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McFarland FL, Collier R, Walter N, Martinell B, Kaeppler SM, Kaeppler HF. A key to totipotency: Wuschel-like homeobox 2a unlocks embryogenic culture response in maize (Zea mays L.). PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2023; 21:1860-1872. [PMID: 37357571 PMCID: PMC10440991 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The ability of plant somatic cells to dedifferentiate, form somatic embryos and regenerate whole plants in vitro has been harnessed for both clonal propagation and as a key component of plant genetic engineering systems. Embryogenic culture response is significantly limited, however, by plant genotype in most species. This impedes advancements in both plant transformation-based functional genomics research and crop improvement efforts. We utilized natural variation among maize inbred lines to genetically map somatic embryo generation potential in tissue culture and identify candidate genes underlying totipotency. Using a series of maize lines derived from crosses involving the culturable parent A188 and the non-responsive parent B73, we identified a region on chromosome 3 associated with embryogenic culture response and focused on three candidate genes within the region based on genetic position and expression pattern. Two candidate genes showed no effect when ectopically expressed in B73, but the gene Wox2a was found to induce somatic embryogenesis and embryogenic callus proliferation. Transgenic B73 cells with strong constitutive expression of the B73 and A188 coding sequences of Wox2a were found to produce somatic embryos at similar frequencies, demonstrating that sufficient expression of either allele could rescue the embryogenic culture phenotype. Transgenic B73 plants were regenerated from the somatic embryos without chemical selection and no pleiotropic effects were observed in the Wox2a overexpression lines in the regenerated T0 plants or in the two independent events which produced T1 progeny. In addition to linking natural variation in tissue culture response to Wox2a, our data support the utility of Wox2a in enabling transformation of recalcitrant genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank L. McFarland
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Wisconsin Crop Innovation CenterUniversity of WisconsinMiddletonWIUSA
| | - Ray Collier
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
| | | | | | - Shawn M. Kaeppler
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Wisconsin Crop Innovation CenterUniversity of WisconsinMiddletonWIUSA
| | - Heidi F. Kaeppler
- Department of AgronomyUniversity of WisconsinMadisonWIUSA
- Wisconsin Crop Innovation CenterUniversity of WisconsinMiddletonWIUSA
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2
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Wouters M, Bastiaanse H, Rombauts S, de Vries L, De Pooter T, Strazisar M, Neutelings G, Vanholme R, Boerjan W. Suppression of the Arabidopsis cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1-6 intronic T-DNA mutation by epigenetic modification. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:3001-3016. [PMID: 37139862 PMCID: PMC7614886 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion collections are popular resources for fundamental plant research. Cinnamoyl-CoA reductase 1 (CCR1) catalyzes an essential step in the biosynthesis of the cell wall polymer lignin. Accordingly, the intronic T-DNA insertion mutant ccr1-6 has reduced lignin levels and shows a stunted growth phenotype. Here, we report restoration of the ccr1-6 mutant phenotype and CCR1 expression levels after a genetic cross with a UDP-glucosyltransferase 72e1 (ugt72e1),-e2,-e3 T-DNA mutant. We discovered that the phenotypic recovery was not dependent on the UGT72E family loss of function but due to an epigenetic phenomenon called trans T-DNA suppression. Via trans T-DNA suppression, the gene function of an intronic T-DNA mutant was restored after the introduction of an additional T-DNA sharing identical sequences, leading to heterochromatinization and splicing out of the T-DNA-containing intron. Consequently, the suppressed ccr1-6 allele was named epiccr1-6. Long-read sequencing revealed that epiccr1-6, not ccr1-6, carries dense cytosine methylation over the full length of the T-DNA. We showed that the SAIL T-DNA in the UGT72E3 locus could trigger the trans T-DNA suppression of the GABI-Kat T-DNA in the CCR1 locus. Furthermore, we scanned the literature for other potential cases of trans T-DNA suppression in Arabidopsis and found that 22% of the publications matching our query report on double or higher-order T-DNA mutants that meet the minimal requirements for trans T-DNA suppression. These combined observations indicate that intronic T-DNA mutants need to be used with caution since methylation of intronic T-DNA might derepress gene expression and can thereby confound results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Wouters
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Héloïse Bastiaanse
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Rombauts
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lisanne de Vries
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tim De Pooter
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mojca Strazisar
- Neuromics Support Facility, VIB Center for Molecular Neurology, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Godfrey Neutelings
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle (UGSF), UMR 8576, CNRS, Université de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Vanholme
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Boerjan
- VIB Center for Plants Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Shinoyama H, Ichikawa H, Nishizawa-Yokoi A, Skaptsov M, Toki S. Simultaneous TALEN-mediated knockout of chrysanthemum DMC1 genes confers male and female sterility. Sci Rep 2020; 10:16165. [PMID: 32999297 PMCID: PMC7527520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome editing has become one of the key technologies for plant breeding. However, in polyploid species such as chrysanthemum, knockout of all loci of multiple genes is needed to eliminate functional redundancies. We identified six cDNAs for the CmDMC1 genes involved in meiotic homologous recombination in chrysanthemum. Since all six cDNAs harbored a homologous core region, simultaneous knockout via TALEN-mediated genome editing should be possible. We isolated the CmDMC1 loci corresponding to the six cDNAs and constructed a TALEN-expression vector bearing a CmDMC1 target site containing the homologous core region. After transforming two chrysanthemum cultivars with the TALEN-expression vector, seven lines exhibited disruption of all six CmDMC1 loci at the target site as well as stable male and female sterility at 10–30 °C. This strategy to produce completely sterile plants could be widely applicable to prevent the risk of transgene flow from transgenic plants to their wild relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harue Shinoyama
- Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, Fukui, 918-8215, Japan. .,Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Awara, 910-4103, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Ichikawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishizawa-Yokoi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan.,Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology (PRESTO), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, 332-0012, Japan
| | - Mikhail Skaptsov
- South Siberian Botanical Garden, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russia, 656049
| | - Seiichi Toki
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Tsukuba, 305-8604, Japan.,Graduate School of Nanobioscience, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 236-0027, Japan.,Kihara Institute for Biological Research, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, 244-0813, Japan
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Bonawitz ND, Ainley WM, Itaya A, Chennareddy SR, Cicak T, Effinger K, Jiang K, Mall TK, Marri PR, Samuel JP, Sardesai N, Simpson M, Folkerts O, Sarria R, Webb SR, Gonzalez DO, Simmonds DH, Pareddy DR. Zinc finger nuclease-mediated targeting of multiple transgenes to an endogenous soybean genomic locus via non-homologous end joining. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:750-761. [PMID: 30220095 PMCID: PMC6419576 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Emerging genome editing technologies hold great promise for the improvement of agricultural crops. Several related genome editing methods currently in development utilize engineered, sequence-specific endonucleases to generate DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) at user-specified genomic loci. These DSBs subsequently result in small insertions/deletions (indels), base substitutions or incorporation of exogenous donor sequences at the target site, depending on the application. Targeted mutagenesis in soybean (Glycine max) via non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated repair of such DSBs has been previously demonstrated with multiple nucleases, as has homology-directed repair (HDR)-mediated integration of a single transgene into target endogenous soybean loci using CRISPR/Cas9. Here we report targeted integration of multiple transgenes into a single soybean locus using a zinc finger nuclease (ZFN). First, we demonstrate targeted integration of biolistically delivered DNA via either HDR or NHEJ to the FATTY ACID DESATURASE 2-1a (FAD2-1a) locus of embryogenic cells in tissue culture. We then describe ZFN- and NHEJ-mediated, targeted integration of two different multigene donors to the FAD2-1a locus of immature embryos. The largest donor delivered was 16.2 kb, carried four transgenes, and was successfully transmitted to T1 progeny of mature targeted plants obtained via somatic embryogenesis. The insertions in most plants with a targeted, 7.1 kb, NHEJ-integrated donor were perfect or near-perfect, demonstrating that NHEJ is a viable alternative to HDR for gene targeting in soybean. Taken together, these results show that ZFNs can be used to generate fertile transgenic soybean plants with NHEJ-mediated targeted insertions of multigene donors at an endogenous genomic locus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asuka Itaya
- Agriculture and Agri‐Food CanadaOttawaONCanada
| | | | | | | | - Ke Jiang
- Dow AgroSciences LLCIndianapolisINUSA
- Present address:
Genus IntelliGen TechnologiesWindsorWIUSA
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Abstract
Precise genome engineering can be efficiently made using the revolutionary tool named CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein) systems. Adapted from the bacterial immune system, CRISPR/Cas systems can generate highly specific double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the target site, and desired sequence modifications can be introduced during the DSB repair process, such as nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) or homology-directed repair (HDR) pathways. CRISPR/Cas9 is the most widely used genome editing tool for targeted mutagenesis, precise sequence modification, transcriptional reprogramming, epigenome editing, disease treatment, and many more. The ease of use and high specificity make CRISPR/Cas9 a great tool not only for basic researches but also for crop trait improvements, such as higher grain yield, better tolerance to abiotic stresses, enhanced disease resistance, and better nutritional contents. In this protocol, we present a step-by-step guide to the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis in maize Hi II genotype. Detailed procedures will guide through the essential steps including gRNA design, CRISPR/Cas9 vector construction, Agrobacterium-mediated maize immature embryo transformation, and molecular analysis of the transgenic plants to identify desired mutant lines.
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Merz D, Richter J, Gonneau M, Sanchez-Rodriguez C, Eder T, Sormani R, Martin M, Hématy K, Höfte H, Hauser MT. T-DNA alleles of the receptor kinase THESEUS1 with opposing effects on cell wall integrity signaling. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2017; 68:4583-4593. [PMID: 28981771 PMCID: PMC5853656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erx263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Perturbation of cellulose synthesis in plants triggers stress responses, including growth retardation, mediated by the cell wall integrity-sensing receptor-like kinase (RLK) THESEUS1 (THE1). The analysis of two alleles carrying T-DNA insertions at comparable positions has led to conflicting conclusions concerning the impact of THE1 signaling on growth. Here we confirm that, unlike the1-3 and other the1 alleles in which cellular responses to genetic or pharmacological inhibition of cellulose synthesis are attenuated, the1-4 showed enhanced responses, including growth inhibition, ectopic lignification, and stress gene expression. Both the1-3 and the1-4 express a transcript encoding a predicted membrane-associated truncated protein lacking the kinase domain. However, the1-3, in contrast to the1-4, strongly expresses antisense transcripts, which are expected to prevent the expression of the truncated protein as suggested by the genetic interactions between the two alleles. Seedlings overexpressing such a truncated protein react to isoxaben treatment similarly to the1-4 and the full-length THE overexpressor. We conclude that the1-4 is a hypermorphic allele; that THE1 signaling upon cell wall damage has a negative impact on cell expansion; and that caution is required when interpreting the phenotypic effects of T-DNA insertions in RLK genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Merz
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Richter
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martine Gonneau
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | | | - Tobias Eder
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rodnay Sormani
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marjolaine Martin
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Kian Hématy
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Herman Höfte
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRA, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Versailles Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Theres Hauser
- Department of Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Corresponding author:
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8
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Chen K, de Borne FD, Julio E, Obszynski J, Pale P, Otten L. Root-specific expression of opine genes and opine accumulation in some cultivars of the naturally occurring genetically modified organism Nicotiana tabacum. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 87:258-69. [PMID: 27125327 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that Nicotiana tabacum contains three Agrobacterium-derived T-DNA sequences inherited from its paternal ancestor Nicotiana tomentosiformis. Among these, the TB locus carries an intact mannopine synthase 2' gene (TB-mas2'). This gene is similar to the Agrobacterium rhizogenes A4-mas2' gene that encodes the synthesis of the Amadori compound deoxyfructosyl-glutamine (DFG or santhopine). In this study we show that TB-mas2' is expressed at very low levels in N. tomentosiformis and in most N. tabacum cultivars; however, some cultivars show high TB-mas2' expression levels. The TB-mas2' promoter sequences of low- and high-expressing cultivars are identical. The low/high level of expression segregates as a single Mendelian factor in a cross between a low- and a high-expression cultivar. pTB-mas2'-GUS and pA4-mas2'-GUS reporter genes were stably introduced in N. benthamiana. Both were mainly expressed in the root expansion zone and leaf vasculature. Roots of tobacco cultivars with high TB-mas2' expression contain detectable levels of DFG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Rue du Général Zimmer 12, Strasbourg, 67084, France
| | | | - Emilie Julio
- Imperial Tobacco Bergerac, La Tour, Bergerac, 24100, France
| | - Julie Obszynski
- Laboratoire de synthèse, réactivité organiques et catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, 67070, France
| | - Patrick Pale
- Laboratoire de synthèse, réactivité organiques et catalyse, Institut de Chimie, UMR 7177, Université de Strasbourg, 4 Rue Blaise Pascal, Strasbourg, 67070, France
| | - Léon Otten
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Rue du Général Zimmer 12, Strasbourg, 67084, France.
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Wang Q, Qian L, Jiang S, Cai C, Ma D, Gao P, Li H, Jiang K, Tang M, Hou J, Liu J, Cui W. Safety Evaluation of Neo Transgenic Pigs by Studying Changes in Gut Microbiota Using High-Throughput Sequencing Technology. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150937. [PMID: 26966911 PMCID: PMC4788350 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The neo (neomycin phosphotransferase) gene is widely used as a selection marker in the production of genetically engineered animals and plants. Recent attention has been focused on safety concerns regarding neo transgene expression. In this study, neo transgenic and non-transgenic piglets were randomly assigned into Group A and Group B to evaluate effects of neo transgene by studying changes in gut microbiota using high-throughput sequencing. Group A pigs were fed a standard diet supplemented with antibiotic neomycin; Group B pigs were fed a standard diet. We examined horizontal transfer of exogenous neo gene using multiplex PCR; and investigated if the presence of secreted NPT II (neo expression product) in the intestine could lead to some protection against neomycin in transgenic pigs by monitoring different patterns of changes in gut microbiota in Group A animals. The unintended effects of neo transgene on gut microbiota were studied in Group B animals. Horizontal gene transfer was not detected in gut microbiota of any transgenic pigs. In Group A, a significant difference was observed between transgenic pigs and non-transgenic pigs in pattern of changes in Proteobacteria populations in fecal samples during and post neomycin feeding. In Group B, there were significant differences in the relative abundance of phyla Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Proteobacteria, and genera Lactobacillus and Escherichia-Shigella-Hafnia between transgenic pigs and non-transgenic pigs. We speculate that the secretion of NPT II from transgenic tissues/cells into gut microbiota results in the inhibition of neomycin activity and the different patterns of changes in bacterial populations. Furthermore, the neo gene also leads to unintended effects on gut microbiota in transgenic pigs that were fed with basic diet (not supplemented with neomycin). Thus, our data in this study caution that wide use of the neo transgene in genetically engineered animals should be carefully considered and fully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Wang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Lili Qian
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Shengwang Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Chunbo Cai
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Dezun Ma
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Pengfei Gao
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P R China
| | - Hegang Li
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, P R China
| | - Ke Jiang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Qingdao, 266100, P R China
| | - Maoxue Tang
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Jian Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, P R China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and Biotechnology, College of Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, Qingdao, 266042, P R China
| | - Wentao Cui
- Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P R China
- * E-mail:
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Waterworth WM, Drury GE, Blundell-Hunter G, West CE. Arabidopsis TAF1 is an MRE11-interacting protein required for resistance to genotoxic stress and viability of the male gametophyte. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:545-57. [PMID: 26358508 PMCID: PMC4949998 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) by recombination pathways is essential for plant growth and fertility. The recombination endonuclease MRE11 plays important roles in sensing and repair of DNA DSBs. Here we demonstrate protein interaction between Arabidopsis MRE11 and the histone acetyltransferase TAF1, a TATA-binding protein Associated Factor (TAF) of the RNA polymerase II transcription initiation factor complex TFIID. Arabidopsis has two TAF1 homologues termed TAF1 and TAF1b and mutant taf1b lines are viable and fertile. In contrast, taf1 null mutations are lethal, demonstrating that TAF1 is an essential gene. Heterozygous taf1+/- plants display abnormal segregation of the mutant allele resulting from defects in pollen tube development, indicating that TAF1 is important for gamete viability. Characterization of an allelic series of taf1 lines revealed that hypomorphic mutants are viable but display developmental defects and reduced plant fertility. Hypersensitivity of taf1 mutants lacking the C-terminal bromodomain to X-rays and mitomycin C, but not to other forms of abiotic stress, established a specific role for TAF1 in plant DNA repair processes. Collectively these studies reveal a function for TAF1 in plant resistance to genotoxic stress, providing further insight into the molecular mechanisms of the DNA damage response in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanda M Waterworth
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Georgina E Drury
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | | | - Christopher E West
- Centre for Plant Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Burke JJ, Chen J. Enhancement of reproductive heat tolerance in plants. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0122933. [PMID: 25849955 PMCID: PMC4388472 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0122933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparison of average crop yields with reported record yields has shown that major crops exhibit annual average yields three- to seven-fold lower than record yields because of unfavorable environments. The current study investigated the enhancement of pollen heat tolerance through expressing an Arabidopsis thaliana heat shock protein 101 (AtHSP101) that is not normally expressed in pollen but reported to play a crucial role in vegetative thermotolerance. The AtHSP101 construct under the control of the constitutive ocs/mas 'superpromoter' was transformed into cotton Coker 312 and tobacco SRI lines via Agrobacterium mediated transformation. Thermotolerance of pollen was evaluated by in vitro pollen germination studies. Comparing with those of wild type and transgenic null lines, pollen from AtHSP101 transgenic tobacco and cotton lines exhibited significantly higher germination rate and much greater pollen tube elongation under elevated temperatures or after a heat exposure. In addition, significant increases in boll set and seed numbers were also observed in transgenic cotton lines exposed to elevated day and night temperatures in both greenhouse and field studies. The results of this study suggest that enhancing heat tolerance of reproductive tissues in plant holds promise in the development of crops with improved yield production and yield sustainability in unfavorable environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J. Burke
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, 3810 4 Street, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
| | - Junping Chen
- USDA-ARS Cropping Systems Research Laboratory, 3810 4 Street, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
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Kumar S, AlAbed D, Whitteck JT, Chen W, Bennett S, Asberry A, Wang X, DeSloover D, Rangasamy M, Wright TR, Gupta M. A combinatorial bidirectional and bicistronic approach for coordinated multi-gene expression in corn. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 87:341-53. [PMID: 25657118 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-015-0281-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Transgene stacking in trait development process through genetic engineering is becoming complex with increased number of desired traits and multiple modes of action for each trait. We demonstrate here a novel gene stacking strategy by combining bidirectional promoter (BDP) and bicistronic approaches to drive coordinated expression of multi-genes in corn. A unidirectional promoter, Ubiquitin-1 (ZMUbi1), from Zea mays was first converted into a synthetic BDP, such that a single promoter can direct the expression of two genes from each end of the promoter. The BDP system was then combined with a bicistronic organization of genes at both ends of the promoter by using a Thosea asigna virus 2A auto-cleaving domain. With this gene stacking configuration, we have successfully obtained expression in transgenic corn of four transgenes; three transgenes conferring insect (cry34Ab1 and cry35Ab1) and herbicide (aad1) resistance, and a phiyfp reporter gene using a single ZMUbi1 bidirectional promoter. Gene expression analyses of transgenic corn plants confirmed better coordinated expression of the four genes compared to constructs driving each gene by independent unidirectional ZmUbi1 promoter. To our knowledge, this is the first report that demonstrates application of a single promoter for co-regulation of multiple genes in a crop plant. This stacking technology would be useful for engineering metabolic pathways both for basic and applied research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Dow AgroSciences LLC, 9330 Zionsville Road, Indianapolis, IN, 46268, USA,
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13
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Ülker B, Hommelsheim CM, Berson T, Thomas S, Chandrasekar B, Olcay AC, Berendzen KW, Frantzeskakis L. Reevaluation of the reliability and usefulness of the somatic homologous recombination reporter lines. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:4314-23. [PMID: 23144181 PMCID: PMC3531835 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A widely used approach for assessing genome instability in plants makes use of somatic homologous recombination (SHR) reporter lines. Here, we review the published characteristics and uses of SHR lines. We found a lack of detailed information on these lines and a lack of sufficient evidence that they report only homologous recombination. We postulate that instead of SHR, these lines might be reporting a number of alternative stress-induced stochastic events known to occur at transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and posttranslational levels. We conclude that the reliability and usefulness of the somatic homologous recombination reporter lines requires revision. Thus, more detailed information about these reporter lines is needed before they can be used with confidence to measure genome instability, including the complete sequences of SHR constructs, the genomic location of reporter genes and, importantly, molecular evidence that reconstituted gene expression in these lines is indeed a result of somatic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Ülker
- Plant Molecular Engineering Group, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Botany, University of Bon, 53115 Bon, Germany.
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14
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Bottanelli F, Gershlick DC, Denecke J. Evidence for sequential action of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases in prevacuolar organelle partitioning. Traffic 2012; 13:338-54. [PMID: 22004564 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
GTPases of the Rab5 and Rab7 families were shown to control vacuolar sorting but their specific subcellular localization is controversial in plants. Here, we show that both the canonical as well as the plant-specific Rab5 reside at the newly discovered 'late prevacuolar compartment' (LPVC) while Rab7 partitions to the vacuolar membrane when expressed at low levels. Higher expression levels of wild-type Rab5 GTPases but not Rab7 lead to dose-dependent inhibition of biosynthetic vacuolar transport. In the case of Ara6, this included aberrant co-localization with markers for earlier post-Golgi compartments including the trans-Golgi network. However, nucleotide-free mutants of all three GTPases (Rha1, Ara6 and Rab7) cause stronger dose-dependent inhibition of vacuolar sorting. In addition, nucleotide-free Rha1 led to a later maturation defect and co-localization of markers for the prevacuolar compartment (PVC) and the LPVC. The corresponding Rab7 mutant strongly inhibited vacuolar delivery without merging of PVC and LPVC markers. Evidence for functional differentiation of the Rab5 family members is underlined by the fact that mutant Rha1 expression can be suppressed by increasing wild-type Rha1 levels while mutant Ara6 specifically titrates the nucleotide exchange factor Vps9. A model describing the sequential action of Rab5 and Rab7 GTPases is presented in the light of the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Bottanelli
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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15
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Bottanelli F, Foresti O, Hanton S, Denecke J. Vacuolar transport in tobacco leaf epidermis cells involves a single route for soluble cargo and multiple routes for membrane cargo. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:3007-25. [PMID: 21856792 PMCID: PMC3180807 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.085480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We tested if different classes of vacuolar cargo reach the vacuole via distinct mechanisms by interference at multiple steps along the transport route. We show that nucleotide-free mutants of low molecular weight GTPases, including Rab11, the Rab5 members Rha1 and Ara6, and the tonoplast-resident Rab7, caused induced secretion of both lytic and storage vacuolar cargo. In situ analysis in leaf epidermis cells indicates a sequential action of Rab11, Rab5, and Rab7 GTPases. Compared with Rab5 members, mutant Rab11 mediates an early transport defect interfering with the arrival of cargo at prevacuoles, while mutant Rab7 inhibits the final delivery to the vacuole and increases cargo levels in prevacuoles. In contrast with soluble cargo, membrane cargo may follow different routes. Tonoplast targeting of an α-TIP chimera was impaired by nucleotide-free Rha1, Ara6, and Rab7 similar to soluble cargo. By contrast, the tail-anchored tonoplast SNARE Vam3 shares only the Rab7-mediated vacuolar deposition step. The most marked difference was observed for the calcineurin binding protein CBL6, which was insensitive to all Rab mutants tested. Unlike soluble cargo, α-TIP and Vam3, CBL6 transport to the vacuole was COPII independent. The results indicate that soluble vacuolar proteins follow a single route to vacuoles, while membrane spanning proteins may use at least three different transport mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jürgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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16
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Foresti O, Gershlick DC, Bottanelli F, Hummel E, Hawes C, Denecke J. A recycling-defective vacuolar sorting receptor reveals an intermediate compartment situated between prevacuoles and vacuoles in tobacco. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:3992-4008. [PMID: 21177482 PMCID: PMC3027165 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plant vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs) display cytosolic Tyr motifs (YMPL) for clathrin-mediated anterograde transport to the prevacuolar compartment. Here, we show that the same motif is also required for VSR recycling. A Y612A point mutation in Arabidopsis thaliana VSR2 leads to a quantitative shift in VSR2 steady state levels from the prevacuolar compartment to the trans-Golgi network when expressed in Nicotiana tabacum. By contrast, the L615A mutant VSR2 leaks strongly to vacuoles and accumulates in a previously undiscovered compartment. The latter is shown to be distinct from the Golgi stacks, the trans-Golgi network, and the prevacuolar compartment but is characterized by high concentrations of soluble vacuolar cargo and the rab5 GTPase Rha1(RabF2a). The results suggest that the prevacuolar compartment matures by gradual receptor depletion, leading to the formation of a late prevacuolar compartment situated between the prevacuolar compartment and the vacuole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ombretta Foresti
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - David C. Gershlick
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Bottanelli
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Hummel
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Chris Hawes
- School of Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes, Oxford OX3 0BP, United Kingdom
| | - Jürgen Denecke
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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17
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Jones JD, Carland FM, Maliga P, Dooner HK. Visual detection of transposition of the maize element activator (ac) in tobacco seedlings. Science 2010; 244:204-7. [PMID: 17835353 DOI: 10.1126/science.244.4901.204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A bacterial streptomycin resistance gene (SPT) was engineered to make it possible to detect visually the transposition of the maize transposon Activator (Ac) in tobacco. In the presence of streptomycin, transgenic seedlings carrying the SPT gene appear green, whereas those carrying an SPT:: Ac construct display clones of green cells on a white background. Fully green seedlings arise in the progeny of SPT:: Ac transformants as a result of excision of Ac before fertilization. About half of these germinal revertants carry a transposed Ac element. Therefore, SPT:: Ac constitutes an efficient marker for selecting plants that have undergone transposition. In maize, there is a negative effect of increasing Ac dosage on the frequency and timing of Ac transposition. This negative effect is not observed in tobacco with the streptomycin variegation assay.
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18
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Abstract
Transgenic plants are generated in nature by Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a pathogen that produces disease through the transfer of some of its own DNA into susceptible plants. The genes are carried on a plasmid. Much has been learned about how the plasmid is transferred, how the plasmid-borne genes are organized, regulated, and expressed, and how the bacteria's pathogenic effects are produced. The A. tumefaciens plasmid has been manipulated for use as a general vector for the transfer of specific segments of foreign DNA of interest (from plants and other sources) into plants; the activities of various genes and their regulation by enhancer and silencer sequences have been assessed. Future uses of the vector (or others like it that have different host ranges) by the agriculture industry are expected to aid in moving into vulnerable plants specific genes that will protect them from such killers as nonselective herbicides, insects, and viruses.
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19
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De Muynck B, Navarre C, Boutry M. Production of antibodies in plants: status after twenty years. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2010; 8:529-63. [PMID: 20132515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2009.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to their potential to bind virtually all types of molecules; monoclonal antibodies are in increasing demand as therapeutics and diagnostics. To overcome the overloading of current production facilities, alternative expression systems have been developed, of which plants appear the most promising. In this review, we focus on the expression of monoclonal IgG or IgM in plant species. We analyse the data for 32 different antibodies expressed in various ways, differing in DNA construction, transformation method, signal peptide source, presence or absence of an endoplasmic reticulum retention sequence, host species and the organs tested, together resulting in 98 reported combinations. A large heterogeneity is found in the quantity and quality of the antibody produced. We discuss in more detail the strategy used to express both chains, the nature of the transcription promoters, subcellular localization and unintended proteolysis, when encountered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit De Muynck
- Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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20
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Bandaranayake PC, Filappova T, Tomilov A, Tomilova NB, Jamison-McClung D, Ngo Q, Inoue K, Yoder JI. A single-electron reducing quinone oxidoreductase is necessary to induce haustorium development in the root parasitic plant Triphysaria. THE PLANT CELL 2010; 22:1404-19. [PMID: 20424175 PMCID: PMC2879752 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.074831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 03/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic plants in the Orobanchaceae develop haustoria in response to contact with host roots or chemical haustoria-inducing factors. Experiments in this manuscript test the hypothesis that quinolic-inducing factors activate haustorium development via a signal mechanism initiated by redox cycling between quinone and hydroquinone states. Two cDNAs were previously isolated from roots of the parasitic plant Triphysaria versicolor that encode distinct quinone oxidoreductases. QR1 encodes a single-electron reducing NADPH quinone oxidoreductase similar to zeta-crystallin. The QR2 enzyme catalyzes two electron reductions typical of xenobiotic detoxification. QR1 and QR2 transcripts are upregulated in a primary response to chemical-inducing factors, but only QR1 was upregulated in response to host roots. RNA interference technology was used to reduce QR1 and QR2 transcripts in Triphysaria roots that were evaluated for their ability to form haustoria. There was a significant decrease in haustorium development in roots silenced for QR1 but not in roots silenced for QR2. The infrequent QR1 transgenic roots that did develop haustoria had levels of QR1 similar to those of nontransgenic roots. These experiments implicate QR1 as one of the earliest genes on the haustorium signal transduction pathway, encoding a quinone oxidoreductase necessary for the redox bioactivation of haustorial inducing factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeepa C.G. Bandaranayake
- Department of Crop Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka 20400
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Tatiana Filappova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Alexey Tomilov
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Natalya B. Tomilova
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | | | - Quy Ngo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - Kentaro Inoue
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
| | - John I. Yoder
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis, California 96516
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21
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Sharma AK, Sharma MK. Plants as bioreactors: Recent developments and emerging opportunities. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:811-832. [PMID: 19576278 PMCID: PMC7125752 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the use of plants as bioreactors has emerged as an exciting area of research and significant advances have created new opportunities. The driving forces behind the rapid growth of plant bioreactors include low production cost, product safety and easy scale up. As the yield and concentration of a product is crucial for commercial viability, several strategies have been developed to boost up protein expression in transgenic plants. Augmenting tissue-specific transcription, elevating transcript stability, tissue-specific targeting, translation optimization and sub-cellular accumulation are some of the strategies employed. Various kinds of products that are currently being produced in plants include vaccine antigens, medical diagnostics proteins, industrial and pharmaceutical proteins, nutritional supplements like minerals, vitamins, carbohydrates and biopolymers. A large number of plant-derived recombinant proteins have reached advanced clinical trials. A few of these products have already been introduced in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India.
| | - Manoj K Sharma
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110021, India
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22
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Mitra A, Han J, Zhang ZJ, Mitra A. The intergenic region of Arabidopsis thaliana cab1 and cab2 divergent genes functions as a bidirectional promoter. PLANTA 2009; 229:1015-22. [PMID: 19169705 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-008-0859-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Genetic engineering plays a unique role in fundamental plant biology studies and in improving crop traits. These efforts often necessitate introduction and expression of multiple genes using promoters from a very limited repertoire. Current common practice of expressing multiple genes is the repeated use of the same or similar promoters. This practice causes more frequent transgene silencing due to a high degree of sequence homology and a greater chance of rearrangement among repeatedly used promoter sequences. Therefore, availability and use of natural bidirectional promoters to minimize gene silencing and achieve desirable expression pattern of transgenes is a critical issue in the field of plant genetic engineering. Here we describe the use of a single natural bidirectional promoter to drive the expression of two reporter genes in onion epidermal cells and in transgenic tobacco plants. We show that (1) the promoter drives the simultaneous expression of GUS and GFP reporter genes after transient expression and stable transformation, (2) the transcription is equally strong in both directions, (3) immediate upstream regions in each direction control transcription independently from each other, and (4) the reporter genes are expressed in leaves and stems but not in roots, as expected from the fact that the endogenous promoter controls the expression of two photosynthetic genes in Arabidopsis. Hence, use of bidirectional promoters in heterologous background provides a means to express multiple genes in transgenic plants and aids genetic engineering-based crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Mitra
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
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23
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Ulker B, Peiter E, Dixon DP, Moffat C, Capper R, Bouché N, Edwards R, Sanders D, Knight H, Knight MR. Getting the most out of publicly available T-DNA insertion lines. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2008; 56:665-77. [PMID: 18644000 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-313x.2008.03608.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In the course of several different projects, we came to realize that there is a significant amount of untapped potential in the publicly available T-DNA insertion lines. In addition to the GABI-Kat lines, which were designed specifically for activation tagging, lines from the SAIL and FLAGdb collections are also useful for this purpose. As well as the 35S promoter chosen for activation tagging in GABI-Kat lines, we found that the 1'2' bidirectional promoter is capable of activating expression of flanking genomic sequences in both GABI-Kat and SAIL lines. Thus these lines have added potential for activation tagging. We also show that these lines are capable of generating antisense transcripts and so have the potential to be used for suppression (loss/reduction of function) studies. By virtue of weak terminator sequences in some T-DNA constructs, transcript read-through from selectable markers is also possible, which again has the potential to be exploited in activation/suppression studies. Finally, we show that, by selecting and characterizing lines in which the T-DNA insertions are present specifically within introns of a target gene, an allelic series of mutants with varying levels of reduced expression can be generated, due to differences in efficiency of intron splicing. Taken together, our analyses demonstrate that there is a wealth of untapped potential within existing insertion lines for studies on gene function, and the effective exploitation of these resources is discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Antisense Elements (Genetics)
- Arabidopsis/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Gene Silencing
- Genes, Plant
- Genetic Vectors
- Genome, Plant
- Mutagenesis, Insertional/methods
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Bekir Ulker
- School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
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24
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Cazzonelli CI, Velten J. In vivo characterization of plant promoter element interaction using synthetic promoters. Transgenic Res 2008; 17:437-57. [PMID: 17653610 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-007-9117-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Short directly-repeated (DR) DNA enhancer elements of plant viral origin were analyzed for their ability, both individually and in combination, to influence in vivo transcription when inserted upstream from a minimal CaMV35S promoter. Synthetic promoters containing multiple copies and/or combinations of DR cassettes were tested for their effect upon reporter gene (luciferase) expression using an Agrobacteria-based leaf-infiltration transient assay and within stably transformed plants (Nicotiana tabacum). Transgenic plants harboring constructs containing different numbers or combinations of DR cassettes were further tested to look for tissue-specific expression patterns and potential promoter response to the infiltration process employed during transient expression. Multimerization of DR elements produced enhancer activity that was in general additive, increasing reporter activity in direct proportion to the number of DR cassettes within the test promoter. In contrast, combinations of different DR cassettes often functioned synergistically, producing reporter enhancement markedly greater then the sum of the combined DR activities. Several of the DR constructs responded to Agrobacteria (lacking T-DNA) infiltration of transgenic leaves by an induction (2 elements) or reduction (1 element) in reporter activity. Combinations of DR cassettes producing the strongest enhancement of reporter activity were used to create two synthetic promoters (SynPro3 and SynPro5) that drive leaf reporter activities at levels comparable to the CaMV35S promoter. Characterization of these synthetic promoters in transformed tobacco showed strong reporter expression at all stages of development and in most tissues. The arrangement of DR elements within SynPro3 and SynPro5 appears to play a role in defining tissue-specificity of expression and/or Agrobacteria-infusion responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Ian Cazzonelli
- Plant Stress and Water Conservation Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service, 3810 4th Street, Lubbock, Texas 79415, USA.
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25
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Venter M. Synthetic promoters: genetic control through cis engineering. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2007; 12:118-24. [PMID: 17292658 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2007.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2006] [Revised: 12/12/2006] [Accepted: 01/29/2007] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances in plant genetics integrated with systems biology and bioinformatics has yielded a myriad of novel biological data and insights into plant metabolism. This unprecedented advance has provided a platform for targeted manipulation of transcriptional activity through synthetic promoter engineering, and holds great promise as a way to further our understanding of regulatory complexity. The challenge and strategy for predictive experimental gene expression is the accurate design and use of molecular 'switches' and modules that will regulate single or multiple plant transgenes in direct response to specific environmental, physiological and chemical cues. In particular, focusing on cis-motif rearrangement, future plant biotechnology applications and the elucidation of cis- and trans-regulatory mechanisms could greatly benefit from using plant synthetic promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauritz Venter
- Institute for Plant Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South Africa.
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26
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Chaturvedi CP, Sawant SV, Kiran K, Mehrotra R, Lodhi N, Ansari SA, Tuli R. Analysis of polarity in the expression from a multifactorial bidirectional promoter designed for high-level expression of transgenes in plants. J Biotechnol 2006; 123:1-12. [PMID: 16324763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 10/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic bidirectional expression module was constructed by placing a computationally designed minimal promoter sequence on the 5' and 3' sides of a transcription activation module. The activation of transcription from the unidirectional and bidirectional promoters constructed from the same sequence elements was evaluated by using the reporter genes gusA and gfp. The analysis based on transient and stable transformation of tobacco showed that the artificially designed multifactorial activation module activated transcription simultaneously to comparable levels in both the directions. The transcription activation module responded to elicitors like salicylic acid, NaCl and IAA in the forward as well as reverse directions. The concentration of the elicitor required for highest gene activation was similar for the two directions in case of the three activators. The kinetics of time of induction was similar in the two directions for salicylic acid and NaCl. In the case of IAA, the transcription activation was faster in the reverse direction. The results show that constitutive and chemically inducible bidirectional promoters can be deployed for predictable simultaneous regulation of two genes for genetic engineering in plants.
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27
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Kim TG, Ruprecht R, Langridge WHR. Synthesis and assembly of a cholera toxin B subunit SHIV 89.6p Tat fusion protein in transgenic potato. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 35:313-9. [PMID: 15135408 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/13/2004] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV 89.6p) Tat regulatory element protein was fused to the c-terminus of the cholera toxin B subunit gene (ctxB-tat) and introduced into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. The fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed potato leaf cells by PCR DNA amplification. Synthesis and assembly of the CTB-Tat fusion protein into oligomeric structures of pentamer size was detected in transformed tuber extracts by immunoblot analysis. The binding of CTB-Tat fusion protein pentamers to intestinal epithelial cell membrane glycolipid receptors was quantified by G(M1)-ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (G(M1)-ELISA). Based on the ELISA results, CTB-Tat fusion protein made up about 0.005-0.007% of total soluble tuber protein or approximately 4.6mg per 100g potato tuber tissue. The synthesis and assembly of CTB-Tat monomers into biologically active oligomers in transformed potato tuber tissues demonstrates the feasibility of using viral pathogen antigens synthesized in edible plants for mucosal immunization against HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Geum Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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28
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Kim TG, Ruprecht R, Langridge WHR. SIVmac Gag p27 capsid protein gene expression in potato. Protein Expr Purif 2005; 36:312-7. [PMID: 15249055 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2004.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2004] [Revised: 04/16/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A cDNA encoding the Simian immunodeficiency virus type (SIV(mac)) Gag capsid protein was introduced into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation methods. The gag gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed leaf tissues by PCR DNA amplification. Immunoblot analysis of transformed potato plant extracts with anti-Gag monoclonal antibody showed that biologically active Gag protein was synthesized in transformed tuber tissues. Based on ELISA results, recombinant Gag protein made up 0.006-0.014% of total soluble tuber protein. The synthesis of SIV Gag in transformed potato tubers opens the way for development of Gag-based edible plant vaccines for protection against SIV and potentially HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Geum Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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29
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Kim TG, Langridge WHR. Synthesis of an HIV-1 Tat transduction domain-rotavirus enterotoxin fusion protein in transgenic potato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2004; 22:382-387. [PMID: 14551730 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0697-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2003] [Revised: 07/17/2003] [Accepted: 07/18/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A DNA fragment encoding a 12-amino acid (aa) HIV-1 Tat transduction peptide fused to a 90-aa murine rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin protein (Tat-NSP4(90)) was transferred to Solanum tuberosum by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed plant leaf tissues by PCR DNA amplification. The Tat-NSP4(90 )fusion protein was identified in transformed tuber extracts by immunoblot analysis using anti-NSP4(90) and anti-Tat as the primary antibodies. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay results showed that the Tat-NSP4(90) fusion protein made up to 0.0015% of the total soluble tuber protein. The synthesis of Tat-NSP4(90) fusion protein in transformed potato tuber tissues demonstrates the feasibility of plant cell delivery of the HIV-1 Tat transduction domain as a carrier for non-specific targeting of fused antigens to the mucosal immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-G Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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30
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Rosso MG, Li Y, Strizhov N, Reiss B, Dekker K, Weisshaar B. An Arabidopsis thaliana T-DNA mutagenized population (GABI-Kat) for flanking sequence tag-based reverse genetics. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2003; 53:247-59. [PMID: 14756321 DOI: 10.1023/b:plan.0000009297.37235.4a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 543] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The GABI-Kat population of T-DNA mutagenized Arabidopsis thaliana lines with sequence-characterized insertion sites is used extensively for efficient progress in plant functional genomics. Here we provide details about the establishment of the material, demonstrate the population's functionality and discuss results from quality control studies. T-DNA insertion mutants of the accession Columbia (Col-0) were created by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. To allow selection of transformed plants under greenhouse conditions, a sulfadiazine resistance marker was employed. DNA from leaves of T1 plants was extracted and used as a template for PCR-based amplification of DNA fragments spanning insertion site borders. After sequencing, the data were placed in a flanking sequence tag (FST) database describing which mutant allele was present in which line. Analysis of the distribution of T-DNA insertions revealed a clear bias towards intergenic regions. Insertion sites appeared more frequent in regions in front of the ATG and after STOP codons of predicted genes. Segregation analysis for sulfadiazine resistance showed that 62% of the transformants contain an insertion at only one genetic locus. In quality control studies with gene-specific primers in combination with T-DNA primers, 76% of insertions could be confirmed. Finally, the functionality of the GABI-Kat population was demonstrated by exemplary confirmation of several new transparent testa alleles, as well as a number of other mutants, which were identified on the basis of the FST data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario G Rosso
- GABI-Kat, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Carl-von-Linné-Weg 10, 50829 Köln, Germany
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31
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Kim TG, Langridge WHR. Assembly of cholera toxin B subunit full-length rotavirus NSP4 fusion protein oligomers in transgenic potato. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2003; 21:884-890. [PMID: 12789506 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-003-0599-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2002] [Revised: 01/17/2003] [Accepted: 01/21/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A CTB-NSP4(175) fusion gene encoding the entire 175-aa murine rotavirus NSP4 enterotoxin protein was transferred into Solanum tuberosum cells by Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. The CTB-NSP4(175) enterotoxin fusion gene was detected in the genomic DNA of transformed leaves by PCR DNA amplification. Synthesis and assembly of the full-length CTB-NSP4(175) fusion protein into oligomeric structures of pentamer size was detected in transformed tuber extracts by immunoblot analysis. The binding of CTB-NSP4(175 )fusion protein pentamers to intestinal epithelial cell membrane receptors was quantified by G(M1)-ganglioside enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (G(M1)-ELISA). The ELISA results showed that CTB-NSP4(175) fusion protein was 0.006-0.026% of the total soluble tuber protein. The synthesis of CTB-NSP4(175) monomers and their assembly into biologically active oligomers in transformed potato tubers demonstrates the feasibility of using edible plants for the synthesis of enterocyte-targeted full-length rotavirus enterotoxin antigens that retain all of their pathogenic epitopes for initiation of a maximum mucosal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T-G Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology and Center for Molecular Biology and Gene Therapy, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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32
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Gelvin SB. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation: the biology behind the "gene-jockeying" tool. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2003; 67:16-37, table of contents. [PMID: 12626681 PMCID: PMC150518 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.67.1.16-37.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 620] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens and related Agrobacterium species have been known as plant pathogens since the beginning of the 20th century. However, only in the past two decades has the ability of Agrobacterium to transfer DNA to plant cells been harnessed for the purposes of plant genetic engineering. Since the initial reports in the early 1980s using Agrobacterium to generate transgenic plants, scientists have attempted to improve this "natural genetic engineer" for biotechnology purposes. Some of these modifications have resulted in extending the host range of the bacterium to economically important crop species. However, in most instances, major improvements involved alterations in plant tissue culture transformation and regeneration conditions rather than manipulation of bacterial or host genes. Agrobacterium-mediated plant transformation is a highly complex and evolved process involving genetic determinants of both the bacterium and the host plant cell. In this article, I review some of the basic biology concerned with Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Knowledge of fundamental biological principles embracing both the host and the pathogen have been and will continue to be key to extending the utility of Agrobacterium for genetic engineering purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanton B Gelvin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1392, USA.
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33
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DIETZ-PFEILSTETTER A, KIRCHNER M. Analysis of gene inheritance and expression in hybrids between transgenic sugar beet and wild beets. Mol Ecol 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.1998.00500.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Corneille S, Lutz K, Svab Z, Maliga P. Efficient elimination of selectable marker genes from the plastid genome by the CRE-lox site-specific recombination system. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 27:171-8. [PMID: 11489194 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01068.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Incorporation of a selectable marker gene during transformation is essential to obtain transformed plastids. However, once transformation is accomplished, having the marker gene becomes undesirable. Here we report on adapting the P1 bacteriophage CRE-lox site-specific recombination system for the elimination of marker genes from the plastid genome. The system was tested by the elimination of a negative selectable marker, codA, which is flanked by two directly oriented lox sites (>codA>). Highly efficient elimination of >codA> was triggered by introduction of a nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted CRE by Agrobacterium transformation or via pollen. Excision of >codA> in tissue culture cells was frequently accompanied by a large deletion of a plastid genome segment which includes the tRNA-ValUAC gene. However, the large deletions were absent when cre was introduced by pollination. Thus pollination is our preferred protocol for the introduction of cre. Removal of the >codA> coding region occurred at a dramatic speed, in striking contrast to the slow and gradual build-up of transgenic copies during plastid transformation. The nuclear cre gene could subsequently be removed by segregation in the seed progeny. The modified CRE-lox system described here will be a highly efficient tool to obtain marker-free transplastomic plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Corneille
- Waksman Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, 190 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854-8020, USA
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35
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Yoshioka Y, Kurei S, Machida Y. Identification of a monofunctional aspartate kinase gene of Arabidopsis thaliana with spatially and temporally regulated expression. Genes Genet Syst 2001; 76:189-98. [PMID: 11569502 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.76.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We screened a gene trap library of Arabidopsis thaliana and isolated a line in which a gene encoding a homologue of monofunctional aspartate kinase was trapped by the reporter gene. Aspartate kinase (AK) is a key enzyme in the biosynthsis of aspartate family amino acids such as lysine, threonine, isoleucine, and methionine. In plants, two types of AK are known: one is AK which is sensitive to feedback inhibition by threonine and carries both AK and homoserine dehydrogenase (HSD) activities. The other one is monofunctional, sensitive to lysine and synergistically S-adenosylmethionine, and has only AK activity. We concluded that the trapped gene encoded a monofunctional aspartate kinase and designated as AK-lys3, because it lacked the HSD domain and had an amino acid sequence highly similar to those of the monofunctional aspartate kinases ofA. thaliana. AK-lys3 was highly expressed in xylem of leaves and hypocotyls and stele of roots. Significant expression of this gene was also observed in trichomes after bolting. Slight expression of AK-lys3 was detected in vascular bundles and mesophyll cells of cauline leaves, inflorescence stems, sepals, petals, and stigmas. These results indicated that this aspartate kinase gene was not expressed uniformly but in a spatially specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yoshioka
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan.
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36
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Semiarti E, Onouchi H, Torikai S, Ishikawa T, Machida Y, Machida C. The transposition pattern of the Ac element in tobacco cultured cells. Genes Genet Syst 2001; 76:131-9. [PMID: 11434458 DOI: 10.1266/ggs.76.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated physical distances and directions of transposition of the maize transposable element Ac in tobacco cultured cells. We introduced a T-DNA construct that carried a non-autonomous derivative of Ac (designated dAc-I-RS) that included sites for cleavage by restriction endonuclease MluI. Another cleavage site was also introduced into the T-DNA region outside of the dAc-I-RS transposable element. The tobacco cultured cell line BY-2 was transformed with the T-DNA and several transformed lines that had a single copy of the T-DNA at a different chromosomal location were isolated. These lines were co-cultured with Agrobacterium tumefaciens cells that carried a cDNA for the Ac transposase gene under the control of various promoters. Sublines of cultured cells in which dAc-I-RS had been transposed, were isolated. The genomic DNAs of these sublines were isolated and digested with MluI. Sizes of DNA segments generated by digestion were determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. Our results showed that 20 to 70% of transposition events had occurred within several hundreds kilo-base pairs (kb) on the same chromosome. These results demonstrate that the Ac-Ds element preferentially transposed to regions near the original site in a tobacco chromosome. In addition, the present results are an example of asymmetric transposition as demonstrated by the distance of transposition on the chromosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Semiarti
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Japan
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37
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Wang X, Bauw G, Van Damme EJ, Peumans WJ, Chen ZL, Van Montagu M, Angenon G, Dillen W. Gastrodianin-like mannose-binding proteins: a novel class of plant proteins with antifungal properties. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 25:651-661. [PMID: 11319032 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.00999.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The orchid Gastrodia elata depends on the fungus Armillaria mellea to complete its life cycle. In the interaction, fungal hyphae penetrate older, nutritive corms but not newly formed corms. From these corms, a protein fraction with in vitro activity against plant-pathogenic fungi has previously been purified. Here, the sequence of gastrodianin, the main constituent of the antifungal fraction, is reported. Four isoforms that encoded two different mature proteins were identified at the cDNA level. Another isoform was detected in sequenced peptides. Because the antifungal activity of gastrodianins produced in and purified from Escherichia coli and Nicotiana tabacum was comparable to that of gastrodianin purified from the orchid, gastrodianins are the active component of the antifungal fractions. Gastrodianin accumulation is probably an important part of the mechanism by which the orchid controls Armillaria penetration. Gastrodianin was found to be homologous to monomeric mannose-binding proteins of other orchids, of which at least one (Epipactis helleborine mannose-binding protein) also displayed in vitro antifungal activity. This establishes the gastrodianin-like proteins (GLIPs) as a novel class of antifungal proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Vakgroep Moleculaire Genetica en Departement Plantengenetica, Vlaams Interuniversitair Instituut voor Biotechnologie (VIB), Universiteit Gent, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
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38
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Saeglitz C, Pohl M, Bartsch D. Monitoring gene flow from transgenic sugar beet using cytoplasmic male-sterile bait plants. Mol Ecol 2000; 9:2035-40. [PMID: 11123616 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-294x.2000.01109.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most discussed environmental effects associated with the use of transgenic plants is the flow of genes to plants in the environment. The flow of genes may occur through pollen since it is the reproductive system that is designed for gene movement. Pollen-mediated gene escape is hard to control in mating plants. Pollen from a wind pollinator can move over distances of more than 1000 m. To investigate the efficiency of transgenic pollen movement under realistic environmental conditions, the use of bait plants might be an effective tool. In this study, cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) sugar beets were tested with regard to their potential for monitoring transgene flow. As the pollen source, transgenic sugar beets were used that express recombinant DNA encoding viral (beet necrotic yellow vein virus) resistance, and antibiotic (kanamycin) and herbicide (glufosinate) tolerance genes. In a field trial, the effectiveness of a hemp (Cannabis sativa) stripe containment strategy was tested by measuring the frequency of pollinated CMS bait plants placed at different distances and directions from a transgenic pollen source. The results demonstrated the ineffectiveness of the containment strategy. Physiological and molecular tests confirmed the escape and production of transgenic offspring more than 200 m behind the hemp containment. Since absolute containment is unlikely to be effective, the CMS-bait plant detection system is a useful tool for other monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Saeglitz
- Department of Biology V, Ecology, Ecochemistry and Ecotoxicology, Aachen University of Technology - RWTH Aachen, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
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39
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Zubko E, Scutt C, Meyer P. Intrachromosomal recombination between attP regions as a tool to remove selectable marker genes from tobacco transgenes. Nat Biotechnol 2000; 18:442-5. [PMID: 10748528 DOI: 10.1038/74515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant genes conferring resistance to antibiotics or herbicides are widely used as selectable markers in plant transformation. Once transgenic material has been selected, the marker gene is dispensable. We report a novel strategy to remove undesirable parts of a transgene after integration into the tobacco genome. This approach is based on the transfer of a vector containing a NPTII gene flanked by two 352 bp attachment P (attP) regions of bacteriophage lambda, and the identification of somatic tissue with deletion events following intrachromosomal recombination between the attP regions. This system was used to delete a 5.9 kb region from a recombinant vector that had been inserted into two different genomic regions. As the attP system does not require the expression of helper proteins to induce deletion events, or a genetic segregation step to remove recombinase genes, it should provide a useful tool to remove undesirable transgene regions, especially in vegetatively propagated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Zubko
- Leeds Institute for Plant Biotechnology and Agriculture (LIBA), Faculty of Biological Sciences, The University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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40
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Guevara-García A, López-Ochoa L, López-Bucio J, Simpson J, Herrera-Estrella L. A 42 bp fragment of the pmas1' promoter containing an ocs-like element confers a developmental, wound- and chemically inducible expression pattern. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1998; 38:743-53. [PMID: 9862492 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006004430138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of mannopine in plant tissues infected with Agrobacterium tumefaciens is controlled by a divergent promoter (pmas2' and pmas1') that in 479 bp contains all the cis-acting elements necessary to direct tissue-specific and wound-inducible expression. In this report, using transgenic tobacco plants harboring a pmas1'-beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene fusion, we investigated the developmental expression pattern directed by pmas1' in the early stages of development and the responses of pmas1' to different chemical inducers. It was found that this promoter can respond to auxins, cytokinins, methyl jasmonate (MJ), salicylic acid (SA) and its analogue 2,6-dichloroisonicotinic acid (iNA). Treatment with chemical inducers also showed that the effects of iNA are organ-dependent, that wound-induction is a complex response mediated by at least two different chemical signals, and that MJ stimulates changes in the tissue-specific and developmental expression pattern directed by the ptmas1' promoter. Using chimeric promoters we demonstrate that an ocs-like element (ocs+1) directs MJ responses in an orientation-dependent manner and that sequences around the ocs+1 are important to maintain the inducible and developmental properties of this cis-regulatory element.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Guevara-García
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética de Plantas, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Guanajuato, México
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41
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A repression system for genes encoding proteins toxic to bacteria in Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated plant transformation. J Biotechnol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1656(98)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Gebhard F, Smalla K. Transformation of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413 by transgenic sugar beet DNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1550-4. [PMID: 9546192 PMCID: PMC106187 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1550-1554.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/1997] [Accepted: 01/20/1998] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of Acinetobacter sp. strain BD413(pFG4 delta nptII) to take up and integrate transgenic plant DNA based on homologous recombination was studied under optimized laboratory conditions. Restoration of nptII, resulting in kanamycin-resistant transformants, was observed with plasmid DNA, plant DNA, and homogenates carrying the gene nptII. Molecular analysis showed that some transformants not only restored the 317-bp deletion but also obtained additional DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Gebhard
- Biologische Bundesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft, Institut für Biochemie und Pflanzenvirologie, Braunschweig, Germany
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43
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Bhatt AM, Lister C, Crawford N, Dean C. The transposition frequency of Tag1 elements is increased in transgenic Arabidopsis lines. THE PLANT CELL 1998; 10:427-434. [PMID: 9501115 PMCID: PMC143992 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.10.3.427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Tag1 was identified as a highly active endogenous transposable element in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana Landsberg erecta plants carrying the maize transposable element Activator (Ac). Here, we describe experiments designed to determine the basis for the high activity of Tag1. The frequency of transposition of Tag1 elements was compared in lines containing or lacking Ac transposase to assess the effect of Ac transposase on Tag1 activity. Three populations of nontransgenic plants, including nontransformed regenerants, were also analyzed. The high level of activity of Tag1 did not correlate with the presence or absence of Ac transposase but was significantly higher in transgenic lines. This result was maintained through at least six generations after transformation. These data suggest that Tag1 transposition is stimulated by processes that occur during the Agrobacterium transformation and that thereafter remain active. Two Tag1 elements are tightly linked in the Landsberg erecta genome and map to the lower arm of chromosome 1. Tag1 elements were found in only a few A. thaliana ecotypes but were present in four other Arabidopsis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Bhatt
- Department of Molecular Genetics, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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44
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Tuominen H, Puech L, Fink S, Sundberg B. A Radial Concentration Gradient of Indole-3-Acetic Acid Is Related to Secondary Xylem Development in Hybrid Aspen. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1997; 115:577-585. [PMID: 12223825 PMCID: PMC158517 DOI: 10.1104/pp.115.2.577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The radial distribution pattern of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was determined across the developing tissues of the cambial region in the stem of hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x Populus tremuloides Michx). IAA content was measured in consecutive tangential cryo-sections using a microscale mass spectrometry technique. Analysis was performed with wild-type and transgenic trees with an ectopic expression of Agrobacterium tumefaciens IAA-biosynthetic genes. In all tested trees IAA was distributed as a steep concentration gradient across the developing tissues of the cambial region. The peak level of IAA was within the cambial zone, where cell division takes place. Low levels were reached in the region where secondary wall formation was initiated. The transgenic trees displayed a lower peak level and a wider radial gradient of IAA compared with the wild type. This alteration was related to a lower rate of cambial cell division and a longer duration of xylem cell expansion in the transgenic trees, resulting in a decreased xylem production and a larger fiber lumen area. The results indicate that IAA has a role in regulating not only the rate of physiological processes such as cell division, but also the duration of developmental processes such as xylem fiber expansion, suggesting that IAA functions as a morphogen, conveying positional information during xylem development.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tuominen
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umea, Sweden (H.T., B.S.)
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45
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Machida C, Onouchi H, Koizumi J, Hamada S, Semiarti E, Torikai S, Machida Y. Characterization of the transposition pattern of the Ac element in Arabidopsis thaliana using endonuclease I-SceI. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1997; 94:8675-80. [PMID: 11038561 PMCID: PMC23073 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.94.16.8675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated physical distances and directions of transposition of the maize transposable element Ac in Arabidopsis thaliana. We prepared a transferred DNA (T-DNA) construct that carried a non-autonomous derivative of Ac with a site for cleavage by endonuclease I-SceI (designated dAc-I-RS element). Another cleavage site was also introduced into the T-DNA region outside dAc-I-RS. Three transgenic Arabidopsis plants were generated, each of which had a single copy of the T-DNA at a different chromosomal location. These transgenic plants were crossed with the Arabidopsis that carried the gene for Ac transposase and progeny in which dAc-I-RS had been transposed were isolated. After digestion of the genomic DNA of these progeny with endonuclease I-SceI, sizes of segment of DNA were determined by pulse-field gel electrophoresis. We also performed linkage analysis for the transposed elements and sites of mutations near the elements. Our results showed that 50% of all transposition events had occurred within 1,700 kb on the same chromosome, with 35% within 200 kb, and that the elements transposed in both directions on the chromosome with roughly equal probability. The data thus indicate that the Ac-Ds system is most useful for tagging of genes that are present within 200 kb of the chromosomal site of Ac in Arabidopsis. In addition, determination of the precise localization of the transposed dAc-I-RS element should definitely assist in map-based cloning of genes around insertion sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Machida
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-01, Japan
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46
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BARTSCH D, SCHMIDT B, POHL-ORF M, HAAG C, SCHUPHAN I. Competitiveness of transgenic sugar beet resistant to beet necrotic yellow vein virus and potential impact on wild beet populations. Mol Ecol 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.1996.tb00307.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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47
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Ni M, Cui D, Gelvin SB. Sequence-specific interactions of wound-inducible nuclear factors with mannopine synthase 2' promoter wound-responsive elements. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 1996; 30:77-96. [PMID: 8616245 DOI: 10.1007/bf00017804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A 318 bp mannopine synthase 2' (mas2') promoter element from the T-DNA of Agrobacterium tumefacians can direct wound-inducible and root-preferential expression of a linked uidA gene in transgenic tobacco plants. Wound inducibility is further enhanced by sucrose in the medium. Promoter deletion analysis indicated that the sucrose enhancement is conferred by a region extending from -318 to -213. DNase I footprinting indicated that an A/T-rich DNA sequence in this region is protected by tobacco nuclear factors. Regions extending from -103 to +66 and from -213 to -138 directed wound-inducibile expression of a linked uidA gene when placed downstream of a CaMV 35S enhancer or upstream of a truncated (-209) CaMV 35S promoter, respectively. DNase I footprinting analyses indicated that proteins from wounded tobacco leaves specifically bound to three contiguous motifs downstream of the mas2' TATA box. In addition to a common retarded band formed by the upstream wound-responsive element complexed with proteins from either wounded or unwounded tobacco leaves, two unique retarded bands were observed when this element was incubated with protein from wounded leaves. Methylation interference analysis additionally identified an unique motif composed of promoter elements and nuclear factors derived specifically from wounded tobacco leaves. We propose a model to describe the involvement of nuclear factors with mas2' promoter elements in wound-inducible gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ni
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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48
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Tuominen H, Sitbon F, Jacobsson C, Sandberg G, Olsson O, Sundberg B. Altered Growth and Wood Characteristics in Transgenic Hybrid Aspen Expressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA Indoleacetic Acid-Biosynthetic Genes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 1995; 109:1179-1189. [PMID: 12228661 PMCID: PMC157648 DOI: 10.1104/pp.109.4.1179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
A key regulator of cambial growth is the plant hormone indoleacetic acid (IAA). Here we report on altered wood characteristics and growth patterns in transgenic hybrid aspen (Populus tremula L. x Populus tremuloides Michx.) expressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-DNA IAA-biosynthetic iaaM and iaaH genes. Eighteen lines simultaneously expressing both genes were regenerated. Of these, four lines, verified to be transgenic by northern blot analysis, were selected and raised under controlled growth conditions. All four lines were affected in their growth patterns, including alterations in height and stem diameter growth, internode elongation, leaf enlargement, and degree of apical dominance. Two transgenic lines, showing the most distinct phenotypic deviation from the wild type, were characterized in more detail for free and conjugated IAA levels and for wood characteristics. Both lines showed an altered IAA balance, particularly in mature leaves and roots where IAA levels were elevated. They also exhibited changes in wood anatomy, most notably a reduction in vessel size, an increase in vessel density, and changes in ray development. Thus, the recent development of techniques for gene transfer to forest trees enabled us to investigate the influence of an altered IAA balance on xylem development in an intact experimental system. In addition, the results demonstrate the possibility of manipulating wood properties in a forest tree through controlled changes of IAA concentration and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Tuominen
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-90183 Umea, Sweden
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Lebel EG, Masson J, Bogucki A, Paszkowski J. Transposable elements as plant transformation vectors for long stretches of foreign DNA. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 1995; 91:899-906. [PMID: 24169975 DOI: 10.1007/bf00223898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/1995] [Accepted: 03/24/1995] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The production of transgenic plants is now routine for most crops. However, using currently available transformation methods it is still difficult and time-consuming to obtain a collection of transformed individuals containing single or low-copy-number, intact transgenic inserts. Here we describe a set of broad-hostrange transformation vectors based on the Ac/Ds transposition system that improve both transformation efficiency and the quality of transgenic loci. These vectors efficiently deliver long stretches of foreign DNA into the genome, leading to transgenic strains containing an intact single-copy insert of 10kb. This type of vector could be an important additional tool for the production of transgenic plants with the well-defined, foreign DNA inserts required for biosafety approval and commercialisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Lebel
- Friedrich Miescher Institute, PO Box 2543, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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50
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English JJ, Harrison K, Jones JDG. Aberrant Transpositions of Maize Double Ds-Like Elements Usually Involve Ds Ends on Sister Chromatids. THE PLANT CELL 1995; 7:1235-1247. [PMID: 12242405 PMCID: PMC160947 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.7.8.1235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
McClintock's analysis of chromosome-breaking Dissociation (Ds) elements in maize demonstrated that sister chromatids fuse at the position of Ds, forming a dicentric chromosome and an acentric fragment. In tobacco, Ds left and right ends in direct orientation (that is, half a double Ds) are sufficient to promote Activator-dependent marker gene loss. We present here a detailed analysis of germinally inherited rearrangements promoted by "half double Ds" elements and a characterization of rearrangements that involve inversion of the segment between the Ds ends and/or deletion of a segment adjacent to the Ds construct. The results support a model in which chromosome breakage promoted by these elements, and presumably by double Ds elements, involves Ds ends on sister chromatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. J. English
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, John Innes Centre, Colney Lane, Norwich, NR4 7UH, United Kingdom
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