1
|
Viral Infection of Human Natural Killer Cells. Viruses 2019; 11:v11030243. [PMID: 30870969 PMCID: PMC6466310 DOI: 10.3390/v11030243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are essential in the early immune response against viral infections, in particular through clearance of virus-infected cells. In return, viruses have evolved multiple mechanisms to evade NK cell-mediated viral clearance. Several unrelated viruses, including influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and human immunodeficiency virus, can directly interfere with NK cell functioning through infection of these cells. Viral infection can lead to immune suppression, either by downregulation of the cytotoxic function or by triggering apoptosis, leading to depletion of NK cells. In contrast, some viruses induce proliferation or changes in the morphology of NK cells. In this review article, we provide a comprehensive overview of the viruses that have been reported to infect NK cells, we discuss their mechanisms of entry, and describe the interference with NK cell effector function and phenotype. Finally, we discuss the contribution of virus-infected NK cells to viral load. The development of specific therapeutics, such as viral entry inhibitors, could benefit from an enhanced understanding of viral infection of NK cells, opening up possibilities for the prevention of NK cell infection.
Collapse
|
2
|
Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Ying O, Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M. Evaluation of Functional NK Cell Responses in Vaccinated and SIV-Infected Rhesus Macaques. Front Immunol 2016; 7:340. [PMID: 27630641 PMCID: PMC5005425 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
NK cells are crucial components of the innate immune system due to their capacity to exert rapid cytotoxic and immunomodulatory function in the absence of prior sensitization. NK cells can become activated by exposure to target cells and/or by cytokines produced by antigen-presenting cells. In this study, we examined the effects of a simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) vaccine regimen and subsequent SIV infection on the cytotoxic and immunomodulatory functions of circulatory NK cells. While vaccination did not significantly impact the capacity of NK cells to kill MHC-devoid 721.221 target cells, SIV-infection led to a significant decrease in target cell killing. NK cells from uninfected macaques were responsive to a low dose (5 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation, leading to significant increases in their cytotoxic potential, however, NK cells from SIV-infected macaques required a higher dose (50 ng/ml) of IL-15 pre-activation in order to significantly increase their cytotoxic potential. By contrast, no differences were observed in the capacity of NK cells from vaccinated and SIV-infected macaques to respond to IL-12 and IL-18. Similarly, NK cells both before and after infection exhibited equivalent responses to Fc-mediated activation. Collectively, our results show that early SIV-infection impairs the natural cytotoxic capacity of circulatory NK cells without affecting Fc-mediated or cytokine-producing function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Olivia Ying
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD , USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Konstantinus IN, Gamieldien H, Mkhize NN, Kriek JM, Passmore JAS. Comparing high-throughput methods to measure NK cell-mediated antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity during HIV-infection. J Immunol Methods 2016; 434:46-52. [PMID: 27094485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
HIV-specific binding antibody responses, including those mediating antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), provided the best functional correlate of lower risk of infection in the RV144 HIV-1 vaccine clinical trial. The aim of this study was to compare two high-throughput flow cytometry based methods to measure HIV-specific ADCC responses, the GranToxilux and PanToxilux assays. Plasma from nine HIV-1 seropositive individuals was screened for binding antibody titres against HIV-1 subtype C gp120 by ELISA and western blot. Plasma from six HIV-negative individuals was included as controls. Both ADCC assays used subtype C gp120-coated CEM.NKRCCR5 cells as targets. The PanToxilux assay (which measured both granzyme B and caspase activity) measured higher levels of direct natural killer (NK) cell killing of K562 tumour cells than the GranToxilux assay (granzyme B alone; p<0.05). In ADCC assays in which NK cell killing was directed against gp120-coated CEM.NKRCCR5 cells in an antibody-dependent manner, plasma from HIV-positive individuals yielded significantly higher levels of ADCC activity than the HIV-negative controls. In contrast to direct killing, the GranToxilux assay measured similar levels of ADCC killing as the PanToxilux assay but had significantly lower background cytotoxicity against target cells coated with HIV negative serum. In conclusion, the PanToxilux assay was more sensitive for detecting direct NK cell killing of K562 cells than the GranToxilux assay, although the GranToxilux assay performed better at detecting HIV-specific ADCC activity, because of lower background cytotoxicity from HIV-negative serum. This is the first study to compare GranToxilux and PanToxilux ability to detect ADCC during HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iyaloo N Konstantinus
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Hoyam Gamieldien
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases of the National Health Laboratory Services, South Africa
| | - Jean-Mari Kriek
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Younas M, Psomas C, Reynes J, Corbeau P. Immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection: Causes, phenotypes and persistence under therapy. HIV Med 2015; 17:89-105. [PMID: 26452565 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic immune activation is a striking consequence of HIV-1 infection. Even in virologically suppressed patients, some hyperactivity of the immune system and even of the endothelium and of the coagulation pathway may persist. Apart from immune deficiency, this chronic activation may contribute to various morbidities including atherothrombosis, neurocognitive disorders, liver steatosis and osteoporosis, which are currently main challenges. It is therefore of major importance to better understand the causes and the phenotypes of immune activation in the course of HIV-1 infection. In this review we will discuss the various causes of immune activation in HIV-1 infected organisms: the presence of the virus together with other microbes, eventually coming from the gut, CD4+ T cell lymphopenia, senescence and dysregulation of the immune system, and/or genetic factors. We will also describe the activation of the immune system: CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, B cells, NKT and NK cells, dendritic cells, monocytes and macrophages, and neutrophils of the inflammation cascade, as well as of the endothelium and the coagulation system. Finally, we will see that antiretroviral therapy reduces the hyperactivity of the immune and coagulation systems and the endothelial dysfunction, but often does not abolish it. A better knowledge of this phenomenon might help us to identify biomarkers predictive of non AIDS-linked comorbidities, and to define new strategies aiming at preventing their emergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Younas
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - C Psomas
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - J Reynes
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,UMI 233, IRD-Montpellier University, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - P Corbeau
- Institute of Human Genetics, CNRS UPR1142, Montpellier Cedex 5, France.,Montpellier University, Montpellier, France.,Immunology Department, University Hospital, Nîmes Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bere A, Tayib S, Kriek JM, Masson L, Jaumdally SZ, Barnabas SL, Carr WH, Allan B, Williamson AL, Denny L, Passmore JAS. Altered phenotype and function of NK cells infiltrating human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated genital warts during HIV infection. Clin Immunol 2013; 150:210-9. [PMID: 24440646 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
HIV-infected individuals experience more persistent HPV infections and are less likely to resolve genital warts. This study compared phenotype and functions of NK and T cells from genital warts and blood from 67 women. We compared in vitro functional responses of NK and T cells by multiparametric flow cytometry. HIV+ women had significantly lower frequencies of CD4 T cells in warts (p = 0.001) and blood (p = 0.001). While the distribution of NK cell subsets was similar, HIV+ women tended to have lower frequencies of CD56(Dim) NK cells in both blood (p = 0.0001) and warts (p = 0.006) than HIV- women. Wart NK cells from HIV+ women expressed significantly lower CD107a and produced IFN-γ. HAART status was not associated with differences in NK cell functionality. We conclude that wart NK cells from HIV+ women have defects in their ability to degranulate and/or secrete IFN-γ, which may provide insights into why HIV+ women fail to spontaneously resolve genital warts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Bere
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shahila Tayib
- Dept. Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jalan Taming Sari, Taiping Hospital, Perak, Malaysia
| | - Jean-Mari Kriek
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lindi Masson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameem Z Jaumdally
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shaun L Barnabas
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; Desmond Tutu HIV Foundation, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - William H Carr
- Department of Biology, Medgar Evers College, The City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Bruce Allan
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lynette Denny
- Dept Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town and Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S Passmore
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine and Division of Medical Virology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; National Health Laboratory Services, Cape Town, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wren LH, Stratov I, Kent SJ, Parsons MS. Obstacles to ideal anti-HIV antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity responses. Vaccine 2013; 31:5506-17. [PMID: 23981432 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A safe and effective vaccine against HIV is a global health priority. Large-scale phase III clinical vaccine trials based on neutralizing antibodies and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes have failed to provide protection, highlighting the lack of understanding of basic immune correlates of protection against HIV. The partial success of the RV144 vaccine trial, however, sparked an intense research effort to identify and describe the protective potential of non-neutralizing antibodies. Correlates of protection analyses have identified antibodies that induced antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) as potentially important. Despite the attractiveness of utilizing ADCC antibodies for HIV vaccine design, it is important to note that effective ADCC responses are contingent on many factors. As discussed in this review, these factors are important considerations for determining the feasibility of designing an optimal ADCC antibody-inducing vaccine construct. Important determinants of ADCC responses include characteristics of the antibody, such as isotype and subclass, antigen-specificity, titer, durability and glycosylation of the constant region. Second, ADCC immune responses are highly contingent on the natural killer (NK) cell effectors. This review will describe the current state of knowledge regarding the ontogeny of NK cells, highlighting the continuous "education" they undergo that determines their functional potential upon stimulation. Other important NK cell factors, such as constant region receptor polymorphisms, cellular exhaustion, and the effects of the cytokine milieu on cellular function, will also be covered. Finally, an exciting, but yet untested, role for NK cell-mediated ADCC lies in its potential ability to eliminate latently infected cells, which harbor the viral reservoir. The review will address the potential of a two-pronged attack, where latently infected cells are induced to express HIV antigens and then eliminated by NK cells via an ADCC mechanism, with the goal of inducing a cure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leia H Wren
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Aranda-Romo S, Garcia-Sepulveda CA, Comas-García A, Lovato-Salas F, Salgado-Bustamante M, Gómez-Gómez A, Noyola DE. Killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) in severe A (H1N1) 2009 influenza infections. Immunogenetics 2012; 64:653-62. [PMID: 22652695 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-012-0623-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of a novel influenza virus into the human population leads to the occurrence of pandemic events, such as the one caused by pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 virus. The severity of infections caused by this virus in young adults was greater than that observed in patients with seasonal influenza. Fatal cases have been associated with an abnormal innate, proinflammatory immune response. A critical role for natural killer cells during the initial responses to influenza infections has been suggested. In this study, we assessed the association of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) with disease severity by comparing KIR gene content in patients with mild and severe pandemic influenza virus infections to a control group. We found that activator (KIR3DS1 and KIR2DS5) and inhibitory (KIR2DL5) genes, encoded in group B haplotypes containing the cB01, cB03 and tB01 motifs, are associated with severe pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 infections. Better understanding of how genetic variability contributes to influenza virus pathogenesis may help to the development of immune intervention strategies aiming at controlling the severity of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saray Aranda-Romo
- Departamento de Microbiología, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Avenida Venustiano Carranza #2405, Colonia los Filtros, 78210 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Altered dendritic cell-natural killer interaction in Kenyan sex workers resistant to HIV-1 infection. AIDS 2012; 26:429-36. [PMID: 22156969 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e32834f98ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are members of the innate immune system that play an important role in the defense against viral infection. They are also involved in the regulation of adaptive immune responses through cytokine secretion and the interaction with antigen-presenting cells. However, their role in HIV infection is only partially understood. OBJECTIVE Here we studied the phenotype and function of NK cells of highly HIV-exposed but seronegative (HESN) uninfected commercial sex workers from Kenya who can be epidemiologically defined as relatively resistant to HIV infection. DESIGN The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the role of NK cells in mediating resistance to HIV-1. This information can be used to better understand protection from infection which can be used for informing future design of effective prophylactics and therapeutics for HIV. METHODS Whole blood samples were collected from study participants and isolated NK cells and dendritic cells were used in assays for phenotyping and cell function. RESULTS Activated NK cells from resistant women killed autologous immature dendritic cells more efficiently and also secreted more interferon (IFN)-γ than those of uninfected, susceptible women. Interestingly, NK cells from HIV-resistant women were significantly more effective in inducing secretion of IL-12 in immature dendritic cells. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that an altered NK cell-dendritic cell interaction plays an important role in the protection from infection with HIV-1.
Collapse
|
9
|
Involvement of activating NK cell receptors and their modulation in pathogen immunity. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:152430. [PMID: 21860586 PMCID: PMC3155793 DOI: 10.1155/2011/152430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are endowed with cell-structure-sensing receptors providing inhibitory protection from self-destruction (inhibitory NK receptors, iNKRs, including killer inhibitory receptors and other molecules) and rapid triggering potential leading to functional cell activation by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokine receptors, and activating NK cell receptors including natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs, i.e., NKp46, NKp46, and NKp44). NCR and NKG2D recognize ligands on infected cells which may be endogenous or may directly bind to some structures derived from invading pathogens. In this paper, we address the known direct or indirect interactions between activating receptors and pathogens and their expression during chronic HIV and HCV infections.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bostik P, Takahashi Y, Mayne AE, Ansari AA. Innate immune natural killer cells and their role in HIV and SIV infection. HIV THERAPY 2010; 4:483-504. [PMID: 20730028 PMCID: PMC2922771 DOI: 10.2217/hiv.10.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The findings that early events during HIV-1 and SIV infection of Asian rhesus macaques dictate the levels of viremia and rate of disease progression prior to the establishment of mature and effective adaptive immune responses strongly suggest an important role for innate immune mechanisms. In addition, the fact that the major target of HIV and SIV during this period of acute infection is the gastrointestinal tissue suggests that whatever role the innate immune system plays must either directly and/or indirectly focus on the GI tract. The object of this article is to provide a general overview of the innate immune system with a focus on natural killer (NK) cells and their role in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infection. The studies summarized include our current understanding of the phenotypic heterogeneity, the putative functions ascribed to the subsets, the maturation/differentiation of NK cells, the mechanisms by which their function is mediated and regulated, the studies of these NK-cell subsets, with a focus on killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) in nonhuman primates and humans, and finally, how HIV and SIV infection affects these NK cells in vivo. Clearly much has yet to be learnt on how the innate immune system influences the interaction between lentiviruses and the host within the GI tract, knowledge of which is reasoned to be critical for the formulation of effective vaccines against HIV-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Bostik
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense & Department of Infectious Diseases, Charles University School of Medicine, Hradec-Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ann E Mayne
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aftab A Ansari
- Room 2309 WMB, Department of Pathology, Emory University School of Medicine, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stoiber H, Soederholm A, Wilflingseder D, Gusenbauer S, Hildgartner A, Dierich MP. Complement and antibodies: a dangerous liaison in HIV infection? Vaccine 2009; 26 Suppl 8:I79-85. [PMID: 19388170 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.11.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to ongoing recombination and mutations, HIV permanently escapes from neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses of the host. By the masking of epitopes or shedding of gp120, HIV-1 further impedes an efficient neutralization by Abs. Therefore, nAbs responses of the host are chasing behind a rapidly evolving virus and mainly non-neutralizing antibodies (non-nAbs) are present in the host. At the same time, complement deposition on immune-complexed HIV may counteract the immune response by enhancing the infection. On the other hand, complement-mediated lysis is a putative effector mechanism to control viral replication. Here we review the complex interplay between complement, neutralizing and non-neutralizing Abs during HIV infection and discuss the contribution of Abs and complement in blocking versus enhancing the course of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heribert Stoiber
- Department Hygiene and Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Preglstr. 3, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the notion that the innate immune response, and in particular, natural killer cells play a central role in determining the quality of the host immune response to infection. In this review we highlight recent evidence that suggests that NK cells influence the clinical fate of HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Alter
- Partners AIDS Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Iannello A, Debbeche O, Samarani S, Ahmad A. Antiviral NK cell responses in HIV infection: II. viral strategies for evasion and lessons for immunotherapy and vaccination. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:27-49. [PMID: 18388299 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0907649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As is the case in other viral infections, humans respond to HIV infection by activating their NK cells. However, the virus uses several strategies to neutralize and evade the host's NK cell responses. Consequently, it is not surprising that NK cell functions become compromised in HIV-infected individuals in early stages of the infection. The compromised NK cell functions also adversely affect several aspects of the host's antiviral adaptive immune responses. Researchers have made significant progress in understanding how HIV counters NK cell responses of the host. This knowledge has opened new avenues for immunotherapy and vaccination against this infection. In the first part of this review article, we gave an overview of our current knowledge of NK cell biology and discussed how the genes encoding NK cell receptors and their ligands determine innate genetic resistance/susceptibilty of humans against HIV infections and AIDS. In this second part, we discuss NK cell responses, viral strategies to counter these responses, and finally, their implications for anti-HIV immunotherapy and vaccination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Iannello
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Center of Research Ste Justine Hospital, 3175 Côte Ste-Catherine, Montreal, Qc, H3T 1C5, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
Humoral immunity is considered a key component of effective vaccines against HIV-1. Hence, an enormous effort has been put into investigating the neutralizing antibody response to HIV-1 over the past 20 years which generated key information on epitope specificity, potency, breadth and in vivo activity of the neutralizing antibodies. Less clear is still the role of antibody-mediated effector functions (antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, phagocytosis, complement system) and uncertainty prevails whether Fc-mediated mechanisms are largely beneficial or detrimental for the host. The current knowledge on the manifold functions of the humoral immune response in HIV infection, their underlying mechanisms and potential in vaccine-induced immunity will be discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Huber
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Azzoni L, Chehimi J, Zhou L, Foulkes AS, June R, Maino VC, Landay A, Rinaldo C, Jacobson LP, Montaner LJ. Early and delayed benefits of HIV-1 suppression: timeline of recovery of innate immunity effector cells. AIDS 2007; 21:293-305. [PMID: 17255736 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328012b85f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The kinetics of recovery for innate immune effectors following antiretroviral therapy are unknown. DESIGN AND METHODS Multiple sequential cryopreserved samples (viremic and ART-suppressed) from 66 patients enrolled in the Women's Interagency HIV Study or Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study cohorts (median follow-up, 700 days) were analyzed to determine natural killer, dendritic and T-cell changes by flow cytometry. Functional parameters were also measured in a subset of samples. Changes over time were analyzed by mixed-effect modeling based on a linear spline with a single knot at 270 days. RESULTS Following viral suppression, a rapid rise in CD4 and white blood cell counts and a decline in T-cell activation were confirmed. However, natural killer cell subsets increased after 270 days of therapy, with a negative effect by baseline CD4%. CD123+ plasmacytoid but not myeloid dendritic cells showed a trend to increase during the first 270 days with a positive effect of baseline CD4%; plasmacytoid dendritic cell-induced interferon-alpha production significantly increased by end of follow-up. CONCLUSIONS The kinetics of natural killer and plasmacytoid dendritic cell recovery are markedly different from those of T-cell subsets, indicative of early and delayed benefits of suppressive regimens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Livio Azzoni
- The Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
LaBonte ML, McKay PF, Letvin NL. Evidence of NK cell dysfunction in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys: impairment of cytokine secretion and NKG2C/C2 expression. Eur J Immunol 2006; 36:2424-33. [PMID: 16906533 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200635901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Defects in the adaptive immune response have been extensively characterized in human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals; however, much less is known about the function of natural killer (NK) cells during the course of HIV-1 infection. In the present study, we demonstrate that the NK cells from simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected rhesus monkeys are significantly impaired in their ability to secrete IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and IL-2, while NK cell function in SIV-infected long-term non-progressor monkeys is similar to that of normal monkeys. These findings suggest that abnormal NK cell activity may contribute to the global immune dysfunction observed in HIV-1-infected individuals. NK cell function is modulated by several families of cell surface receptors, including the CD94/NKG2 family. We evaluated the messenger RNA levels of these inhibitory and activating NKG2 molecules in SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. These experiments demonstrate that the activating molecules NKG2C and NKG2C2 are significantly down-regulated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys, suggesting that the dysregulation of these molecules may contribute to the abnormal NK cell function observed in the setting of infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L LaBonte
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bridgewater State College, Bridgewater, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Kottilil S, Shin K, Jackson JO, Reitano KN, O'Shea MA, Yang J, Hallahan CW, Lempicki R, Arthos J, Fauci AS. Innate immune dysfunction in HIV infection: effect of HIV envelope-NK cell interactions. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1107-14. [PMID: 16393999 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.2.1107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have previously described a number of NK cell dysfunctions in HIV-viremic individuals. In the present study, we performed DNA microarray analysis followed by phenotypic and functional characterization in an effort to investigate which HIV envelope glycoproteins (gp120) affect the physiologic functions of NK cells. Upon treatment of NK cells with HIV gp120, DNA microarray analyses indicated up-regulation of several categories of genes that are associated with apoptosis, suppression of both cellular proliferation and survival, as well as down-regulation of genes that play a vital role in cell proliferation, innate immune defense mechanism, and cell survival. Both subtypes of gp120 suppressed NK cell cytotoxicity, proliferation, and the ability to secrete IFN-gamma. NK cells exposed to X4-subtype HIV gp120 showed a significant decrease in the levels of CC chemokines, while exposure to R5-subtype HIV gp120 had minimal effect. Extended exposure to HIV gp120 resulted in apoptosis of NK cells, further validating the microarray data. Our data demonstrate that exposure of NK cells to HIV envelope proteins results in profound cellular abnormalities at the level of gene expression as well as generic cell functions. These findings are likely to be a consequence of a direct HIV gp120-mediated effect on NK cells. Identification of specific surface receptors on NK cells that interact with HIV envelope proteins might explain how HIV is capable of circumventing innate immune defense mechanisms and establishing infection in susceptible individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Kottilil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fauci AS, Mavilio D, Kottilil S. NK cells in HIV infection: Paradigm for protection or targets for ambush. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:835-43. [PMID: 16239902 DOI: 10.1038/nri1711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cells are a crucial component of the innate immune response to certain tumours and to various viruses, fungi, parasites and bacteria. HIV has infected more than 60 million people worldwide and has led to more than 23 million deaths. At present, there are approximately 40 million people who are living with HIV infection, and there were 5 million new infections in 2004. As part of the innate immune system, natural killer cells might have an important role in host defence against HIV infection, as well as in the control of HIV replication in vivo. In this regard, it is important to understand how natural killer cells and HIV interact. This Review focuses on the role of natural killer cells in controlling HIV infection and on the impact of HIV and HIV-viraemia-induced immune activation on natural-killer-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S Fauci
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Building 31, Room 7A04, 31 Center Drive, MSC 2520, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-2520, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gupta N, Arthos J, Khazanie P, Steenbeke TD, Censoplano NM, Chung EA, Cruz CC, Chaikin MA, Daucher M, Kottilil S, Mavilio D, Schuck P, Sun PD, Rabin RL, Radaev S, Van Ryk D, Cicala C, Fauci AS. Targeted lysis of HIV-infected cells by natural killer cells armed and triggered by a recombinant immunoglobulin fusion protein: implications for immunotherapy. Virology 2005; 332:491-7. [PMID: 15680414 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2004] [Revised: 09/15/2004] [Accepted: 12/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in both innate and adaptive antiviral immune responses. The adaptive response typically requires that virus-specific antibodies decorate infected cells which then direct NK cell lysis through a CD16 mediated process termed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). In this report, we employ a highly polymerized chimeric IgG1/IgA immunoglobulin (Ig) fusion protein that, by virtue of its capacity to extensively crosslink CD16, activates NK cells while directing the lysis of infected target cells. We employ HIV as a model system, and demonstrate that freshly isolated NK cells preloaded with an HIV gp120-specific chimeric IgG1/IgA fusion protein efficiently lyse HIV-infected target cells at picomolar concentrations. NK cells pre-armed in this manner retain the capacity to kill targets over an extended period of time. This strategy may have application to other disease states including various viral infections and cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil Gupta
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, NIAID, NIH Bldg. #10 6A08, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda MD 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Sankatsing SUC, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH, Lange JMA, Prins JM. P glycoprotein in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection and therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1073-81. [PMID: 15047504 PMCID: PMC375313 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.4.1073-1081.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay U C Sankatsing
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Tropical Medicine and AIDS, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Robinson FP, Mathews HL, Witek-Janusek L. Psycho-Endocrine-Immune Response to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction in Individuals Infected with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: A Quasiexperimental Study. J Altern Complement Med 2003; 9:683-94. [PMID: 14629846 DOI: 10.1089/107555303322524535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a structured, 8-week, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction (MBSR) program on perceived stress, mood, endocrine function, immunity, and functional health outcomes in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). DESIGN This study used a quasiexperimental, nonrandomized design. METHODS Subjects were specifically recruited (nonrandom) for intervention (MBSR) or comparison group. Data were collected at pretest and post-test in the MBSR group and at matched times in the comparison group. t Tests where performed to determine within-group changes and between-group differences. RESULTS Natural killer cell activity and number increased significantly in the MBSR group compared to the comparison group. No significant changes or differences were found for psychological, endocrine, or functional health variables. CONCLUSIONS These results provide tentative evidence that MBSR may assist in improving immunity in individuals infected with HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Patrick Robinson
- College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612-7350, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
McCain NL, Munjas BA, Munro CL, Elswick RK, Robins JLW, Ferreira-Gonzalez A, Baliko B, Kaplowitz LG, Fisher EJ, Garrett CT, Brigle KE, Kendall LC, Lucas V, Cochran KL. Effects of stress management on PNI-based outcomes in persons with HIV disease. Res Nurs Health 2003; 26:102-17. [PMID: 12652607 PMCID: PMC2211370 DOI: 10.1002/nur.10074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A pretest-posttest, repeated-measures design was used to evaluate the effects of two stress management interventions on a battery of outcomes derived from a psychoneuroimmunological (PNI) framework. The effects of cognitive-behavioral relaxation training groups (CBSM) and social support groups (SSG) were compared with a WAIT-listed control group on the outcomes of psychosocial functioning, quality of life, neuroendocrine mediation, and somatic health. Participants were 148 individuals (119 men, 29 women), diagnosed with HIV disease; 112 (76%) completing the study groups. Using analysis of covariance, the CBSM group was found to have significantly higher postintervention emotional well-being and total quality-of-life scores than did either the SSG or WAIT groups. SSG participants had significantly lower social/family well-being scores immediately postintervention and lower social support scores after 6 months. The findings point to a pressing need for further, well-controlled research with these common intervention modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy L McCain
- School of Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Nursing, Richmond, VA 23298-0567, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Barboza JM, Salmen S, Cova JA, Albarrán B, Goncalves L, Borges L, Hernández M, Berrueta L. Uncoupling activation-induced modulation of CD16 and CD69 in CD56+ cells during AIDS. APMIS 2002; 110:415-22. [PMID: 12076260 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0463.2002.100508.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of HIV+ patients is chronically activated, which has been associated with a detrimental effect on both innate and acquired immunity during AIDS. We analyzed the expression and modulation of the triggering markers CD69 and CD16 in CD56+ cells from 18 asymptomatic HIV+ individuals and 8 AIDS patients, compared with 21 seronegative subjects. We observed a diminished PMA-induced CD16 downregulation in AIDS patients (p<0.01), associated with low numbers of CD4+ cells (p<0.02). Furthermore, an enhanced unstimulated expression of CD69 in asymptomatic HIV+ patients (p<0.05) was shown. AIDS patients could not efficiently upregulate PHA-dependent CD69 expression (p<0.05), which correlated with low CD4+ counts (p< 0.05). These abnormalities in CD16 and CD69 modulation were recorded in patients under highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Our results demonstrate an altered modulation of two functionally relevant receptors in CD56+ cells from AIDS patients, contributing to our understanding of the immunopathogeny of NK cell dysfunction during disease progression.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/immunology
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/biosynthesis
- CD56 Antigen/immunology
- Down-Regulation
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Middle Aged
- Phytohemagglutinins/immunology
- Receptors, IgG/analysis
- Receptors, IgG/biosynthesis
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José M Barboza
- Instituto de Immunología Clínica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Los Andes, Mérida-Venezuela
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Ahmad R, Sindhu ST, Toma E, Morisset R, Vincelette J, Menezes J, Ahmad A. Evidence for a correlation between antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity-mediating anti-HIV-1 antibodies and prognostic predictors of HIV infection. J Clin Immunol 2001; 21:227-33. [PMID: 11403230 DOI: 10.1023/a:1011087132180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Using our gp120/41-expressing, NK cell activity-resistant CEM.NKR cell clones as targets in HIV-1-specific antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays, we demonstrate here that the serum titers of anti-HIV-1 ADCC antibodies bear a significant (P < 0.05) positive correlation with the peripheral blood CD4+ T cell counts and a negative one with the number of copies of HIV-1 RNA in the plasma of HIV-infected individuals. These findings underscore the importance of these antibodies as a protective immune parameter in these infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Ahmad
- Pediatric Research Center, Ste-Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Douglas SD, Durako SJ, Tustin NB, Houser J, Muenz L, Starr SE, Wilson C. Natural killer cell enumeration and function in HIV-infected and high-risk uninfected adolescents. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2001; 17:543-52. [PMID: 11350668 DOI: 10.1089/08892220151126643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report of natural killer cell enumeration and function in HIV-infected and high-risk uninfected adolescents. We examined the association of demographic characteristics of this cohort with three outcomes: CD16+ cell absolute count, lytic units per peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC), and lytic units per natural killer (NK) cell. We also examined the association of CD4, CD38, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) use with these outcomes in the subset of HIV-infected adolescents. Adolescents participating in an on-going longitudinal study (the REACH study) were sampled for CD16+ cell count and NK function. This cross-sectional analysis was performed on 412 subjects with NK cell data available. HIV-positive males had higher numbers of CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ NK cells than HIV-positive females. However, for the HIV-negative subjects, we did not observe a gender-related effect for absolute NK cell numbers. Gender, however, was a significant covariate for the analysis, using lytic units per PBMC as the unit of measurement, with males showing higher values than females. Age was not a predictive covariate for any of the three assessments of NK cell number and function examined. Our observations concerning the HIV-positive individuals indicate that reduced CD4+ T cell counts were associated with decreased circulating CD3-/CD16+/CD56+ NK cells. We also observed an association between elevation of CD8+/CD38+/DR+ lymphocytes and lower NK lytic units per PBMC. The results of our multivariate models indicate that there is a reduced number of NK cells and reduced lytic units per PBMC in patients receiving single or multidrug antiretroviral therapy. There are changes in circulating NK cell number and function in HIV-infected adolescents, in comparison with high-risk HIV-negative adolescents. The data suggest that these changes may occur early in the course of HIV disease but that quantitative changes continue to occur with advancing depletion of the CD4+ T cell pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Douglas
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ahmad R, Sindhu ST, Tran P, Toma E, Morisset R, Menezes J, Ahmad A. Modulation of expression of the MHC class I-binding natural killer cell receptors, and NK activity in relation to viral load in HIV-infected/AIDS patients. J Med Virol 2001. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.2053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
27
|
de Souza MS, Karnasuta C, Brown AE, Markowitz LE, Nitayaphan S, Garner RP, McNeil JG, Birx DL, Cox JH. A comparative study of the impact of HIV infection on natural killer cell number and function in Thais and North Americans. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2000; 16:1061-6. [PMID: 10933621 DOI: 10.1089/08892220050075327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immunity may play a role in preventing HIV infection and progression to AIDS. Most studies of natural killer (NK) cell function have been conducted in populations with different HLA allele frequencies and HIV subtypes than those found in Southeast Asia. NK cell number and function, defined as CD3- cells expressing CD16+/CD56+ and the ability to lyse K562 cells, were enumerated in 42 HIV-seronegative Thais and 20 HIV-seronegative North Americans. The number and percentage of NK cells were similar for both groups, but cytotoxicity function expressed as lytic units (LU20) of NK cells was significantly greater in the Thai subjects compared with the North American subjects (p = 0.004). Comparisons were also conducted between the HIV-seronegative groups and HIV-infected subjects from both Thailand and North America. NK cell number and function were not significantly different between the Thai HIV-seronegative and -seropositive groups. However, the comparison between the North American HIV-seronegative and -seropositive subjects demonstrated profound impairment of NK cell number, percentage, and function (p < 0.001). Matching the Thai and North American HIV-infected subjects on CD4+ cell count revealed higher NK number and function in the Thai subjects (p < 0.001). The study indicates that NK function in both HIV-seronegative and -seropositive Thais is elevated relative to similar groups in North America.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S de Souza
- Henry M Jackson Foundation, Rockville, Maryland 20850, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Vitale M, Caruso A, Licenziati S, Rodella L, Fiorentini S, Zauli G, Castelli F, Manzoli FA, Turano A. Differential production of IFN-gamma, analyzed at the single-cell level, by specific subsets of human NK and T cells from healthy and HIV(+) subjects. CYTOMETRY 2000; 39:189-94. [PMID: 10685075 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0320(20000301)39:3<189::aid-cyto3>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interferon gamma is a cytokine that plays a central role in immunity, and is physiologically secreted by T and NK cells under appropriate stimuli during the immune response. By means of flow cytometry, we performed a single cell analysis of interferon gamma producing NK cells and their surface phenotype in normal and HIV(+) individuals that show several defects of cytokine production and cellular immunity. METHODS PBMC or purified NK cells were stimulated for 1-12 h with PMA/ionomycin in the presence of monensin, subsequently stained for surface CD56 and CD3 or CD8, and for intracytoplasmic IFN-gamma, and analysed by flow cytometry. RESULTS Our results show that CD56(+) NK cells are more efficient interferon gamma producers than T cells. Moreover, within the CD56(+) NK cell population, those that co-express low density CD8 are the best producers. Finally, we show that NK cells during HIV infection are more massively recruited to interferon gamma production than those from normal subjects. CONCLUSIONS Both in the normal and HIV(+) subjects, a higher percentage of NK cells than T cells can produce IFN-gamma although differences can be identified within the NK cells subset in terms of IFN-gamma production. The production of IFN-gamma is fully achievable in the HIV(+) subjects, which is consistent with their elevated plasmatic levels of the cytokine. The possibility that NK cells that produce interferon gamma could represent a functionally distinct population committed to the production of this cytokine, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Vitale
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Division of Human Anatomy, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Nair MP, Schwartz SA. Reversal of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protein-induced inhibition of natural killer cell activity by alpha interferon and interleukin-2. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 7:101-5. [PMID: 10618286 PMCID: PMC95831 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.7.1.101-105.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A recombinant fusion peptide, Env-Gag, derived from the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genome corresponding to a defined portion of the envelope (Env) and internal core (Gag) proteins was examined for immunoregulatory effects on the cytotoxic activity of natural killer (NK) cell-enriched, large granular lymphocytes (LGL) from healthy donors. Percoll-separated, NK cell-enriched LGL precultured for 24 h with Env-Gag at 10- and 50-ng/ml concentrations, which significantly stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, caused significant suppression of NK cell activity. Denatured Env-Gag did not cause any effect on the NK cell activity of LGL. Two other control peptides, one derived from the Escherichia coli vector used to clone the HIV Env-Gag fusion peptide and the other derived from a non-HIV-1 viral antigen (rubeola virus), did not produce any observable effect on the NK cell activity of LGL, demonstrating the specificity of the effect produced by Env-Gag. Subsequent treatment of LGL with alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) or interleukin 2 (IL-2) alone partially reversed the Env-Gag-induced suppression of NK cell activity. However, LGL treated with both IFN-alpha and IL-2 completely reversed the suppression of NK cell cytotoxicity by Env-Gag. The combined effect of IFN-alpha and IL-2 in enhancing NK cell activity may provide a novel therapeutic approach to the restoration of depressed NK cell activity observed in HIV-infected patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M P Nair
- Department of Medicine and Microbiology, Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, and Buffalo General Hospital, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York 14203, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Geertsma MF, Stevenhagen A, van Dam EM, Nibbering PH. Expression of zeta molecules is decreased in NK cells from HIV-infected patients. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 1999; 26:249-57. [PMID: 10575136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.1999.tb01396.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytolysis by natural killer (NK) cells is impaired in HIV infection. We investigated whether the expression of zeta (zeta) molecules, essential elements of signalling initiated upon ligation of, e.g., CD16, is reduced and if so, whether this reduction could be involved in defective cytolysis. FACS analysis revealed significantly lower levels of zeta in NK cells from AIDS patients compared to cells from patients without AIDS and healthy controls. CD16-dependent cytolysis by NK cells correlated with expression of zeta molecules and CD16, the latter possibly related to zeta expression. No correlation was observed between CD16-independent cytolysis and zeta expression. Reduced expression of zeta molecules by NK cells from HIV-infected patients thus correlates with disease progression and may, in part, explain the defective cytolysis by these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Geertsma
- Department Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, P. O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Brenner BG, Wainberg MA. Heat shock protein-based therapeutic strategies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999; 7:80-90. [PMID: 10231014 PMCID: PMC1784721 DOI: 10.1155/s1064744999000150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (hsps) and cyclophilins (CypA) are intracellular chaperone molecules that facilitate protein folding and assembly. These proteins are selectively expressed in cells following exposure to a range of stress stimuli, including viral infection. Hsp species are highly immunogenic, eliciting humoral, cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL), and natural killer (NK) cell responses against viruses, tumours, and infectious diseases. This review discusses the roles of stress proteins in immunity and viral life cycles, vis-à-vis the development of Hsp-based therapeutic strategies against human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) infection. Cumulative findings are cited implicating the requirement of CypA in HIV-1 replication and formation of infectious virions. Studies by our group show the upregulated expression of hsp27 and hsp70 during single-cycle HIV infections. These species redistribute to the cell surface following HIV-infection and heat stress, serving as targets for NK and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. Co-immunoprecipitation and Western blot studies show that hsp27, hsp70, and hsp78 complex with HIV-1 viral proteins intracellularly. Hsp70, hsp56, and CypA are assembled into HIV-1 virions. The ability of hsps to interact with HIV-1 viral proteins, combined with their inherent adjuvant and immunogenic properties, indicates that hsps may serve as vehicles for antigen delivery and the design of vaccines against acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Brenner
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, and Department of Experimental Surgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Brenner B, Wainberg M. Heat shock protein-based therapeutic strategies against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 1999. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-0997(1999)7:1/2<80::aid-idog15>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
33
|
Robinson FP, Mathews HL, Witek-Janusek L. Stress and HIV disease progression: psychoneuroimmunological framework. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1999; 10:21-31. [PMID: 9934667 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3290(06)60229-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is the study of the interrelationships among behavior, neural and endocrine function, and the immune system. PNI investigates the relationships among stress, physiological dysregulation, and health outcomes. Research has supported the theory that emotional distress and the resultant neuroendocrine activation can induce immune system suppression. This suppression has significant implications for disease susceptibility and progression. HIV disease and its extensive immunological consequences are explored within this framework. Potential physiological pathways that may mediate stress-induced dysregulation within the context of HIV disease are identified. Key HIV-related PNI research studies are reviewed and critically analyzed. Implications for nursing practice and research are discussed.
Collapse
|
34
|
Skowron G, Cole BF, Zheng D, Accetta G, Yen-Lieberman B. gp120-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity as a major determinant of the rate of decline in CD4 percentage in HIV-1 disease. AIDS 1997; 11:1807-14. [PMID: 9412698 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199715000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between the rate of CD4 percentage decline and two factors postulated to be associated with CD4 cell destruction: circulating HIV-1 viral load and gp120-directed antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). DESIGN Four women and 16 men had serial determinations of CD4 percentage gp120-directed ADCC activity [using the cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CMC) assay] natural killer (NK) cell number, spontaneous NK lytic function, and plasma HIV-1 RNA. METHODS The rate of decline in CD4 percentage was modeled as a function of gp120-directed ADCC activity and circulating HIV-1 RNA using Pearson correlation and multiple regression analyses. RESULTS All individuals had at least four CMC assays performed and two HIV-1 RNA polymerase chain reaction measurements over a median follow-up of 27 months. Although the rate of CD4 percentage decline was associated with either CMC activity (r = -0.53, P = 0.02) or circulating HIV-1 RNA (r = -0.42, P = 0.07), it was strongly correlated with an interaction between CMC and HIV-1 RNA (r = -0.76, P < 0.0001). Mean CMC activity was associated with both mean percentage of circulating NK cells and mean spontaneous NK cell lysis. CONCLUSIONS The ability of cells from HIV-infected individuals to mediate gp120-directed ADCC, together with a sufficient circulating viral load, define conditions under which rapid CD4 cell destruction may occur. This relationship between viral load and an HIV-1-specific immune response lends important insights into the central causes of immunodeficiency in AIDS and suggests additional avenues for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Skowron
- Department of Medicine, Roger Williams Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02908, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Puppo F, Brenci S, Bosco O, Lanza L, Barocci S, Nocera A, Ghio M, Contini P, Setti M, Scudeletti M, Indiveri F. Downregulation of HLA class I antigen expression in CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV type 1-infected individuals. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13:1509-16. [PMID: 9390750 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1997.13.1509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of HLA class I antigens is downregulated in CD4+ T cells following in vitro HIV-1 infection. We determined whether the expression of HLA class I antigens is downmodulated in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) of HIV-1-positive subjects and whether this defect correlates with disease progression. A cohort of 62 HIV-1-seropositive individuals in different stages of disease was studied. Among these, four subjects were evaluated at yearly intervals for 6 years. The expression of HLA class I, HLA class II, and CD38 antigens was analyzed in PBLs and in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulations. The percentage of HLA class I-positive cells and the membrane density of HLA class I antigens were significantly lower in PBLs from HIV-1-positive individuals than in PBLs from HIV-negative controls, proportionally decreased with disease progression, and significantly correlated with the decrease in CD4+ T lymphocytes. Furthermore, the percentage of HLA class I-positive cells and the membrane density of HLA class I antigens were significantly lower in CD4+ T lymphocytes from AIDS patients with respect to CD4+ T lymphocytes from HIV-negative controls and to CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-negative controls and AIDS patients. By contrast, the expression of HLA class II and CD38 antigens was upregulated in CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes from HIV-1-positive subjects. The defective expression of HLA class I antigens could impair the lysis of HIV-infected CD4+ cells by virus-specific HLA class I-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocytes and contribute to the progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F Puppo
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Loubeau M, Ahmad A, Toma E, Menezes J. Enhancement of natural killer and antibody-dependent cytolytic activities of the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of HIV-infected patients by recombinant IL-15. JOURNAL OF ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROMES AND HUMAN RETROVIROLOGY : OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL RETROVIROLOGY ASSOCIATION 1997; 16:137-45. [PMID: 9390564 DOI: 10.1097/00042560-199711010-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are an important subset of lymphocytes capable of killing virus-infected target cells without prior sensitization. HIV-infected individuals show impairment of their NK cell activity. Although the mechanism responsible for this defect remains unclear, NK cytotoxicity of lymphocytes from these individuals can be partially restored by interleukin (IL)-2. IL-15 is a recently discovered cytokine that shares many biologic activities with IL-2--for example, enhancement of NK activity. In this study, we investigated the effect of recombinant IL-15 (rIL-15) on the NK and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) effector activities of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected individuals using K562 cell line and HIV gp120-expressing cells. The effect of anti-IL-15 antibodies on NK activity was also examined using PBMCs of HIV-seronegative individuals. Our results show that NK and ADCC activities of PBMCs in HIV-seropositive patients were significantly lower than those of seronegative donors (p < or = 0.05). However, these two activities were significantly enhanced when rIL-15 was added to the assay wells (p < or = 0.05). Moreover, addition of saturating concentrations of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for IL-2, IL-12, or interferon (IFN)-gamma in the assays failed to inhibit IL-15-mediated enhancement of NK cell functions. Only the antibody against IL-15 abrogated the upregulation of NK and ADCC activities mediated by IL-15, suggesting that this cytokine enhances NK cell functions through a mechanism that is independent of the induction of other cytokines. IL-15 did not exert any modulatory effect on the expression of CD16 or CD56 molecules. Our results show that IL-15 can increase the NK and ADCC activities of the PBMCs of HIV-infected individuals in vitro. In view of its higher therapeutic index as determined using murine models, IL-15 may represent a better immunotherapeutic agent than IL-2 to restore these functions in HIV-seropositive patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Loubeau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Montreal and Ste-Justine Hospital, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Malorni W, Straface E, Di Genova G, Fattorossi A, Rivabene R, Camponeschi B, Masella R, Viora M. Oxidized low-density lipoproteins affect natural killer cell activity by impairing cytoskeleton function and altering the cytokine network. Exp Cell Res 1997; 236:436-45. [PMID: 9367628 DOI: 10.1006/excr.1997.3736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence indicate that oxidative imbalance can play an important role in determining an impairment of natural killer (NK) cell activity in a variety of human diseases. Because a specific role for oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL) as pro-oxidizing agents has been envisaged, we tested the activity of oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) on NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity, cytokine release, and membrane molecule modulation. Native LDL served as control. Treatment with ox-LDL at noncytotoxic concentrations (0.2 mg/ml) during the NK/target cell (TC) interaction markedly reduced NK cytotoxic activity against U937 tumor cells. This inhibitory activity was also noticed when NK cells were pretreated with ox-LDL. Scanning electron microscopy examination of NK-target cell conjugates failed to reveal any morphological cell damage. In addition, the number of conjugates and the expression of some adhesion molecules (CD11a, CD11b, CD18, CD2, and CD62L) were not modified by ox-LDL. These observations argued against a possible interference of ox-LDL with the binding process leading to the formation of NK/TC conjugates. By contrast, immunocytochemical analyses of cytoskeleton components of NK cells exposed to ox-LDL showed a partial depolymerization and a derangement of the microtubular apparatus. These alterations were accompanied by an evident decrease in their intracellular reduced glutathione content. Owing to the important role played by the microtubular network during the killing process, it is possible to infer that a cytoskeleton alteration underlies the inhibitory activity of ox-LDL on NK cell function. In addition, exposure of mitogen-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells to ox-LDL markedly reduced specific mRNA transcription and release of cytokines relevant for NK cell activity (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon gamma, and interleukin 12). These data suggest that the impairment of NK cell activity by ox-LDL likely reflects the concomitant dysregulation of some essential mechanisms of NK cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Malorni
- Department of Ultrastructure, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Buijs L, Bogers WM, Eichberg JW, Heeney JL. CD8+ cell-mediated immune responses: relation to disease resistance and susceptibility in lentivirus-infected primates. J Med Primatol 1997; 26:129-38. [PMID: 9379479 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1997.tb00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune responses mediated by CD8+ lymphocytes have been correlated with protection from HIV infection and disease progression in humans and nonhuman primates. The CD8+ cell population is heterogeneous in terms of biological function and phenotype. We have undertaken a review of the current state of knowledge of subtypes of CD8+ cells and their role in immune responses directed to HIV and related primate lentiviruses. Differences in the pathogenesis of lentivirus infections in various primate hosts were examined and the possible roles of the various subpopulations of CD8+ lymphocytes in the resistance and/or susceptibility to lentivirus-related disease were compared.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Buijs
- Department of Virology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Liu M, Roberts RL, Ank BJ, Marmet JG, Stiehm ER. Antibody-directed natural cytotoxicity results in enhanced killing of HIV gp120-coated CEMNKR cells. CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 1997; 83:139-46. [PMID: 9143374 DOI: 10.1006/clin.1997.4330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular cytotoxicity may be an important defense in the control of HIV progression. In the present study antibodies were attached to peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by exposing them to polyethylene glycol and phthalate oil in the presence of HIV human hyperimmune IVIG (HIVIG). The attachment procedure is known as "franking" and the resultant cytotoxicity is termed "antibody-directed." The majority of the cells that are franked with attached HIVIG are CD16+ (Fc gamma RIII), placing them in the natural killer cell population. Franking increased the cytotoxicity of PBMC from both healthy controls and HIV-seropositive patients approximately fourfold compared to conventional antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity using CEM cells coated with HIV gp120 antigen as targets. Use of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies for franking was less efficient than polyclonal HIVIG. The HIVIG-franked PBMC suppressed p24 production of in vitro HIV IIIb-infected human PBMC. The ability of HIVIG to enhance and direct cytotoxicity to HIV targets may suggest a new therapeutic approach to HIV control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine 90095, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zeller JM, McCain NL, Swanson B. Immunological and virological markers of HIV-disease progression. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care 1996; 7:15-27. [PMID: 8825177 DOI: 10.1016/s1055-3290(96)80034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This review, based upon scientific literature, evaluates a number of immunological and virological markers for their usefulness as prognostic indicators for progression of HIV disease. The most widely studied marker, the CD4 positive T lymphocyte count, is perhaps the best single indicator of stage of illness. Serum factors such as neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin, alone and in combination with CD4 cell counts, have been shown to have good predictive value. Measurement of viral burden by quantification of viral RNA levels in plasma and immune cells also holds promise for following disease progression. It is recommended that a combination of these factors be monitored in evaluating stage of illness and responses to therapy in HIV-infected persons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M Zeller
- Department of Medical Nursing, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ullum H, Gøtzsche PC, Victor J, Dickmeiss E, Skinhøj P, Pedersen BK. Defective natural immunity: an early manifestation of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Exp Med 1995; 182:789-99. [PMID: 7650485 PMCID: PMC2192166 DOI: 10.1084/jem.182.3.789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxicity mediated by natural killer (NK) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells may be of significance in host defense against viral infections. This study included 347 patients infected with human immunodeficiency syndrome virus (HIV) type 1 and 110 controls. The NK cell activity, either unstimulated or stimulated with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) or interleukin-2 (IL-2), and the LAK cell activity were suppressed in patients, but the NK/LAK cell activity did not differ between patients with AIDS and patients without AIDS. However, the IFN-alpha-stimulated NK cell activity and LAK cell activity were reduced in patients with symptoms of HIV disease (CDCIV) when compared with asymptomatic patients (CDCII+III). When the data were analyzed by multiple linear regression, the percentage of CD4+ cells had a positive effect on these two parameters in patients without AIDS, whereas the percentage of CD4+ cells had no significant effect on unstimulated and IL-2-stimulated NK cell activity in these patients. In controls and AIDS patients, the percentage of CD4+ cells had no effect on NK/LAK cell activity in multiple linear models. The total number of CD16+ cells was low in patients compared to controls, whereas the percentages of CD16+, CD56+, and CD16+CD56+ were either normal or elevated. Therefore, the decrease in NK cell subpopulations did not contribute to the observed depression in NK/LAK cell activity in vitro. It is concluded that natural immunity is suppressed in HIV-seropositive patients primarily because of a qualitative defect of the NK/LAK cells. This qualitative defect includes a reduced responsiveness to IFN-alpha, which is progressive until the onset of symptoms, and possibly related to the loss of CD4+ cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Ullum
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Lucia MB, Cauda R, Malorni W, Rainaldi G, Tumbarello M, Tacconelli E, Rumi C, Donelli G, Ortona L. P-170 glycoprotein (P-170) is involved in the impairment of natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity in HIV+ patients. Immunol Lett 1995; 47:223-6. [PMID: 8747723 DOI: 10.1016/0165-2478(95)00090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we analyze peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection for both phenotypic expression and function of P-glycoprotein (P-170). This transmembrane efflux pump is known to be one of the mechanisms responsible for the multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer therapy and it is also constitutively expressed in normal PBL. P-170 function, evaluated as Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) efflux in flow cytometry, was found to be significantly reduced in CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells from patients with HIV infection. Interestingly, this reduced efflux significantly correlates with the decreased NK cytotoxicity observed in HIV+ patients, as evaluated against the NK-specific K562 target cell line. These results support a possible role of the P-170-related pump in specific immunological lymphocyte function such as NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M B Lucia
- Istituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
During exercise, leucocytes are recruited to the blood, and if muscle damage occurs the cytokine level is enhanced. After prolonged, intense exercise the number of lymphocytes in the blood is reduced, and the function of natural killer cells is suppressed; furthermore, secretory immunity is impaired. During this time of immunodepression, often referred to as 'the open window', the host may be more susceptible to micro-organisms bypassing the first line of defence. This is of interest to top athletes who perform frequent severe exercise. Clinical observations regarding an increased risk of infections in top athletes are compatible with this model. However, in those performing regular moderate exercise the immune system will often be temporarily enhanced and this will protect these individuals from infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B K Pedersen
- Copenhagen Muscle Research Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Lucia B, Jennings C, Cauda R, Ortona L, Landay AL. Evidence of a selective depletion of a CD16+ CD56+ CD8+ natural killer cell subset during HIV infection. CYTOMETRY 1995; 22:10-5. [PMID: 7587727 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990220103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Three-color flow cytometric analysis of CD16+ natural killer (NK) cells was assessed in HIV seropositive patients and healthy heterosexual controls. A selective depletion of lymphocytes with the CD16+ NK phenotype was found among the HIV+ infected patients. When the CD16 lymphocyte subset was further evaluated by three-color flow cytometry, cells bearing both the CD8 and CD56 antigens were significantly decreased. Analysis of activation antigens revealed a large proportion of CD16+ NK cells from HIV+ patients expressed HLA-DR, but this did not correlate with CD25 (IL-2 receptor) expression. The overall loss of the CD8 and CD56 antigens among the NK population with an increase in activation status may be due to differential loss of the NK cell subsets or, alternatively, to the loss of immunoregulatory cytokines, which have been shown to be important in maintaining NK activity. Whether these changes in the NK compartment may influence the outcome of individuals with HIV disease still remains an open question but is an important issue when performing phenotypic analysis of HIV+ subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Lucia
- Instituto di Clinica delle Malattie Infettive Universita Cattolica S. Cuore Largo A. Gemelli, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Huang XL, Fan Z, Murayama T, Rinaldo C. Enhancement of natural killer cell activity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected subjects by in vitro treatment with biologic response modifier OK-432. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 2:91-7. [PMID: 7719919 PMCID: PMC170107 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.2.1.91-97.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A decrease in natural killer (NK) cell function has been related to the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. In the present study, we assessed the ability of a streptococcus-derived biologic response modifier, OK-432, to augment NK lysis of uninfected K562 and U937 cells and HIV-infected U937 cells by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from HIV-seropositive homosexual men. Optimal two- to fourfold increases in lysis of the three targets were observed after pretreatment of PBMC from HIV-negative subjects for 4 h with 2 micrograms of OK-432 per ml. This effect was related primarily to gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production induced by OK-432 and was not linked to production of tumor necrosis factors alpha and beta or to monocytes in the cultures. The enhancing effect of OK-432 on NK cell function was diminished but still evident in PBMC from subjects with relatively early-phase (< 3-year) HIV infection and high CD4+ cell counts and was lower in subjects with longer-term HIV infection (> 3 years), in association with reduced production of IFN-gamma. Augmentation of NK cell activity in HIV-infected men by OK-432 was comparable to that induced by treatment of cells with 1,000 U of IFN-alpha or interleukin 2 per ml. The data suggest that the NK cell-enhancing effects of OK-432 are at least in part mediated by IFN-gamma and that OK-432 may be effective in treatment of patients with early-phase HIV infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X L Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Montaner LJ, Herbein G, Gordon S. Regulation of macrophage activation and HIV replication. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1995; 374:47-56. [PMID: 7572400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-1995-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L J Montaner
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
SOLOMON GEORGEF, BENTON DONNA, HARKER JUDITHO, BONAVIDA BENJAMIN, FLETCHER MARYANN. Prolonged Asymptomatic States in HIV-Seropositive Persons with Fewer Than 50 CD4+ T Cells per MM 3Psychoneuroimmunologic Findings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb39658.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
48
|
SOLOMON GEORGEF, BENTON DONNA, HARKER JUDITHO, BONAVIDA BENJAMIN, FLETCHER MARYANN. Prolonged Asymptomatic States in HIV-Seropositive Persons with Fewer Than 50 CD4+ T Cells per MM3Psychoneuroimmunologic Findings. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1994. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1994.tb23099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
49
|
Brenner BG, Gornitsky M, Wainberg MA. Interleukin-2-inducible natural immune (lymphokine-activated killer cell) responses as a functional correlate of progression to AIDS. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1994; 1:538-44. [PMID: 8556498 PMCID: PMC368333 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.1.5.538-544.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The functions of natural killer (NK) cells and their interleukin-2-deducible counterparts, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, are often impaired in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. A statistical approach was used to establish if changes in LAK activity were associated with antiviral drug therapy, HIV-1 burden, or lymphocyte subset alterations. Our study group included 61 HIV-positive subjects without any opportunistic infections (OI-), 16 of whom received zidovudine (AZT), and 97 HIV-positive individuals with AIDS-related infection (OI+), 50 of whom received AZT. As expected, there was a stepwise decrease in total lymphocyte numbers in OI+ groups as a result of the selective loss of CD4+ cells. The groups receiving AZT therapy had fewer CD4+ cells but lower circulating p24 antigen levels than corresponding untreated groups did. No significant changes in the relative proportions or absolute numbers of CD56+ subsets in HIV-positive groups could be ascribed to OI status or AZT intervention. LAK cell cytotoxic responses, measured as LU20 values (which give a measure of 20% cytolysis of target cells), lysis per unit CD56+ NK cell, or lysis per unit blood volume, declined in OI+ groups. No main or interactive effects of AZT therapy on LAK activities were observed. Multivariate general linear models were used to determine the interactive effects of NK- and T-cell subsets on measured LAK cell numbers were added negative and positive predictors of LAK activity, respectively. These findings indicate that declines in NK-mediated LAK cell responses serve as functional correlates of progression in HIV-infected individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B G Brenner
- McGill AIDS Centre, Lady Davis Institute--Jewish General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Sirianni MC, Mezzaroma I, Aiuti F, Moretta A. Analysis of the cytolytic activity mediated by natural killer cells from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in response to phytohemagglutinin or anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody. Eur J Immunol 1994; 24:1874-8. [PMID: 8056046 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830240824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the cytolytic potential of natural killer (NK) cells from human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected patients, at different stages of the disease. Twenty HIV-1 seronegative donors as well as sixty HIV-1 seropositive patients were studied. Phytohemagglutinin and/or the anti-CD16 monoclonal antibody Kd1 were used to redirect the peripheral blood lymphocyte lysis of these patients to the 51Cr-labeled Fc gamma receptor-positive P815 murine mastocytoma target cell line. In parallel, NK cytotoxicity to tumor targets was investigated. Seronegative as well as HIV-1 Center for Disease Control (CDC) stage II patients showed maintained cytolytic activity. The cytolytic potential declined with disease progression, starting with CDC IVC2 patients, and was strongly diminished in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome stage patients. This defect was accompanied by decreased cytolytic activity to tumor targets and was not corrected by the in vitro addition of interleukin-2. The number of cells bearing a mature NK phenotype was normal in all the study groups. Our data suggest that the impaired NK cytotoxicity to tumor targets described during the progression of HIV-1 disease may be related to the progressive loss of function of surface receptors involved in NK cell triggering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Sirianni
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Rome La Sapienza, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|