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Chen D, Tan Y, Wan X. Impact of Angiotensin Receptor Blockers Use on In-Hospital Mortality in Community-Acquired Pneumonia Patients with Hypertension. KIDNEY DISEASES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 9:424-432. [PMID: 37901713 PMCID: PMC10601901 DOI: 10.1159/000531479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
Introduction This study aimed to explore the association of angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) use with in-hospital mortality among Chinese patients with hypertension hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Methods This study was conducted from January 2014 to January 2017, and data from patients with hypertension hospitalized with CAP were analyzed retrospectively. Multivariable logistic regression and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to investigate any association. Results 1,510 patients were included in this study. The crude in-hospital mortality was significantly lower in patients with ARBs use (4.2% vs. 12.5%, p < 0.001). In the extended multivariable logistic models, the odds ratios (ORs) of ARBs use were consistently significant in all six models (OR range 0.27-0.48, p < 0.05 for all). After subgroup analysis, ARBs use remained a potentially protective factor against in-hospital mortality, and no interaction was detected. After PSM, the in-hospital mortality remained significantly lower in the ARBs use group (4.2% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.002). In the univariate analysis, using ARBs was associated with in-hospital mortality (PSM OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19-0.68; p = 0.002). Additionally, compared with the control group, ARBs use did not significantly increase the risk of acute kidney injury (12.4% vs. 10.9%, p = 0.628), renal replacement therapy (0.6% vs. 0.3%, p = 1.000), and hyperkalemia (1.8% vs. 2.1%, p = 1.000). Conclusion Although residual confounding cannot be excluded, the use of ARBs was associated with lower in-hospital mortality in Chinese patients with hypertension hospitalized with CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Tan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Wan
- Department of Nephrology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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2
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SeyedAlinaghi S, Afsahi AM, Shahidi R, Kianzad S, Pashaei Z, Mirahmad M, Asili P, Mojdeganlou H, Razi A, Mojdeganlou P, Fard IA, Mahdiabadi S, Afzalian A, Dashti M, Ghasemzadeh A, Parmoon Z, Badri H, Mehraeen E, Hackett D. Effects of Smoking on COVID-19 Management and Mortality: An Umbrella Review. J Smok Cessat 2023; 2023:7656135. [PMID: 37214631 PMCID: PMC10199802 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7656135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smoking status appears to lead to a poor prognosis in COVID-19 patients. However, findings from the studies conducted on this topic have not been consistent, and further exploration is required. Methods The objective of this umbrella review was to examine the effects of smoking on COVID-19 management and mortality. Online databases that included PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched using relevant keywords up to July 27, 2022. Articles were restricted to the English language, and the PRISMA protocol was followed. Results A total of 27 systematic reviews, published from 2020 to 2022, were included. Individual studies included in the systematic reviews ranged from 8 to 186, with various population sizes. The consensus from the majority of systematic reviews was that COVID-19 smoker patients experience greater disease severity, disease progression, hospitalization rate, hospital admission duration, mechanical ventilation, ICU admission, and mortality rate. Conclusions COVID-19 patients with a history of smoking (current and former) are vulnerable to adverse hospital outcomes and worse COVID-19 progression. Effective preventive and supportive approaches are required to decrease the risk of COVID-19 morbidity and mortality in patients with a history of smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), CA, USA
| | - Ramin Shahidi
- School of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | | | - Zahra Pashaei
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mirahmad
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooria Asili
- Department of Pathology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hengameh Mojdeganlou
- Department of Pathology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Armin Razi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Iman Amiri Fard
- Department of Community Health Nursing and Geriatric Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sara Mahdiabadi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Afzalian
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Dashti
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Ghasemzadeh
- Department of Radiology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zohal Parmoon
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hajar Badri
- School of Health, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal, Iran
| | - Daniel Hackett
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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3
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Exploring the Role of ACE2 as a Connecting Link between COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020536. [PMID: 36836893 PMCID: PMC9961012 DOI: 10.3390/life13020536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is frequently accompanied by neurological manifestations such as headache, delirium, and epileptic seizures, whereas ageusia and anosmia may appear before respiratory symptoms. Among the various neurological COVID-19-related comorbidities, Parkinson's disease (PD) has gained increasing attention. Some cases of PD disease have been linked to COVID-19, and both motor and non-motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease patients frequently worsen following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Although it is still unclear whether PD increases the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection or whether COVID-19 increases the risk of or unmasks future cases of PD, emerging evidence sheds more light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between these two diseases. Among them, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a significant component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), seems to play a pivotal role. ACE2 is required for the entry of SARS-CoV-2 to the human host cells, and ACE2 dysregulation is implicated in the severity of COVID-19-related acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ACE2 imbalance is implicated in core shared pathophysiological mechanisms between PD and COVID-19, including aberrant inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and immune dysregulation. ACE2 may also be implicated in alpha-synuclein-induced dopaminergic degeneration, gut-brain axis dysregulation, blood-brain axis disruption, autonomic dysfunction, depression, anxiety, and hyposmia, which are key features of PD.
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4
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Snouwaert JN, Jania LA, Nguyen T, Martinez DR, Schäfer A, Catanzaro NJ, Gully KL, Baric RS, Heise M, Ferris MT, Anderson E, Pressey K, Dillard JA, Taft-Benz S, Baxter VK, Ting JPY, Koller BH. Human ACE2 expression, a major tropism determinant for SARS-CoV-2, is regulated by upstream and intragenic elements. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011168. [PMID: 36812267 PMCID: PMC9987828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), part of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), serves as an entry point for SARS-CoV-2, leading to viral proliferation in permissive cell types. Using mouse lines in which the Ace2 locus has been humanized by syntenic replacement, we show that regulation of basal and interferon induced ACE2 expression, relative expression levels of different ACE2 transcripts, and sexual dimorphism in ACE2 expression are unique to each species, differ between tissues, and are determined by both intragenic and upstream promoter elements. Our results indicate that the higher levels of expression of ACE2 observed in the lungs of mice relative to humans may reflect the fact that the mouse promoter drives expression of ACE2 in populous airway club cells while the human promoter drives expression in alveolar type 2 (AT2) cells. In contrast to transgenic mice in which human ACE2 is expressed in ciliated cells under the control of the human FOXJ1 promoter, mice expressing ACE2 in club cells under the control of the endogenous Ace2 promoter show a robust immune response after infection with SARS-CoV-2, leading to rapid clearance of the virus. This supports a model in which differential expression of ACE2 determines which cell types in the lung are infected, and this in turn modulates the host response and outcome of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- John N. Snouwaert
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Leigh A. Jania
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - David R. Martinez
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Alexandra Schäfer
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nicholas J. Catanzaro
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Kendra L. Gully
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ralph S. Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mark Heise
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Martin T. Ferris
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Anderson
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Katia Pressey
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jacob A. Dillard
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Sharon Taft-Benz
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Victoria K. Baxter
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jenny P-Y Ting
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Beverly H. Koller
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
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5
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Sohaei D, Hollenberg M, Janket SJ, Diamandis EP, Poda G, Prassas I. The therapeutic relevance of the Kallikrein-Kinin axis in SARS-cov-2-induced vascular pathology. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2023; 60:25-40. [PMID: 35930434 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2022.2102578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
While coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) begins as a respiratory infection, it progresses as a systemic disease involving multiorgan microthromboses that underly the pathology. SARS-CoV-2 enters host cells via attachment to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. ACE2 is widely expressed in a multitude of tissues, including the lung (alveolar cells), heart, intestine, kidney, testis, gallbladder, vasculature (endothelial cells), and immune cells. Interference in ACE2 signaling could drive the aforementioned systemic pathologies, such as endothelial dysfunction, microthromboses, and systemic inflammation, that are typically seen in patients with severe COVID-19. ACE2 is a component of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and is intimately associated with the plasma kallikrein-kinin system (KKS). As many papers are published on the role of ACE and ACE2 in COVID-19, we will review the role of bradykinin, and more broadly the KSS, in SARS-CoV-2-induced vascular dysfunction. Furthermore, we will discuss the possible therapeutic interventions that are approved and in development for the following targets: coagulation factor XII (FXII), tissue kallikrein (KLK1), plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), bradykinin (BK), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1), bradykinin B1 receptor (BKB1R), bradykinin B2 receptor (BKB2R), ACE, furin, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Understanding these targets may prove of value in the treatment of COVID-19 as well as in other virus-induced coagulopathies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorsa Sohaei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Morley Hollenberg
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sok-Ja Janket
- Translational Oral Medicine Section, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eleftherios P Diamandis
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gennady Poda
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Canada.,Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ioannis Prassas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
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6
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Miluzio A, Cuomo A, Cordiglieri C, Donnici L, Pesce E, Bombaci M, Conti M, Fasciani A, Terracciano L, Manganaro L, Toccafondi M, Scagliola A, Oliveto S, Ricciardi S, Grifantini R, De Francesco R, Abrignani S, Manfrini N, Biffo S. Mapping of functional SARS-CoV-2 receptors in human lungs establishes differences in variant binding and SLC1A5 as a viral entry modulator of hACE2. EBioMedicine 2022; 87:104390. [PMID: 36584595 PMCID: PMC9795807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The COVID-19 pandemic is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The first step of SARS-CoV-2 infection is the recognition of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors by the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the viral Spike (S) glycoprotein. Although the molecular and structural bases of the SARS-CoV-2-RBD/hACE2 interaction have been thoroughly investigated in vitro, the relationship between hACE2 expression and in vivo infection is less understood. METHODS Here, we developed an efficient SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding assay suitable for super resolution microscopy and simultaneous hACE2 immunodetection and mapped the correlation between hACE2 receptor abundance and SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding, both in vitro and in human lung biopsies. Next, we explored the specific proteome of SARS-CoV-2-RBD/hACE2 through a comparative mass spectrometry approach. FINDINGS We found that only a minority of hACE2 positive spots are actually SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding sites, and that the relationship between SARS-CoV-2-RBD binding and hACE2 presence is variable, suggesting the existence of additional factors. Indeed, we found several interactors that are involved in receptor localization and viral entry and characterized one of them: SLC1A5, an amino acid transporter. High-resolution receptor-binding studies showed that co-expression of membrane-bound SLC1A5 with hACE2 predicted SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry better than hACE2 expression alone. SLC1A5 depletion reduces SARS-CoV-2 binding and entry. Notably, the Omicron variant is more efficient in binding hACE2 sites, but equally sensitive to SLC1A5 downregulation. INTERPRETATION We propose a method for mapping functional SARS-CoV-2 receptors in vivo. We confirm the existence of hACE2 co-factors that may contribute to differential sensitivity of cells to infection. FUNDING This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi" to Stefano Biffo and by AIRC under MFAG 2021 - ID. 26178 project - P.I. Manfrini Nicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Miluzio
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Cuomo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, IEO, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Cordiglieri
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Lorena Donnici
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Pesce
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mauro Bombaci
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Conti
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Fasciani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Luigi Terracciano
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lara Manganaro
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Mirco Toccafondi
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Scagliola
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Oliveto
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Ricciardi
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Renata Grifantini
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaele De Francesco
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Abrignani
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20122, Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Manfrini
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy,Corresponding author. National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Biffo
- National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy,Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133, Milan, Italy,Corresponding author. National Institute of Molecular Genetics, "Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi", INGM, 20122, Milan, Italy.
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7
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Chuang HC, Hsueh CH, Hsu PM, Huang RH, Tsai CY, Chung NH, Chow YH, Tan TH. SARS-CoV-2 spike protein enhances MAP4K3/GLK-induced ACE2 stability in COVID-19. EMBO Mol Med 2022; 14:e15904. [PMID: 35894122 PMCID: PMC9353388 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202215904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
ACE2 on epithelial cells is the SARS-CoV-2 entry receptor. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data derived from two COVID-19 cohorts revealed that MAP4K3/GLK-positive epithelial cells were increased in patients. SARS-CoV-2-induced GLK overexpression in epithelial cells was correlated with COVID-19 severity and vesicle secretion. GLK overexpression induced the epithelial cell-derived exosomes containing ACE2; the GLK-induced exosomes transported ACE2 proteins to recipient cells, facilitating pseudovirus infection. Consistently, ACE2 proteins were increased in the serum exosomes from another COVID-19 cohort. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-stimulated GLK, and GLK stabilized ACE2 in epithelial cells. Mechanistically, GLK phosphorylated ACE2 at two serine residues (Ser776, Ser783), leading to the dissociation of ACE2 from its E3 ligase UBR4. Reduction in UBR4-induced Lys48-linked ubiquitination at three lysine residues (Lys26, Lys112, Lys114) of ACE2 prevented its degradation. Furthermore, SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus or live virus infection in humanized ACE2 mice induced GLK and ACE2 protein levels, and ACE2-containing exosomes. Collectively, ACE2 stabilization by SARS-CoV-2-induced MAP4K3/GLK may contribute to the pathogenesis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai-Chia Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hsin Hsueh
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Pu-Ming Hsu
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Rou-Huei Huang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Hsiang Chung
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hung Chow
- National Institute of Infectious Disease and Vaccinology, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Hua Tan
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Taiwan.,Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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8
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Du Y, Zhang S, Zhang Z, Miah KM, Wei P, Zhang L, Zhu Y, Li Z, Ye F, Gill DR, Hyde SC, Wang Y, Zhao J. Intranasal Lentiviral Vector-Mediated Antibody Delivery Confers Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Elderly and Immunocompromised Mice. Front Immunol 2022; 13:819058. [PMID: 35529866 PMCID: PMC9072863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.819058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccines for COVID-19 are now a crucial public health need, but the degree of protection provided by conventional vaccinations for individuals with compromised immune systems is unclear. The use of viral vectors to express neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in the lung is an alternative approach that does not wholly depend on individuals having intact immune systems and responses. Here, we identified an anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) monoclonal antibody, NC0321, which can efficiently neutralize a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants, including alpha, beta, delta, and eta. Both prophylactic and therapeutic NC0321 treatments effectively protected mice from SARS-CoV-2 infection. Notably, we adopted viral vector-mediated delivery of NC0321 IgG1 as an attractive approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection. The NC0321 IgG1 expression in the proximal airway, expressed by a single direct in-vivo intranasal (I.N.) administration of a self-inactivating and recombinant lentiviral vector (rSIV.F/HN-NC0321), can protect young, elderly, and immunocompromised mice against mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 surrogate challenge. Long-term monitoring indicated that rSIV.F/HN-NC0321 mediated robust IgG expression throughout the airway of young and SCID mice, importantly, no statistical difference in the NC0321 expression between young and SCID mice was observed. A single I.N. dose of rSIV.F/HN-NC0321 30 or 180 days prior to SARS-CoV-2 challenge significantly reduced lung SARS-CoV-2 titers in an Ad5-hACE2-transduced mouse model, reconfirming that this vectored immunoprophylaxis strategy could be useful, especially for those individuals who cannot gain effective immunity from existing vaccines, and could potentially prevent clinical sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Du
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Shengnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kamran M. Miah
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peilan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Health and Quarantine Laboratory, Guangzhou Customs District Technology Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengtu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Deborah R. Gill
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen C. Hyde
- Gene Medicine Research Group, Nuffield Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Yanqun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jincun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Centre for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Institute of Infectious Disease, Guangzhou Eighth People’s Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou International Bio-Island, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Peng Y, Wang ZN, Chen SY, Xu AR, Fang ZF, Sun J, Zhou ZQ, Hou XT, Cen LJ, Ma JJ, Zhao JC, Guan WJ, Wang DY, Zhong NS. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 in peripheral lung club cells modulates the susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2022; 322:L712-L721. [PMID: 35318858 PMCID: PMC9054324 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00305.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has confirmed that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a risk factor for development of severe pathological changes in the peripheral lungs of patients with COVID-19. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Because bronchiolar club cells are crucial for maintaining small airway homeostasis, we sought to explore whether the altered susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 infection of the club cells might have contributed to the severe COVID-19 pneumonia in COPD patients. Our investigation on the quantity and distribution patterns of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in airway epithelium via immunofluorescence staining revealed that the mean fluorescence intensity of the ACE2-positive epithelial cells was significantly higher in club cells than those in other epithelial cells (including ciliated cells, basal cells, goblet cells, neuroendocrine cells, and alveolar type 2 cells). Compared with nonsmokers, the median percentage of club cells in bronchiolar epithelium and ACE2-positive club cells was significantly higher in COPD patients. In vitro, SARS-CoV-2 infection (at a multiplicity of infection of 1.0) of primary small airway epithelial cells, cultured on air-liquid interface, confirmed a higher percentage of infected ACE2-positive club cells in COPD patients than in nonsmokers. Our findings have indicated the role of club cells in modulating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2-related severe pneumonia and the poor clinical outcomes, which may help physicians to formulate a novel therapeutic strategy for COVID-19 patients with coexisting COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zhao-Ni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shi-Ying Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ai-Ru Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhang-Fu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zi-Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Tao Hou
- Guangzhou KingMed Center for Clinical Laboratory Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai-Jian Cen
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jin-Cun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Jie Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guangzhou Institute for Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, China.,Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Foshan Second People's Hospital, Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nan-Shan Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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10
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Yan F, Li E, Wang T, Li Y, Liu J, Wang W, Qin T, Su R, Pei H, Wang S, Feng N, Zhao Y, Yang S, Xia X, Gao Y. Characterization of Two Heterogeneous Lethal Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2 Variants Recapitulating Representative Aspects of Human COVID-19. Front Immunol 2022; 13:821664. [PMID: 35197985 PMCID: PMC8858946 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.821664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
New emerging severe acute respiratory syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a worldwide pandemic. Several animal models of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been developed and applied to antiviral research. In this study, two lethal mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 variants (BMA8 and C57MA14) with different virulence were generated from different hosts, which are characterized by high viral replication titers in the upper and lower respiratory tract, pulmonary pathology, cytokine storm, cellular tropism, lymphopenia, and neutrophilia. Two variants exhibit host genetics-related and age-dependent morbidity and mortality in mice, exquisitely reflecting the clinical manifestation of asymptomatic, moderate, and severe COVID-19 patients. Notably, both variants equally weaken the neutralization capacity of the serum derived from COVID-19 convalescent, but the C57MA14 variant showed a much higher virulence than the BMA8 variant in vitro. Q489H substitution in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of BMA8 and C57MA14 variants results in the receptors of SARS-CoV-2 switching from human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) to murine angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (mACE2). Additionally, A22D and A36V mutation in E protein were first reported in our study, which potentially contributed to the virulence difference between the two variants. Of note, the protective efficacy of the novel bacterium-like particle (BLP) vaccine candidate was validated using the BMA8- or C57MA14-infected aged mouse model. The BMA8 variant- and C57MA14 variant-infected models provide a relatively inexpensive and accessible evaluation platform for assessing the efficacy of vaccines and novel therapeutic approaches. This will promote further research in the transmissibility and pathogenicity mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feihu Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Entao Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Weiqi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, China
| | - Rina Su
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyan Pei
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Shen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Na Feng
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yongkun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Songtao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xianzhu Xia
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yuwei Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Yuwei Gao,
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11
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Lumbers ER, Head R, Smith GR, Delforce SJ, Jarrott B, H. Martin J, Pringle KG. The interacting physiology of COVID-19 and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system: Key agents for treatment. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00917. [PMID: 35106954 PMCID: PMC8929333 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS‐CoV‐2 interacting with its receptor, angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), turns the host response to viral infection into a dysregulated uncontrolled inflammatory response. This is because ACE2 limits the production of the peptide angiotensin II (Ang II) and SARS‐CoV‐2, through the destruction of ACE2, allows the uncontrolled production of Ang II. Recovery from trauma requires activation of both a tissue response to injury and activation of a whole‐body response to maintain tissue perfusion. Tissue and circulating renin‐angiotensin systems (RASs) play an essential role in the host response to infection and injury because of the actions of Ang II, mediated via its AT1 receptor. Both tissue and circulating arms of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system's (RAAS) response to injury need to be regulated. The effects of Ang II and the steroid hormone, aldosterone, on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and on the circulation are controlled by elaborate feedback networks that respond to alterations in the composition and volume of fluids within the circulatory system. The role of Ang II in the tissue response to injury is however, controlled mainly by its metabolism and conversion to Ang‐(1‐7) by the enzyme ACE2. Ang‐(1‐7) has effects that are contrary to Ang II‐AT1R mediated effects. Thus, destruction of ACE2 by SARS‐CoV‐2 results in loss of control of the pro‐inflammatory actions of Ang II and tissue destruction. Therefore, it is the response of the host to SARS‐CoV‐2 that is responsible for the pathogenesis of COVID‐19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenie R. Lumbers
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Richard Head
- University of South AustraliaAdelaideSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Gary R. Smith
- VP System PracticeInternational Society for the System SciencesPontypoolUK
| | - Sarah J. Delforce
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Bevyn Jarrott
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience & Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jennifer H. Martin
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
- Centre for Drug Repurposing and Medicines ResearchClinical PharmacologyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Kirsty G. Pringle
- School of Biomedical Sciences & PharmacyUniversity of NewcastleNewcastleNew South WalesAustralia
- Hunter Medical Research InstituteNew Lambton HeightsNew South WalesAustralia
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12
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Sarzani R, Giulietti F, Pentima CD, Giordano P, Spannella F. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 and treatment with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers. Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 28:e10-e13. [PMID: 33611416 PMCID: PMC7928974 DOI: 10.1177/2047487320918421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sarzani
- />Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, ‘Hypertension Excellence Centre’ of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
- />Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University ‘Politecnica delle Marche’, Italy
| | - Federico Giulietti
- />Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, ‘Hypertension Excellence Centre’ of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
- />Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University ‘Politecnica delle Marche’, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pentima
- />Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, ‘Hypertension Excellence Centre’ of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
- />Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University ‘Politecnica delle Marche’, Italy
| | - Piero Giordano
- />Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, ‘Hypertension Excellence Centre’ of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
| | - Francesco Spannella
- />Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, ‘Hypertension Excellence Centre’ of the European Society of Hypertension, IRCCS INRCA, Italy
- />Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University ‘Politecnica delle Marche’, Italy
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13
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The Identikit of Patient at Risk for Severe COVID-19 and Death: The Dysregulation of Renin-Angiotensin System as the Common Theme. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10245883. [PMID: 34945176 PMCID: PMC8704645 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10245883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first months of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, several specific physiologic traits, such as male sex and older age, or health conditions, such as overweight/obesity, arterial hypertension, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, have been found to be highly prevalent and associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes in hospitalized patients. All these cardiovascular morbidities are widespread in the population and often coexist, thus identifying a common patient phenotype, characterized by a hyper-activation of the “classic” renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and mediated by the binding of angiotensin II (Ang II) to the type 1-receptor. At the same time, the RAS imbalance was proved to be crucial in the genesis of lung injury after severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, where angiotensin-converting-enzyme-2 (ACE2) is not only the receptor for SARS-CoV-2, but its down-regulation through internalization and shedding, caused by the virus binding, leads to a further dysregulation of RAS by reducing angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7) production. This focused narrative review will discuss the main available evidence on the role played by cardiovascular and metabolic conditions in severe COVID-19, providing a possible pathophysiological link based on the disequilibrium between the two opposite arms of RAS.
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14
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Rajtik T, Galis P, Bartosova L, Paulis L, Goncalvesova E, Klimas J. Alternative RAS in Various Hypoxic Conditions: From Myocardial Infarction to COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222312800. [PMID: 34884604 PMCID: PMC8657827 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative branches of the classical renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system (RAS) represent an important cascade in which angiotensin 2 (AngII) undergoes cleavage via the action of the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) with subsequent production of Ang(1-7) and other related metabolites eliciting its effects via Mas receptor activation. Generally, this branch of the RAS system is described as its non-canonical alternative arm with counterbalancing actions to the classical RAS, conveying vasodilation, anti-inflammatory, anti-remodeling and anti-proliferative effects. The implication of this branch was proposed for many different diseases, ranging from acute cardiovascular conditions, through chronic respiratory diseases to cancer, nonetheless, hypoxia is one of the most prominent common factors discussed in conjugation with the changes in the activity of alternative RAS branches. The aim of this review is to bring complex insights into the mechanisms behind the various forms of hypoxic insults on the activity of alternative RAS branches based on the different duration of stimuli and causes (acute vs. intermittent vs. chronic), localization and tissue (heart vs. vessels vs. lungs) and clinical relevance of studied phenomenon (experimental vs. clinical condition). Moreover, we provide novel insights into the future strategies utilizing the alternative RAS as a diagnostic tool as well as a promising pharmacological target in serious hypoxia-associated cardiovascular and cardiopulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Rajtik
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +42-12-501-17-391
| | - Peter Galis
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Linda Bartosova
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
| | - Ludovit Paulis
- Institute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Eva Goncalvesova
- Department of Heart Failure, Clinic of Cardiology, National Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, 831 01 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jan Klimas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, 832 32 Bratislava, Slovakia; (P.G.); (L.B.); (J.K.)
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15
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Williams A, Branscome H, Khatkar P, Mensah GA, Al Sharif S, Pinto DO, DeMarino C, Kashanchi F. A comprehensive review of COVID-19 biology, diagnostics, therapeutics, and disease impacting the central nervous system. J Neurovirol 2021; 27:667-690. [PMID: 34581996 PMCID: PMC8477646 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-021-00998-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is a highly transmissible disease. SARS-CoV-2 is estimated to have infected over 153 million people and to have caused over 3.2 million global deaths since its emergence in December 2019. SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh coronavirus known to infect humans, and like other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 infection is characterized by a variety of symptoms including general flu-like symptoms such as a fever, sore throat, fatigue, and shortness of breath. Severe cases often display signs of pneumonia, lymphopenia, acute kidney injury, cardiac injury, cytokine storms, lung damage, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure, sepsis, and death. There is evidence that around 30% of COVID-19 cases have central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) symptoms along with or in the absence of the previously mentioned symptoms. In cases of CNS/PNS impairments, patients display dizziness, ataxia, seizure, nerve pain, and loss of taste and/or smell. This review highlights the neurological implications of SARS-CoV-2 and provides a comprehensive summary of the research done on SARS-CoV-2 pathology, diagnosis, therapeutics, and vaccines up to May 5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Williams
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Heather Branscome
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Pooja Khatkar
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Gifty A Mensah
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Al Sharif
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Daniel O Pinto
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
- Immunology Core, Malaria Biologics Branch, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA.
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16
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Cao X, Tian Y, Nguyen V, Zhang Y, Gao C, Yin R, Carver W, Fan D, Albrecht H, Cui T, Tan W. Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 activates macrophages and contributes to induction of acute lung inflammation in male mice. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21801. [PMID: 34365657 PMCID: PMC8441663 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202002742rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) plays a crucial role in mediating viral entry into host cells. However, whether it contributes to pulmonary hyperinflammation in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 is not well known. In this study, we developed a spike protein–pseudotyped (Spp) lentivirus with the proper tropism of the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein on the surface and determined the distribution of the Spp lentivirus in wild‐type C57BL/6J male mice that received an intravenous injection of the virus. Lentiviruses with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV‐G) or with a deletion of the receptor‐binding domain (RBD) in the spike protein [Spp (∆RBD)] were used as controls. Two hours postinfection (hpi), there were 27‐75 times more viral burden from Spp lentivirus in the lungs than in other organs; there were also about 3‐5 times more viral burden from Spp lentivirus than from VSV‐G lentivirus in the lungs, liver, kidney, and spleen. Deletion of RBD diminished viral loads in the lungs but not in the heart. Acute pneumonia was observed in animals 24 hpi. Spp lentivirus was mainly found in SPC+ and LDLR+ pneumocytes and macrophages in the lungs. IL6, IL10, CD80, and PPAR‐γ were quickly upregulated in response to infection in the lungs as well as in macrophage‐like RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, forced expression of the spike protein in RAW264.7 cells significantly increased the mRNA levels of the same panel of inflammatory factors. Our results demonstrated that the spike protein of SARS‐CoV‐2 confers the main point of viral entry into the lungs and can induce cellular pathology. Our data also indicate that an alternative ACE2‐independent viral entry pathway may be recruited in the heart and aorta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of General Surgery, Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Wayne Carver
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Helmut Albrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prisma Health Medical Group, Columbia, SC, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Wenbin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.,Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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17
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Swenson KE, Ruoss SJ, Swenson ER. The Pathophysiology and Dangers of Silent Hypoxemia in COVID-19 Lung Injury. Ann Am Thorac Soc 2021; 18:1098-1105. [PMID: 33621159 PMCID: PMC8328372 DOI: 10.1513/annalsats.202011-1376cme] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has been unprecedented on many levels, not least of which are the challenges in understanding the pathophysiology of these new critically ill patients. One widely reported phenomenon is that of a profoundly hypoxemic patient with minimal to no dyspnea out of proportion to the extent of radiographic abnormality and change in lung compliance. This apparently unique presentation, sometimes called "happy hypoxemia or hypoxia" but better described as "silent hypoxemia," has led to the speculation of underlying pathophysiological differences between COVID-19 lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) from other causes. We explore three proposed distinctive features of COVID-19 that likely bear on the genesis of silent hypoxemia, including differences in lung compliance, pulmonary vascular responses to hypoxia, and nervous system sensing and response to hypoxemia. In the context of known principles of respiratory physiology and neurobiology, we discuss whether these particular findings are due to direct viral effects or, equally plausible, are within the spectrum of typical ARDS pathophysiology and the wide range of hypoxic ventilatory and pulmonary vascular responses and dyspnea perception in healthy people. Comparisons between lung injury patterns in COVID-19 and other causes of ARDS are clouded by the extent and severity of this pandemic, which may underlie the description of "new" phenotypes, although our ability to confirm these phenotypes by more invasive and longitudinal studies is limited. However, given the uncertainty about anything unique in the pathophysiology of COVID-19 lung injury, there are no compelling pathophysiological reasons at present to support a therapeutic approach for these patients that is different from the proven standards of care in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai E. Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen J. Ruoss
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Erik R. Swenson
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington; and
- Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington
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18
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Mariappan V, Manoharan PS, R P, Shanmugam L, Rao SR, Pillai AB. Potential biomarkers for the early prediction of SARS-COV-2 disease outcome. Microb Pathog 2021; 158:105057. [PMID: 34153419 PMCID: PMC8215377 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2021.105057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic due to the fast spreading of SARS-CoV-2 infection has caused severe impairment in health, social, economic, scientific, and medical sectors across the globe. Owing to the not so well understood mechanism of disease pathogenesis in terms of variations in immune responses, there remains obscure why some of the patients who are infected by the novel SARS-CoV-2 develop an unpredictable clinical course that rapidly causes severe and deadly complications/manifestations. Currently, several assays are available for the confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the point of care. However, none of these assays can predict the severity of the COVID-19 disease. Thus, the identification of a prognostic biomarker that forecasts the condition of SARS-CoV-2 patients to develop a severe form of the disease could enable the clinicians for more efficient patient triage and treatment. In this regard, the present review describes the role of selected biomolecules that are crucially involved in the immune-pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection such as hyper-immune responsiveness, bradykinin storm and vascular leakage assuming these may serve as an effective prognostic biomarker in COVID-19 to understand the outcome of the disease. Based on the review, we also propose the development of a cost-effective SERS-based prognostic biosensor for the detection and quantification of biomolecules for use as a point-of-care system during a disease outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Mariappan
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - P S Manoharan
- Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Science (IGIDS), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Pajanivel R
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Lokesh Shanmugam
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical College and Research Institute (MGMCRI), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - S R Rao
- Vice-President (Research, Innovation & Development), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
| | - Agieshkumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Central Inter-Disciplinary Research Facility (CIDRF), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607 402, India.
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19
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Coden ME, Loffredo LF, Abdala-Valencia H, Berdnikovs S. Comparative Study of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV, HCoV-229E and Influenza Host Gene Expression in Asthma: Importance of Sex, Disease Severity, and Epithelial Heterogeneity. Viruses 2021; 13:1081. [PMID: 34198852 PMCID: PMC8226441 DOI: 10.3390/v13061081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial characteristics underlying the differential susceptibility of chronic asthma to SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other viral infections are currently unclear. By revisiting transcriptomic data from patients with Th2 low versus Th2 high asthma, as well as mild, moderate, and severe asthmatics, we characterized the changes in expression of human coronavirus and influenza viral entry genes relative to sex, airway location, and disease endotype. We found sexual dimorphism in the expression of SARS-CoV-2-related genes ACE2, TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, and SLC6A19. ACE2 receptor downregulation occurred specifically in females in Th2 high asthma, while proteases broadly assisting coronavirus and influenza viral entry, TMPRSS2, and TMPRSS4, were highly upregulated in both sexes. Overall, changes in SARS-CoV-2-related gene expression were specific to the Th2 high molecular endotype of asthma and different by asthma severity and airway location. The downregulation of ACE2 (COVID-19, SARS) and ANPEP (HCoV-229E) viral receptors wascorrelated with loss of club and ciliated cells in Th2 high asthma. Meanwhile, the increase in DPP4 (MERS-CoV), ST3GAL4, and ST6GAL1 (influenza) was associated with increased goblet and basal activated cells. Overall, this study elucidates sex, airway location, disease endotype, and changes in epithelial heterogeneity as potential factors underlying asthmatic susceptibility, or lack thereof, to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mackenzie E. Coden
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.E.C.); (L.F.L.)
| | - Lucas F. Loffredo
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.E.C.); (L.F.L.)
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA;
| | - Sergejs Berdnikovs
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; (M.E.C.); (L.F.L.)
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20
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Barrantes FJ. The Contribution of Biophysics and Structural Biology to Current Advances in COVID-19. Annu Rev Biophys 2021; 50:493-523. [PMID: 33957057 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-102620-080956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Critical to viral infection are the multiple interactions between viral proteins and host-cell counterparts. The first such interaction is the recognition of viral envelope proteins by surface receptors that normally fulfil other physiological roles, a hijacking mechanism perfected over the course of evolution. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the etiological agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), has successfully adopted this strategy using its spike glycoprotein to dock on the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The crystal structures of several SARS-CoV-2 proteins alone or in complex with their receptors or other ligands were recently solved at an unprecedented pace. This accomplishment is partly due to the increasing availability of data on other coronaviruses and ACE2 over the past 18 years. Likewise, other key intervening actors and mechanisms of viral infection were elucidated with the aid of biophysical approaches. An understanding of the various structurally important motifs of the interacting partners provides key mechanistic information for the development of structure-based designer drugs able to inhibit various steps of the infective cycle, including neutralizing antibodies, small organic drugs, and vaccines. This review analyzes current progress and the outlook for future structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Catholic University of Argentina (UCA)-National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Argentina (CONICET), C1107AFF Buenos Aires, Argentina;
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21
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Gressens SB, Leftheriotis G, Dussaule JC, Flamant M, Levy BI, Vidal-Petiot E. Controversial Roles of the Renin Angiotensin System and Its Modulators During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Front Physiol 2021; 12:624052. [PMID: 33692701 PMCID: PMC7937723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.624052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since December 2019, the coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has rapidly spread and overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide, urging physicians to understand how to manage this novel infection. Early in the pandemic, more severe forms of COVID-19 have been observed in patients with cardiovascular comorbidities, who are often treated with renin-angiotensin aldosterone system (RAAS)-blockers, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), but whether these are indeed independent risk factors is unknown. The cellular receptor for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is the membrane-bound angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), as for SARS-CoV(-1). Experimental data suggest that expression of ACE2 may be increased by RAAS-blockers, raising concerns that these drugs may facilitate viral cell entry. On the other hand, ACE2 is a key counter-regulator of the RAAS, by degrading angiotensin II into angiotensin (1-7), and may thereby mediate beneficial effects in COVID-19. These considerations have raised concerns about the management of these drugs, and early comments shed vivid controversy among physicians. This review will describe the homeostatic balance between ACE-angiotensin II and ACE2-angiotensin (1-7) and summarize the pathophysiological rationale underlying the debated role of the RAAS and its modulators in the context of the pandemic. In addition, we will review available evidence investigating the impact of RAAS blockers on the course and prognosis of COVID-19 and discuss why retrospective observational studies should be interpreted with caution. These considerations highlight the importance of solid evidence-based data in order to guide physicians in the management of RAAS-interfering drugs in the general population as well as in patients with more or less severe forms of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon B Gressens
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Georges Leftheriotis
- Laboratory of Molecular Physiology and Medicine, Université Cote d'Azur, Nice, France
| | - Jean-Claude Dussaule
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Unité des Maladies Rénales Fréquentes et Rares: des Mécanismes Moléculaires à la Médecine Personnalisée, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Martin Flamant
- Department of Physiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Inserm U1149, Centre for Research on Inflammation, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuelle Vidal-Petiot
- Department of Physiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Bichat-Claude Bernard University Hospital, Paris, France.,Inserm U1149, Centre for Research on Inflammation, Université de Paris, Paris, France
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22
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Zhang H, Ma S, Han T, Qu G, Cheng C, Uy JP, Shaikh MB, Zhou Q, Song EJ, Sun C. Association of smoking history with severe and critical outcomes in COVID-19 patients: A systemic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Integr Med 2021; 43:101313. [PMID: 33619437 PMCID: PMC7889467 DOI: 10.1016/j.eujim.2021.101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction The highly infectious coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has now rapidly spread around the world. This meta-analysis was strictly focused on the influence of smoking history on the severe and critical outcomes on people with COVID-19 pneumonia. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in eight online databases before 1 February 2021. All studies meeting our selection criteria were included and evaluated. Stata 14.0 software was used to analyze the data. Results A total of 109 articles involving 517,020 patients were included in this meta-analysis. A statistically significant association was discovered between smoking history and COVID-19 severity, the pooled OR was 1.55 (95%CI: 1.41-1.71). Smoking was significantly associated with the risk of admission to intensive care unit (ICU) (OR=1.73, 95%CI: 1.36-2.19), increased mortality (OR=1.58, 95%CI: 1.38-1.81), and critical diseases composite endpoints (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.35-1.93), whereas there was no relationship with mechanical ventilation. The pooled prevalence of smoking using the random effects model (REM) was 15% (95%CI: 14%-16%). Meta-regression analysis showed that age (P=0.004), hypertension (P=0.007), diabetes (P=0.029), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (P=0.001) were covariates that affect the association. Conclusions Smoking was associated with severe or critical outcomes and increased the risk of admission to ICU and mortality in COVID-19 patients, but not associated with mechanical ventilation. This association was more significant for former smokers than in current smokers. Current smokers also had a higher risk of developing severe COVID-19 compared with non-smokers. More detailed data, which are representative of more countries, are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimei Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Shaodi Ma
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Tiantian Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Guangbo Qu
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, Anhui, PR China
| | - Ce Cheng
- The University of Arizona College of Medicine at South Campus, 2800 E Ajo Way, Tucson AZ, 85713, USA
| | - John Patrick Uy
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 60657, Illinois, USA
| | - Mohammad Baseem Shaikh
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 60657, Illinois, USA
| | - Qin Zhou
- Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Evelyn J Song
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago 60657, Illinois, USA
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23
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Abdul-Hafez A, Mohamed T, Uhal BD. Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE-2) role in disease and future in research. JOURNAL OF LUNG, PULMONARY & RESPIRATORY RESEARCH 2021; 8:54-60. [PMID: 34414260 PMCID: PMC8373052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Like the 2002-2003 epidemic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as the SARS-CoV-2 receptor.1-3 The virus docks into host cell via its spike protein binding to ACE-2 and undergoes proteolytic cleavage by TMPRSS2 protease to facilitate membrane fusion. The spike protein binding to ACE-2 has been shown to be stronger in the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus.1 This review will present an overview of ACE-2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal Abdul-Hafez
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Tarek Mohamed
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, USA
| | - Bruce D. Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, USA
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24
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Yee M, David Cohen E, Haak J, Dylag AM, O'Reilly MA. Neonatal hyperoxia enhances age-dependent expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22401. [PMID: 33372179 PMCID: PMC7769981 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The severity of COVID-19 lung disease is higher in the elderly and people with pre-existing co-morbidities. People who were born preterm may be at greater risk for COVID-19 because their early exposure to oxygen (hyperoxia) at birth increases the severity of respiratory viral infections. Hyperoxia at birth increases the severity of influenza A virus infections in adult mice by reducing the number of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells. Since AT2 cells express the SARS-CoV-2 receptors angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), their expression should decline as AT2 cells are depleted by hyperoxia. Instead, ACE2 was detected in airway Club cells and endothelial cells at birth, and then AT2 cells at one year of age. Neonatal hyperoxia stimulated expression of ACE2 in Club cells and in AT2 cells by 2 months of age. It also stimulated expression of TMPRSS2 in the lung. Increased expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors was blocked by mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrial superoxide scavenger that reduced oxidative stress and DNA damage seen in oxygen-exposed mice. Our finding that hyperoxia enhances the age-dependent expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in mice helps explain why COVID-19 lung disease is greater in the elderly and people with pre-existing co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yee
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - E David Cohen
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Jeannie Haak
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Box 850, Rochester, NY, 14642, USA.
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Hamouche W, Bisserier M, Brojakowska A, Eskandari A, Fish K, Goukassian DA, Hadri L. Pathophysiology and pharmacological management of pulmonary and cardiovascular features of COVID-19. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2020; 153:72-85. [PMID: 33373644 PMCID: PMC7833205 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2020.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The first confirmed case of novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the United States was reported on January 20, 2020. As of November 24, 2020, close to 12.2 million cases of COVID-19 was confirmed in the US, with over 255,958 deaths. The rapid transmission of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), its unusual and divergent presentation has strengthened the status of COVID-19 as a major public health threat. In this review, we aim to 1- discuss the epidemiological data from various COVID-19 patient cohorts around the world and the USA as well the associated risk factors; 2- summarize the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the underlying molecular mechanisms for the respiratory and cardiovascular manifestations; 3- highlight the potential treatments and vaccines as well as current clinical trials for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Hamouche
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Internal Medicine Department, Brookdale University Hospital Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Malik Bisserier
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Agnieszka Brojakowska
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Abrisham Eskandari
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kenneth Fish
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Goukassian
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lahouaria Hadri
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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26
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Cao X, Tian Y, Nguyen V, Zhang Y, Gao C, Yin R, Carver W, Fan D, Albrecht H, Cui T, Tan W. Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Activates Macrophages and Contributes to Induction of Acute Lung Inflammations in Mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.12.07.414706. [PMID: 33330865 PMCID: PMC7743069 DOI: 10.1101/2020.12.07.414706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients exhibit multiple organ malfunctions with a primary manifestation of acute and diffuse lung injuries. The Spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is crucial to mediate viral entry into host cells; however, whether it can be cellularly pathogenic and contribute to pulmonary hyper-inflammations in COVID-19 is not well known. Methods and Findings In this study, we developed a Spike protein-pseudotyped (Spp) lentivirus with the proper tropism of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein on the surface and tracked down the fate of Spp in wild type C57BL/6J mice receiving intravenous injection of the virus. A lentivirus with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSV-G) was used as the control. Two hours post-infection (hpi), Spp showed more than 27-75 times more viral burden in the lungs than other organs; it also exhibited about 3-5 times more viral burden than VSV-G lentivirus in the lungs, liver, kidney and spleen. Acute pneumonia was evident in animals 24 hpi. Spp lentivirus was mainly found in LDLR+ macrophages and pneumocytes in the lungs, but not in MARC1+ macrophages. IL6, IL10, CD80 and PPAR-γ were quickly upregulated in response to infection of Spp lentivirus in the lungs in vivo as well as in macrophage-like RAW264.7 cells in vitro. We further confirmed that forced expression of the Spike protein in RAW264.7 cells could significantly increase the mRNA levels of the same panel of inflammatory factors. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 alone can induce cellular pathology, e.g. activating macrophages and contributing to induction of acute inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Cao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yan Tian
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Vi Nguyen
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuping Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of General Surgery, The 3rd Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chao Gao
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rong Yin
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wayne Carver
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Helmut Albrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine, Prisma Health Medical Group, Columbia, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Taixing Cui
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Wenbin Tan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
- Biomedical Engineering Program, College of Engineering and Computing University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
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Good or bad: Application of RAAS inhibitors in COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. Pharmacol Ther 2020; 215:107628. [PMID: 32653530 PMCID: PMC7346797 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by a newly emerged coronavirus (CoV) called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidities have significantly increased morbidity and mortality. The use of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor type 1 blockers (ARBs) improve CVD outcomes; however, there is concern that they may worsen the prognosis of CVD patients that become infected with SARS-CoV-2 because the virus uses the ACE2 receptor to bind to and subsequently infect host cells. Thus, some health care providers and media sources have questioned the continued use of ACE inhibitors and ARBs. In this brief review, we discuss the effect of ACE inhibitor-induced bradykinin on the cardiovascular system, on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) regulation in COVID-19 patients, and analyze recent clinical studies regarding patients treated with RAAS inhibitors. We propose that the application of RAAS inhibitors for COVID-19 patients with CVDs may be beneficial rather than harmful.
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28
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Barker H, Parkkila S. Bioinformatic characterization of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, the entry receptor for SARS-CoV-2. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240647. [PMID: 33112891 PMCID: PMC7592753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 epidemic a public health emergency of international concern on March 11th, 2020, and the pandemic is rapidly spreading worldwide. COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which enters human target cells via angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We used a number of bioinformatics tools to computationally characterize ACE2 by determining its cell-specific expression in trachea, lung, and small intestine, derive its putative functions, and predict transcriptional regulation. The small intestine expressed higher levels of ACE2 mRNA than any other organ. By immunohistochemistry, duodenum, kidney and testis showed strong signals, whereas the signal was weak in the respiratory tract. Single cell RNA-Seq data from trachea indicated positive signals along the respiratory tract in key protective cell types including club, goblet, proliferating, and ciliary epithelial cells; while in lung the ratio of ACE2-expressing cells was low in all cell types (<2.6%), but was highest in vascular endothelial and goblet cells. Gene ontology analysis suggested that, besides its classical role in the renin-angiotensin system, ACE2 may be functionally associated with angiogenesis/blood vessel morphogenesis. Using a novel tool for the prediction of transcription factor binding sites we identified several putative binding sites within two tissue-specific promoters of the ACE2 gene as well as a new putative short form of ACE2. These include several interferon-stimulated response elements sites for STAT1, IRF8, and IRF9. Our results also confirmed that age and gender play no significant role in the regulation of ACE2 mRNA expression in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harlan Barker
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
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Xu M, Yang W, Wang X, Nayak DK. Lung Secretoglobin Scgb1a1 Influences Alveolar Macrophage-Mediated Inflammation and Immunity. Front Immunol 2020; 11:584310. [PMID: 33117399 PMCID: PMC7558713 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.584310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alveolar macrophage (AM) is a mononuclear phagocyte key to the defense against respiratory infections. To understand AM’s role in airway disease development, we examined the influence of Secretoglobin family 1a member 1 (SCGB1A1), a pulmonary surfactant protein, on AM development and function. In a murine model, high-throughput RNA-sequencing and gene expression analyses were performed on purified AMs isolated from mice lacking in Scgb1a1 gene and were compared with that from mice expressing the wild type Scgb1a1 at weaning (4 week), puberty (8 week), early adult (12 week), and middle age (40 week). AMs from early adult mice under Scgb1a1 sufficiency demonstrated a total of 37 up-regulated biological pathways compared to that at weaning, from which 30 were directly involved with antigen presentation, anti-viral immunity and inflammation. Importantly, these pathways under Scgb1a1 deficiency were significantly down-regulated compared to that in the age-matched Scgb1a1-sufficient counterparts. Furthermore, AMs from Scgb1a1-deficient mice showed an early activation of inflammatory pathways compared with that from Scgb1a1-sufficient mice. Our in vitro experiments with AM culture established that exogenous supplementation of SCGB1a1 protein significantly reduced AM responses to microbial stimuli where SCGB1a1 was effective in blunting the release of cytokines and chemokines (including IL-1b, IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1a, TNF-a, and MCP-1). Taken together, these findings suggest an important role for Scgb1a1 in shaping the AM-mediated inflammation and immune responses, and in mitigating cytokine surges in the lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Xu
- Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xuanchuan Wang
- Department of Urology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deepak Kumar Nayak
- Interdisciplinary Oncology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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Saponaro F, Rutigliano G, Sestito S, Bandini L, Storti B, Bizzarri R, Zucchi R. ACE2 in the Era of SARS-CoV-2: Controversies and Novel Perspectives. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:588618. [PMID: 33195436 PMCID: PMC7556165 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.588618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is related to ACE but turned out to counteract several pathophysiological actions of ACE. ACE2 exerts antihypertensive and cardioprotective effects and reduces lung inflammation. ACE2 is subjected to extensive transcriptional and post-transcriptional modulation by epigenetic mechanisms and microRNAs. Also, ACE2 expression is regulated post-translationally by glycosylation, phosphorylation, and shedding from the plasma membrane. ACE2 protein is ubiquitous across mammalian tissues, prominently in the cardiovascular system, kidney, and intestine. ACE2 expression in the respiratory tract is of particular interest, in light of the discovery that ACE2 serves as the initial cellular target of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-coronaviruses, including the recent SARS-CoV2, responsible of the COronaVIrus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, an intense effort has been made to elucidate the biochemical determinants of SARS-CoV2-ACE2 interaction. It has been determined that SARS-CoV2 engages with ACE2 through its spike (S) protein, which consists of two subunits: S1, that mediates binding to the host receptor; S2, that induces fusion of the viral envelope with the host cell membrane and delivery of the viral genome. Owing to the role of ACE2 in SARS-CoV2 pathogenicity, it has been speculated that medical conditions, i.e., hypertension, and/or drugs, i.e., ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers, known to influence ACE2 density could alter the fate of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The debate is still open and will only be solved when results of properly designed experimental and clinical investigations will be made public. An interesting observation is, however that, upon infection, ACE2 activity is reduced either by downregulation or by shedding. These events might precipitate the so-called "cytokine storm" that characterizes the most severe COVID-19 forms. As evidence accumulates, ACE2 appears a druggable target in the attempt to limit virus entry and replication. Strategies aimed at blocking ACE2 with antibodies, small molecules or peptides, or at neutralizing the virus by competitive binding with exogenously administered ACE2, are currently under investigations. In this review, we will present an overview of the state-of-the-art knowledge on ACE2 biochemistry and pathophysiology, outlining open issues in the context of COVID-19 disease and potential experimental and clinical developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simona Sestito
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Barbara Storti
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ranieri Bizzarri
- Department of Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- NEST, Scuola Normale Superiore and CNR-NANO, Pisa, Italy
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Li S, Li Y, Zhang Y, Li S, Zhang M, Jin F, Wei Z, Yang Y, Gao X, Mao N, Ge X, Xu H, Yang F. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Asparyl-Lysyl-Proline regulates lung renin angiotensin system to inhibit epithelial-mesenchymal transition in silicotic mice. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 408:115255. [PMID: 33007385 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Silicosis is a major public health concern with various contributing factors. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS)is a critical regulator in the pathogenesis of this disease. We focused on two key RAS enzymes, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), to elucidate the activation of the ACE-angiotensin II (Ang II)-angiotensin II receptor 1 (AT1) axis and the inhibition of the ACE2-angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)]-Mas receptor axis in C57BL/6mice following SiO2 treatment. Silica exposure caused nodule formation, pulmonary interstitial fibrosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), abnormal deposition of extracellular matrix, and impaired lung function in mice. These effects were attenuated by the inhibition of ACE (captopril), blockade of the AT1(losartan), or systemic knockdown of the Ace gene. These effects were exacerbated by the inhibition of ACE2 (MLN-4760), blockade of the Mas (A779), or knockdown of the Ace2 gene. N-Acetyl-Seryl-Asparyl-Lysyl-Proline (Ac-SDKP), an anti-fibrotic peptide, ameliorated the silica-exposure-induced pathological changes by targeting the RAS system by activating the protective ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas axis and inhibiting the deleterious ACE-Ang II-AT1 axis, thereby exerting a protective effect. This was confirmed in mouse lung type II epithelial cells (MLE-12) pretreated with Ang II and/or gene silencing separately targeting Ace and Ace2.The effects of Ac-SDKP were similar to those produced by Ace gene silencing and were partly attenuated by Ace2 deficiency. These findings suggested that RAS plays critical roles in the pathomechanism of silicosis fibrosis and that Ac-SDKP regulates lung RAS to inhibit EMT in silicotic mice and MLE-12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Shifeng Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Fuyu Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xuemin Gao
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Na Mao
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Xingchen Ge
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Hong Xu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China; Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, Hebei, China.
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Lotfinejad P, Asadzadeh Z, Najjary S, Somi MH, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Mokhtarzadeh A, Derakhshani A, Roshani E, Baradaran B. COVID-19 Infection: Concise Review Based on the Immunological Perspective. Immunol Invest 2020; 51:246-265. [PMID: 32981399 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2020.1825480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has posed a serious threat to public health. There is an urgent need for discovery methods for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 infection. Understanding immunogenicity together with immune responses are expected to provide further information about this virus. We hope that this narrative review article may create new insights for researchers to take great strides toward designing vaccines and novel therapies in the near future. The functional properties of the immune system in COVID-19 infection is not exactly clarified yet. This is compounded by the many gaps in our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity properties. Possible immune responses according to current literature are discussed as the first line of defense and acquired immunity. Here, we focus on proposed modern preventive immunotherapy methods in COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parisa Lotfinejad
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Shiva Najjary
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Afshin Derakhshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elmira Roshani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Cao Y, Zhang M, Guo Y, Zhang Y. The overlooked chamber in coronavirus disease 2019. ESC Heart Fail 2020; 7:3483-3486. [PMID: 32964684 PMCID: PMC7754738 DOI: 10.1002/ehf2.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) causes a pandemic around the globe. Debilitating and even deadly complications have occurred to the millions. A recent study reported 31% of right ventricular dilation in the hospitalized COVID‐19 patients, which is significantly associated with the mortality. Therefore, we sought to search for the lines of evidence in the literature that COVID‐19 may contribute to right heart dysfunction. The relevant literature and data from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library databases, and Web of Science were searched using the MeSH terms including ‘COVID‐19’, ‘SARS‐CoV‐2’, ‘novel coronavirus pneumonia’, ‘novel coronavirus’, ‘right heart failure’, ‘right heart dysfunction’, ‘pulmonary hypertension’, ‘pulmonary embolism’, and various combinations. The collected literature and data were sorted and summarized. Literature reports that angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) is the host receptor mediating the cell entry of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Clinical and experimental evidence shows that loss of function of ACE2 aggravates pulmonary hypertension and gain of function of ACE2 exerts protection on cardiopulmonary circulation. Moreover, the patients with COVID‐19 are more susceptible to pulmonary embolism and severe pneumonia‐induced acute respiratory distress syndrome. Therefore, COVID‐19 may cause right heart dysfunction by inducing pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary embolism, and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Particular attention should be paid to the function of the right heart, the overlooked chamber in COVID‐19. Blood gas analysis, laboratory test of cardiac injury markers, physical examination, and echocardiography should be performed to identify right heart failure as early as possible. Once the right heart failure is confirmed, the therapeutic modalities following the guidelines of European Society of Cardiology should be employed to reduce mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshan Cao
- Department of Cardiology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China.,Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated With Shanxi Medical University, Yifen Street 18, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Gansu Provincial Hospital, No. 204, Donggang West Road, Chengguan District, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, China
| | - Yanqing Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Shanxi Cardiovascular Hospital Affiliated With Shanxi Medical University, Yifen Street 18, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030024, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Retinal Functions and Diseases, Tianjin International Joint Research and Development Centre of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Eye Institute and School of Optometry, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, No. 251, Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin, 300384, China
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The ACE2 as a “rescue protein” or “suspect enzyme” in COVID-19: possible application of the “engineered inactive hrsACE2” as a safer therapeutic agent in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2020. [PMCID: PMC7475728 DOI: 10.1007/s13738-020-02049-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Talotta R, Robertson E. Autoimmunity as the comet tail of COVID-19 pandemic. World J Clin Cases 2020; 8:3621-3644. [PMID: 32953841 PMCID: PMC7479552 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v8.i17.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection can give rise to different clinical manifestations that are directly related to viral tissue damage or indirectly induced by the antiviral immune response. Hyper-activation of the immune system in an attempt to eradicate the infection may trigger autoimmunity. Several immune-mediated disorders have been described in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. These include cutaneous rashes and vasculitis, autoimmune cytopenia, anti-phospholipid syndrome, central or peripheral neuropathy, myositis and myocarditis. On the other hand, rheumatic patients were reported to have similar coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) incidence, morbidity and mortality rates compared to general population. This opinion review will summarize the crucial immunologic steps which occur during SARS-CoV-2-infection that may link autoimmunity to COVID-19 and provides an opportunity for further discussion regarding this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, AOU “Gaetano Martino”, University of Messina, Messina 98100, Italy
| | - Erle Robertson
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19014, United States
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Hou J, Wan X, Shen Q, Zhu J, Leng Y, Zhao B, Xia Z, He Y, Wu Y. COVID-19 infection, a potential threat to surgical patients and staff? A retrospective cohort study. Int J Surg 2020; 82:172-178. [PMID: 32891829 PMCID: PMC7470700 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2020.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background This study aimed to describe the epidemiologic and clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in surgical patients and medical staff. Methods A single-center case series of 1586 consecutive surgical patients was selected at our hospital from January 13 to March 12, 2020. The epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 were analyzed and followed up to May 20, 2020. The transmission of COVID-19 between the surgical patients and medical staff was also recorded. Results Seventeen (1.07%) surgical patients were diagnosed with COVID-19, with a high incidence in the thoracic department (9.37%), and the median age was 58 years (IQR, 53–73). The median time from hospital admission to COVID-19 diagnosis was 9.0 days (7.0–12.0) and was 6.0 days (4.0–7.0) from the day of surgery to COVID-19 diagnosis. Eleven (64.70%) patients suffered from pulmonary infection before surgery. When COVID-19 was diagnosed, common symptoms were fever (82.35%) and cough (94.12%), and most (82.35%) neutrophil/lymphocyte ratios were high (>3.5). Chest computed tomography (CT) (82.35%) showed bilateral dense shadows. Surgical patients with COVID-19 stayed in the hospital for approximately 35.0 days (25.5–43.0), with a mortality rate of 11.76%. Sixteen medical staff were infected with COVID-19 in the early stage. Conclusions In this series of 1586 surgical patients, the COVID-19 infection rate was 1.07%, with an especially high incidence among patients with thoracic diseases. Middle-aged and elderly patients with preoperative pulmonary infection were more susceptible to COVID-19 infection after surgery. Medical staff were infected with COVID-19 and should take protective measures to protect themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xing Wan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qianni Shen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Nutrition and Foods Program, School of Family & Consumer Sciences, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, 78666, USA
| | - Yan Leng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhongyuan Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yuhong He
- Infection and Control Office, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Pang X, Cui Y, Zhu Y. Recombinant human ACE2: potential therapeutics of SARS-CoV-2 infection and its complication. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2020; 41:1255-1257. [PMID: 32581256 PMCID: PMC7313652 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-020-0430-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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Sharma RK, Stevens BR, Obukhov AG, Grant MB, Oudit GY, Li Q, Richards EM, Pepine CJ, Raizada MK. ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2) in Cardiopulmonary Diseases: Ramifications for the Control of SARS-CoV-2. Hypertension 2020; 76:651-661. [PMID: 32783758 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Discovery of ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2) revealed that the renin-angiotensin system has 2 counterbalancing arms. ACE2 is a major player in the protective arm, highly expressed in lungs and gut with the ability to mitigate cardiopulmonary diseases such as inflammatory lung disease. ACE2 also exhibits activities involving gut microbiome, nutrition, and as a chaperone stabilizing the neutral amino acid transporter, B0AT1, in gut. But the current interest in ACE2 arises because it is the cell surface receptor for the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2, to infect host cells, similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. This suggests that ACE2 be considered harmful, however, because of its important other roles, it is paradoxically a potential therapeutic target for cardiopulmonary diseases, including coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. This review describes the discovery of ACE2, its physiological functions, and its place in the renin-angiotensin system. It illustrates new analyses of the structure of ACE2 that provides better understanding of its actions particularly in lung and gut, shedding of ACE2 by ADAM17 (a disintegrin and metallopeptidase domain 17 protein), and role of TMPRSS2 (transmembrane serine proteases 2) in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 entry into host cells. Cardiopulmonary diseases are associated with decreased ACE2 activity and the mitigation by increasing ACE2 activity along with its therapeutic relevance are addressed. Finally, the potential use of ACE2 as a treatment target in COVID-19, despite its role to allow viral entry into host cells, is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K Sharma
- From the Division of Nephrology, Hypertension and Renal Transplantation, Department of Medicine (R.K.S.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Bruce R Stevens
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (B.R.S., E.M.R., M.K.R.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Alexander G Obukhov
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology & Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (A.G.O.)
| | - Maria B Grant
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alabama College of Medicine, Birmingham (M.B.G.)
| | - Gavin Y Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta College of Medicine, Edmonton, Canada (G.Y.O.)
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology (Q.L.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Elaine M Richards
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (B.R.S., E.M.R., M.K.R.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Carl J Pepine
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (C.J.P.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics (B.R.S., E.M.R., M.K.R.), University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville
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Yee M, Cohen ED, Haak J, Dylag AM, O'Reilly MA. Neonatal hyperoxia enhances age-dependent expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020. [PMID: 32743585 PMCID: PMC7386505 DOI: 10.1101/2020.07.22.215962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The severity of COVID-19 lung disease is higher in the elderly and people with pre-existing co-morbidities. People who were born preterm may be at greater risk for COVID-19 because their early exposure to oxygen at birth increases their risk of being hospitalized when infected with RSV and other respiratory viruses. Our prior studies in mice showed how high levels of oxygen (hyperoxia) between postnatal days 0-4 increases the severity of influenza A virus infections by reducing the number of alveolar epithelial type 2 (AT2) cells. Because AT2 cells express the SARS-CoV-2 receptors angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE2) and transmembrane protease/serine subfamily member 2 (TMPRSS2), we expected their expression would decline as AT2 cells were depleted by hyperoxia. Instead, we made the surprising discovery that expression of Ace2 and Tmprss2 mRNA increases as mice age and is accelerated by exposing mice to neonatal hyperoxia. ACE2 is primarily expressed at birth by airway Club cells and becomes detectable in AT2 cells by one year of life. Neonatal hyperoxia increases ACE2 expression in Club cells and makes it detectable in 2-month-old AT2 cells. This early and increased expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors was not seen in adult mice who had been administered the mitochondrial superoxide scavenger mitoTEMPO during hyperoxia. Our finding that early life insults such as hyperoxia enhances the age-dependent expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in the respiratory epithelium helps explain why COVID-19 lung disease is greater in the elderly and people with pre-existing co-morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Yee
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - E David Cohen
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Jeannie Haak
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Andrew M Dylag
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
| | - Michael A O'Reilly
- The Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642
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Sarzani R, Giulietti F, Di Pentima C, Giordano P, Spannella F. Disequilibrium between the classic renin-angiotensin system and its opposing arm in SARS-CoV-2-related lung injury. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L325-L336. [PMID: 32639866 PMCID: PMC7414236 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00189.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) has been involved in the genesis of lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome from different causes, including several viral infections. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection of pneumocytes, the hallmark of the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) involving both alveolar interstitium and capillaries, is linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) binding and its functional downregulation. ACE2 is a key enzyme for the balance between the two main arms of the RAS: the ACE/angiotensin (Ang) II/Ang II type 1 receptor axis (“classic RAS”) and the ACE2/Ang(1–7)/Mas receptor (MasR) axis (“anti-RAS”). The ACE2 downregulation, as a result of SARS-coronaviruses binding, enhances the classic RAS, leading to lung damage and inflammation with leaky pulmonary blood vessels and fibrosis, when the attenuation mediated by the anti-RAS arm is reduced. ACE inhibitors (ACE-I) and Ang II type 1 receptor blockers (ARB), effective in cardiovascular diseases, were found to prevent and counteract acute lung injury in several experimental models by restoring the balance between these two opposing arms. The evidence of RAS arm disequilibrium in COVID-19 and the hypothesis of a beneficial role of RAS modulation supported by preclinical and clinical studies are the focus of the present review. Preclinical and clinical studies on drugs balancing RAS arms might be the right way to counter COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Sarzani
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche," Ancona, Italy
| | - Federico Giulietti
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche," Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Di Pentima
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche," Ancona, Italy
| | - Piero Giordano
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Spannella
- Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, "Hypertension Excellence Centre" of the European Society of Hypertension, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Istituto Nazionale Ricovero e Cura per Anziani, Ancona, Italy.,Department of Clinical and Molecular Sciences, University "Politecnica delle Marche," Ancona, Italy
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41
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Barrantes FJ. While We Wait for a Vaccine Against SARS-CoV-2, Why Not Think About Available Drugs? Front Physiol 2020; 11:820. [PMID: 32719619 PMCID: PMC7350707 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
At the time of reception of this article (April 2, 2020), efforts to develop a specific vaccine against SARS-Cov-2, the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), had just begun trial phase 1, but full validation of this and other current developments is likely to take many more months to reach completion. The ongoing pandemic constitutes a major health burden of world proportions that is also having a devastating impact on whole economies worldwide, the knock-on effects of which could be catastrophic especially in poorer countries. Alternative measures to ameliorate the impact and hamper or minimally slow down disease progression are urgently called for. This review discusses past and currently evolving data on the etiological agent of the current pandemic, SARS-CoV-2, and its host cell receptors with a view to disclosing alternative drugs for palliative or therapeutic approaches. Firstly, SARS-CoV-2 exhibits marked tropism for cells that harbor the membrane-bound metalloprotease angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) at their plasmalemma, predominantly in cells lining the oral cavity, upper respiratory tract, and bronchoalveolar cells, making these epithelial mucosae the most likely viral receptor cell targets and entry routes. Secondly, the crystal structures of several coronavirus spike proteins in complex with their cell host target receptors, and of SARS-Cov-2 in complex with an inhibitor, are now available at atomic resolution through X-ray diffraction and cryo-electron microscopy studies. Thirdly, viral entry of other viruses has been successfully blocked by inhibiting viral endogenous proteases or clathrin/dynamin-dependent endocytosis, the same internalization pathway followed by ACE2 and some viruses. Fourthly, the target cell-surface receptor molecules and SARS-CoV-2 possess other putative sites for drugs potentially modulating receptor activity or virus processing. A multi-pronged pharmacological approach attacking more than one flank of the viral-receptor interactions is worth considering as a front-line strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J. Barrantes
- Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED), Argentina Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina (UCA) and National Scientific and Technical Research Council (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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42
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Krvavac A, Patel TP, Karle EM, Epstein NB, Reznikov EA, Gates LG, Holliday ZM. Increased Incidence, Morbidity, and Mortality in Human Coronavirus NL63 Associated with ACE Inhibitor Therapy and Implication in SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19). MISSOURI MEDICINE 2020; 117:346-354. [PMID: 32848272 PMCID: PMC7431067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The endemic human coronavirus NL63 strain (HCoV-NL63) employs angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors on cell surfaces to infect hosts in the same manner as SARS-CoV and the novel SARS-CoV-2. It has been proposed that patients on angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB) therapy infected with SARS-CoV-2 have a higher mortality rate due to over-expression of ACE-2 receptors. AIM We sought to evaluate the impact of ACE-I/ARB on infectivity of various endemic coronavirus strains, hypothesizing that rates of ACE-I use among patients with HCoV-NL63 would be higher compared to other endemic coronavirus strains that do not utilize the ACE-2 receptor. DESIGN/METHODS A retrospective cohort study was designed to evaluate a total 466 subjects with a positive respiratory pathogens panel for one of the endemic coronavirus strains. Rate of ACE-I/ARB use among each coronavirus strain and clinical outcomes from the 88 HCoV-NL63 positive subjects was collected. RESULTS Analysis revealed a higher rate of ACE-I (p=0.006) use among the HCoV-NL63 positives compared to the other three endemic coronavirus strains. The rate of invasive mechanical ventilation (p=0.007) and 90-day mortality (p=0.045) among HCoV-NL63 positives on ACE-I therapy was higher compared to those HCoV-NL63 positives not on ACE-I therapy. CONCLUSION Concurrent therapy with an ACE-I was associated with an increased rate and severity of infection with the HCoV-NL63. This association was not found in infected patients on concurrent ARB therapy. These findings support the importance of further evaluation in patients on these therapies who are infected with the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Krvavac
- MSMA member since 2020, Assistant Professors, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Tarang P Patel
- Internal Medicine Resident Physicians, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ethan M Karle
- Internal Medicine Resident Physicians, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Nicholas B Epstein
- Internal Medicine Resident Physicians, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Elizabeth A Reznikov
- Medicine-Pediatrics Resident Physician, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital Washington, DC
| | - Lancer G Gates
- MSMA member since 2003, is a Hospitalist at North Kansas City Hospital and Liberty Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Zachary M Holliday
- Assistant Professors, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Missouri - Columbia School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
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43
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Kaur G, Lungarella G, Rahman I. SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 susceptibility and lung inflammatory storm by smoking and vaping. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2020; 17:21. [PMID: 32528233 PMCID: PMC7284674 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-020-00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The current pandemic of COVID-19 has caused severe morbidity and mortality across the globe. People with a smoking history have severe disease outcomes by COVID-19 infection. Epidemiological studies show that old age and pre-existing disease conditions (hypertension and diabetes) result in severe disease outcome and mortality amongst COVID-19 patients. Evidences suggest that the S1 domain of the SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-19) membrane spike has a high affinity towards the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor found on the host’s lung epithelium. Likewise, TMPRSS2 protease has been shown to be crucial for viral activation thus facilitating the viral engulfment. The viral entry has been shown to cause ‘cytokine storm’ involving excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines including IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-7, IP-10, MCP-3 or GM-CSF, which is augmented by smoking. Future research could target these inflammatory-immunological responses to develop effective therapy for COVID-19. This mini-review provides a consolidated account on the role of inflammation and immune responses, proteases, and epithelial permeability by smoking and vaping during SARS-CoV2 infection with future directions of research, and provides a list of the potential targets for therapies particularly controlling cytokine storms in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Kaur
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
| | - Giuseppe Lungarella
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Box 850, 601 Elmwood Avenue, Rochester, NY 14642 USA
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Smith JC, Sausville EL, Girish V, Yuan ML, Vasudevan A, John KM, Sheltzer JM. Cigarette Smoke Exposure and Inflammatory Signaling Increase the Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 Receptor ACE2 in the Respiratory Tract. Dev Cell 2020; 53:514-529.e3. [PMID: 32425701 PMCID: PMC7229915 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The factors mediating fatal SARS-CoV-2 infections are poorly understood. Here, we show that cigarette smoke causes a dose-dependent upregulation of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), the SARS-CoV-2 receptor, in rodent and human lungs. Using single-cell sequencing data, we demonstrate that ACE2 is expressed in a subset of secretory cells in the respiratory tract. Chronic smoke exposure triggers the expansion of this cell population and a concomitant increase in ACE2 expression. In contrast, quitting smoking decreases the abundance of these secretory cells and reduces ACE2 levels. Finally, we demonstrate that ACE2 expression is responsive to inflammatory signaling and can be upregulated by viral infections or interferon treatment. Taken together, these results may partially explain why smokers are particularly susceptible to severe SARS-CoV-2 infections. Furthermore, our work identifies ACE2 as an interferon-stimulated gene in lung cells, suggesting that SARS-CoV-2 infections could create positive feedback loops that increase ACE2 levels and facilitate viral dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan C Smith
- Google, Inc., New York City, NY 10011, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Erin L Sausville
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Vishruth Girish
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Monet Lou Yuan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Anand Vasudevan
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA
| | - Kristen M John
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA; Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY 11549, USA
| | - Jason M Sheltzer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724, USA.
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Li S, Li Y, Xu H, Wei Z, Yang Y, Jin F, Zhang M, Wang C, Song W, Huo J, Zhao J, Yang X, Yang F. ACE2 Attenuates Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in MLE-12 Cells Induced by Silica. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:1547-1559. [PMID: 32368013 PMCID: PMC7183338 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s252351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose The role of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in silicosis remains unknown, although previous studies have suggested that ACE2 may be beneficial. We, therefore, investigated the effect of ACE2 on silicosis, particularly with regard to its role in regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by silica, with the aim to uncover a new potential target for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis. Materials and Methods We employed wild-type mice treated with diminazene aceturate (DIZE, an ACE2 activator, 15 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks), hACE2-transgenic mice (overexpress the ACE2 gene), and the mouse lung type II epithelial cell line treated with DIZE (10-7 M for 48 h) or angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] (10-4 M for 48 h), following induced fibrotic responses to determine the protective potential of ACE2. Silicosis models were established by orotracheal instillation of SiO2 (2.5 mg/mouse). Immunostaining was used to determine α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression. The activities of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and ACE2 and the levels of angiotensin II (Ang II) and Ang-(1-7) were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mRNA expression of ACE and ACE2, and protein expression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components and EMT indicators were studied by qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Results DIZE treatment and overexpression of ACE2 markedly inhibited the formation of silica-induced lung fibrosis and increased the level of E-cadherin, with concomitant downregulation of pro-collagen, vimentin, and α-SMA via RAS signaling. Furthermore, DIZE and Ang-(1-7) attenuated the EMT and collagen deposition induced by silica in MLE-12 cells. Moreover, these effects were abrogated by MLN-4760 (a specific ACE2 inhibitor) and A779 (a specific Mas receptor blocker). Conclusion The overexpression of ACE2 and treatment with DIZE can ameliorate EMT in silicotic mice via activation of the ACE2-Ang-(1-7)-Mas receptor axis, and these changes are accompanied by suppression of the ACE-Ang II-AT1 receptor axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China.,School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Xu
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongqiu Wei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Academic Affairs Office, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuyu Jin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiong Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingchen Huo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyuan Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuhong Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China.,Hebei Key Laboratory for Organ Fibrosis, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, Hebei 063210, People's Republic of China
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Serfozo P, Wysocki J, Gulua G, Schulze A, Ye M, Liu P, Jin J, Bader M, Myöhänen T, García-Horsman JA, Batlle D. Ang II (Angiotensin II) Conversion to Angiotensin-(1-7) in the Circulation Is POP (Prolyloligopeptidase)-Dependent and ACE2 (Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2)-Independent. Hypertension 2019; 75:173-182. [PMID: 31786979 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The Ang II (Angiotensin II)-Angiotensin-(1-7) axis of the Renin Angiotensin System encompasses 3 enzymes that form Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] directly from Ang II: ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), PRCP (prolylcarboxypeptidase), and POP (prolyloligopeptidase). We investigated their relative contribution to Ang-(1-7) formation in vivo and also ex vivo in serum, lungs, and kidneys using models of genetic ablation coupled with pharmacological inhibitors. In wild-type (WT) mice, infusion of Ang II resulted in a rapid increase of plasma Ang-(1-7). In ACE2-/-/PRCP-/- mice, Ang II infusion resulted in a similar increase in Ang-(1-7) as in WT (563±48 versus 537±70 fmol/mL, respectively), showing that the bulk of Ang-(1-7) formation in circulation is essentially independent of ACE2 and PRCP. By contrast, a POP inhibitor, Z-Pro-Prolinal reduced the rise in plasma Ang-(1-7) after infusing Ang II to control WT mice. In POP-/- mice, the increase in Ang-(1-7) was also blunted as compared with WT mice (309±46 and 472±28 fmol/mL, respectively P=0.01), and moreover, the rate of recovery from acute Ang II-induced hypertension was delayed (P=0.016). In ex vivo studies, POP inhibition with ZZP reduced Ang-(1-7) formation from Ang II markedly in serum and in lung lysates. By contrast, in kidney lysates, the absence of ACE2, but not POP, obliterated Ang-(1-7) formation from added Ang II. We conclude that POP is the main enzyme responsible for Ang II conversion to Ang-(1-7) in the circulation and in the lungs, whereas Ang-(1-7) formation in the kidney is mainly ACE2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serfozo
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Jan Wysocki
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Gvantca Gulua
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Arndt Schulze
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.).,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.)
| | - Minghao Ye
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Pan Liu
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Jing Jin
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
| | - Michael Bader
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany (P.S., G.G., A.S., M.B.).,Max-Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin, Germany (M.B.)
| | - Timo Myöhänen
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy (T.M.), University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Daniel Batlle
- From the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (P.S., J.W., G.G., A.S., M.Y., P.L., J.J., D.B.)
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Wang D, Chai XQ, Magnussen CG, Zosky GR, Shu SH, Wei X, Hu SS. Renin-angiotensin-system, a potential pharmacological candidate, in acute respiratory distress syndrome during mechanical ventilation. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2019; 58:101833. [PMID: 31376462 PMCID: PMC7110665 DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2019.101833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
While effective treatments for acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are lacking, mechanical lung ventilation can sustain adequate gas exchange in critically ill patients with respiratory failure due to ARDS. However, as a result of the phenomenon of ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI), there is an increasing need to seek beneficial pharmacological therapies for ARDS. Recent studies have suggested the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which consists of the ACE/Ang-II/AT1R axis and ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis, plays a dual role in the pathogenesis of ARDS and VILI. This review highlights the deleterious action of ACE/Ang-II/AT1R axis and the beneficial role of ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/MasR axis, as well as AT2R, in VILI and ARDS, and also discusses the possibility of targeting RAS components with pharmacological interventions to improve outcomes in ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Chai
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China.
| | - Costan G Magnussen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia; Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Research, University of Turku, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Graeme R Zosky
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia; School of Medicine, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, 7001, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Shu-Hua Shu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Xin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), Hefei, 230001, Anhui, China
| | - Shan-Shan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China
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48
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Abstract
Classic and nonclassic renin-angiotensin systems (RAS) are 2 sides of an ubiquitous endocrine/paracrine cascade regulating blood pressure and homeostasis. Angiotensin II and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) levels are associated with severity of disease in the critically ill, and are central to the physiology and the pathogenesis of circulatory shock. Angiotensin (1-7) and ACE2 act as an endogenous counterregulatory arm to the angiotensin II/ACE axis. The tissue-based RAS has paracrine effects dissociated from those of the circulating RAS. Exogenous angiotensin II or ACE2 may improve the outcome of septic shock and acute respiratory distress syndrome, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Bitker
- Department of Intensive Care, ICU Research Office, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia.
| | - Louise M Burrell
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Austin Health, Austin Hospital, 145 Studley Road, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
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49
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Xu X, Shi L, Ma X, Su H, Ma G, Wu X, Ying K, Zhang R. RhoA-Rho associated kinase signaling leads to renin-angiotensin system imbalance and angiotensin converting enzyme 2 has a protective role in acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Res 2019; 176:85-94. [PMID: 30784777 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acute pulmonary embolism (APE) is a cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although the anatomical obstruction of the pulmonary vascular bed initiates APE, recent studies have suggested that vasoconstrictors in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) play a role in the severity of APE. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed a 5-year retrospective clinical study to analyze the key RAS components in APE patients, including angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), ACE2, angiotensin II (Ang II) and angiotensin 1-7(Ang(1-7)). The role of RhoA-Rho associated kinase (ROCK) signaling in regulating RAS vasoconstrictors was detected in rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells and in an APE rat model. RESULTS In clinical study, we found that the levels of RAS vasoconstrictors were correlated with the clinical classification of APE patients, ACE and Ang II were unregulated, whereas ACE2 and Ang(1-7) were downregulated in the high-risk group compared to the healthy volunteers. In animal study, we found that activated RhoA-ROCK signaling was responsible for the imbalance in RAS vasoconstrictors both in vitro and in vivo, and further evidence indicated that ROCK inhibitors (Y27632 or HA1077) and an ACE2 activator (Resorcinol naphthalein) restored the dysregulated RAS vasoconstrictors significantly and had a protective role in an APE rat model. CONCLUSIONS Our study revealed that RhoA-ROCK signaling leads to RAS imbalance in APE patients, and ACE2 activation might be a novel therapeutic target in APE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Xu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liuhong Shi
- Department of Ultrasound, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqing Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hua Su
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guofeng Ma
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohong Wu
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kejing Ying
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ruifeng Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Medical School of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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Gandhi CK, Holmes R, Gewolb IH, Uhal BD. Degradation of Lung Protective Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 by Meconium in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells: A Potential Pathogenic Mechanism in Meconium Aspiration Syndrome. Lung 2019; 197:227-233. [PMID: 30759273 PMCID: PMC7088148 DOI: 10.1007/s00408-019-00201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic digestive enzymes present in meconium might be responsible for meconium-induced lung injury. The local Renin Angiotensin System plays an important role in lung injury and inflammation. Particularly, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2) has been identified as a protective lung enzyme against the insult. ACE-2 converts pro-apoptotic Angiotensin II to anti-apoptotic Angiotensin 1-7. However, the effect of meconium on ACE-2 has never been studied before. OBJECTIVE To study the effect of meconium on ACE-2, and whether inhibition of proteolytic enzymes present in the meconium reverses its effects on ACE-2. METHODS Alveolar epithelial A549 cells were exposed to F-12 medium, 2.5% meconium, meconium + a protease inhibitor cocktail (PIc) and PIc alone for 16 h. At the end of incubation, apoptosis was measured with a nuclear fragmentation assay and cell lysates were collected for ACE-2 immunoblotting and enzyme activity. RESULTS Meconium caused a fourfold increase in apoptotic nuclei (p < 0.001). The pro-apoptotic effect of meconium can be reversed by PIc. Meconium reduced ACE-2 enzyme activity by cleaving ACE-2 into a fragment detected at ~ 37 kDa by immunoblot. PIc prevented the degradation of ACE-2 and restored 50% of ACE-2 activity (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION These data suggest that meconium causes degradation of lung protective ACE-2 by proteolytic enzymes present in meconium, since the effects of meconium can be reversed by PIc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintan K Gandhi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.,Division of Neonatal Perinatal Medicine, Pennsylvania State Health Children's Hospital, Hershey, PA, USA
| | | | - Ira H Gewolb
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics & Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Bruce D Uhal
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, 3197 Biomedical and Physical Sciences Building, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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