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Woodson EN, Anderson MS, Loftus MS, Kedes DH. Progressive accumulation of activated ERK2 within highly stable ORF45-containing nuclear complexes promotes lytic gammaherpesvirus infection. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004066. [PMID: 24722398 PMCID: PMC3983062 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
De novo infection with the gammaherpesvirus Rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), a close homolog of the human oncogenic pathogen, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), led to persistent activation of the MEK/ERK pathway and increasing nuclear accumulation of pERK2 complexed with the RRV protein, ORF45 (R45) and cellular RSK. We have previously shown that both lytic gene expression and virion production are dependent on the activation of ERK [1]. Using confocal microscopy, sequential pull-down assays and FRET analyses, we have demonstrated that pERK2-R45-RSK2 complexes were restricted to the nucleus but that the activated ERK retained its ability to phosphorylate nuclear substrates throughout infection. Furthermore, even with pharmacologic inhibition of MEK beginning at 48 h p.i., pERK2 but not pERK1, remained elevated for at least 10 h, showing first order decay and a half-life of nearly 3 hours. Transfection of rhesus fibroblasts with R45 alone also led to the accumulation of nuclear pERK2 and addition of exogenous RSK augmented this effect. However, knock down of RSK during bona fide RRV infection had little to no effect on pERK2 accumulation or virion production. The cytoplasmic pools of pERK showed no co-localization with either RSK or R45 but activation of pERK downstream targets in this compartment was evident throughout infection. Together, these observations suggest a model in which R45 interacts with pERK2 to promote its nuclear accumulation, thereby promoting lytic viral gene expression while also preserving persistent and robust activation of both nuclear and cytoplasmic ERK targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evonne N. Woodson
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Melissa S. Anderson
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Matthew S. Loftus
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Dean H. Kedes
- Myles H. Thaler Center for AIDS and Human Retrovirus Research, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia Health Systems, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States of America
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2
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Distinct roles for extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 (ERK1) and ERK2 in the structure and production of a primate gammaherpesvirus. J Virol 2012; 86:9721-36. [PMID: 22740395 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00695-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
During their progression from intranuclear capsids to mature trilaminar virions, herpesviruses incorporate an extensive array of viral as well as a smaller subset of cellular proteins. Our laboratory previously reported that rhesus monkey rhadinovirus (RRV), a close homolog of the human pathogen Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), is comprised of at least 33 different virally encoded proteins. In the current study, we found that RRV infection activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway and nascent virions preferentially incorporated the activated form of ERK2 (pERK2) into the tegument. This was evident even in the face of greatly diminished stores of intracellular ERK2, suggesting a clear bias toward the incorporation of pERK2 into the RRV particle. Similar to earlier findings with KSHV, activation of ERK was essential for the production of lytic viral proteins and virions. Knockdown of intracellular ERK, however, failed to inhibit virus production, likely due to maintenance of residual pools of intracellular pERK2. Paradoxically, selective knockdown of ERK1 enhanced virion production nearly 5-fold and viral titers more than 10-fold. These data are the first to implicate ERK1 as a negative regulator of lytic replication in a herpesvirus and the first to demonstrate the incorporation of an activated signaling molecule within a herpesvirus. Together, the results further our understanding of how herpesviruses interact with host cells during infection and demonstrate how this family of viruses can exploit cellular signal transduction pathways to modulate their own replication.
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Optimization of chemical induction conditions for human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) reactivation with 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) from latently-infected BC-3 cells. Biologicals 2011; 39:158-66. [PMID: 21470875 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) persists as episomal DNA in latently-infected cells and can establish two alternative life cycles, latent or lytic. 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) is a known inducer of HHV-8 in several human primary effusion lymphoma cell lines and has been widely used for HHV-8 reactivation; however, induction conditions have differed, resulting in varying levels of virus expression. We have used HHV-8 latently-infected BC-3 cells as a model to determine critical parameters for optimizing virus reactivation by TPA. We found that cell growth properties and drug treatment conditions were important for maximum reactivation of HHV-8. Addition of TPA to cells in the early log phase of a sigmoidal growth curve, which was tightly associated with high percentage of the cells in early S phase and with lower histone deacetylase activity in the cells, provided the optimum cell conditions for latent virus to switch to lytic replication. Furthermore, increasing TPA concentration (up to 320 ng per ml) at 48 h exposure time resulted in increased virus production. The results demonstrate the use of a step-wise strategy with chemical induction that may facilitate broad detection of latent DNA viruses and novel virus discovery.
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4
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Chen L, Park MS. Identification and characterization of the promoter region of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus ORF11. Virus Res 2009; 142:160-8. [PMID: 19428749 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Revised: 02/10/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Open reading frame 11 (ORF11) of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus belongs to a herpesviral homologous protein family that is conserved among members of the gamma-herpesvirus subfamily. Little is known about the function of ORF11 and how this viral gene is regulated in KSHV life cycle. In this study, we have characterized the major transcript of the ORF11 gene, which is located adjacent and in the opposite orientation to a well-characterized viral IL-6 gene. Northern blot analysis revealed that the ORF11 gene is lytic viral gene with delayed-early expression kinetics. We have determined the 5' and 3' untranslated region of the unspliced ORF11 transcript and identified both the transcription start site and the transcription termination site. Core promoter region, representing ORF11 promoter activity, was mapped to a 160nt fragment 5' most proximal to the transcription start site. A functional TATA box was identified in the core promoter region. We also found that the characterized ORF11 gene promoter region is not responsive to Rta, the KSHV lytic switch protein. Our data help to elucidate transcription regulation of the KSHV ORF11 gene and to understand the biology of ORF11 in KSHV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, United States.
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5
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Anderson LA, Lauria C, Romano N, Brown EE, Whitby D, Graubard BI, Li Y, Messina A, Gafà L, Vitale F, Goedert JJ. Risk factors for classical Kaposi sarcoma in a population-based case-control study in Sicily. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 17:3435-43. [PMID: 19064559 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-08-0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classical Kaposi sarcoma is a rare complication of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) infection. We conducted a population-based, frequency-matched case-control study in Sicily to further investigate the reported inverse relationship between smoking and classical Kaposi sarcoma and to identify other factors associated with altered risk. METHODS All incident, histologically confirmed classical Kaposi sarcoma cases in Sicily were eligible. A two-stage cluster sample design was applied to select population controls. KSHV seropositivity was determined using four antibody assays (K8.1 and orf73 enzyme immunoassays and two immunofluorenscence assays). Using SAS-callable SUDAAN, we compared the characteristics of classical Kaposi sarcoma cases and KSHV-seropositive controls. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) are presented. RESULTS In total, 142 classical Kaposi sarcoma cases and 123 KSHV-seropositive controls were recruited. Current cigarette smoking was associated with reduced risk of classical Kaposi sarcoma amongst males (OR, 0.20; 95% CI, 0.06-0.67). Edema was associated with classical Kaposi sarcoma, but only when it presented on the lower extremities (OR, 3.65; 95% CI, 1.62-8.23). Irrespective of presentation site, diabetes and oral corticosteroid medications were associated with increased risk (OR, 4.73; 95% CI, 2.02-11.1 and OR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.23-4.45, respectively). Never smoking, diabetes, and oral corticosteroid medication use were all independently associated with classical Kaposi sarcoma risk. DISCUSSION We confirmed previous reports that cigarette smoking was associated with a reduced risk of classical Kaposi sarcoma, and we found that risk was lowest among current smokers. We also found that classical Kaposi sarcoma risk was strongly and independently associated with oral corticosteroid use and diabetes. Corroboration of these observations and investigation of possible underlying mechanisms are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley A Anderson
- Infections and Immunoepidemiology Branch Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics National Cancer Institute 6120 Executive Blvd, EPS 7068 Rockville, MD, USA
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6
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Classic Kaposi Sarcoma in the United States over the last two decades: a clinicopathologic and molecular study of 438 non-HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma patients with comparison to HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2008; 21:572-82. [PMID: 18376387 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Classic Kaposi sarcoma is rare and occurs predominantly in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern men. Since the emergence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)-related Kaposi sarcoma, the incidence, clinicopathologic features, and molecular human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) association of American Classic Kaposi Sarcoma has not been fully explored. This study compares Classic Kaposi Sarcoma to AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma over the same two decade time period. There were 438 histologically and clinically confirmed Classic Kaposi Sarcoma patients. The ethnic/racial distribution included Caucasian/American (56%), Mediterranean (22%), South American Hispanic (18%), Black (10%), western European (4%), Middle East (4%), Scandinavian (2%), and other (2%). Classic Kaposi Sarcoma was more common in men, 7:1, with a mean age of 74 years. The lesions presented in the lower extremity (69%), in the nodular stage (83%), and HHV-8 was detected by PCR in 40/41 randomly selected cases. A second, non-Classic Kaposi Sarcoma, malignancy was present in 42% (n=45) of the 108 Classic Kaposi Sarcoma patients with complete clinical information, 73% (33 patients) with a higher incidence over the general population. Follow-up of <1-19 years (mean=4.8 years) revealed that 24% of patients died of second malignancy, 22% died of other medical conditions, 2% died of treatment-related complications, and 2% patients died of widespread disease. Thirty-five percent are alive with no evidence of disease and 15% with persistent disease. Human immunodeficiency virus-related Kaposi Sarcoma was observed in 354 cases. There was a male predominance and more aggressive behavior, with higher rates of visceral and disseminated disease. While Classic Kaposi Sarcoma in the United States is an indolent disease and rarely accounts for patient demise, predominantly affecting Caucasian/American males on the lower extremity in the nodular phase, it more importantly may denote an underlying other malignancy. Current PCR probes detect HHV-8 in 98% of Classic Kaposi Sarcoma cases. In comparison, AIDS-related Kaposi Sarcoma is predominately multicentric, visceral, and disseminated, with more aggressive behavior.
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7
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Classic Kaposi Sarcoma in the United States over the last two decades: A clinicopathologic and molecular study of 438 non-HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma patients with comparison to HIV-related Kaposi Sarcoma. Mod Pathol 2008. [DOI: 10.1038/mpath.2008.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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8
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Rickabaugh TM, Brown HJ, Wu TT, Song MJ, Hwang S, Deng H, Mitsouras K, Sun R. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus/human herpesvirus 8 RTA reactivates murine gammaherpesvirus 68 from latency. J Virol 2005; 79:3217-22. [PMID: 15709045 PMCID: PMC548426 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.3217-3222.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (HHV-8), and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are all members of the gammaherpesvirus family, characterized by their ability to establish latency in lymphocytes. The RTA protein, conserved in all gammaherpesviruses, is known to play a critical role in reactivation from latency. Here we report that HHV-8 RTA, not EBV RTA, was able to induce MHV-68 lytic viral proteins and DNA replication and processing and produce viable MHV-68 virions from latently infected cells at levels similar to those for MHV-68 RTA. HHV-8 RTA was also able to activate two MHV-68 lytic promoters, whereas EBV RTA was not. In order to define the domains of RTA responsible for their functional differences in viral promoter activation and initiation of the MHV-68 lytic cycle, chimeric RTA proteins were constructed by exchanging the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of the RTA proteins. Our data suggest that the species specificity of MHV-68 RTA resides in the N-terminal DNA binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy M Rickabaugh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735, USA
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9
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Cheung TW. AIDS-related cancer in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART): a model of the interplay of the immune system, virus, and cancer. "On the offensive--the Trojan Horse is being destroyed"--Part A: Kaposi's sarcoma. Cancer Invest 2004; 22:774-86. [PMID: 15581058 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-200032788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), aimed at controlling human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been associated with a dramatic decrease in the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-Kaposi's sarcoma (AIDS-KS) and the clinical manifestations of KS appear to be less aggressive. The pathogenesis of AIDS-related KS is related to a system of cytokines (e.g., interleukin-6) driven by autocrine and paracrine loops. More recently, human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), was discovered to be the putative etiological agent of this disease. This virus encodes several unique open reading frames that are homologs of human cellular proteins involved in cellular regulations, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and immune regulation. The treatment of this disease depends on whether it is "limited" disease or "extensive" disease. For "limited" disease, local therapy or non-bone marrow suppressive agents should be used. For "extensive" disease, new chemotherapeutic agents, such as liposomal anthracycline, which are active and have little adverse reactions, are indicated. The control of HIV infection continues to be essential. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of the disease has led to the development of novel treatment strategies, aimed at the inflammatory or angiogenesis cytokines necessary for growth or at HHV-8 as the target of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony W Cheung
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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10
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Martinez-Guzman D, Rickabaugh T, Wu TT, Brown H, Cole S, Song MJ, Tong L, Sun R. Transcription program of murine gammaherpesvirus 68. J Virol 2003; 77:10488-503. [PMID: 12970434 PMCID: PMC228380 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.19.10488-10503.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68 [also referred to as gammaHV68]) is phylogenetically related to Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV [also referred to as HHV-8]) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). However, unlike KSHV or EBV, MHV-68 readily infects fibroblast and epithelial cell lines derived from several mammalian species, providing a system to study productive and latent infections as well as reactivation of gammaherpesviruses in vivo and in vitro. To carry out rapid genome-wide analysis of MHV-68 gene expression, we made DNA arrays containing nearly all of the known and predicted open reading frames (ORFs) of the virus. RNA obtained from an MHV-68 latently infected cell line, from cells lytically infected with MHV-68 in culture, and from the lung tissue of infected mice was used to probe the MHV-68 arrays. Using a tightly latent B-cell line (S11E), the MHV-68 latent transcription program was quantitatively described. Using BHK-21 cells and infected mice, we demonstrated that latent genes are transcribed during lytic replication and are relatively independent of de novo protein synthesis. We determined that the transcription profiles at the peak of lytic gene expression are similar in cultured fibroblast and in the lung of infected mice. Finally, the MHV-68 DNA arrays were used to examine the gene expression profile of a recombinant virus that overexpresses replication and transcription activator (RTA), C-RTA/MHV-68, during lytic replication in cell culture. The recombinant virus replicates faster then the parental strain and the DNA arrays revealed that nearly every MHV-68 ORF examined was activated by RTA overexpression. Examination of the gene expression patterns of C-RTA/MHV-68 over a time course led to the finding that the M3 promoter is RTA responsive in the absence of other viral factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeeAnn Martinez-Guzman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Tammy Rickabaugh
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Helen Brown
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Steven Cole
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Moon Jung Song
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Leming Tong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Ren Sun
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology and, Department of Medicine, the UCLA AIDS Institute, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, the Molecular Biology Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1735. Phone: (310) 794-5557. Fax: (310) 825-6267. E-mail:
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11
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Abstract
A wide variety of both DNA and RNA viruses affect the oral cavity. When considered in conjunction with cutaneous features, careful examination of the oral mucosa and oropharynx aids the clinician in making a diagnosis. Examination of the oral cavity should be incorporated as a regular component of the dermatologic examination because diagnostic clues are readily available to assist in the evaluation of infectious processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany R Hairston
- Department of Dermatology, Mayo Graduate School of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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12
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Helmke BM, Deichmann M, Otto HF. Anorectal melanomas do not harbour the Kaposi sarcoma-associated human herpesvirus type 8 DNA. J Med Virol 2001; 64:47-50. [PMID: 11285568 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anorectal melanomas are similar to cutaneous melanomas with regard to the mode of spread and to the immunophenotype. When compared with patients with cutaneous melanoma, those suffering from anorectal melanoma have a much worse outcome. The etiology of anorectal melanomas is as yet completely unknown. For anatomical reasons, ultra-violet (UV-B) radiation can not cause anorectal melanomas as in cutaneous tumours, that are associated with exposure of the skin to UV-B radiation. As the cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6) is known to stimulate melanoma tumour cell proliferation and a functional homologue of human IL-6 has been identified recently in the HHV-8 genome, this tumorigenic virus might be involved in the pathogenesis of anorectal melanomas. Twelve formalin fixed and paraffin embedded primary anorectal melanomas from seven female and five male patients with a mean age at diagnosis of 71 years (range 38-88 years) were investigated for the presence of HHV-8 DNA. Using a specific and highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction protocol, this tumorigenic gamma-herpesvirus was not detectable in any tumour. This data indicates that HHV-8 is not involved in the development of anorectal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Helmke
- Department of Pathology and Department of Dermatology, University of Heidelberg, Germany.
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13
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Czelusta A, Yen-Moore A, Van der Straten M, Carrasco D, Tyring SK. An overview of sexually transmitted diseases. Part III. Sexually transmitted diseases in HIV-infected patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 2000; 43:409-32; quiz 433-6. [PMID: 10954653 DOI: 10.1067/mjd.2000.105158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The HIV epidemic has dramatically altered the field of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). HIV infection is unique among sexually transmitted diseases because it can modify the clinical presentation and features of other STDs. Conversely, other STDs can affect the transmission of HIV. This review is the third part of a series that has provided a general overview of STDs. In this article, genital ulcer diseases (genital herpes, syphilis, chancroid, lymphogranuloma venereum, and granuloma inguinale), human papillomavirus infection (anogenital warts and subclinical infections), molluscum contagiosum, human herpesvirus 8 infection, viral hepatitis, and ectoparasitic infestations (scabies and pediculosis pubis) are discussed as they occur in HIV-infected hosts. Additional features as they relate to HIV-infected patients, such as epidemiology and transmission, are discussed when applicable. LEARNING OBJECTIVE At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should improve their understanding of sexually transmitted diseases in the HIV-infected host.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czelusta
- Department of Dermatology at the University of Texas- Houston Health Science Center and St Joseph Hospital, Houston, USA
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14
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15
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Affiliation(s)
- J W Casiglia
- Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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16
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Yen-Moore A, Hudnall SD, Rady PL, Wagner RF, Moore TO, Memar O, Hughes TK, Tyring SK. Differential expression of the HHV-8 vGCR cellular homolog gene in AIDS-associated and classic Kaposi's sarcoma: potential role of HIV-1 Tat. Virology 2000; 267:247-51. [PMID: 10662620 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1999.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) has been causally linked to Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). There is significant homology between some HHV-8 genes and cellular genes including D-type cyclin (vCYC), G protein coupled receptor (vGCR), macrophage inflammatory proteins (vMIP-I, vMIP-II), bcl-2 (vBCL2), interferon regulatory factor-1 (vIRF1), interleukin-6 (vIL6), and complement-binding protein (vCBP). In this study, we analyzed expression of these viral homologs and HIV-1 Tat by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) coupled with Southern blot hybridization in AIDS-KS (AKS) tissue, classic KS tissue(CKS), and peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and phorbol ester (TPA)-treated and untreated HHV-8 positive lymphoma cells (BCBL1). While vCYC (AKS 6 of 6; CKS 3 of 3), vMIP-I (AKS 5 of 6, CKS 3 of 3), vBCL2 (AKS 6 of 6; CKS 3 of 3), and vIRF1 (AKS 5 of 6, CKS 3 of 3) transcripts were detected in both AKS and CKS, vGCR and HIV-1 Tat were expressed only in AKS samples (vGCR: AKS 3 of 6, CKS 0 of 3; Tat: AKS 4 of 6, CKS 0 of 3). vMIPII, vCBP, and vIL6 expression were not detected in any KS samples. Since vGCR expression is limited to AKS, it is possible that vGCR is activated by HIV-1 Tat. These results suggest that HIV-1 Tat may contribute to AKS pathogenesis through the tumorigenic and angiogenic effects of vGCR.
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MESH Headings
- Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome/complications
- Cyclin D
- Cyclins/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Gene Products, tat/genetics
- Gene Products, tat/physiology
- HIV-1/genetics
- HIV-1/physiology
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/virology
- Oncogenes/genetics
- RNA/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/complications
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/genetics
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/metabolism
- Tumor Cells, Cultured/virology
- Viral Proteins/genetics
- tat Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yen-Moore
- Department of Dermatology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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17
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Yu Y, Roan F, Offermann MK. Interleukin 1beta induces expression of human herpesvirus 8 encoded genes in BCBL-1 cells. AIDS 1999; 13:2178-80. [PMID: 10546878 DOI: 10.1097/00002030-199910220-00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Reitz MS, Nerurkar LS, Gallo RC. Perspective on Kaposi's sarcoma: facts, concepts, and conjectures. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:1453-8. [PMID: 10469745 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/91.17.1453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M S Reitz
- M.S. Reitz, Jr., R.C. Gallo, Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland at Baltimore, USA
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American Academy of Dermatology 1999 Awards for Young Investigators in Dermatology. J Am Acad Dermatol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(99)70121-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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20
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Pozo F, Tenorio A. Detection and typing of lymphotropic herpesviruses by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. J Virol Methods 1999; 79:9-19. [PMID: 10328531 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-0934(98)00164-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A multiplex nested-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method was developed for the simultaneous detection and typing of all human lymphotropic herpesviruses described to date, including Ebstein Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus 6, variants A and B (HHV6-A, HHV6-B), human herpesvirus 7 (HHV7) and human herpesvirus 8 (HHV8). Oligonucleotide primers were designed to amplify a highly conserved region within the DNA polymerase gene. Each reaction component and thermal cycling parameters were thoroughly standardized to achieve optimal specificity and sensitivity for the PCR assay, which was estimated at about 10-100 molecules for each virus. An internal control, consisting of 100 molecules of a cloned fragment of the porcine pseudorabies herpesvirus (PrV) genome, was included to detect false negative results. To assess suitability and clinical application of the multiplex PCR method, a total of 35 well-characterized specimens, including Kaposi's sarcoma skin lesions, serum, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva and urine samples, were tested. Results obtained suggest this technique could be applied as a sole diagnostic tool in several clinical settings in which herpesviral infection is suspected and differential diagnosis required, avoiding the need to test specimens by separate PCR methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pozo
- Servicio de Microbiología Diagnóstica, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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21
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The concomitant occurrence of more than one primary neoplasm in the same individual has led researchers to seek possible common etiopathogenetic factors. Kaposi sarcoma (KS) is a multicentric neoplasm of vascular origin and perhaps viral etiology. Four forms of KS are known: classic or Mediterranean, endemic or African, posttransplant, and epidemic or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated KS. In its classic form KS mainly affects elderly people and often has a long and indolent course that occasionally allows other malignancies to appear. Previous studies of the possible association between human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) negative KS and lymphoproliferative disorders (LDs) have produced discordant results. METHODS To verify a possibly significant association between HIV negative KS and LDs, data relating to 250 evaluable Italian patients with HIV negative KS were evaluated retrospectively. RESULTS Of the 250 KS patients, only 6 (2.4%) were found to have had an LD: 2 with Hodgkin lymphoma, 1 with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, 1 with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, 1 with acute promyelocytic leukemia, and 1 with B-chronic lymphocytic leukemia. CONCLUSIONS No significant association was found between HIV negative KS and LDs in the patient population in the current study. The authors believe that age, LD, or therapy-related immunodepression played a role in the cases in which KS appeared after the LD by determining the passing to the lytic phase of the herpes-virus HHV8 already present in anatomic sites of latency/persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fossati
- Institute of Dermatology, State University, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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22
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Hudnall SD, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Fish JC. Hydrocortisone activation of human herpesvirus 8 viral DNA replication and gene expression in vitro. Transplantation 1999; 67:648-52. [PMID: 10096517 DOI: 10.1097/00007890-199903150-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients undergoing chronic steroid therapy for organ transplantation are at increased risk for development of human herpes virus 8(HHV-8)-associated Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). It has also been reported that following steroid withdrawal, KS lesions often undergo partial or complete regression. METHODS We have examined the effect of corticosteroid treatment on HHV-8 replication, gene expression, and lytic protein expression in BCBL-1 cells in vitro. BCBL-1 cells were collected after culture for 24-72 hr with hydrocortisone (HC) 1-5 microM, phorbol ester 20 ng/ml (positive control), and culture medium only (negative control). HHV-8 genomic conformation was examined by Gardella gel analysis. mRNA expression of viral cyclin (v-Cyc), viral Bcl-2 (v-Bcl-2), viral macrophage inflammatory protein-I (v-MIP-I), viral interferon regulatory factor-1(v-IRF-1), and viral tegument protein (TP) was examined by RT-PCR Southern blot. Viral protein expression within the cells was examined by indirect immunofluorescence using 5 different HHV-8 positive antisera from 4 renal transplant recipients and 1 patient with classic KS. RESULTS Gardella gel analysis revealed that HC induced an accumulation of the linear replicative genomic form of the virus in a time-dependent fashion. Southern blot analysis of the RT-PCR products revealed that HC induced increased expression of v-IRF-1, v-Bcl-2, and TP mRNA, with little discernible effect on v-Cyc, and v-MIP-I. Immunofluorescence revealed that HC induced increased numbers of cells expressing lytic antigens. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that hydrocortisone acts directly on BCBL-1 cells to activate the lytic cycle of HHV-8 and provide further support for the hypothesis that HHV-8 is activated in corticosteroid-treated immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Hudnall
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-0741, USA.
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Andreoni M, El-Sawaf G, Rezza G, Ensoli B, Nicastri E, Ventura L, Ercoli L, Sarmati L, Rocchi G. High seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesvirus-8 in Egyptian children: evidence of nonsexual transmission. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91:465-9. [PMID: 10070947 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/91.5.465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In western countries, human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8) appears to be transmitted mainly by sexual contact. To evaluate the role of other transmission routes, especially in developing countries, we estimated the seroprevalence of HHV-8 in Egyptian children, who, if seropositive, would have acquired the virus through a nonsexual route. METHODS Sera from 196 children (<1-12 years of age), 20 adolescents (13-20 years of age), and 30 young adults (21-25 years of age) attending a vaccination program in Alexandria, Egypt, were studied. Immunofluorescence assays were used to detect antibodies against HHV-8 lytic-phase antigens (anti-lytic) and latent-phase antigens (anti-latent). Antibodies against Epstein-Barr virus viral cap antigen, cytomegalovirus, and HHV-6 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. Seroprevalence of these herpesviruses was calculated after stratifying the subjects by age. RESULTS Anti-lytic and anti-latent HHV-8 antibodies were detected in 44.7% and 8.5% of the study participants, respectively. The prevalence of anti-lytic antibodies tended to increase with age, exceeding 50% in children older than 6 years; once children reached the age of 10 years, the prevalence tended to stabilize. The seroprevalence of other herpesviruses tended to be higher than that of HHV-8, ranging from approximately 83% to more than 97% in the 9- to 12-year age group. One- to 3-year-old children had higher titers of antilytic HHV-8 antibodies than children in the other age groups. Anti-latent antibodies were more frequently detected in individuals with high anti-lytic antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS HHV-8 antibodies are highly prevalent in Egyptian children, suggesting that, in developing countries, HHV-8 infection may be acquired early in life through routes other than sexual transmission. The lower seroprevalence of HHV-8 relative to that of the other herpesviruses suggests that HHV-8 is less transmissible than other common herpesviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Andreoni
- Infectious Diseases Institute, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.
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Juhász A, Remenyik E, Szarka K, Veress G, Hunyadi J, Gergely L. Consistent polymerse chain reaction–single-strand conformation polymorphism pattern of human herpesvirus-8 in the course of classical Kaposi's sarcoma assumes its clonal origin. J Med Virol 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9071(199804)54:4<300::aid-jmv10>3.0.co;2-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Rady PL, Hodak E, Yen A, Memar O, Trattner A, Feinmesser M, David M, Hudnall SD, Tyring SK. Detection of human herpesvirus-8 DNA in Kaposi's sarcomas from iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients. J Am Acad Dermatol 1998; 38:429-37. [PMID: 9520025 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(98)70501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) accounts for more than 5% of malignancies in immunosuppressed organ transplant patients (OKS). A new herpesvirus (HHV-8) was identified with high prevalence in biopsy specimens of AIDS-KS, endemic KS, and classic KS and in OKS. KS has also been associated with other underlying diseases in patients treated with corticosteroids, but this subset of KS has been reported to contain HHV-8 in only a few case reports. OBJECTIVE In this larger study, we determined the prevalence of HHV-8 in seven patients of Jewish origin in whom KS developed during immunosuppressive therapy for different primary diseases (ISKS). METHODS The study included HHV-8 DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with Southern blot and sequence analysis as well as by in situ hybridization. RESULTS HHV-8 sequences were detected by PCR with confirmation by Southern blot and sequence analysis in 100% of the ISKS samples. Direct sequencing revealed several previously unknown base changes within the 208 bp region from open reading frame 26 (ORF26[208]) of HHV-8 in ISKS. CONCLUSION Ours is the largest known study describing the presence of HHV-8 in iatrogenic KS from immunosuppressed nontransplant patients and provides data of previously unknown sequence variations within the ORF26 of HHV-8 DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- P L Rady
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1019, USA
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26
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Abstract
Human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is a recently discovered herpesvirus related to Herpesvirus saimiri and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). It has been assigned to the Rhadinovirus genus (gamma-2 herpesvirus) on the basis of its genomic sequence and structure. HHV-8 is the first member of this genus known to infect humans and it is now evident that it is the likely cause of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The virus is present in endothelial and spindle cells of KS, and in HIV disease the presence of HHV-8 in peripheral blood, and/or serum IgG antibodies to HHV-8, predicts the development of AIDS-related KS. HHV-8 can also infect CD19 + B cells and is of aetiological significance in the development of body cavity B cell lymphomas of AIDS. Of note, the translation products of viral open reading frames (ORFs) reveal HHV-8 to be a molecular pirate, capable of producing homologues of several human gene products that may result in alterations in cell cycle arrest, inhibit apoptosis and cell-mediated immune responses, and thus provide the potential for tumour production.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Porter
- Department of Oral Medicine, Eastman Dental Institute for Oral Healthcare Sciences, London, U.K
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Gaspari AA, Marchese S, Powell D, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Identification of HHV-8 DNA in the skin lesions of Kaposi's sarcoma in an immunosuppressed patient with bullous pemphigoid. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37:843-7. [PMID: 9366849 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)80008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma rarely occurs as an opportunistic tumor in iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients. We describe the clinical presentation, treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma skin lesions in an immunosuppressed patient with bullous pemphigoid. Using the polymerase chain reaction, HHV-8 DNA was detected in two separate Kaposi's sarcoma lesions but not in control tissues. The amplified DNA fragments derived from our patient's Kaposi's sarcoma skin lesions contained unique point mutations that distinguished the virus isolated from Kaposi's sarcoma lesions derived from other patients. This is the first demonstration that HHV-8 DNA is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma skin lesions in an HIV-negative, immunosuppressed patient with bullous pemphigoid. HHV-8 is probably a common latent herpesvirus that is activated by immunosuppressive therapy in genetically predisposed patients and may be involved in the pathogenesis of Kaposi's sarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Gaspari
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, NY, USA
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Blasig C, Zietz C, Haar B, Neipel F, Esser S, Brockmeyer NH, Tschachler E, Colombini S, Ensoli B, Stürzl M. Monocytes in Kaposi's sarcoma lesions are productively infected by human herpesvirus 8. J Virol 1997; 71:7963-8. [PMID: 9311888 PMCID: PMC192155 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.7963-7968.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PCR analysis and serological studies demonstrated a close association between Kaposi's sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus, or human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8), and the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). The majority of the KS cells were shown to be latently infected by the virus. In this study we investigated which type of cell is productively infected in KS lesions. In situ hybridization was performed with strand-specific RNA probes complementary to the sequences coding for the minor capsid protein (VP23) of HHV-8. The VP23 gene is specifically expressed during the lytic or replicative period of the virus life cycle, and therefore it is a useful marker to detect productively infected cells. By in situ hybridization of KS lesions, a strong hybridization signal was detected only in a small subset of the KS cells of the lesions. Simultaneous application of immunohistochemical staining and in situ hybridization identified the virus-replicating cells to be of monocytic origin. Productively infected monocytes may be an important reservoir for transmission of the virus and for the increase and maintenance of the high load of HHV-8 generally observed in nodular KS lesions during late stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blasig
- Abteilung Virusforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany
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Luppi M, Barozzi P, Marasca R, Ferrari MG, Torelli G. Human herpesvirus 8 strain variability in clinical conditions other than Kaposi's sarcoma. J Virol 1997; 71:8082-3. [PMID: 9311909 PMCID: PMC192176 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.71.10.8082-8083.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Scheel MM, Rady PL, Tyring SK, Pandya AG. Sinus histiocytosis with massive lymphadenopathy: presentation as giant granuloma annulare and detection of human herpesvirus 6. J Am Acad Dermatol 1997; 37:643-6. [PMID: 9344207 DOI: 10.1016/s0190-9622(97)70186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M M Scheel
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75235-9069, USA
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31
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Stürzl M, Blasig C, Schreier A, Neipel F, Hohenadl C, Cornali E, Ascherl G, Esser S, Brockmeyer NH, Ekman M, Kaaya EE, Tschachler E, Biberfeld P. Expression of HHV-8 latency-associated T0.7 RNA in spindle cells and endothelial cells of AIDS-associated, classical and African Kaposi's sarcoma. Int J Cancer 1997; 72:68-71. [PMID: 9212225 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970703)72:1<68::aid-ijc10>3.0.co;2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and serological studies have demonstrated a close association between the novel human herpes virus, Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) or human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8) and the development of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS). To clarify the role of HHV-8 in KS pathogenesis, we investigated at the cellular level by in situ hybridization the expression of a recently described 0.7-kb HHV-8-encoded mRNA (T0.7 mRNA) in KS tissues of different epidemiological origin (AIDS-KS, African endemic KS and classical KS). The T0.7 mRNA likely encodes a small membrane protein, supposedly expressed in latently HHV-8-infected cells. Indeed, we detected T0.7 mRNA in virtually all cells of the cell line BCBL-1 established from a body cavity-based lymphoma (BCBL) and latently infected with HHV-8. In all KS biopsies examined, independent of their epidemiological type, the late-stage (nodular) KS tissues showed a high level of T0.7 mRNA expression in typical KS spindle cells but also in endothelial cells lining blood vessels, indicating latent HHV-8 infection of these cells. The presence of T0.7-expressing cells was restricted to KS tumor tissue and therefore appears to indicate an important role of latent HHV-8 infection in KS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stürzl
- Abteilung Virusforschung, Max-Planck-Institut für Biochemie, Martinsried, Germany.
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Kennedy MM, Lucas SB, Jones RR, Howells DD, Picton SJ, Hanks EE, McGee JO, O'Leary JJ. HHV8 and Kaposi's sarcoma: a time cohort study. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:96-100. [PMID: 9231158 PMCID: PMC379591 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.2.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The recent finding that human herpes virus 8 (HHV8) is found in the majority of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) cases supports the epidemiological observation that the tumour may be caused by an infectious agent. This study aimed to address when and how HHV8 evolved. METHODS A cohort of African endemic KS (49 samples from 45 patients) and European KS (18 samples from 13 patients), spanning 27 years, was assessed for the presence of HHV8 by both standard solution phase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and the newly described technique of TaqMan PCR. RESULTS HHV8 was present in approximately 49% (24 of 49 tissue samples) of the African cases and in more than 90% (16 of 18 tissue samples) of the European cohort, in keeping with recent seroepidemiological data. CONCLUSIONS HHV8 is strongly linked to the development of KS; however, in some patients, other factors may operate. The utility and flexibility of TaqMan PCR in detecting low copy viral target in human tissues was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Kennedy
- Nuffield Department of Pathology & Bacteriology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
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O'Leary JJ, Kennedy MM, McGee JO. Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV 8): epidemiology, molecular biology and tissue distribution. Mol Pathol 1997; 50:4-8. [PMID: 9208806 PMCID: PMC379571 DOI: 10.1136/mp.50.1.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J J O'Leary
- Nuffield Department of Pathology and Bacteriology, University of Oxford
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Memar OM, Rady PL, Tyring SK. Human herpesvirus-8: detection of novel herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in Kaposi's sarcoma and other lesions. J Mol Med (Berl) 1995; 73:603-9. [PMID: 8825757 DOI: 10.1007/bf00196354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is a malignancy suspected of having an infectious etiology. Unique viral DNA sequences were recognized in KS lesions, using a novel technique that identifies small differences between two complex genomes. The virus had homology with the herpesvirus family, especially Epstein Barr virus (EBV), yet it was distinct from the known herpesviridae, and was appropriately named human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) or Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). HHV-8 DNA sequences were present in AIDS-associated KS, classic KS, African endemic KS, Mediterranean KS, iatrogenic KS, and KS in homosexual men without HIV infection. HHV-8 DNA sequences were also present in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of KS+ patients; body-cavity-based lymphomas in HIV positive patients without KS; and in tissue from a number of malignant and non-malignant lesions in patients without HIV infection. The role of HHV-8 in KS and other malignancies is not known. Viruses are notoriously trophic for lesional tissue. Therefore, in order to determine the role of HHV-8 in KS pathogenesis, HHV-8 needs to be isolated and shown to induce immortalization in a suitable system. Regardless of its role in KS, another human herpesvirus has been discovered, and the extent of its pathogenicity needs to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Memar
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555-1019, USA
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