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Holt MP, Shevach EM, Punkosdy GA. Endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses (mtv): new roles for an old virus in cancer, infection, and immunity. Front Oncol 2013; 3:287. [PMID: 24324930 PMCID: PMC3840357 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse Mammary Tumor Viruses are beta-retroviruses that exist in both exogenous (MMTV) and endogenous (Mtv) forms. Exogenous MMTV is transmitted via the milk of lactating animals and is capable of inducing mammary gland tumors later in life. MMTV has provided a number of critical models for studying both viral infection as well as human breast cancer. In addition to the horizontally transmitted MMTV, most inbred mouse strains contain permanently integrated Mtv proviruses within their genome that are remnants of MMTV infection and vertically transmitted. Historically, Mtv have been appreciated for their role in shaping the T cell repertoire during thymic development via negative selection. In addition, more recent work has demonstrated a larger role for Mtv in modulating host immune responses due to its peripheral expression. The influence of Mtv on host response has been observed during experimental murine models of Polyomavirus- and ESb-induced lymphoma as well as Leishmania major and Plasmodium berghei ANKA infection. Decreased susceptibility to bacterial pathogens and virus-induced tumors has been observed among mice lacking all Mtv. We have also demonstrated a role for Mtv Sag in the expansion of regulatory T cells following chronic viral infection. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest research in the field regarding peripheral expression of Mtv with a particular focus on their role and influence on the immune system, infectious disease outcome, and potential involvement in tumor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Holt
- Laboratory of Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
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2
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Matsuzawa A, Kaneko T, Takeda Y, Murakami A, Tsubura A. Characterization of mammary plaques in DDD mice congenic for Mtv-2 gene, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84:48-54. [PMID: 8383648 PMCID: PMC5919030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1993.tb02783.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
DDD/1 mice free from exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) do not develop any neoplastic mammary lesions. In GR mice, the expression of Mtv-2, an endogenous proviral MMTV, leads to 100% incidence of mammary ductal hyperplasias and tumors. An Mtv-2 congenic line, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2, was established by introducing Mtv-2 from GR into DDD/1 to elucidate its function. Development of mammary plaques (MPQ) characterized by ductal hyperplasias was investigated in 152 congenic females on day 17 to 19 of the first pregnancy. The incidence of MPQ was 48.0% and most MPQ-positive mice (75.3%) had only one MPQ. Generally, MPQ were small in size: the diameter was as small as < or = 3 mm in 77.6% of them. Of 84 MPQ implanted into intact fat pads, 43 (51.2%), 38 (45.2%) and 3 (3.6%) showed undetectable, pregnancy-dependent and autonomous growths; respectively when the hosts underwent pregnancy. Almost all MPQ produced normal-appearing ductal-alveolar outgrowths in mammary epithelium-divested or cleared fat pads of virgins. MPQ implanted into cleared fat pads were very similar to normal mammary glands in the responses to progesterone (P) and estradiol (E) alone or in combination except for association of ductal hyperplasias in 4 of 12 MPQ under E+P treatment. These findings revealed the preneoplastic nature of MPQ. Exogenous MMTV proviruses were demonstrated in all MPQ. The int-2 DNA rearrangement was found in 2 of 10 MPQ but in none of 9 mammary carcinomas and the int-1 DNA rearrangement in none of 10 MPQ but in 5 of 10 carcinomas. It is thus likely that the Mtv-2 gene participates in a very early stage of mammary tumorigenesis not directly but indirectly through insertion mutation of host genes, while the cellular oncogenes, int-2 and int-1, may contribute to preneoplastic transformation of mammary epithelium and progression from preneoplastic to more malignant states, respectively.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Blotting, Southern
- Cell Division/drug effects
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- DNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Epithelium/pathology
- Estradiol/pharmacology
- Female
- Genes, env
- Hyperplasia
- Mammary Glands, Animal/microbiology
- Mammary Glands, Animal/pathology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/isolation & purification
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Oncogenes
- Precancerous Conditions/genetics
- Precancerous Conditions/microbiology
- Precancerous Conditions/pathology
- Pregnancy
- Progesterone/pharmacology
- Proviruses/genetics
- Proviruses/isolation & purification
- Restriction Mapping
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuzawa
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, University of Tokyo
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3
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Matsuzawa A, Sayama K, Tsubura A, Murakami A. A congenic line of the DDD mouse strain, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2: establishment and mammary tumorigenesis. Jpn J Cancer Res 1990; 81:639-44. [PMID: 1976120 PMCID: PMC6504069 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.1990.tb02621.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A single dominant gene on chromosome 18, Mtv-2, controls both the early appearance of mammary tumors and expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in the milk. A congenic DDD mouse strain, DDD/1-Mtv-2/Mtv-2 (DDD-Mtv-2), was developed by introducing this gene from GRS/AJms (GR) into DDD/1 mice by repeating 12 backcrosses and subsequent inbreeding using mammary tumors as a marker for selection. Southern blot analysis of the liver DNA from the resulting congenic mice with EcoRI and MMTV-U3 prove revealed that two DNA fragments corresponding to Mtv-2 were specifically transferred from GR to congenic mice. Detection of MMTV-gp52 antigen in the mammary gland and mammary tumor development in DDDfDDD-Mtv-2 mice demonstrated the production of infectious mature MMTV by Mtv-2 in congenic mice. About 80% of breeding DDD-Mtv-2 females developed mammary tumors in the course of one-year follow-up. The tumor incidence was lower and the tumor age higher than those in GR mice, suggesting less active functioning of the gene on the DDD genetic background. About 70% of these tumors were morphologically classified as pale cell and type P carcinomas peculiar to GR mice. The gene seemed to control the histologic features of mammary tumors. Congenic mice carried an MMTV provirus in an incomplete form on Y chromosome. The DDD-Mtv-2-strain will provide a new model for biological and molecular researches into mouse mammary tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Matsuzawa
- Laboratory Animal Research Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo
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4
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Hainaut P, Vaira D, Francois C, Calberg-Bacq CM. Mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) infection in SWISS and RIII mice. Correlation between resistance to exogenous infection and anti-MMTV serum response. Arch Virol 1990; 113:35-52. [PMID: 2167058 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Host-virus relationships were examined in mice from the two mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV)-infected strains SWISS MB+ and RIII, which harbour the same MMTV variant, and from the derived sublines Swiss MB- and RIIIf, which were freed of milk-borne MMTV by foster-nursing. These two strains are not phylogenetically related, the SWISS strain bearing the endogenous Mtv-3 locus in its DNA. In RIII and SWISS MB+ mice, the incidence of early mammary tumors, which was of 96% and 8%, respectively, was correlated to the level of MMTV expression in milk. In the SWISS MB-line, a non-coordinate expression of the provirus associated with the Mtv-3 locus was observed in the mammary glands, the salivary glands and the spleen. This expression was not tumorigenic and was characterized by the presence of the p28 gag antigen and the absence of the gp52 env antigen, except, however, in mammary glands of elder mice where traces of gp52 were found. In the mammary glands of SWISS MB+ mice, the expression of the Mtv-3 locus was masked by large amounts of antigens resulting from exogenous virus expression. RIIIf mice were MMTV-negative. Viral antigens coexisted with anti-MMTV antibodies in the serum of infected and tumor-bearing mice, but not in the form of immune complexes as verified by a method that allowed to detect specific antigen-containing-soluble immune complexes. An anti-MMTV serum reactivity was also detected in SWISS MB- and RIIIf mice. However, the serum response was higher in the two SWISS lines than in the two RIII lines. Except in tumor-bearing mice, the anti-MMTV response was not significantly modified by the presence of exogenous virus and thus resulted essentially from exposure to endogenous MMTV expression. In experimental infection studies, RIII mice were more susceptible to MMTV infection than SWISS mice. The correlation between resistance to MMTV infection and serum response to endogenous MMTV expression, suggests that the non-tumorigenic expression of an endogenous provirus can protect at least partially, against exogenous MMTV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hainaut
- Département de Microbiologie, Université de Liège, Belgium
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5
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Telang NT, Bradlow HL, Kurihara H, Osborne MP. In vitro biotransformation of estradiol by explant cultures of murine mammary tissues. Breast Cancer Res Treat 1989; 13:173-81. [PMID: 2730963 DOI: 10.1007/bf01806529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In vivo experiments have demonstrated a correlation between the extent of 16 alpha-hydroxylation of estradiol and incidence of mammary cancer. The ability of mammary ductal epithelium (MDE), the site for neoplastic transformation, to metabolize estradiol or to accumulate estradiol metabolites has not been unequivocally established. Using a newly developed mammary explant culture system and a radiometric assay, we have compared the site-specific metabolism of estradiol (E2) by the C-17-oxidation and C-16 alpha-hydroxylation pathways in mouse tissues that differ in relative risk for mammary cancer. A comparison between MDE (target tissue) and liver (nontarget tissue) from NFS (low risk) and C3H/ouj (high risk) mice revealed that: a) increase in C-17-oxidation was similar in MDE and liver from the two strains, and b) while C-16 alpha-hydroxylation was similar in liver from the two strains (p = 0.5, n.s.), it was increased 4-fold in the MDE from the high risk C3H/ouj strain relative to that from the low risk NFS strain (p = 0.001). Furthermore, in vivo administration of progesterone resulted in modulation of cell proliferation as well as of E2 metabolism in mammary explant cultures. The effect of progesterone depended upon the presence of the MtV-2 proviral gene. This study demonstrates that mammary explants can extrahepatically metabolize estradiol. The specific risk-related increase in C-16 alpha-hydroxylation suggests that intrinsic metabolic ability of the target tissue leading to the formation of 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone from estradiol may be a determinant in the relative risk for developing mammary cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Telang
- Department of Surgery, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021
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Franklin GC, Chretien S, Hanson IM, Rochefort H, May FE, Westley BR. Expression of human sequences related to those of mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol 1988; 62:1203-10. [PMID: 2831381 PMCID: PMC253128 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.62.4.1203-1210.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequences related to those of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) genome have been cloned from human DNA by screening a library prepared from the DNA of a human breast cancer cell line with MuMTV gag-pol DNA. Nine distinct groups of (MuMTV-related) sequences were identified among 100 lambda recombinants by cross-hybridization experiments with subcloned fragments containing gag-pol-related DNA. The largest group, of 64 recombinants, contains the MuMTV-related sequences cloned by others. The other eight groups contain MuMTV-related sequences that have not been described previously. The gag-pol regions of one recombinant from each of the nine groups were hybridized to RNA prepared from five human breast cancer cell lines, from placenta, and from two cell lines derived from other malignancies. RNAs were detected by probes for seven of the groups. The RNAs ranged in size from 1.2 to 12 kilobases. Probes for six of the groups detected large RNAs that could represent transcripts of full-length proviral DNA. Two of the probes detected RNA in one breast cancer cell line only. Most of the RNAs were detected in more than one cell line.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Breast Neoplasms/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Gene Products, gag
- Genes, Viral
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Nucleic Acid Hybridization
- Placenta/microbiology
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Retroviridae Proteins/genetics
- Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid
- Transcription, Genetic
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Vulvar Neoplasms/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- G C Franklin
- University Department of Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- B Salmons
- Medical College of Georgia, Dept. of Cell and Molecular Biology, Augusta 30912
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Mester J, Wagenaar E, Sluyser M, Nusse R. Activation of int-1 and int-2 mammary oncogenes in hormone-dependent and -independent mammary tumors of GR mice. J Virol 1987; 61:1073-8. [PMID: 3029401 PMCID: PMC254065 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.61.4.1073-1078.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors in the GR mouse strain are caused by the expression of an endogenous provirus of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). The tumors progress from a hormone-dependent growth phase to autonomous, hormone-independent growth. We studied proviral insertion of MMTV at the int-1 and int-2 mammary oncogenes and the transcription of these genes during progression of a series of transplanted mammary tumors. During the hormone-dependent phase, 6 of 15 transplanted tumors were positive for proviral insertion at int-1 or int-2 or both. These tumors were oligoclonal with respect to the fraction of tumor cells with novel int-1 and int-2 restriction fragments and, apparently, consisted of different tumor cells with proviruses integrated at different oncogenes, including genes that are not yet known. In 10 tumors we detected expression of the int genes, indicating that most tumors contain minor populations of cells with int-1 or int-2 activations. On transplantation the tumors remained oligoclonal during the hormone-dependent phase. The hormone-independent variants of the tumors emerged as clonal outgrowths of cells with MMTV proviruses that could be traced back in the hormone-dependent tumors, but not always those of cells that were positive for insertions near int-1 or int-2. The maintenance of oligoclonality during the hormone-dependent phase suggests a growth-controlling effect of different populations of cells on each other. The clonal, hormone-independent tumors that arise later seem to be the result of mutations that are unrelated to int activation.
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Dickson C. Molecular aspects of mouse mammary tumor virus biology. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1987; 108:119-47. [PMID: 2822592 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)61437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Dickson
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, England
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10
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Sluyser M, Moncharmont B, Ramp G, de Goeij CC, Evers SG. Hormonal regulation of mouse mammary tumor growth. JOURNAL OF STEROID BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 27:209-14. [PMID: 2826887 DOI: 10.1016/0022-4731(87)90312-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In view of reports that human breast cancer cells secrete growth factors that can replace estradiol in sustaining tumor growth [1], we have investigated whether hormone independent (HI) GR mouse mammary tumors can sustain growth of estrogen-depleted hormone dependent (HD) tumors. HD GR mammary tumor TSl 106 was grafted subcutaneously in the right flank of estrone plus progesterone treated castrated (020 X GR)F1 mice. After 2 weeks the estrone treatment was stopped and the mice received 50, 100 or 150 mg HI GR mammary tumor TSl 104 in the left flank. However, the regression of the HD tumor due to estrone depletion was not prevented or retarded by the HI grafts. In other experiments we investigated integrations of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral DNA in the DNA of GR mammary tumors. We could demonstrate the presence of two cell populations in tumor TSl 96, both HD but differing in MMTV DNA integration events. Our data indicate that exogenous integrations of MMTV proviruses can take place in mouse mammary tumor DNA without loss of hormone dependency of the tumors. Like in GR/Mtv-2+ mice, mammary tumor transplants differing in MMTV proviral integrations are also observed in 020/Mtv-2+ mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sluyser
- Division of Tumor Biology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute (Antoni van Leeuwenhoekhuis), Amsterdam
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11
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Sarkar A, Günzburg WH. Spleen specific expression of an MMTV related transcript associated with the Mtv-6 locus in BALB/c mice. Virology 1986; 154:233-9. [PMID: 3019005 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(86)90447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We have detected an MMTV related transcript which is expressed in a spleen specific manner in BALB/cHeA mice. Using a recombinant inbred series between BALB/cHeA and STS/A mice (C X S RI series) we have identified RNA associated with the Mtv-3 locus of the STS/A strain. This transcript initiates at the same site in the MMTV LTR as already reported for Mtv-2 and Mtv-8. The novel spleen specific MMTV transcript in the BALB/cHeA strain has a different structure as compared to the transcripts associated with the Mtv-2, Mtv-3, or Mtv-8 loci. We have tentatively identified the Mtv-6 locus as the source of these unique transcripts.
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12
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Morris DW, Young LJ, Gardner MB, Cardiff RD. Transfer, by selective breeding, of the pathogenic Mtv-2 endogenous provirus from the GR strain to a wild mouse line free of endogenous and exogenous mouse mammary tumor virus. J Virol 1986; 58:247-52. [PMID: 3009842 PMCID: PMC252907 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.58.2.247-252.1986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The GR laboratory mouse strain has five endogenous proviral copies of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). One of these, Mtv-2, is unique because it causes mammary carcinomas in virtually 100% of breeding GR females prior to 1 year of age. To facilitate studies of this locus in particular, and mammary tumorigenesis in general, we genetically tailored a new mouse line, WXG-2, which bears Mtv-2 as its only endogenous MMTV provirus. The WXG-2 line was constructed by making hybrids between the GR strain and a wild mouse line free of both endogenous and exogenous MMTV, backcrossing to the MMTV-free line, and fixing the Mtv-2 locus in a population with the desired genotype. Mammary tumors were observed in 5 of the 20 hybrid females carrying the endogenous Mtv-2 provirus. The WXG-2 line represents a new model system for studying MMTV-induced mammary tumorigenesis in the absence of multiple endogenous proviruses.
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Tsubura A, Ueda S, Shikata N, Morii S, Tanaka H. Immunohistochemical expression of mammary tumor virus antigens in mammary glands of virgin mice, in relation to Mtv genes. ACTA PATHOLOGICA JAPONICA 1986; 36:15-22. [PMID: 3008497 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1986.tb01456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
MTV antigens in the resting mammary glands of GRS/A, SHN, C3H, and Balb/c virgin mice were detected by immunoperoxidase techniques using antiserum against MTV whole virion, gp 52 or p 25 to differentiate the expression between endogenous and exogenous MTV. Balb/c mice were crossed to infect MTV into each reciprocal hybrid or fosternursed inbred. Immunohistochemical stainings of gp 52 in the formol-fixed sections were almost the same as those of the whole MTV virion, and the results on various cases were as follows: In the mice with endogenous GR-MTV, positivity was first observed at the age of 14 days, while the first expression of exogenous GR-MTV was delayed to the age of 140 days. The mice with endogenous and/or exogenous SHN-MTV showed the first antigen appearance at the age of 65 days, and those with exogenous C3H-MTV did at the age of 80 days. The virgins with only endogenous C3H-MTV came to express the antigen after the age of 200 days. Staining of p 25 in Carnoy-fixed sections of MTV-positive mammary glands was found in the supranuclear cytoplasm and apical surface of the glandular cells and the lumen, all of which are the site of A and B particles. By means of preembedding method for gp 52, the reaction products were ultrastructurally detected not only on the MTV-budding apical surface, together with the intraluminal B particles, but also on the MTV-free apical cell membrane of the glandular cells in the mammary gland of the GR virgins.
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14
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Matsuzawa A. Hormone dependence and independence of mammary tumors in mice. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 1986; 103:303-40. [PMID: 3017886 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(08)60839-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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15
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Sluyser M, Destrée OH. Histone phosphorylation in explants of mouse mammary glands and tumors. Mol Biol Rep 1986; 11:237-45. [PMID: 2433573 DOI: 10.1007/bf00419603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Rates of histone phosphorylation were measured in explants of mammary glands from mouse strains with high and low tumor incidence. Explants of hormone dependent and independent mouse mammary tumors were also investigated. All mouse strains studied showed predominant phosphorylation of H2A histone at serine and threonine residues. No differences in rates of H2A phosphorylation in glands were found between strains having different mammary tumor susceptibility. Hormone-dependent GR mouse mammary tumors also showed high H2A phosphorylation, but in some tumors also H1 and H3 were phosphorylated. Hormone-dependent GR tumors had 2-5 times higher histone phosphorylation at serine and threonine than hormone-independent tumors.
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16
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Michalides R, Verstraeten R, Shen FW, Hilgers J. Characterization and chromosomal distribution of endogenous mouse mammary tumor viruses of European mouse strains STS/A and GR/A. Virology 1985; 142:278-90. [PMID: 2997987 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(85)90336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) proviral copies in two genetically dissimilar mouse strains, STS/A, a European mouse strain, and BALB/c, were characterized. STS/A carries the same four MMTV proviral copies as GR.Mtv-2-; these strains share also most of the isoenzyme markers and are therefore highly related. Cellular DNA of GR.Mtv-2- contains a partial MMTV provirus that is not present in STS/A. GR.Mtv-2- is derived from GR; they differ in the locus Mtv-2 that contains one MMTV provirus. Expression of this Mtv-2 endogenous MMTV provirus is directly linked to mammary tumorigenesis in GR. MMTV proviral loci were studied using restriction enzyme analysis and the Southern transfer procedure using liver DNAs from recombinant inbred strains between BALB/c and STS/A. All segregating MMTV-specific EcoRI fragments were identified to MMTV proviral loci and most of these were localized by studying the cosegregation of the Mtv units and known chromosomal markers. Since STS/A, GR.Mtv-2-, and GR are highly related, the five complete endogenous MMTV proviruses of GR were located on the following chromosomes: Mtv-2 on chromosome 18, Mtv-3 on 11, Mtv-19 on 1, Mtv-20 on 4, whereas Mtv-8 has tentatively been located on chromosome 18 by Callahan et al. (R. Callahan, D. Gallahan, and Ch. Kozak (1984), J. Virol. 49, 1005-1008). GR and GR.Mtv-2 furthermore contain two incomplete MMTV proviral elements, one of which is also present in STS/A.
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17
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Briand P, Hou-Jensen K, van Nie R. Hormonal induction of uterine sarcomas in GR mice not dependent on mammary tumor virus genes or uterine trauma. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1985; 21:141-2. [PMID: 2982620 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(85)90211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Hynes NE, Groner B, Michalides R. Mouse mammary tumor virus: transcriptional control and involvement in tumorigenesis. Adv Cancer Res 1984; 41:155-84. [PMID: 6328901 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-230x(08)60016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Chromosome Aberrations
- Chromosome Mapping
- DNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- DNA, Viral/genetics
- Female
- Genes
- Genes, Viral
- Genetic Code
- Glucocorticoids/physiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/etiology
- Leukemia, Experimental/genetics
- Leukemia, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/etiology
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/microbiology
- Mammary Tumor Virus, Mouse/genetics
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes
- Transcription, Genetic
- Transfection
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Imai S, Morimoto J, Tsubura Y, Iwai Y, Okumoto M, Takamori Y, Tsubura A, Hilgers J. Tissue and organ distribution of mammary tumor virus antigens in low and high mammary cancer strain mice. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF CANCER & CLINICAL ONCOLOGY 1983; 19:1011-9. [PMID: 6309527 DOI: 10.1016/0277-5379(83)90071-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Expression of mammary tumor virus (MTV) antigen was measured in a wide variety of organs and tissues of a series of high (GR, SHN, SHNf, DD, SLN, SLNf) and low (DDf, DDD, DDDf, KF, KFf, ddY, C57BL, BALB/c) mammary cancer strain mice. Tests were carried out by microimmunodiffusion (micro-ID) and immunoperoxidase tests on formalin-fixed tissues and radioimmunoassays in extracts for 2 viral proteins, MTVp27 from the viral core and MTVgp52 from the viral envelope. Organs with exocrine function, i.e. the mammary gland, salivary gland, coagulating gland and prostate, were mostly positive. The secretory epithelial cells of these organs showed viral antigen expression. Less positivity was encountered in brain, pancreas, stomach, urinary bladder, epididymis, uterus, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes and kidney, plasma and blood cell pools. Unexpectedly the uterus extracts showed MTV antigen expression, occasionally even by immunodiffusion, especially in mice of various DD stocks, but also in the GR strain. Another striking observation was the detection of MTV antigen expression in salivary glands in C57BL strain mice; most other organs of this strain (including the mammary glands) were negative. The implications of results of this extensive survey for MTV antigen expression are discussed for tumorigenesis by MTV of mammary gland and perhaps other tissues in the mouse.
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20
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Sluyser M, Verstraeten RA, Van Nie R. Effect of hormones on the expression of proviral genes Mtv-2 and Mtv-3 in mouse mammary gland. Int J Cancer 1983; 31:217-21. [PMID: 6298127 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910310214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the expression of the Mtv-2 and Mtv-3 proviral genes in mouse mammary glands by examining the effect of hormones on levels of mammary tumor virus (MTV) proteins p27 (gag) and gp52 (env) in mouse mammary explants. We also investigated the effect of the hormones on DNA synthesis in the explants. The mammary glands were derived from inbred GR and 020 mice, and from the respective congenic mouse strains GR/Mtv-2- and 020/Mtv-2+. The addition of insulin to the culture medium caused increases in p27 and gp52 levels in GR and 020/Mtv-2+ glands; a further increase in the viral proteins was obtained by also adding dexamethasone. Prolactin in combination with progesterone enhanced p27 and gp52 levels, but to a lesser extent than did dexamethasone. Dexamethasone caused a slight but significant increase in p27 protein in mammary explants from GR/Mtv-2- mice. Our data indicate that the Mtv-2 locus and the Mtv-3 locus in mouse mammary gland are under separate glucocorticoid control, and that Mtv-2 expression is also stimulated by the prolactin and progesterone combination. Whereas dexamethasone enhances MTV protein levels in mouse mammary explants, it inhibits DNA synthesis in the explants.
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21
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Fanning TG, Vassos AB, Cardiff RD. Methylation and amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus DNA in normal, premalignant, and malignant cells of GR/A mice. J Virol 1982; 41:1007-13. [PMID: 6284957 PMCID: PMC256838 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.41.3.1007-1013.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The methylation and amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) proviral DNA was investigated in normal, premalignant, and malignant tissues of GR/A mice. The proviral methylation pattern was examined with the restriction enzyme HhaI, which fails to cleave methylated DNA. MuMTV proviral DNA from liver, kidney, and heart was highly methylated. Proviral DNA was somewhat undermethylated in mammary gland cells from virgin and lactating mice and extensively undermethylated in cells from premalignant outgrowths, pregnancy-dependent tumors, and pregnancy-independent tumors. The restriction enzyme SacI was used to detect additional proviruses in the same cells. No additional proviral copies of MuMTV were detected in liver, kidney, or heart cells or in mammary gland cells from virgin mice. Some mammary gland cells from lactating mice appeared to contain additional copies of the endogenous, highly oncogenic GT-MTV-2 provirus. Premalignant outgrowth, pregnancy-dependent tumor, and pregnancy-independent tumor cells contained an average of two to three additional copies per cell of the GT-MTV-2 provirus. Thus, neoplasia in GR/A mice was directly associated with quantized increases in MuMTV proviral DNA undermethylation and GR-MTV-2 proviral DNA amplification. Restriction enzyme analysis suggested that premalignant outgrowths and pregnancy-dependent tumors both consisted largely of heterogenous cell populations, although some evidence of clonal dominance was detected.
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22
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Hynes NE, Groner B. Mammary tumor formation and hormonal control of mouse mammary tumor virus expression. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1982; 101:51-74. [PMID: 6303703 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-68654-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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23
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Iványi D, Démant P. Serological characterization of previously unknown H-2 molecules identified in the products of the Kd and Dk region. Immunogenetics 1981; 12:397-408. [PMID: 6162797 DOI: 10.1007/bf01561679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular relationship between H-2 private and some public specificities was studied in C3H.OH (H-202) mice using surface-antigen re-distribution methods. Besides the Kd- and Dk-region antigens, which can be capped by antisera against the private and public specificities characteristic for a given allele, a previously unknown type of molecule was found in the products of both the Kd and Dk regions. These can be capped by the respective anti-private serum but not by antisera against some public specificities. The two Kd-region molecules are provisionally named H-2K1d and H-2K2d. We detected them on H-202 (Kd, Id, Sd, Dk) and also on H-2dx (Kd, If, Sf, Ddx) T lymphocytes. Similarly, the two types of molecules detected on the products of the Dk region are provisionally named H-dD1k and H-2D2k. The serological characteristics of these molecules are described. When compared with the products of the Dd region, in which we previously described three different molecules (H-2Dd, H-2Md, and H-2Ld), the mutual relationship between H-2K1d and H-2K2d as well as between H-2D1k and H-2D2k appears to be similar to that between H-2Dd and H-2Md. In the absence of relevant recombinants or informative biochemical data, it is, however, difficult to establish homology between molecules produced by different K- and D-region alleles.
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Abstract
The K and D regions of the H-2 gene complex are highly polymorphic and control cell-surface structures involved in the H-2 restriction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Originally it was assumed that each of these regions controlled only one type of antigenic molecule, H-2K and H-2D, respectively. The finding that the D region controls H-2L and H-2M, as well as H-2D, molecules suggests that the system of H-2 antigens is more complicated. We demonstrate here previously unknown H-2 molecules detected by anti-K- and D-region alloantisera in co-capping experiments. Three different types of molecule, distinct from Ia and Qa antigens, are distinguished in the products of the Ddx region, and two in the products of the Dk and Kd regions. Analysis of the antigenic heterogeneity of K- and D-region products may further understanding of the function of these regions in cell-mediated immunity.
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Michalides R, van Nie R, Nusse R, Hynes NE, Groner B. Mammary tumor induction loci in GR and DBAf mice contain one provirus of the mouse mammary tumor virus. Cell 1981; 23:165-73. [PMID: 6260372 DOI: 10.1016/0092-8674(81)90281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mammary tumor induction genes Mtv-1 in mouse strain DBAf and Mtv-2 in strain GR control the complete expression of the endogenous mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV). We have used a combination of genetic, biochemical and molecular biological methods to identify and correlate specific copies of the endogenous MMTV proviral genes with the biological properties of the tumor induction genes Mtv-1 and Mtv-2. These Mtv induction genes contain specific MMTV proviral information, as was concluded from restriction enzyme analysis and molecular hybridization of DNAs of congenic mouse strains and of progenitors of backcross populations. The congenic strains differed from the parental strains GR and 020 only in the Mtv-2 gene, one lacking the Mtv-2 gene (GR/Mtv-2-) and one having obtained this gene (020/Mtv-2+). The gain or loss coincided with two Eco RI cellular DNA fragments containing MMTV DNA information. Since Eco RI cuts the exogenous proviral variant of MMTV DNA once, we assume that these two cellular DNA fragments contain one MMTV provirus. The same cellular DNA fragments containing MMTV DNA information segregated together with MMTV expression in the offspring population of the backcross. In a similar backcross analysis of the induction gene Mtv-1 it was also demonstrated that the Mtv-1 gene comprises one MMTV provirus. These data indicate that Mtv induction genes contain specific but different MMTV proviral genes and that nly a limited number of the MMTV proviruses present in the cellular DNA is associated with the control of proviral expression.
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Fanning TG, Puma JP, Cardiff RD. Selective amplification of mouse mammary tumor virus in mammary tumors of GR mice. J Virol 1980; 36:109-14. [PMID: 6255199 PMCID: PMC353620 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.36.1.109-114.1980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
DNAs extracted from the mammary tumors of GR mice were analyzed for mouse mammary tumor virus proviral sequences by the restriction enzyme-Southern blot procedure. The tumor DNAs contain more proviral copies of mouse mammary tumor virus than DNA from a nonmalignant tissue. The degree of proviral amplification is small (ca. one to five additional copies) and appears to be variable from tumor to tumor. The restriction patterns of the amplified proviral sequences suggest a clonal origin for the tumor mass. In addition, the restriction patterns observed after digestion with the enzymes BglII and SacI indicate that only one of the proviruses endogenous to GR mice is amplified. The amplified provirus found in GR mammary tumors is identical to the provirus that is missing in GR-Mtv-2- mice, a congenic line exhibiting a low mammary tumor incidence.
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Nusse R, de Moes J, Hilkens J, van Nie R. Localization of a gene for expression of mouse mammary tumor virus antigens in the GR/Mtv-2- mouse strain. J Exp Med 1980; 152:712-9. [PMID: 6251153 PMCID: PMC2185924 DOI: 10.1084/jem.152.3.712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The GR/Mtv-2- mouse strain is congenic to the GR strain but lacks the Mtv-2 gene for high amounts of mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) virion particles in the milk and early mammary tumors. With a sensitive competition radioimmunoassay for individual viral proteins of MMTV, substantial amounts of the gag proteins p27 and p10 could still be detected in extracts of the mammary glands of GR/Mtv-2- mice, but essentially no viral envelope antigens. The genetic transmission of the MMTV gag expression in the GR/Mtv-2- strain was investigated. In a cross with the virus-negative BALB/c strain, the MMTV p27 expression behaved as a dominant feature. Double backcross analysis proved that the p27 expression was governed by a single gene located on chromosome 11, cloe to the Es-3 locus. The gene was thereby not allelic to any of the previously described MMTV induction genes, Mtv-1 and Mtv-2, and is therefore called Mtv-3. It is concluded that the total MMTV expression in the GR strain is under control of two separate loci, Mtv-2 on chromosome 18, inducing high levels of complete virus particles and also early mammary tumors; and Mtv-3 on chromosome 11, coding for partial MMTV expression.
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Nusse R, Michalides R, Boot LM, Röpcke G. Quantification of mouse mammary tumor virus structural proteins in hormone-induced mammary tumors of low mammary tumor mouse strains. Int J Cancer 1980; 25:377-83. [PMID: 6248469 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.2910250312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The expression of the mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) in hormone-induced mammary tumors was investigated by means of a radioimmunoassay for two major MMTV proteins, gp52 and p27. MMTV proteins were isolated on lectin affinity- and ion-exchange chromatography columns. The purified viral proteins were electrophoretically homogeneous and retained immunoreactivity after labelling with 125iodine. Standard competition assays showed that group-specific antigenic determinants were reacting. Mammary tumors were induced in three strains of mice with a low natural incidence of mammary tumors, C57BL, O20 and C3Hf, by a combined hormone treatment, consisting of hypophyseal isografts and administration of progesterone and estrone. Mammary tumors and mammary glands of hormone-treated animals were extracted and used for competition radioimmunoassays. In general, the tumorigenic hormone treatment resulted in enhanced amounts of MMTV proteins in the mammary glands, compared to the amounts found in lactating mammary glands of untreated animals. The levels of MMTV proteins in the mammary tumors were lower than in the mammary glands.
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Sluyser M. Hormone receptors in mouse mammary tumors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 1979; 560:509-29. [PMID: 229907 DOI: 10.1016/0304-419x(79)90015-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Female
- Mammary Glands, Animal/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/metabolism
- Mammary Neoplasms, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Hormone-Dependent/therapy
- Pregnancy
- Prolactin/metabolism
- Receptors, Androgen
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Receptors, Estrogen
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid
- Receptors, Progesterone
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Cohen JC, Varmus HE. Endogenous mammary tumour virus DNA varies among wild mice and segregates during inbreeding. Nature 1979; 278:418-23. [PMID: 221817 DOI: 10.1038/278418a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proviruses of the mouse mammary tumour virus (MMTV) endogenous to normal mice can be identified by molecular hybridisation and distinguished using restriction endonucleases. Feral mice display marked heterogeneity with respect to the number of copies and the sites of insertion of endogenous MMTV-specific DNA, with occasional mice apparently free of MMTV DNA. Several different MMTV proviruses present in laboratory mice have segregated like stable, independent genetic elements during the inbreeding which followed a cross between Bagg albino and DBA mice 60 years ago. The results favour the hypothesis that endogenous proviruses have been established by multiple, independent infections of germ cells rather than by somatic mutation of ancestral proviruses or of cellular genes.
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