou
- WHO collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
- Hellenic Health Foundation, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassiliki Benetou
- WHO collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Androniki Naska
- WHO collaborating Center for Food and Nutrition Policies, Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, University of Athens Medical School, Athens, Greece
| | - Mazda Jenab
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Nadia Slimani
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Dominique S. Michaud
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Domenico Palli
- Molecular and Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Cancer Research and Prevention Institute – ISPO, Florence, Italy
| | - Sieri Sabina
- Nutritional Epidemiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Italy
| | - Salvatore Panico
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale, Universita di Napoli, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit, “Civile M.P. Arzeeo” Hospital ASP 7, Ragusa, Italy
| | - Guri Skeie
- Institutt for Samfunnsmedisin, Universitetet I Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Eric J. Duell
- Unit of Nutrition, Environment and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Programme, Institut Catala d’Oncologia (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laudina Rodriguez
- Jefa de Seccion de Informacion Sanitaria, Servicio de Salud Sanitarios, Principado de Asturias, Asturias, Spain
| | - Esther Molina-Montes
- Andalusian School of Public Health, Granada, Granada, Spain
- Ciber Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - José Marí Huerta
- Ciber Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Murcia Regional Health Authority, Murica, Spain
| | - Nerea Larrañaga
- Ciber Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Public Health Department of Gipuzkoa, Basque Government, Spain
| | - Aurelio Barricarte Gurrea
- Ciber Epidemiologia y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
- Navarre Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Dorthe Johansen
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Jonas Manjer
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital Malmö, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Weimin Ye
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institut, Stockholm, Umea, Sweden
- The Medical Biobank at Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Malin Sund
- Departments of Surgical and Perioperative Science, Surgery and Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Nutrition Research, Umea University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Petra HM Peeters
- Julius Center for Health Science and Primary Care, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Jeumink
- The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Francesca Crowe
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Elio Riboli
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita
- The National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Centre Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paolo Vineis
- School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- MRC/HPA Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
- HuGeF Foundation, Torino, Italy
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Bertuccio P, La Vecchia C, Silverman DT, Petersen GM, Bracci PM, Negri E, Li D, Risch HA, Olson SH, Gallinger S, Miller AB, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Talamini R, Polesel J, Ghadirian P, Baghurst PA, Zatonski W, Fontham ET, Bamlet WR, Holly EA, Lucenteforte E, Hassan M, Yu H, Kurtz RC, Cotterchio M, Su J, Maisonneuve P, Duell EJ, Bosetti C, Boffetta P. Cigar and pipe smoking, smokeless tobacco use and pancreatic cancer: an analysis from the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Ann Oncol 2011; 22:1420-1426. [PMID: 21245160 PMCID: PMC3139985 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdq613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Revised: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is the best-characterized risk factor for pancreatic cancer. However, data are limited for other tobacco smoking products and smokeless tobacco. MATERIALS AND METHODS We conducted a pooled analysis of cigar and pipe smoking and smokeless tobacco use and risk of pancreatic cancer using data from 11 case-control studies (6056 cases and 11,338 controls) within the International Pancreatic Cancer Case-Control Consortium (PanC4). Pooled odds ratios (OR) and the corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional multiple logistic regression models adjusted for study center and selected covariates. RESULTS Compared with never tobacco users, the OR for cigar-only smokers was 1.6 (95% CI: 1.2-2.3), i.e. comparable to that of cigarette-only smokers (OR 1.5; 95% CI 1.4-1.6). The OR was 1.1 (95% CI 0.69-1.6) for pipe-only smokers. There was some evidence of increasing risk with increasing amount of cigar smoked per day (OR 1.82 for ≥ 10 grams of tobacco), although not with duration. The OR for ever smokeless tobacco users as compared with never tobacco users was 0.98 (95% CI 0.75-1.3). CONCLUSION This collaborative analysis provides evidence that cigar smoking is associated with an excess risk of pancreatic cancer, while no significant association emerged for pipe smoking and smokeless tobacco use.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bertuccio
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy; Department of Occupational Health, Section of Medical Statistics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - C La Vecchia
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy; Department of Occupational Health, Section of Medical Statistics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | - E Negri
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - D Li
- The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - H A Risch
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - S H Olson
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | | | - A B Miller
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - H B Bueno-de-Mesquita
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Talamini
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano, Italy
| | - J Polesel
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico (CRO), Aviano, Italy
| | - P Ghadirian
- Epidemiology Research Unit, Research Centre (CRCHUM), Montréal, Canada
| | - P A Baghurst
- Public Health, Women's and Children's Hospital, Adelaide, Australia
| | - W Zatonski
- Cancer Center & Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - E T Fontham
- Louisiana State University, School of Public Health, New Orleans
| | | | - E A Holly
- University of California, San Francisco
| | - E Lucenteforte
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy; Department of Occupational Health, Section of Medical Statistics, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - M Hassan
- The University of Texas M.D Anderson Cancer Center, Houston
| | - H Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven
| | - R C Kurtz
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - M Cotterchio
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Canada
| | - J Su
- National Cancer Institute, Bethesda
| | | | - E J Duell
- Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Bosetti
- Department of Epidemiology, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Milan, Italy
| | - P Boffetta
- International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France; The Tisch Cancer Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, USA.
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Tempero MA, Arnoletti JP, Behrman S, Ben-Josef E, Benson AB, Berlin JD, Cameron JL, Casper ES, Cohen SJ, Duff M, Ellenhorn JDI, Hawkins WG, Hoffman JP, Kuvshinoff BW, Malafa MP, Muscarella P, Nakakura EK, Sasson AR, Thayer SP, Tyler DS, Warren RS, Whiting S, Willett C, Wolff RA. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma. J Natl Compr Canc Netw 2010; 8:972-1017. [PMID: 20876541 DOI: 10.6004/jnccn.2010.0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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50
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