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Ahmed K, Choi HN, Yim JE. The Impact of Taurine on Obesity-Induced Diabetes Mellitus: Mechanisms Underlying Its Effect. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2023; 38:482-492. [PMID: 37846056 PMCID: PMC10613769 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2023.1776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
This review explores the potential benefits of taurine in ameliorating the metabolic disorders of obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), highlighting the factors that bridge these associations. Relevant articles and studies were reviewed to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the relationship between obesity and the development of T2D and the effect of taurine on those conditions. The loss of normal β-cell function and development of T2D are associated with obesity-derived insulin resistance. The occurrence of diabetes has been linked to the low bioavailability of taurine, which plays critical roles in normal β-cell function, anti-oxidation, and anti-inflammation. The relationships among obesity, insulin resistance, β-cell dysfunction, and T2D are complex and intertwined. Taurine may play a role in ameliorating these metabolic disorders through different pathways, but further research is needed to fully understand its effects and potential as a therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kainat Ahmed
- Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human Ecology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Ha-Neul Choi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Senior Human Ecology, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Changwon National University, Changwon, Korea
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2
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Tao X, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Rao B. The effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus in humans: A systematic review and meta-analysis. FOOD CHEMISTRY. MOLECULAR SCIENCES 2022; 4:100106. [PMID: 35769396 PMCID: PMC9235038 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochms.2022.100106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The first meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the effects of taurine supplementation on diabetic patients. Statistical significance in HbA1C, Fasting Blood Sugar, HOMA-IR after oral supplemental of taurine by diabetic patients than that of placebo. Taurine is expected to be a new option for the management of diabetes.
Objective The ameliorative effect of taurine on diabetes has received extensive attention in recent years. Despite promising data from animal studies, the efficacy of taurine supplementation in human studies has been inconsistent. We thus did a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials to assess the effect of taurine supplement on glycemic indices, serum lipids, blood pressure, body composition in patients with diabetes. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Web of Science, FDA.gov, and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomized controlled trials (published from inception to January 15, 2022; no language restrictions) about the effect of taurine supplement on diabetes. Values of Standardized Mean Differences (SMD) were determined for continuous outcomes. Results Of 2206 identified studies, 5 randomized controlled trials were eligible and were included in our analysis (N = 209 participants). Compared with the control group, taurine could significantly reduce HbA1c (SMD −0.41[95% CI: −0.74, −0.09], p = 0.01), Fasting Blood Sugar (SMD − 1.28[95% CI: −2.42, −0.14], p = 0.03) and HOMA-IR (SMD − 0.64[95% CI: −1.22, −0.06], p = 0.03). In addition, taurine also reduced Insulin (SMD −0.48 [95% CI: −0.99, 0.03], p = 0.06) and TG (SMD −0.26 [95% CI: −0.55, 0.02], p = 0.07), but did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions Taurine supplementation is beneficial in reducing glycemic indices, such as HbA1c, Fasting Blood Sugar, HOMA-IR in diabetic patients, but has no significant effect on serum lipids, blood pressure and body composition in diabetic patients. Taurine emerges as a new option for the management of patients with diabetes. Further studies are needed to understand the potential effect of taurine in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhanzhi Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhenpeng Yang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Benqiang Rao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100038, China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer FSMP for State Market Regulation, Beijing 100038, China
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Baliou S, Sofopoulos M, Goulielmaki M, Spandidos DA, Ioannou P, Kyriakopoulos AM, Zoumpourlis V. Bromamine T, a stable active bromine compound, prevents the LPS‑induced inflammatory response. Int J Mol Med 2021; 47:37. [PMID: 33537817 PMCID: PMC7891821 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is the most common cause of most acute and chronic debilitating diseases. Towards unveiling novel therapeutic options for patients with such complications, N‑bromotaurine (TauNHBr) has emerged as a potential anti‑inflammatory agent; however, its therapeutic efficacy is hindered due to its relatively poor stability. To address this challenge, the present study focused on examining the effects of a stable active bromine compound, named bromamine T (BAT). The present study examined the protective properties of BAT against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‑mediated inflammation in vitro, by using LPS‑stimulated murine J774.A1 macrophages (Mφs), as well as in vivo, by using a murine LPS‑mediated air‑pouch model. Additionally, its efficacy was compared with that of taurine, a known potent anti‑inflammatory molecule. In LPS‑stimulated J774A.1 Mφs, BAT and taurine were very effective in reducing the secretion of pro‑inflammatory mediators. The in vitro experiments indicated that LPS‑mediated inflammation was attenuated due to the protective properties of BAT and of taurine, probably through the inhibition of phosphorylated p65 NF‑κB subunit (Ser 536) nuclear translocation. The in vivo experiments also revealed that BAT and taurine inhibited LPS‑mediated inflammation by reducing total cell/polymorphonuclear cell (PMN) infiltration in the air‑pouch and by decreasing pouch wall thickness. The analysis of exudates obtained from pouches highlighted that the inhibitory effects of BAT and taurine on the secretion of pro‑inflammatory cytokines were similar to those observed in vitro. Notably, the effect of BAT at the highest concentration tested was superior to that of taurine at the highest concentration. Taken together, the findings of the present study indicate that BAT prevents the LPS‑induced inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Baliou
- National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Sofopoulos
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Saint Savvas Anticancer Hospital of Athens, 11522 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Petros Ioannou
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
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Nguyen TM, Mandiki SNM, Salomon JMAJ, Baruti JB, Thi NTT, Nguyen TH, Nhu TQ, Kestemont P. Pro- and anti-inflammatory responses of common carp Cyprinus carpio head kidney leukocytes to E.coli LPS as modified by different dietary plant oils. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103828. [PMID: 32798494 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary lipids could modify fatty acid (FA) composition in fish tissues. Long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) such as arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaneoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are able to modulate the immune status in fish through an inflammatory process but their availability may be limited when fish are exclusively fed plant oils. This study was conducted to evaluate how to maximise the utilisation of dietary plant oil for an efficient inflammatory response in common carp head kidney leukocytes (HKLs) exposed to a gram-negative bacterial endotoxin, Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharides (LPS). HKLs were isolated from fish fed cod liver oil (CLO), linseed oil (LO), sesame oil (SO) a blend of SO and LO (SLO, v:v 1:1), and these plant oil diets supplemented with DHA (SO + DHA, SOD) or ARA (LO + ARA, LOA) for 6 weeks. Cells were then exposed to LPS at a dose of 10 μg/mL for 4 and 24 h. Peroxidase activity, total Ig, and NO levels were measured in the culture medium, while cells were used for expression analyses of candidate genes in pattern recognition (tlr-4), eicosanoid metabolism (pge2, 5-lox), pro-inflammatory (il-1, il-6, il-8, tnf-α, nf-kb, inos, cxc), anti-inflammatory (il-10, nf-kbi, tgf-β1) responses, and cytoprotective (gpx-1, prdx-3) processes. Results showed that LPS induced significantly inflammatory responses, evidenced by a high level of almost all the targeted humoral immune parameters and/or gene expression. Expression of inflammatory cytokines and other inflammatory mediators was upregulated after 4 h-LPS exposure and reverted to basal levels after 24 h. HKLs from fish fed SLO, LOA, or SOD diet exhibited a more efficient regulation of acute inflammatory processes than those fed CLO diet. The results indicate that the immune competence of fish fed plant oil mixture was comparable to the one of fish fed fish oil diet. Moreover, the supplementation of ARA or DHA induced similar immunomodulation in common carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Mai Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Syaghalirwa N M Mandiki
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Jean M A J Salomon
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Joel Bondekwe Baruti
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium
| | - Nang Thu Tran Thi
- Faculty of Fisheries, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thu Hang Nguyen
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; Pharmacology Department, Hanoi University of Pharmacy, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Truong Quynh Nhu
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Cantho University, Campus II, Cantho City, Viet Nam
| | - Patrick Kestemont
- Research Unit in Environmental and Evolutionary Biology (URBE), Institute of Life, Earth and Environment (ILEE), University of Namur, Namur, Belgium.
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Baliou S, Kyriakopoulos AM, Spandidos DA, Zoumpourlis V. Role of taurine, its haloamines and its lncRNA TUG1 in both inflammation and cancer progression. On the road to therapeutics? (Review). Int J Oncol 2020; 57:631-664. [PMID: 32705269 PMCID: PMC7384849 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2020.5100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
For one century, taurine is considered as an end product of sulfur metabolism. In this review, we discuss the beneficial effect of taurine, its haloamines and taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) long non‑coding RNA (lncRNA) in both cancer and inflammation. We outline how taurine or its haloamines (N‑Bromotaurine or N‑Chlorotaurine) can induce robust and efficient responses against inflammatory diseases, providing insight into their molecular mechanisms. We also provide information about the use of taurine as a therapeutic approach to cancer. Taurine can be combined with other chemotherapeutic drugs, not only mediating durable responses in various malignancies, but also circumventing the limitations met from chemotherapeutic drugs, thus improving the therapeutic outcome. Interestingly, the lncRNA TUG1 is regarded as a promising therapeutic approach, which can overcome acquired resistance of cancer cells to selected strategies. In this regard, we can translate basic knowledge about taurine and its TUG1 lncRNA into potential therapeutic options directed against specific oncogenic signaling targets, thereby bridging the gap between bench and bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, Medical School, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
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Park E, Cohen I, Gonzalez M, Castellano MR, Flory M, Jenkins EC, Brown WT, Schuller-Levis G. Is Taurine a Biomarker in Autistic Spectrum Disorder? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:3-16. [PMID: 28849439 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which is not incorporated into protein. However, taurine has various critical physiological functions including development of the eye and brain, reproduction, osmoregulation, and immune functions including anti-inflammatory as well as anti-oxidant activity. The causes of autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) are not clear but a high heritability implicates an important role for genetic factors. Reports also implicate oxidative stress and inflammation in the etiology of ASD. Thus, taurine, a well-known antioxidant and regulator of inflammation, was investigated here using the sera from both girls and boys with ASD as well as their siblings and parents. Previous reports regarding taurine serum concentrations in ASD from various laboratories have been controversial. To address the potential role of taurine in ASD, we collected sera from 66 children with ASD (males: 45; females: 21, age 1.5-11.5 years, average age 5.2 ± 1.6) as well as their unaffected siblings (brothers: 24; sisters: 32, age 1.5-17 years, average age 7.0 ± 2.0) as controls of the children with ASD along with parents (fathers: 49; mothers: 54, age 28-45 years). The sera from normal adult controls (males: 47; females: 51, age 28-48 years) were used as controls for the parents. Taurine concentrations in all sera samples were measured using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a phenylisothiocyanate labeling technique. Taurine concentrations from female and male children with ASD were 123.8 ± 15.2 and 145.8 ± 8.1 μM, respectively, and those from their unaffected brothers and sisters were 142.6 ± 10.4 and 150.8 ± 8.4 μM, respectively. There was no significant difference in taurine concentration between autistic children and their unaffected siblings. Taurine concentrations in children with ASD were also not significantly different from their parents (mothers: 139.6 ± 7.7 μM, fathers: 147.4 ± 7.5 μM). No significant difference was observed between adult controls and parents of ASD children (control females: 164.8 ± 4.8 μM, control males: 163.0 ± 7.0 μM). However, 21 out of 66 children with ASD had low taurine concentrations (<106 μM). Since taurine has anti-oxidant activity, children with ASD with low taurine concentrations will be examined for abnormal mitochondrial function. Our data imply that taurine may be a valid biomarker in a subgroup of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyue Park
- Departments of Developmental Neurobiology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA.
| | - Ira Cohen
- Department of Psychology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Maripaz Gonzalez
- Department of Psychology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Mario R Castellano
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Division of Research, Department of Medicine, Staten Island University Hospital-Northwell Health, Staten Island, NY, 10305, USA
| | - Michael Flory
- Department of Infant Development, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Edmund C Jenkins
- Department of Human Genetics, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - W Ted Brown
- Department of Human Genetics, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
| | - Georgia Schuller-Levis
- Departments of Developmental Neurobiology, NY State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, 1050 Forest Hill Rd, Staten Island, NY, 10314, USA
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Park E, Park SY, Cho IS, Kim BS, Schuller-Levis G. A Novel Cysteine Sulfinic Acid Decarboxylase Knock-Out Mouse: Immune Function (II). ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 975 Pt 1:449-460. [PMID: 28849474 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Taurine deficient mice lacking cysteine sulfinic acid decarboxylase (CSAD KO) were developed for investigating the various physiological roles of taurine including the development of the brain and eye as well as immune function. Due to severe abnormalities of immune function in a taurine deficient cat, the immune function including adoptive and innate immunity in taurine-deficient mice have been studied. Previously we demonstrated that B cell function in CSAD KO was reduced in both females and males. However, T cell function was significantly reduced only in females. In this study, we have examined innate immunity using macrophage activation with LPS or/and IFN-γ and polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) activation with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10 as well as nitric oxide (NO) were determined using ELISA and Griess reagent, respectively. Peritoneal macrophages were activated with 1 μg/mL of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or 50 U/mL of IFN-γ. In addition, superoxide anion was measured using peritoneal PMN activated with PMA in the presence and absence of superoxide dismutase. Superoxide anion production in activated PMN from CSAD KO homozygotes (HO) was not significantly different from wild-type (WT) with and without 25 mM taurine. IL-10 and TNF-α production in both female and male CSAD KO were not significantly different. IL-6 and NO were significantly lower only in females as previously observed in Con A-activated cellular proliferation of splenocytes. Cytokine production with 10 mM of taurine was not different, indicating the reduction of NO and IL-6 in females may be due to the absence of the CSAD gene, not due to low taurine concentrations.These data indicate that some measures of innate immunity were altered in female CSAD mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunkyue Park
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA.
| | - Seung Yong Park
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - In Soo Cho
- Department of Virology, National Veterinary Research and Quarantine Service, Anyang, South Korea
| | | | - Georgia Schuller-Levis
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, NYS Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, NY, USA
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Taurine regulates mucosal barrier function to alleviate lipopolysaccharide-induced duodenal inflammation in chicken. Amino Acids 2018; 50:1637-1646. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-018-2631-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Zhao F, Lan XQ, Du Y, Chen PY, Zhao J, Zhao F, Lee WH, Zhang Y. King cobra peptide OH-CATH30 as a potential candidate drug through clinic drug-resistant isolates. Zool Res 2018. [PMID: 29515090 PMCID: PMC5885386 DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2018.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are considered as important candidate therapeutic agents, which exert potent microbicidal properties against bacteria, fungi and some viruses. Based on our previous findings king cobra cathelicidin (OH-CATH) is a 34-amino acid peptide that exerts strong antibacterial and weak hemolytic activity. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of both OH-CATH30 and its analog D-OH-CATH30 against clinical isolates comparing with routinely utilized antibiotics in vitro. In this study, 584 clinical isolates were tested (spanning 2013–2016) and the efficacy of the candidate peptides and antibiotics were determined by a broth microdilution method according to the CLSI guidelines. Among the 584 clinical isolates, 85% were susceptible to OH-CATH30 and its analogs. Both L- and D-OH-CATH30 showed higher efficacy against (toward) Gram-positive bacteria and stronger antibacterial activity against nearly all Gram-negative bacteria tested compare with antibiotics. The highest bactericidal activity was detected against Acinetobacter spp., including multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (MRAB) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The overall efficacy of OH-CATH30 and its analogs was higher than that of the 9 routinely used antibiotics. OH-CATH30 is a promising candidate drug for the treatment of a wide variety of bacterial infections which are resistant to many routinely used antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer Yunnan 665000, China. .,Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China. .,Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xin-Qiang Lan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Yan Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming Yunnan 650032, China
| | - Pei-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer Yunnan 665000, China.
| | - Jiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer Yunnan 665000, China.
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Subtropical Medicinal Edible Resources Development and Utilization in Yunnan Province, Department of Biology and Chemistry, Puer University, Puer Yunnan 665000, China. .,Institute of Comparative Study of Traditional Materia Medica, Institute of Integrative Medicine of Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wen-Hui Lee
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
| | - Yun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Peptides of Yunnan Province/Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming Yunnan 650223, China.
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Sarkar P, Basak P, Ghosh S, Kundu M, Sil PC. Prophylactic role of taurine and its derivatives against diabetes mellitus and its related complications. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:109-121. [PMID: 29050977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is a conditionally essential amino acid present in the body in free form. Mammalian taurine is synthesized in the pancreas via the cysteine sulfinic acid pathway. Anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation are two main properties through which it exerts its therapeutic effects. Many studies have shown its excellent therapeutic potential against diabetes mellitus and related complications like diabetic neuropathy, retinopathy, nephropathy, hematological dysfunctions, reproductive dysfunctions, liver and pancreas related complications etc. Not only taurine, a number of its derivatives have also been reported to be important in ameliorating diabetic complications. The present review has been aimed to describe the importance of taurine and its derivatives against diabetic metabolic syndrome and related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Priyanka Basak
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Sumit Ghosh
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Mousumi Kundu
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Parames C Sil
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P-1/12, CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata-700054, India.
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Alleviating Promotion of Inflammation and Cancer Induced by Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:9632018. [PMID: 28573063 PMCID: PMC5442344 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9632018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical Relevance Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin are of intensive use nowadays. These drugs exert their activity via the metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA) by cyclooxygenase inhibition. Though beneficial for health in some instances, both unspecific and specific cyclooxygenase inhibitor activity interfere with AA metabolism producing also proinflammatory lipids that may promote cancer. Materials and Methods This review is based on available literature on clinical uses, biochemical investigations, molecular medicine, pharmacology, toxicity, and epidemiology-clinical studies on NSAIDs and other drugs that may be used accordingly, which was collected from electronic (SciFinder, Medline, Science Direct, and ACS among others) and library searches of books and journals. Results Relevant literature supports the notion that NDSAID use may also promote proinflammatory biochemical events that are also related to precancerous predisposition. Several agents are proposed that may be employed in immediate future to supplement and optimize treatment with NSAIDs. In this way serious side effects arising from promotion of inflammation and cancer, especially in chronic NSAID users and high risk groups of patients, could be avoided.
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Kwon YM, Kim RI, Kang IS, Kim C. Synthesis of N-Chloroamino Acids and Their Biological Activities in LPS Stimulated RAW 264.7 Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 975:675-684. [PMID: 28849491 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-024-1079-2_53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are essential for protein synthesis, neurotransmission and macro molecule biosynthesis. Ala, Gln, Gly, Lys, Val and taurine (Tau) are the most abundant free AAs in mammals, and some of these react with hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl-) produced by myeloperoxidase in activated phagocytes to form N-chloroamino acids (NCAA). In this study, we reacted 20 AAs and Tau with sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), then classified the products into five types (I-V) based on the change in their absorbance. Type I AAs (Ala, Arg, Gln, Gly, Ile, Lys, Phe, Ser, Tau, Thr and Val) generated a typical monochloramine peak at 252 nm, while Type II AAs (Asn and Tyr) and Type III AAs (Glu and Leu) produced peaks at 275 nm and 225 nm, respectively. The Type IV AAs (His, Met and Trp) did not show any distinct absorption peak, and Type V AAs (Asp, Cys and Pro) did not appear to react with NaOCl. The ArgCl and TauCl were stable, while GlnCl, GlyCl, IleCl, LysCl, PheCl and ValCl were less stable and AlaCl, SerCl and ThrCl were the least stable. Tau is the most abundant non-proteinogenic free AA in cellular fluid and has many physiological functions in the nervous, cardiovascular, renal and immune systems. Tau reacts with HOCl to form TauCl, which inhibits the production of proinflammatory mediators such as superoxide, nitric oxide (NO) and interleukins, while increasing the antioxidant proteins in macrophages. We determined the effects of Type I NCAA on cell viability, NO and TNF-α production in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. All Type I NCAA showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and inhibited LPS-induced NO production. However, only GlnCl, GlyCl, IleCl, LysCl, SerCl and TauCl inhibited LPS-induced TNF-α production. In summary, Type I NCAA showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity and inhibited NO production, while their effects on TNF-α varied. Our results suggest that Type I NCAA may serve as biological regulators similar to TauCl during inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeong Min Kwon
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Rang Ie Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - In Soon Kang
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Chaekyun Kim
- Laboratory of Leukocyte Signaling Research, Department of Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
- Convergent Research Center for Metabolism and Immunoregulation, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, South Korea.
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Rücker H, Al-Rifai N, Rascle A, Gottfried E, Brodziak-Jarosz L, Gerhäuser C, Dick TP, Amslinger S. Enhancing the anti-inflammatory activity of chalcones by tuning the Michael acceptor site. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 13:3040-7. [PMID: 25622264 DOI: 10.1039/c4ob02301c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory signaling pathways orchestrate the cellular response to infection and injury. These pathways are known to be modulated by compounds that alkylate cysteinyl thiols. One class of phytochemicals with strong thiol alkylating activity is the chalcones. In this study we tested fourteen chalcone derivatives, α-X-substituted 2',3,4,4'-tetramethoxychalcones (α-X-TMCs, X = H, F, Cl, Br, I, CN, Me, p-NO2-C6H4, Ph, p-OMe-C6H4, NO2, CF3, COOEt, COOH), for their ability to modulate inflammatory responses, as monitored by their influence on heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) activity, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity, and cytokine expression levels. We confirmed that the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 was activated by α-X-TMCs while for NF-κB it was inhibited. For most α-X-TMCs, anti-inflammatory activity was positively correlated with thiol alkylating activity, i.e. stronger electrophiles (X = CF3, Br and Cl) being more potent. Notably, this correlation did not hold true for the strongest electrophiles (X = CN and NO2) which were found to be ineffective as anti-inflammatory compounds. These results emphasize the idea that chemical fine-tuning of electrophilicity is needed to achieve and optimize desired therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannelore Rücker
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany.
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Chen W, Guo J, Zhang Y, Zhang J. The beneficial effects of taurine in preventing metabolic syndrome. Food Funct 2016; 7:1849-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5fo01295c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A review of the data fromin vitro, animal and limited human studies of the beneficial effects of taurine on obesity, dyslipidaemia, diabetes mellitus and hypertension, as well as the possible metabolic and molecular mechanisms for the prevention of metabolic syndrome by taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Junxia Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods
- Beijing Union University
- Beijing 100191
- P.R. China
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15
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Murakami S. Role of taurine in the pathogenesis of obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 59:1353-63. [PMID: 25787113 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is a sulfur-containing amino acid that is present in mammalian tissues in millimolar concentrations. Taurine is involved in a diverse array of biological and physiological functions, including bile salt conjugation, osmoregulation, membrane stabilization, calcium modulation, anti-oxidation, and immunomodulation. The prevalence of obesity and being overweight continues to rise worldwide at an alarming rate. Obesity is associated with a higher risk of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and other clinical conditions. Ingestion of taurine has been shown to alleviate metabolic diseases such as hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and obesity in animal models. A global epidemiological survey showed that 24-h urinary taurine excretion, as a marker of dietary taurine intake, was inversely associated with BMI, blood pressure, and plasma cholesterol in humans. In addition, taurine chloramine, an endogenous product derived from activated neutrophils, has been reported to suppress obesity-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in adipocytes. Synthetic activity and concentration of taurine in adipose tissues and plasma have been shown to decrease in humans and animals during the development of obesity, suggesting a relationship between taurine deficiency and obesity. In this review, I summarize the effects of taurine on the progression of obesity in animal models and humans. Furthermore, I discuss possible mechanisms underlying the antiobesity effects of taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Murakami
- Department of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui, Japan
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Park SY, Schuller-Levis G, Park E. A novel cysteine sulfinic Acid decarboxylase knock-out mouse: immune function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 803:89-98. [PMID: 25833490 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-15126-7_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yong Park
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
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Lambert IH, Kristensen DM, Holm JB, Mortensen OH. Physiological role of taurine--from organism to organelle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:191-212. [PMID: 25142161 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Taurine is often referred to as a semi-essential amino acid as newborn mammals have a limited ability to synthesize taurine and have to rely on dietary supply. Taurine is not thought to be incorporated into proteins as no aminoacyl tRNA synthetase has yet been identified and is not oxidized in mammalian cells. However, taurine contributes significantly to the cellular pool of organic osmolytes and has accordingly been acknowledged for its role in cell volume restoration following osmotic perturbation. This review describes taurine homeostasis in cells and organelles with emphasis on taurine biophysics/membrane dynamics, regulation of transport proteins involved in active taurine uptake and passive taurine release as well as physiological processes, for example, development, lung function, mitochondrial function, antioxidative defence and apoptosis which seem to be affected by a shift in the expression of the taurine transporters and/or the cellular taurine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. H. Lambert
- Section of Cellular and Developmental Biology; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - D. M. Kristensen
- Section of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen N Denmark
| | - J. B. Holm
- Section of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine; Department of Biology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - O. H. Mortensen
- Cellular and Metabolic Research Section; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Panum Institute; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen N Denmark
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Development of a novel cysteine sulfinic Acid decarboxylase knockout mouse: dietary taurine reduces neonatal mortality. JOURNAL OF AMINO ACIDS 2014; 2014:346809. [PMID: 24639894 PMCID: PMC3929995 DOI: 10.1155/2014/346809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We engineered a CSAD KO mouse to investigate the physiological roles of taurine. The disruption of the CSAD gene was verified by Southern, Northern, and Western blotting. HPLC indicated an 83% decrease of taurine concentration in the plasma of CSAD−/−. Although CSAD−/− generation (G)1 and G2 survived, offspring from G2 CSAD−/− had low brain and liver taurine concentrations and most died within 24 hrs of birth. Taurine concentrations in G3 CSAD−/− born from G2 CSAD−/− treated with taurine in the drinking water were restored and survival rates of G3 CSAD−/− increased from 15% to 92%. The mRNA expression of CDO, ADO, and TauT was not different in CSAD−/− compared to WT and CSAD mRNA was not expressed in CSAD−/−. Expression of Gpx 1 and 3 was increased significantly in CSAD−/− and restored to normal levels with taurine supplementation. Lactoferrin and the prolactin receptor were significantly decreased in CSAD−/−. The prolactin receptor was restored with taurine supplementation. These data indicated that CSAD KO is a good model for studying the effects of taurine deficiency and its treatment with taurine supplementation.
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Taurine improves obesity-induced inflammatory responses and modulates the unbalanced phenotype of adipose tissue macrophages. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:2155-65. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Taurine chloramine produced from taurine under inflammation provides anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective effects. Amino Acids 2013; 46:89-100. [PMID: 23933994 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Taurine is one of the most abundant non-essential amino acid in mammals and has many physiological functions in the nervous, cardiovascular, renal, endocrine, and immune systems. Upon inflammation, taurine undergoes halogenation in phagocytes and is converted to taurine chloramine (TauCl) and taurine bromamine. In the activated neutrophils, TauCl is produced by reaction with hypochlorite (HOCl) generated by the halide-dependent myeloperoxidase system. TauCl is released from activated neutrophils following their apoptosis and inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators such as, superoxide anion, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukins, and prostaglandins in inflammatory cells at inflammatory tissues. Furthermore, TauCl increases the expressions of antioxidant proteins, such as heme oxygenase 1, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase in macrophages. Thus, a central role of TauCl produced by activated neutrophils is to trigger the resolution of inflammation and protect macrophages and surrounding tissues from being damaged by cytotoxic reactive oxygen metabolites overproduced during inflammation. This is achieved by attenuating further production of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen metabolites and also by increasing the levels of antioxidant proteins that are able to scavenge and diminish the production of cytotoxic oxygen metabolites. These findings suggest that TauCl released from activated neutrophils may be involved in the recovery processes of cells affected by inflammatory oxidative stresses and thus TauCl could be used as a potential physiological agent to control pathogenic symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Cho IS, Spinner DS, Kascsak RJ, Meeker HC, Kim BS, Park SY, Schuller-Levis G, Park E. Altered lymphocyte proliferation and innate immune function in scrapie 139A- and ME7-infected mice. Viral Immunol 2013; 26:192-200. [PMID: 23656168 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2012.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphoid organs play an important role in prion disease development and progression. While the role of lymphoid organs and changes in immune-related genes have been extensively investigated in scrapie-infected animals, innate immunity has not. Previous studies examined lymphocyte function in scrapie-infected C3H/HeJ mice, which exhibit defects in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) response now known to result from a mutation in Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4. We examined immune function in scrapie-infected CD1 mice, which are LPS responders. Lymphocyte proliferation from CD1 mice infected with either 139A or ME7 scrapie was measured in response to concanavalin (Con) A or LPS at 1 and 3 months after infection. Following LPS exposure, mice infected 3 months with ME7, but not 139A, demonstrated significantly decreased lymphocyte proliferation compared to controls. After Con A exposure, lymphocyte proliferation in scrapie-infected mice did not differ from controls. Gender-specific comparison of lymphocyte proliferation showed significant decreases in mitogenic responses in females infected 3 months with either 139A or ME7, compared to controls. Males infected for 3 months with ME7, but not 139A, showed significantly decreased proliferation after lymphocyte exposure to LPS, but not Con A. Neither gender showed changes in lymphocyte proliferation after 1 month of scrapie infection. Innate immune activation of peritoneal macrophages was determined via production of nitric oxide (NO), IL-6, and TNF-α after exposure to TLR ligands. TNF-α and IL-6 production were reduced in macrophages from females infected with either scrapie strain for 3 months, while NO production after TLR agonist plus IFN-γ exposure was decreased in both females and males infected for 3 months with 139A, compared to ME7. These data demonstrated altered innate immunity, suggesting hormonal and/or other gender-specific regulation may contribute to gender differences in some immune functions. Our data demonstrate lymphocyte proliferation and innate immune functioning in scrapie-infected mice deteriorate with disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Soo Cho
- Animal, Plant and Fisheries Quarantine and Inspection Agency, Anyang, Gyunggi-do, Republic of Korea
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Imae M, Asano T, Murakami S. Potential role of taurine in the prevention of diabetes and metabolic syndrome. Amino Acids 2012; 46:81-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1434-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6b,11b-Dihydroxy-6b,11b-dihydro-7H-indeno[1,2-b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan-7-one (DHFO), a small molecule targeting NF-κB, demonstrates therapeutic potential in immunopathogenic chronic inflammatory conditions. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 15:182-9. [PMID: 23159605 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Revised: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
6b,11b-Dihydroxy-6b,11b-dihydro-7H-indeno[1,2-b]naphtho[2,1-d]furan-7-one (DHFO), an easily synthesisable, orally bioavailable and relatively non-toxic small molecule synthesised in our lab, was previously reported to possess anti-oxidant, 5-lipoxygenase inhibitory, anti-inflammatory and peripheral analgesic activities. The present work deals with exploration of DHFO's efficacy in immunopathogenic chronic inflammatory conditions - arthritis and allergy. In carrageenan-induced inflammatory air pouch, which resembles the arthritic synovium, DHFO effectively reduced inflammatory redness and swelling and neutrophil infiltration. In complete Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis, DHFO significantly decreased paw oedema and nitrite levels with efficacy comparable to diclofenac. DHFO inhibited neutrophil activation (observed as decreased myeloperoxidase levels), in both the in vivo models of inflammation. Interestingly, DHFO did not ulcerate the gastrointestinal tract, while diclofenac was observed to be extremely ulcerogenic. In antigen-induced active and passive anaphylaxis (allergy) models, DHFO dose-dependently prevented mesenteric mast cell (MC) degranulation with efficacy comparable to ketotifen. DHFO also inhibited compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced paw oedema and peritoneal MC degranulation. DHFO stabilised p815 murine MCs stimulated by C48/80 and calcium ionophore-A23187, indicating an action downstream of calcium mobilisation. DHFO's anti-allergic mechanism could be two-pronged involving (1) inhibition of IgE production and/or (2) MC stabilisation. DHFO inhibited lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pro-inflammatory mediator release (ROS, NO, IL-6 levels) and COX2 expression in RAW264.7 murine macrophages. Protein expression studies confirmed DHFO's ability to reduce nuclear levels of NF-κB in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Thus, DHFO is a promising non-ulcerogenic synthetic small molecule lead for immunopathogenic chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Chemical and biological properties of a highly branched β-glucan from edible mushroom Pleurotus sajor-caju. Carbohydr Polym 2012; 90:814-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Abstract
L-Arginine is converted to the highly reactive and unstable nitric oxide (NO) and L-citrulline by an enzyme named nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO decomposes into other nitrogen oxides such as nitrite
(NO2-) and nitrate (NO2-), and in the presence of superoxide anion to the potent oxidizing agent peroxynitrite (ONOO−). Activated rodent macrophages are capable of expressing an inducible form of this enzyme (iNOS) in response to appropriate stimuli, i.e., lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). Other cytokines can modulate the induction of NO biosynthesis in macrophages. NO is a major effector molecule of the anti-microbial and cytotoxic activity of rodent macrophages against certain micro-organisms and tumour cells, respectively. The NO synthesizing pathway has been demonstrated in human monocytes and other cells, but its role in host defence seems to be accessory. A delicate functional balance between microbial stimuli, host-derived cytokines and hormones in the microenvironment regulates iNOS expression. This review will focus mainly on the known and proposed mechanisms of the regulation of iNOS induction, and on agents that can modulate NO release once the active enzyme has been expressed in the macrophage.
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Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is the most abundant free amino acid in humans and plays an important role in several essential biological processes such as bile acid conjugation, maintenance of calcium homeostasis, osmoregulation and membrane stabilization. Moreover, attenuation of apoptosis and its antioxidant activity seem to be crucial for the cytoprotective effects of taurine. Although these properties are not tissue specific, taurine reaches particularly high concentrations in tissues exposed to elevated levels of oxidants (e.g., inflammatory cells). It suggests that taurine may play an important role in inflammation associated with oxidative stress. Indeed, at the site of inflammation, taurine is known to react with and detoxify hypochlorous acid generated by the neutrophil myeloperoxidase (MPO)–halide system. This reaction results in the formation of less toxic taurine chloramine (TauCl). Both haloamines, TauCl and taurine bromamine (TauBr), the product of taurine reaction with hypobromous acid (HOBr), exert antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. In contrast to a well-documented regulatory role of taurine and taurine haloamines (TauCl, TauBr) in acute inflammation, their role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases is not clear. This review summarizes our current knowledge concerning the role of taurine, TauCl and TauBr in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases initiated or propagated by MPO-derived oxidants. The aim of this paper is to show links between inflammation, neutrophils, MPO, oxidative stress and taurine. We will discuss the possible contribution of taurine and taurine haloamines to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases, especially in the best studied example of rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 18 Czysta St., 31-121, Kraków, Poland,
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Finlay EK, Berry DP, Wickham B, Gormley EP, Bradley DG. A genome wide association scan of bovine tuberculosis susceptibility in Holstein-Friesian dairy cattle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30545. [PMID: 22355315 PMCID: PMC3280253 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis is a significant veterinary and financial problem in many parts of the world. Although many factors influence infection and progression of the disease, there is a host genetic component and dissection of this may enlighten on the wider biology of host response to tuberculosis. However, a binary phenotype of presence/absence of infection presents a noisy signal for genomewide association study. Methodology/Principal Findings We calculated a composite phenotype of genetic merit for TB susceptibility based on disease incidence in daughters of elite sires used for artificial insemination in the Irish dairy herd. This robust measure was compared with 44,426 SNP genotypes in the most informative 307 subjects in a genome wide association analysis. Three SNPs in a 65 kb genomic region on BTA 22 were associated (i.e. p<10−5, peaking at position 59588069, p = 4.02×10−6) with tuberculosis susceptibility. Conclusions/Significance A genomic region on BTA 22 was suggestively associated with tuberculosis susceptibility; it contains the taurine transporter gene SLC6A6, or TauT, which is known to function in the immune system but has not previously been investigated for its role in tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma K. Finlay
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Donagh P. Berry
- Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Brian Wickham
- Irish Cattle Breeding Federation, Shinagh House, Bandon, County Cork, Ireland
| | - Eamonn P. Gormley
- School of Agriculture, Food Science and Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel G. Bradley
- Department of Genetics, Smurfit Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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Romanski S, Kraus B, Guttentag M, Schlundt W, Rücker H, Adler A, Neudörfl JM, Alberto R, Amslinger S, Schmalz HG. Acyloxybutadiene tricarbonyl iron complexes as enzyme-triggered CO-releasing molecules (ET-CORMs): a structure–activity relationship study. Dalton Trans 2012; 41:13862-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt30662j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Yoon J, Jekle A, Najafi R, Ruado F, Zuck M, Khosrovi B, Memarzadeh B, Debabov D, Wang L, Anderson M. Virucidal mechanism of action of NVC-422, a novel antimicrobial drug for the treatment of adenoviral conjunctivitis. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:470-8. [PMID: 22024427 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Human adenoviral conjunctivitis is a highly contagious eye infection affecting millions of people world-wide. If untreated, it can further develop into keratitis, corneal ulceration, scarring and possible blindness. Despite the significant patient morbidity and socio-economic costs, it is an unmet medical need with no FDA approved treatment. Here, we demonstrate the virucidal activity of NVC-422 (N,N-dichloro-2,2-dimethyltaurine) against adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) and investigated its mechanism of action of Ad5 inactivation. NVC-422 inhibits Ad5-induced loss of cell viability in vitro with 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) ranging from 9 to 23 μM. NVC-422 does not cause any cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 250 μM. Invitro, NVC-422 inactivates Ad5 but does not interfere with viral replication, indicating that NVC-422 acts on the extracellular adenovirus as a virucidal agent. NVC-422 inactivates Ad5 by oxidative inactivation of key viral proteins such as fiber and hexon as evidenced by SDS-PAGE, Western blotting and reversed-phase HPLC. These data, combined with measurements of the kinetics of the NVC-422 reactivity with selected amino acids, indicate that the changes in the viral proteins are caused by the selective oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids. The conformational changes of the viral proteins result in the destruction of the viral morphology as shown by transmission electron microscopy. In summary, NVC-422 exhibits virucidal activity against Ad5 by the oxidative inactivation of key viral proteins, leading to the loss of viral integrity and infectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungjoo Yoon
- NovaBay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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Effects of taurine on nitric oxide and 3-nitrotyrosine levels in spleen during endotoxemia. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1978-83. [PMID: 21674239 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0521-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free sulfur-containing β-amino acid which has antioxidant, antiinflammatory and detoxificant properties. In the present study, the role of endotoxemia on peroxynitrite formation via 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) detection, and the possible antioxidant effect of taurine in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated guinea pigs were aimed. 40 adult male guinea pigs were divided into four groups; control, endotoxemia, taurine and taurine+endotoxemia. Animals were administered taurine (300 mg/kg), LPS (4 mg/kg) or taurine plus LPS intraperitoneally. After 6 h of incubation, when highest blood levels of taurine and endotoxin were attained, the animals were sacrificed and spleen samples were collected. The amounts of 3-nitrotyrosine and taurine were measured by HPLC, and reactive nitrogen oxide species (NOx) which are stable end products of nitric oxide was measured spectrophotometrically in spleen tissues. LPS administration significantly decreased the concentration of taurine whilst increased levels of 3-NT and NOx compared with control group. It was determined that taurine treatment decreased the levels of 3-nitrotyrosine and NOx in taurine+endotoxemia group. The group in which taurine was administered alone, contradiction to well-known antioxidant effect, taurine caused elevated concentration of 3-NT and NOx. This data suggest that taurine protects spleen against oxidative damage in endotoxemic conditions. However, the effect of taurine is different when it is administered alone. In conclusion, taurine may act as an antioxidant during endotoxemia, and as a prooxidant in healthy subjects at this dose.
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Rossmann C, Rauh A, Hammer A, Windischhofer W, Zirkl S, Sattler W, Malle E. Hypochlorite-modified high-density lipoprotein promotes induction of HO-1 in endothelial cells via activation of p42/44 MAPK and zinc finger transcription factor Egr-1. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 509:16-25. [PMID: 21354100 PMCID: PMC3081070 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2010] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Modification/chlorination of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by hypochlorous acid (HOCl), formed by the myeloperoxidase-H₂O₂-chloride system of activated phagocytes, converts an anti-atherogenic lipoprotein into a pro-inflammatory lipoprotein particle. Chlorinated HDL is present in human lesion material, binds to and is internalized by endothelial cells and impairs expression and activity of endothelial nitric oxide synthase. The present study aimed at clarifying whether exposure of endothelial cells to pro-inflammatory HOCl-HDL impacts on expression of heme oxygenase-1, a potential rescue pathway against endothelial dysfunction. Our findings revealed that HDL modified by HOCl, added as reagent or generated enzymatically, induced phosphorylation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase, expression of transcription factor early growth response-1 (Egr-1) and enhanced expression of heme oxygenase-1 in human endothelial cells. Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 could be blocked by an inhibitor upstream of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and/or knockdown of Egr-1 by RNA-interference. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays demonstrated HOCl-HDL-mediated induction of the Egr-1 DNA binding activity. Immunocytochemical and immunoblotting experiments demonstrated HOCl-HDL-induced translocation of Egr-1 to the nucleus. The present study demonstrates a novel compensatory pathway against adverse effects of HOCl-HDL, providing cytoprotection in a number of pathological conditions including cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rossmann
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Romanski S, Kraus B, Schatzschneider U, Neudörfl JM, Amslinger S, Schmalz HG. Acyloxybutadiene iron tricarbonyl complexes as enzyme-triggered CO-releasing molecules (ET-CORMs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2392-6. [PMID: 21351362 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201006598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Romanski
- Department für Chemie, Universität zu Köln, Greinstrasse 4, 50939 Köln, Germany
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Romanski S, Kraus B, Schatzschneider U, Neudörfl JM, Amslinger S, Schmalz HG. Acyloxybutadien-Fe(CO)3-Komplexe als enzymatisch aktivierbare, CO freisetzende Moleküle (ET-CORMs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201006598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Rojo LE, Villano CM, Joseph G, Schmidt B, Shulaev V, Shuman JL, Lila MA, Raskin I. Wound-healing properties of nut oil from Pouteria lucuma. J Cosmet Dermatol 2011; 9:185-95. [PMID: 20883291 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2010.00509.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, and extracellular matrix remodeling are key events in wound healing. Natural products, including fatty acids (FAs), can accelerate wound healing by modulating the aforementioned events. AIMS
This study aims to evaluate the effect of lucuma (Pouteria lucuma O Kezte) nut oil (LNO) on fibroblasts migration, angiogenesis, inflammation, bacterial and fungal growth, and wound healing. Methods GC-MS analysis of FAs methyl esters (FAMES) was used for chemical characterization of LNO. In vitro studies were carried out with LNO investigating the induction of cell migration, cytoskeleton remodeling of human fibroblasts, inhibition of LPS-induced nitric oxide production in macrophages, and antibacterial and antifungal effects. Two in vivo studies were carried out to study LNO's effect on angiogenesis and wound healing: (i) tail fin regeneration in transgenic zebrafish larvae expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) in vascular endothelial cells was used to study vessel sprouting and wound healing and (ii) the closure of wounds was evaluated in CD-1 mice after topical applications of LNO-containing formulations. RESULTS Lucuma nut oil is a mixture of FAs, 99.7% of which were characterized. Major components of LNO (w/w) are linoleic acid (38.9%), oleic acid (27.9%), palmitic acid (18.6%), stearic acid (8.9%), and γ linolenic acid (2.9%). In vitro studies showed that LNO significantly promoted migration and vinculin expression in human fibroblasts. LNO decreased LPS-induced nitric oxide production and did not display significant antibacterial or antifungal effects. LNO induced tail fin regeneration in transgenic zebrafish larvae 48 h after tail fin amputation and significantly accelerated cutaneous wound closure in CD-1 mice. CONCLUSIONS Natural FAs from P. lucuma nut promote skin regeneration and, thus, may have applications in medicine and skin care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonel E Rojo
- Rutgers University, Biotech Center, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Islambulchilar M, Sattari MR, Sardashti M, Lotfipour F. Effect of Taurine on the antimicrobial efficiency of Gentamicin. Adv Pharm Bull 2011; 1:69-74. [PMID: 24312759 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2011.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Gentamicin is mainly used in severe infections caused by gram-negatives. However toxicity including nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity is one of the most important complications of its treatment. The production of free radicals seems to be involved in gentamicin toxicity mechanism. Taurine, a major intracellular free β-amino acid, is known to be an endogenous antioxidant. So potentially the co-therapy of taurine and gentamicin would reduce the adverse effects of the antibiotic. OBJECTIVES In this study, we wished to know the effect of taurine on the antibiotic capacity of gentamicin. METHODS strainsof P. aeruginosa, E. coli, S. aureus and S. epidermidis were used as test organisms. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of gentamicin in the presence and absence of taurine at quantities from 40 to 2 mg/L were determined using macro-dilution method. RESULTS MICs were determined in the various concentrations of taurine for bacterial indicators. The MIC values of gentamicin for P. aeruginosa, S. aureus and E. coli remained unchanged in the values of 2.5, 5 and 20 μg/ml respectively in the absence and presences of different concentrations of taurine. The bactericidal activity of gentamicin against S. epidermidis was increased by addition of taurine in the concentrations higher than 6 mg/L. CONCLUSION According to our study the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against the indicator microorganisms were not interfere with taurine at selected concentrations. Further in vivo studies are needed to establish if a combination of gentamicin and taurine would have the same effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Islambulchilar
- School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran ; Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran ; Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Liu H, Bargouti M, Zughaier S, Zheng Z, Liu Y, Sangadala S, Boden SD, Titus L. Osteoinductive LIM mineralization protein-1 suppresses activation of NF-kappaB and selectively regulates MAPK pathways in pre-osteoclasts. Bone 2010; 46:1328-35. [PMID: 19931434 PMCID: PMC2854312 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
LIM mineralization protein-1 (LMP-1) is an intracellular regulator of bone formation and has been shown to be osteoinductive in vitro and in vivo. The effect of LMP-1 on other aspects of bone homeostasis has not been previously studied. In a pilot study we observed that LMP-1 decreased nitric oxide (NO) production in pre-osteoclasts. Here we report a new anti-inflammatory effect of LMP-1 and define its mechanism of action in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 pre-osteoclasts. We found that LMP-1 significantly inhibited LPS-induced NO production. LMP-1 also effectively inhibited the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), potently suppressed the transcriptional activity and nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappaB), and prevented the phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaB). Interestingly, LMP-1 had no effect on Receptor-Activator of Nuclear Factor B Ligand (RANKL)-induced activation of NF-kappaB. Furthermore, LMP-1 had no effect on the LPS-induced phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), whereas it did attenuate the phosphorylation of c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) while enhancing phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK). These results suggest that LMP-1 has an anti-inflammatory effect, and this effect is, at least in part, due to the inhibition of NO production by the suppression of NF-kappaB activation and selective regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Maggie Bargouti
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Susu Zughaier
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Zhaomin Zheng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yunshan Liu
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Sreedhara Sangadala
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Scott D. Boden
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
| | - Louisa Titus
- Atlanta Veteran Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia, 30033
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Kraus B, Wolff H, Elstner EF, Heilmann J. Hyperforin is a modulator of inducible nitric oxide synthase and phagocytosis in microglia and macrophages. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2010; 381:541-53. [PMID: 20369228 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-010-0512-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Upon activation, microglia, the immunocompetent cells in the brain, get highly phagocytic and release pro-inflammatory mediators like nitric oxide (NO). Excessive NO production is pivotal in neurodegenerative disorders, and there is evidence that abnormalities in NO production and inflammatory responses may at least support a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including depression. Although extracts of St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) have been used for centuries in traditional medicine, notably for the treatment of depression, there is still considerable lack in scientific knowledge about the impact on microglia. We used N11 and BV2 mouse microglia, as well as RAW 264.7 macrophages to investigate the effects of St. John's wort extract and constituents thereof on NO production Moreover, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy were employed to analyze the influence on phagocytosis, transcription factor activation states, and cell motility. We found that extracts of St. John's wort efficiently suppress lipopolysaccharide-induced NO release and identified hyperforin as the responsible compound, being effective at concentrations between 0.25 and 0.75 microM. The reduced NO production was mediated by diminished inducible nitric oxide synthase expression on the mRNA and protein level. In addition, at similar concentrations, hyperforin reduced zymosan phygocytosis to 20-40% and putatively acted by downregulating the CD206 macrophage mannose receptor and modulation of cell motility. We found that the observed effects correlate with a suppression of the activated state of Nf-kappaB and phospho-CREB, while c-JUN, STAT1, and HIF-1alpha activity and cyclooxygenase-2 expression remained unaffected by hyperforin. These results reveal that hyperforin influences pro-inflammatory and immunological responses of microglia that are involved in the progression of neuropathologic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Kraus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, Regensburg, Germany.
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38
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Taurine attenuates radiation-induced lung fibrosis in C57/Bl6 fibrosis prone mice. Ir J Med Sci 2009; 179:99-105. [DOI: 10.1007/s11845-009-0389-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Wójcik OP, Koenig KL, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Costa M, Chen Y. The potential protective effects of taurine on coronary heart disease. Atherosclerosis 2009; 208:19-25. [PMID: 19592001 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Revised: 05/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is mainly obtained from diet. Despite the fact that the health effects of taurine are largely unknown, taurine has become a popular supplement and ingredient in energy drinks in recent years. Evidence from mechanistic and animal studies has shown that the main biological actions of taurine include its ability to conjugate bile acids, regulate blood pressure (BP), and act as a potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. These actions suggest that high levels of taurine may be protective against coronary heart disease (CHD). However, data from epidemiologic and intervention studies in humans are limited. We review what is known about taurine's metabolism, its transportation in the body, its food sources, and evidence of its effect on cardiovascular health from in vitro, animal, and epidemiologic studies. We also discuss shortcomings of the human studies that need to be addressed in the future. The identification of taurine as a preventive factor for CHD may be of great public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktawia P Wójcik
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 650 FirstAvenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
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40
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Schaffer SW, Azuma J, Mozaffari M. Role of antioxidant activity of taurine in diabetes. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 87:91-9. [PMID: 19234572 DOI: 10.1139/y08-110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The unifying hypothesis of diabetes maintains that reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated in the mitochondria of glucose-treated cells promote reactions leading to the development of diabetic complications. Although the unifying hypothesis attributes the generation of oxidants solely to impaired glucose and fatty acid metabolism, diabetes is also associated with a decline in the levels of the endogenous antioxidant taurine in a number of tissues, raising the possibility that changes in taurine status might also contribute to the severity of oxidant-mediated damage. There is overwhelming evidence that taurine blocks toxicity caused by oxidative stress, but the mechanism underlying the antioxidant activity remains unclear. One established antioxidant action of taurine is the detoxification of hypochlorous acid. However, not all of the antioxidant actions of taurine are related to hypochlorous acid because they are detected in isolated cell systems lacking neutrophils. There are a few studies showing that taurine either modulates the antioxidant defenses or blocks the actions of the oxidants, but other studies oppose this interpretation. Although taurine is incapable of directly scavenging the classic ROS, such as superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide, there are numerous studies suggesting that it is an effective inhibitor of ROS generation. The present review introduces a novel antioxidant hypothesis, which takes into consideration the presence of taurine-conjugated tRNAs in the mitochondria. Because tRNA conjugation is required for normal translation of mitochondrial-encoded proteins, taurine deficiency reduces the expression of these respiratory chain components. As a result, flux through the electron transport chain decreases. The dysfunctional respiratory chain accumulates electron donors, which divert electrons from the respiratory chain to oxygen, forming superoxide anion in the process. Restoration of taurine levels increases the levels of conjugated tRNA, restores respiratory chain activity, and increases the synthesis of ATP at the expense of superoxide anion production. The importance of this and other actions of taurine in diabetes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Schaffer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of South Alabama, College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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Schuller-Levis G, Gordon RE, Wang C, Park SY, Park E. Protection of bleomycin-induced fibrosis and inflammation by taurine. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:971-7. [PMID: 19362168 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Revised: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Taurine has been shown to protect against lung injury induced by various oxidants including ozone, nitrogen dioxide, amiodarone, and paraquat and to protect against bleomycin-induced lung injury in combination with niacin. In this study, Spraque-Dawley rats were treated with 5% taurine in the drinking water for 10 days prior to bleomycin instillation. Fibrosis in the rats pretreated with taurine (BT) was absent, along with fewer inflammatory infiltrates compared to the untreated rats (BW). A significant decrease in the number of PMNs and a decrease in hydroxyproline levels were found in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the BT group compared to the BW group. By immunohistochemical staining, inducible nitric oxide synthase was evident in the lungs of bleomycin-treated rats, and minimal when rats were treated with taurine. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) as measured by immunohistochemical staining, was present in lungs of both taurine-treated and untreated rats, but was more abundant in the BW group compared to the BT group. In addition, decreased ICAM presentation was detected by EM immunogold staining in the BT group compared to the BW group. These data demonstrate that rats pretreated with 5% taurine in their drinking water prior to bleomycin instillation are protected from fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrates, as well as nitric oxide and TNF-alpha production, which are hallmarks of bleomycin lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Schuller-Levis
- Department of Immunology, New York State Institute for Basic Research in Developmental Disabilities, Staten Island, New York 10314, USA.
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Heller A. Apoptosis-inducing high (.)NO concentrations are not sustained either in nascent or in developed cancers. ChemMedChem 2009; 3:1493-9. [PMID: 18759245 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.200800257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide ((.)NO) induces apoptosis at high concentrations by S-nitrosating proteins such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. This literature analysis revealed that failure to sustain high (.)NO concentrations is common to all cancers. In cervical, gastric, colorectal, breast, and lung cancer, the cause of this failure is the inadequate expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), resulting from the inhibition of iNOS expression by TGF-beta1 at the mRNA level. In bladder, renal, and prostate cancer, the reason for the insufficient (.)NO levels is the depletion of arginine, resulting from arginase overexpression. Arginase competes with iNOS for arginine, catalyzing its hydrolysis to ornithine and urea. In gliomas and ovarian sarcomas, low (.)NO levels are caused by inhibition of iNOS by N-chlorotaurine, produced by infiltrating neutrophils. Stimulated neutrophils express myeloperoxidase, catalyzing H2O2 oxidation of Cl- to HOCl, which N-chlorinates taurine at its concentration of 19 mM in neutrophils. In squamous cell carcinomas of the skin, ovarian cancers, lymphomas, Hodgkin's disease, and breast cancers, low (.)NO concentrations arise from the inhibition of iNOS by N-bromotaurine, produced by eosinophil-peroxidase-expressing infiltrating eosinophils. Eosinophil peroxidase catalyzes the H2O2 oxidation of Br- to HOBr, which N-brominates taurine to N-bromotaurine at its concentration of 15 mM in eosinophils. In microvascularized tumors, the (.)NO concentration is further depleted; (.)NO is rapidly consumed by red blood cells (RBCs) through S-nitrosation of RBC glutathione and hemoglobin, and by oxidation to nitrate by RBC oxyhemoglobin. Angiogenesis-inhibiting antibodies are currently used to treat cancers; their mode of action is not, as previously thought, reduction of the tumor O2 or nutrient supply. They actually decrease the loss of (.)NO to RBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Heller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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Ogino T, Than TA, Hosako M, Ozaki M, Omori M, Okada S. Taurine Chloramine: A Possible Oxidant Reservoir. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 643:451-61. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Production of Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Phagocytes is Regulated by Taurine Chloramine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 643:463-72. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75681-3_48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zughaier SM, Lindner B, Howe J, Garidel P, Koch MHJ, Brandenburg K, Stephens DS. Physicochemical characterization and biological activity of lipooligosaccharides and lipid A from Neisseria meningitidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 13:343-57. [PMID: 18182462 DOI: 10.1177/0968051907084435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meningococcal endotoxin is the major contributor to the pathogenesis of fulminant sepsis and meningitis of meningococcal disease and is a potent activator of the MyD88-dependent and MyD88-independent pathways via the MD-2/TLR4 receptor. To understand better the biological properties of meningococcal endotoxin that initiates these events, the physicochemical structure of Neisseria meningitidis lipopoly(oligo)saccharide (LOS) of the serogroup B wild-type strain NMB (NeuNAc-Gal beta-GlcNAc-Gal beta-Glc beta-Hep2(GlcNAc,Glc alpha)PEA-Kdo2-lipid A, 1,4'-bisphosphorylated +/- PEA, PEtN) and the genetically-defined mutants (gmhB, Kdo2 -lipid A; kdtA, meningococcal lipid A; gmhB-lpxL1, Kdo2penta-acylated lipid A and NMB-lpx1, penta-acylated meningococcal LOS) were assessed in relation to bioactivity. Confirming previous work, Kdo2lipid A was the minimal structure required for optimal activation of the MD-2/TLR4 pathway of human macrophages. Meningococcal lipid A alone was a very weak agonist in stimulating human macrophages, even at high doses. Penta-acylated LOS structures demonstrated a moderate reduction in TLR4/MyD88-dependent signaling and a dramatic decrease in TLR4-TRIF-dependent signaling. For a better understanding of these results, we have performed an analysis of physicochemical parameters of the LOS structures such as the gel-to-liquid crystalline phase transition of the acyl chains, the inclination angle of the diglucosamine backbone with respect to the membrane surface, and the aggregate structure, and have found a very significant correlation of these parameters with biological activities extending our concept of endotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu M Zughaier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30033, USA.
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Abstract
N-Chlorotaurine (NCT) is a promising endogenous agent for topical treatment of infections. We tested the tolerability and pharmakokinetics of NCT in the bovine mammary glands in a phase 1 study. Three concentrations of NCT in water (0·1%, 1·0%, 2·0%) were administered intramammarily in each of two cows. Into two quarters of the udder 100 ml NCT was injected into each twice daily for 5 d, while 0·9% NaCl was injected into the other two quarters in a randomized and blinded manner. Samples of milk were taken to determine the number of leucocytes and the activity of NCT, and samples of urine and blood to determine the taurine and chloride concentration. Chloride concentrations in serum samples were determined by an ISE-Unit of a Modular-System of the Roche Diagnostics company. The udder was monitored clinically for signs of inflammation. Oxidative activity could be detected in the milk after single irrigations for 15 min (0·1% NCT) and for maximally 5 h (1% and 2% NCT), respectively. On day 2, leucocytes increased to 4×106/ml in the NCT group, while they remained ⩽1×106/ml in the saline group. However, on days 3–5 they increased to (5–7)×106in both the NCT and control group without any statistical difference. One day after the end of dosing the number decreased significantly and reached the baseline (<1×106/ml) on day 10. The decrease was similar in both groups. Except for sporadic slight induration of single quarters in both groups and slight reduction of milk performance no disorders occurred. Taurine levels in blood and urine did not change. Irrigation of the bovine mammary gland with both NCT and saline caused a transient increase of leucocytes in the milk, but no severe side effects. The absence of residues and decay products may be a great advantage of NCT over other antimicrobial agents.
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Han S, Lee K, Yeo J, Kweon H, Woo S, Lee M, Baek H, Kim S, Park K. Effect of honey bee venom on microglial cells nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-alpha production stimulated by LPS. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 111:176-81. [PMID: 17166679 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/10/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Abnormal activation of microglial cells has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Results showed that venom (KBV) produced and purified in Korea regulated lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in the murine microglia, BV-2 cell line. The production of proinflammatory cytokines, NO, and TNF-alpha was examined by LPS in BV-2 cell. The effect of KBV on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-alpha was investigated by Western blot and RT-PCR in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells. KBV suppressed the NO, iNOS, and TNF-alpha production, and decreased the levels of iNOS and TNF-alpha mRNA. These results suggest that KBV has anti-inflammatory properties that inhibit iNOS and TNF-alpha expression. KBV could be useful in inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokine and NO production in neurodegenerative diseases. Further studies on the pharmacological aspects of the individual components of KBV are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- SangMi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea.
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Zughaier S, Steeghs L, van der Ley P, Stephens DS. TLR4-dependent adjuvant activity of Neisseria meningitidis lipid A. Vaccine 2007; 25:4401-9. [PMID: 17466419 PMCID: PMC2722072 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2007.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2006] [Revised: 03/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The adjuvant activity of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup B lipopoly(oligo)saccharide (LOS) from wild-type and genetically defined LOS mutants and unglycosylated meningococcal lipid A was assessed in C3H/HeN and C3H/HeJ mice. Meningococcal lipid A, a weak agonist for TLR4/MD-2 in human macrophages, was found to have adjuvant activity similar to that of wild-type and KDO(2)-lipid A LOS in C3H/HeN mice. All meningococcal LOS structures as adjuvants induced high titers of IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b but very little IgG3 to OMP compared to no adjuvant PBS controls. In addition, induced OMP antibodies were shown to have high bactericidal activity against serogroup B meningococci. Purified LOS and lipid A structures failed to induce any adjuvant activity in C3H/HeJ mice indicating that meningococcal LOS as an adjuvant was TLR4-dependent. Unglycosylated meningococcal lipid A because of its weak agonist activity for human macrophages and retention of adjuvant activity may be a candidate for use in serogroup B meningococcal OMP and OMV vaccines and for use as an adjuvant in other vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Zughaier
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Liana Steeghs
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter van der Ley
- Department of Research and Development, Netherlands Vaccine Institute, The Netherlands
| | - David S. Stephens
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Laboratories of Microbial Pathogenesis,, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Kim C, Choi HS, Kim JW. Taurine chloramine inhibits the production of nitric oxide and superoxide anion by modulating specific mitogen-activated protein kinases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2007; 583:493-8. [PMID: 17153636 DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-33504-9_55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaekyun Kim
- Center for Advanced Medical Education by BK21 Project, Inha University University College of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea.
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de Boo HA, Harding JE. Taurine as a marker for foetal wellbeing? Neonatology 2007; 91:145-54. [PMID: 17377398 DOI: 10.1159/000097445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 05/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND After placental embolisation in pregnant sheep, we found elevated plasma taurine concentrations in several foetuses. These animals also had higher morbidity and mortality than foetuses with normal taurine concentrations. We therefore re-analysed our foetal growth and metabolism data with embolised animals divided into subgroups with high taurine concentrations (EH) and low taurine concentrations (EL). OBJECTIVE To investigate the hypothesis that foetal plasma taurine concentrations may be used as a marker for foetal wellbeing. METHODS Growth, metabolic and endocrine parameters were measured in normally grown foetal sheep and in those who had EH or EL after placental embolisation. RESULTS EH animals were more compromised than the EL animals, as shown by reductions in foetal weight and hind limb length and a failure to increase growth rate (chest girth increment) after embolisation. EH foetuses were hypoxaemic, hypoglycaemic and had increased lactate concentrations. Kidney, liver and adrenal weights were increased and thymus weight was decreased in EH animals. Maternal amino acid concentrations were elevated in EL animals. Foetal amino acid concentrations were more reduced in EH animals than in EL animals. Maternal IGF-1 concentrations were increased in EL, but not EH animals. CONCLUSIONS Animals with EH were less able to compensate for the effects of embolisation than animals with EL. Taurine may have been released by the tissues as a protective mechanism against hypoxia-induced inflammation, or in an attempt to maintain osmotic balance. The connection between taurine and foetal wellbeing deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrina A de Boo
- The Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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