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Cupido DT, de Beer C. Screening for viral pathogens in the gastrointestinal tract from cases of sudden unexpected death in infancy at the Tygerberg Medico-legal Mortuary. Virol J 2023; 20:281. [PMID: 38031160 PMCID: PMC10688011 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden and unexpected death in infancy (SUDI) may be triggered by an external risk or exposure. Intestinal infections with enteric viruses may disrupt the gut and enhance bacterial toxins present in SUDI cases. While diarrhoeal disease deaths have decreased worldwide, approximately half a million deaths still occur in children in Sub- Saharan Africa and South Asia. Furthermore, the role of viral enteropathogens in SUDI cases have not been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe specific viral pathogens in stool samples collected from SUDI cases and age-matched, apparently healthy infants in Cape Town, South Africa. Stool samples were collected from 176 SUDI cases between June 2017 and May 2018. In addition, stool samples were collected from the nappies of 30 age-matched, apparently healthy infants as a control group. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed on the stool samples for viral detection. A total of 111 SUDI cases were positive for viruses, with rotavirus (38.6%; 68/176) and norovirus GI and GII (30.0%; 53/176) were prevalent in SUDI cases. Adenovirus Type F was present in only 15.9% (28/176), astrovirus in 9.7% (17/176), and sapovirus in 0.6% (1/176) of cases. In the control samples, norovirus GII was detected most frequently (36.7%; 11/30), followed by rotavirus (33.3%; 10/30), and sapovirus in 6.7% (2/30). While there was no significant association between SUDI cases and enteric viruses, the majority of viruses were significantly associated with the seasons. The study confirms the importance of rotavirus vaccination and describes the significance of norovirus infection in children, post rotavirus vaccine introduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Cupido
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Corena de Beer
- Division of Medical Virology, Department of Pathology, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
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2
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Fang T, Zhang L, Ding W, Liu Y, Li P, Wang W, Xiang W, Wang B, Sun W. Point-of-Care Testing for Norovirus Typing Using CRISPR/Cas12a Combined with Reverse Transcription Recombinase Polymerase Amplification. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:1147-1156. [PMID: 37172271 PMCID: PMC10289089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.3c00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are one of the leading causes of acute gastroenteritis in humans. This study combined reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) with a clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat/CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR/Cas) nucleic acid detection system to develop a point-of-care testing (POCT) technology for typing NoVs. The detection can be completed within 35 min at 37 °C, covering each genotype of genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) NoVs. The sensitivity of this method is 10 copies/μL for GI and 1 copy/μL for GII NoV plasmids. For the detection of clinical samples, the detection results of this method for NoV infected samples are consistent with the RT-qPCR detection method in the laboratory, and this detection method has no cross-reactivity with rotavirus and adenovirus. Therefore, the detection method established in this study enables the diagnosis and screening of suspected patients and close contacts by POCT, which is important for the timely identification and control of NoV outbreaks. In addition, the typing detection of GI and GII NoVs can achieve a precise diagnosis and treatment of patients infected with NoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanfen Fang
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Suzhou
Institute for Food Control, Suzhou 215104, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wei Ding
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yan Liu
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Pei Li
- Suzhou
Institute for Food Control, Suzhou 215104, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wei Wang
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wenjing Xiang
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Bo Wang
- Suzhou
Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Suzhou 215004, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Wanping Sun
- Laboratory
of Molecular Diagnostics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, Jiangsu, People’s Republic
of China
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3
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Chilaúle JJ, Munlela B, Mans J, Mabasa VV, Marques S, Bauhofer AFL, Jane G, Anapakala E, Oliveira F, Cossa-Moiane I, Guimarães E, Sambo J, Bero DM, Chissaque A, de Deus N, Taylor MB. Norovirus Genetic Diversity in Children under Five Years Old with Acute Diarrhea in Mozambique (2014-2015). Viruses 2022; 14:v14092001. [PMID: 36146807 PMCID: PMC9502691 DOI: 10.3390/v14092001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is the second most important cause of viral diarrheal disease in children worldwide after rotavirus and is estimated to be responsible for 17% of acute diarrhea in low-income countries. This study aimed to identify and report NoV genotypes in Mozambican children under the age of five years with acute diarrhea. Between May 2014 and December 2015, stool specimens were collected within the Mozambique Diarrhea National Surveillance (ViNaDia) and tested for NoV genogroups I (GI) and II (GII) using conventional reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Partial capsid and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) nucleotide sequences were aligned using the Muscle tool, and phylogenetic analyses were performed using MEGA X. A total of 204 stool specimens were tested for NoV. The detection rate of NoV was 14.2% (29/204). The presence of NoV was confirmed, by real-time RT-PCR (RT-qPCR), in 24/29 (82.8%) specimens, and NoV GII predominated (70.8%; 17/24). NoV GII.4 Sydney 2012[P31] was the predominant genotype/P-type combination detected (30.4%; 7/23). This is the first study which highlights the high genetic diversity of NoV in Mozambican children and the need to establish a continuous NoV surveillance system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorfélia J. Chilaúle
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Correspondence:
| | - Benilde Munlela
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
| | - Janet Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Victor V. Mabasa
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Selma Marques
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Adilson Fernando Loforte Bauhofer
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Graziela Jane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
| | - Elda Anapakala
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
| | - Fernanda Oliveira
- Hospital Militar de Maputo (HMM), Rua Samuel D. Khumbula Maputo, Maputo 592, Mozambique
| | - Idalécia Cossa-Moiane
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Institute of Tropical Medicine (ITM), 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esperança Guimarães
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Júlia Sambo
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diocreciano Matias Bero
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
| | - Assucênio Chissaque
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nilsa de Deus
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde (INS), EN1, Bairro da Vila-Parcela n° 3943, Distrito de Marracuene, Maputo 264, Mozambique
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, Av. Julius Nyerere–Campus Universitário, Maputo 257, Mozambique
| | - Maureen B. Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Zhang X, Chen C, Du Y, Yan D, Jiang D, Liu X, Yang M, Ding C, Lan L, Hecht R, Yang S. Global Burden and Trends of Norovirus-Associated Diseases From 1990 to 2019: An Observational Trend Study. Front Public Health 2022; 10:905172. [PMID: 35784210 PMCID: PMC9247406 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.905172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
IntroductionAs an important pathogen causing diarrheal diseases, the burden and change in the death rate of norovirus-associated diseases (NADs) globally are still unknown.MethodsBased on global disease burden data from 1990 to 2019, we analyzed the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of NADs by age, region, country, and Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) level. The discrete Poisson model was applied in the analysis of NADs' spatiotemporal aggregation, the Joinpoint regression model to analyze the trend of death burden of NADs over 30 years, and a generalized linear model to identify the risk factors for the death rate from NADs.ResultsThe ASDR of NADs significantly decreased by a factor of approximately 2.7 times, from 5.02 (95% CI: 1.1, 11.34) in 1990 to 1.86 (95% CI: 0.36, 4.16) in 2019 [average annual percent change (AAPC) = −3.43, 95% CI: −3.56, −3.29]. The death burden of NADs in 2019 was still highest in African regions despite a great decline in recent decades. However, the ASDR in high SDI countries presented an uptrend [0.12 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.26) in 1990 and 0.24 (95% CI: 0.03, 0.53) in 2019, AAPC = 2.52, 95% CI: 2.02–3.03], mainly observed in the elderly over 70 years old. Compared to children under 5 years old, the 2019 death rate of elderly individuals over 80 years old was much higher in high SDI countries. The generalized linear model showed that factors of the number of physicians (RR = 0.67), the proportions of children under 14 years old (RR = 1.21), elderly individuals over 65 years old (RR = 1.13), educational level (RR = 1.03) and urbanization proportion (RR = 1.01) influenced the ASDR of NADs.ConclusionsThe death burden of NADs has remained high in developing regions over the last three decades and has increased among the elderly in countries with high SDI levels, even though the global trend in NAD-associated deaths has decreased significantly in the past three decades. More effective public health policies against NADs need to be implemented in high SDI regions and for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxia Du
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Danying Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Daixi Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengya Yang
- Department of Big Data Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cheng Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Lan
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Robert Hecht
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Shigui Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Big Data Health Science, School of Public Health, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shigui Yang
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5
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Palit P, Das R, Haque MA, Hasan MM, Noor Z, Mahfuz M, Faruque ASG, Ahmed T. Risk Factors for Norovirus Infections and Their Association with Childhood Growth: Findings from a Multi-Country Birth Cohort Study. Viruses 2022; 14:v14030647. [PMID: 35337054 PMCID: PMC8954848 DOI: 10.3390/v14030647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of norovirus infections in different geographical locations and their attribution to childhood diarrhea is well established. However, there are no reports showing possible relationships of different norovirus genogroups with subsequent childhood malnutrition. In this study, we attempted to establish a potential association between asymptomatic norovirus infections with childhood growth faltering during. Non-diarrheal stools were collected from 1715 children enrolled in locations in a multi-county birth cohort study across eight different geographical locations and were assessed for norovirus genogroup I (GI) and norovirus genogroup II (GII). Asymptomatic norovirus GI infections were negatively associated with monthly length-for-age Z score/LAZ (β = -0.53, 95% CI: -0.73, -0.50) and weight-for-age Z score/WAZ (β = -0.39, 95% CI: -0.49, -0.28), respectively. The burden of asymptomatic norovirus GI infections was negatively associated with LAZ (β = -0.46, 95% CI: -0.67, -0.41) and WAZ (β = -0.66, 95% CI: -0.86, -0.53) at 2 years of age, whilst the burden of asymptomatic norovirus GII infections was negatively associated with WAZ (β = -0.27, 95% CI: -0.45, -0.25) at 2 years of age. Our findings warrant acceleration in attempts to develop vaccines against norovirus GI and norovirus GII, with the aim of minimizing the long-term sequelae on childhood growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parag Palit
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Rina Das
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Md. Ahshanul Haque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Md. Mehedi Hasan
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Zannatun Noor
- Emerging Infections and Parasitology Laboratory, Infectious Disease Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh;
| | - Mustafa Mahfuz
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Abu Syed Golam Faruque
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
| | - Tahmeed Ahmed
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka 1212, Bangladesh; (P.P.); (R.D.); (M.M.H.); (M.M.); (A.S.G.F.); (T.A.)
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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6
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Ogunsakin RE, Ebenezer O, Ginindza TG. A Bibliometric Analysis of the Literature on Norovirus Disease from 1991-2021. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052508. [PMID: 35270203 PMCID: PMC8909411 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the oldest recognized diseases and the leading causal pathogen for acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide. Though numerous studies have been reported on NoV disease, limited research has explored the publication trends in this area. As a result, the objective of this work was to fill the void by conducting a bibliometric study in publication trends on NoV studies as well as discovering the hotspots. The Web of Science central assemblage database was hunted for publications from 1991 to 2021 with “norovirus” in the heading. Microsoft Excel 2016, VOSviewer, R Bibliometrix, and Biblioshiny packages were deployed for the statistical analysis of published research articles. A total of 6021 published documents were identified in the Web of Science database for this thirty-year study period (1991–2021). The analyses disclosed that the Journal of Medical Virology was the leading journal in publications on norovirus studies with a total of 215 published articles, the Journal of Virology was the most cited document with 11,185 total citations. The United States of America (USA) has the most significant productivity in norovirus publications and is the leading country with the highest international collaboration. Analysis of top germane authors discovered that X. Jiang (135) and J. Vinje (119) were the two top relevant authors of norovirus publications. The commonly recognized funders were US and EU-based, with the US emerging as a top funder. This study reveals trends in scientific findings and academic collaborations and serves as a leading-edge model to reveal trends in global research in the field of norovirus research. This study points out the progress status and trends on NoV research. It can help researchers in the medical profession obtain a comprehensive understanding of the state of the art of NoV. It also has reference values for the research and application of the NoV visualization methods. Further, the research map on AGE obtained by our analysis is expected to help researchers efficiently and effectively explore the NoV field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ropo E. Ogunsakin
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Correspondence:
| | - Oluwakemi Ebenezer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, Durban 4000, South Africa;
| | - Themba G. Ginindza
- Discipline of Public Health Medicine, School of Nursing & Public Health, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa;
- Cancer & Infectious Diseases Epidemiology Research Unit (CIDERU), College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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7
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Interaction between norovirus and Histo-Blood Group Antigens: A key to understanding virus transmission and inactivation through treatments? Food Microbiol 2020; 92:103594. [PMID: 32950136 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2020.103594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Human noroviruses (HuNoVs) are a main cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. They are frequently involved in foodborne and waterborne outbreaks. Environmental transmission of the virus depends on two main factors: the ability of viral particles to remain infectious and their adhesion capacity onto different surfaces. Until recently, adhesion of viral particles to food matrices was mainly investigated by considering non-specific interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic) and there was only limited information about infectious HuNoVs because of the absence of a reliable in vitro HuNoV cultivation system. Many HuNoV strains have now been described as having specific binding interactions with human Histo-Blood Group Antigens (HBGAs) and non-HBGA ligands found in food and the environment. Relevant approaches to the in vitro replication of HuNoVs were also proposed recently. On the basis of the available literature data, this review discusses the opportunities to use this new knowledge to obtain a better understanding of HuNoV transmission to human populations and better evaluate the hazard posed by HuNoVs in foodstuffs and the environment.
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8
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Fardah Athiyyah A, Shigemura K, Kitagawa K, Agustina N, Darma A, Ranuh R, Raharjo D, Shirakawa T, Fujisawa M, Marto Sudarmo S. Clinical manifestation of norovirus infection in children aged less than five years old admitted with acute diarrhea in Surabaya, Indonesia: a cross-sectional study. F1000Res 2019; 8:2130. [PMID: 32201573 PMCID: PMC7065660 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21069.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the clinical manifestation of norovirus infection between norovirus genogroup and severity of acute diarrhea in pediatric patients at the Dr. Soetomo Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 31 participants aged 1-60 months admitted to the hospital with acute diarrhea from April 2012 to March 2013. Norovirus genogroups (GI and II) were identified from patient stool using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Severity was measured using the Ruuska and Vesikari scoring system. Results: In total, 94 stool samples were obtained, of which 31 (19%) were norovirus positive. Norovirus GI was found in one sample with mild diarrhea. Norovirus GII was found in 30 samples (96.8%); one sample with mild diarrhea (3.3%), 20 samples with moderate diarrhea (66.7%), and nine samples with severe diarrhea (30%). Conclusion: Norovirus GII was the most prevalent cause of acute diarrhea and 30% of the cases manifested as severe diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpha Fardah Athiyyah
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Moestopo Street 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.,Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Kobe University Hospital, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Koichi Kitagawa
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Nazara Agustina
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Moestopo Street 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.,Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Andy Darma
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Moestopo Street 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.,Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Reza Ranuh
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Moestopo Street 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.,Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Dadik Raharjo
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.,Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
| | - Toshiro Shirakawa
- Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia.,Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of International Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Science, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka Suma-ku, Kobe, 654-0142, Japan.,Department of Advanced Medical Science, Kobe University Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.,Center for Infectious Diseases, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Masato Fujisawa
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-1 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan
| | - Subijanto Marto Sudarmo
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Moestopo Street 6-8, Surabaya, 60286, Indonesia.,Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease, Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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9
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High genetic diversity of noroviruses in children from a community-based study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2014-2018. Arch Virol 2019; 164:1427-1432. [PMID: 30859473 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report on the occurrence and diversity of noroviruses in children (younger than 5 years old of age) from a low-income urban area in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sixty-one stool specimens collected from children between 1 and 4 years old with acute diarrhoeic episodes (ADE) and non-ADE were investigated. RT-qPCR and sequencing of PCR products after conventional RT-PCR analysis were performed. Noroviruses were detected in 29 (47.5%) samples: 21 (46.7%) from cases with ADE and 8 (50%) from non-ADE cases. Molecular characterization showed 10 different genotypes circulating in this community between November 2014 and April 2018.
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10
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Molina CV, Heinemann MB, Kierulff C, Pissinatti A, da Silva TF, de Freitas DG, de Souza GO, Miotto BA, Cortez A, Semensato BDP, Moreno LZ, Catão-Dias JL, Bueno MG. Leptospira spp., rotavirus, norovirus, and hepatitis E virus surveillance in a wild invasive golden-headed lion tamarin (Leontopithecus chrysomelas; Kuhl, 1820) population from an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Am J Primatol 2019; 81:e22961. [PMID: 30828830 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The world currently faces severe biodiversity losses caused by anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, pollution, the introduction of exotic species, habitat fragmentation, and climate changes. Disease ecology in altered environments is still poorly understood. The golden-headed lion tamarin (GHLT, Leontopithecus chrysomelas) is an endangered species that became invasive in an urban park in Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The initially few invasive GHLT individuals became hundreds, adapted to living in proximity to humans and domestic animals. These GHLTs were captured as part of a conservation project; some animals were translocated to Bahia and some were kept in captivity. This study tested 593 GHLT for Leptospira serology; 100 and 95 GHLT for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) toLeptospira and hepatitis E virus genotype 3 (HEV-3), respectively, and 101 familiar groups for PCR to viruses (rotavirus A, norovirus GI and GII, and HEV-3). One animal had antibodies for Leptospira serovar Shermani and another for serovar Hebdomadis. One saprophyticLeptospira was found by the 16S PCR and sequencing. Viruses were not detected in samples tested. Findings suggest that the epidemiological importance of such pathogens in this GHLT population is either low or nonexistent. These data are important to understand the local disease ecology, as well as monitoring a translocation project, and to contribute data for species conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila V Molina
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil.,Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcos B Heinemann
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Kierulff
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo (UFES), São Mateus, ES, Brazil
| | - Alcides Pissinatti
- Centro de Primatologia do Rio de Janeiro (CPRJ), Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA), Guapimirim, RJ, Brazil.,Centro Universitário Serra dos Órgãos, Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tiago F da Silva
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Danilo G de Freitas
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gisele O de Souza
- Laboratório de Zoonoses Bacterianas, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno A Miotto
- Departamento de Clínica Médica (VCM), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Cortez
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Santo Amaro (UNISA), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luisa Z Moreno
- Laboratório de Sanidade Suína, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal (VPS), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José L Catão-Dias
- Laboratório de Patologia Comparada de Animais Selvagens (LAPCOM), Departamento de Patologia (VPT), Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia (FMVZ), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marina G Bueno
- Instituto Pri-Matas para a Conservação da Biodiversidade, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Presidência, Plataforma Institucional Biodiversidade e Saúde Silvestre, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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11
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Genetic Diversity of Norovirus Infections, Coinfections, and Undernutrition in Children From Brazilian Semiarid Region. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2018; 67:e117-e122. [PMID: 29985875 DOI: 10.1097/mpg.0000000000002085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Norovirus (NoV) infections are known to have high-morbidity and mortality rates and are a major health problem globally. The impact of NoV on child development is, however, poorly understood. We evaluated the distribution of NoV genotypes in children from a low-income Brazilian semiarid region, in relation with their clinical symptoms, nutritional status, and co-pathogens. METHODS The test population included children aged 2 to 36 months from 6 cities of the Brazilian semiarid region. Fecal samples were collected from each child, along with the information regarding their socioeconomic/clinical conditions using a standardized questionnaire. Detection and quantification of NoV were performed by reverse-transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, followed by molecular and phylogenetic analyses. RESULTS The NoV detection rate was 45.2%. Presence of NoV was associated with lower z scores for weight-for-age (P = 0.03), weight-for-height (P = 0.03), and body mass index-for-age (P = 0.03). NoV infection was associated with more frequent respiratory illnesses (P < 0.01). GII.P7 (polymerase) and GII.3 (capsid) were the most frequent NoV genotypes. Analysis of the open reading frame (ORF)1-2 junction identified recombinant NoV strains in 80% of the sequenced samples. Enteroaggregative Escherichia coli coinfection was the major predictor for diarrhea in NoV-positive samples (P < 0.02). Moreover, Shigella spp was also associated with NoV-positive diagnosis (P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the genetic variability of NoV and, associated co-infections and undernutrition in infants from low-income Brazilian semiarid region.
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Hakim MS, Nirwati H, Aman AT, Soenarto Y, Pan Q. Significance of continuous rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia. World J Pediatr 2018; 14:4-12. [PMID: 29446040 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-018-0122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diarrhea significantly contributes to the global burden of diseases, particularly in developing countries. Rotavirus and norovirus are the most dominant viral agents responsible for diarrheal disease globally. The aim of this review was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of rotavirus and norovirus study in Indonesia. DATA SOURCES Articles about rotavirus and norovirus surveillance in Indonesia were collected from databases, including PubMed and Google Scholar. Manual searching was performed to identify additional studies. Furthermore, relevant articles about norovirus diseases were included. RESULTS A national surveillance of rotavirus-associated gastroenteritis has been conducted for years, resulting in substantial evidence about the high burden of the diseases in Indonesia. In contrast, norovirus infection received relatively lower attention and very limited data are available about the incidence and circulating genotypes. Norovirus causes sporadic and epidemic gastroenteritis globally. It is also emerging as a health problem in immunocompromised individuals. During post-rotavirus vaccination era, norovirus potentially emerges as the most frequent cause of diarrheal diseases. CONCLUSIONS Our review identifies knowledge gaps in Indonesia about the burden of norovirus diseases and the circulating genotypes. Therefore, there is a pressing need to conduct national surveillance to raise awareness of the community and national health authority about the actual burden of norovirus disease in Indonesia. Continuing rotavirus surveillance is also important to assess vaccine effectiveness and to continue tracking any substantial changes of circulating rotavirus genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Saifudin Hakim
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia.
| | - Hera Nirwati
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Abu Tholib Aman
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yati Soenarto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Room Na-1001, 's-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Costa STPD, Fumian TM, Lima ICGD, Siqueira JAM, Silva LDD, Hernández JDM, Lucena MSSD, Reymão TKA, Soares LDS, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. High prevalence of norovirus in children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis in Manaus, Amazon Region, northern Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2017; 112:391-395. [PMID: 28591398 PMCID: PMC5446227 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760160357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) worldwide, especially in children under five years. Studies involving the detection and molecular characterisation of NoV have been performed in Brazil, demonstrating its importance as an etiological agent of AGE. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate the frequency of human NoV and to genotype the strains isolated from 0-14-year-old patients of AGE in Manaus, Brazil, over a period of two years. METHODS A total of 426 faecal samples were collected between January 2010 and December 2011. All samples were tested for the presence of NoV antigens using a commercial enzyme immunoassay kit. RNA was extracted from all faecal suspensions and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) for the NoV-polymerase partial region was performed as a trial test. Positive samples were then subjected to PCR with specific primers for partial capsid genes, which were then sequenced. FINDINGS NoV was detected in 150 (35.2%) faecal samples, for at least one of the two techniques used. NoV was detected in children from all age groups, with the highest positivity observed among the group of 1-2 years old. Clinically, fever was verified in 43% of the positive cases and 46.3% of the negative cases, and vomiting was observed in 75.8% and 70.8% cases in these groups, respectively. Monthly distribution showed that the highest positivity was observed in January 2010 (81.2%), followed by February and April 2010 and March 2011, when the positivity rate reached almost 50%. Phylogenetic analyses performed with 65 positive strains demonstrated that 58 (89.2%) cases of NoV belonged to genotype GII.4, five (7.7%) to GII.6, and one (1.5%) each to GII.7 and GII.3. MAIN CONCLUSIONS This research revealed a high circulation of NoV GII.4 in Manaus and contributed to the understanding of the importance of this virus in the aetiology of AGE cases, especially in a region with such few studies available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ian Carlos Gomes de Lima
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
| | | | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Seção de Virologia, Ananindeua, PA, Brasil
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14
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Kabue JP, Meader E, Hunter PR, Potgieter N. Genetic characterisation of Norovirus strains in outpatient children from rural communities of Vhembe district/South Africa, 2014-2015. J Clin Virol 2017; 94:100-106. [PMID: 28783578 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus (NoV) is now the most common cause of both outbreaks and sporadic non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. However, data supporting the role of NoV in diarrheal disease are limited in the African continent. OBJECTIVES This study investigates the distribution of NoV genotypes circulating in outpatient children from rural communities of Vhembe district/South Africa. STUDY DESIGN Stool specimens were collected from children under five years of age with diarrhea, and controls without diarrhea, between July 2014 and April 2015. NoV-positive samples, detected previously by Realtime PCR, were analysed using conventional RT-PCR targeting the partial capsid and polymerase genes. Nucleotide sequencing methods were performed to genotype the strains. RESULTS The sequence analyses demonstrated multiple NoV genotypes including GI.4 (13.8%), GI.5 (6.9%), GII.14 (6.9%), GII.4 (31%), GII.6 (3.4%), GII.P15 (3.4%), GII.P21 (3.4%) and GII.Pe (31%). The most prevalent NoV genotypes were GII.4 Sydney 2012 variants (n=7) among the capsid genotypes, GII.Pe (n=9) among the polymerase genotypes and GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012 (n=8) putative recombinants among the RdRp/Capsid genotypes. Two unassigned GII.4 variants were found. CONCLUSIONS The findings highlighted NoV genetic diversity and revealed continuous pandemic spread and predominance of GII.Pe/GII.4 Sydney 2012, indicative of increased NoV activity. An unusual RdRp genotype GII.P15 and two unassigned GII.4 variants were also identified from rural settings of the Vhembe district/South Africa. NoV surveillance is warranted to help to inform investigations into NoV evolution and disease burden, and to support on-going vaccine development programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa.
| | - Emma Meader
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa; Dean, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, South Africa
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15
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Werneck LMC, Vieira CB, Fumian TM, Caetano TB, Emílio Dos Santos J, Ferreira FC, Pimenta MM, Miagostovich MP. Dissemination of gastroenteric viruses in the production of lettuce in developing countries: a public health concern. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2017; 364:3746134. [PMID: 28444305 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnx085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Investigation of major viruses responsible for acute viral gastroenteritis, such as norovirus (NoV), rotavirus species A (RVA) and human adenovirus (HAdV), was conducted in the mountainous region of the state of Rio de Janeiro in a lettuce-producing area. Irrigation water and lettuce samples were collected at different production stages. Viruses were concentrated using an adsorption-elution method and detected by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). We detected HAdV in all collection points, although no virus infectivity was shown. The RVA was the most prevalent virus from both water (16.7% [10/60]) and lettuce samples (11.1% [4/36]), with loads ranging from 2.97 × 102 to 6.88 × 103 genomic copies per litre (gc L-1) and 6.24 × 102 to 1.30 × 104 gc per 25 g, respectively. NoV was detected in 8.33% [8/96] in water and lettuce samples, with concentrations ranging from 7.29 × 101 to 1.92 × 103 gc L-1 and from 4.29 × 101 to 2.98 × 103 gc 25 g-1, respectively. Escherichia coli values also demonstrated poor quality of the irrigation and washing water. The presence of at least two different virus strains in all sites reveals the need to improve basic sanitation measures in order to increase food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia M C Werneck
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carmen B Vieira
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Tulio M Fumian
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (IOC), Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Thalles Borges Caetano
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jarbas Emílio Dos Santos
- National Institute of Quality Control in Health (INCQS), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), 4365 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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16
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Santos VS, Gurgel RQ, Cavalcante SM, Kirby A, Café LP, Souto MJ, Dolabella SS, de Assis MR, Fumian TM, Miagostovich MP, Cunliffe NA, Cuevas LE. Acute norovirus gastroenteritis in children in a highly rotavirus-vaccinated population in Northeast Brazil. J Clin Virol 2017; 88:33-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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17
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Teixeira DM, Spada PKDP, Morais LLCDS, Fumian TM, Lima ICGD, Oliveira DDS, Bandeira RDS, Gurjão TCM, Sousa MSD, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. Norovirus genogroups I and II in environmental water samples from Belém city, Northern Brazil. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2017; 15:163-174. [PMID: 28151449 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2016.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the presence of norovirus (NoV) GI and GII in environmental samples from the northern region of Brazil. Water samples were collected monthly (November 2008/October 2010) from different sources and sewage and concentrated by the adsorption-elution method. The NoV investigation used molecular methods followed by sequencing reactions. The general positivity for NoV was 33.9% (57/168). Considering the results obtained only in the semi-nested RT-PCR (reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and only in the TaqMan® real-time PCR, the rates were 26.8% (45/168) and 27.4% (46/168), respectively, being for NoV GI 22.2% (10/45) and 19.6% (9/46); for GII 17.8% (8/45) and 15.2% (7/46); and for GI + GII 60% (27/45) and 65.2% (30/46), respectively. Different GI (GI.1, GI.4, GI.7 and GI.8) and GII (GII.4, GII.6, GII.9, GII.12 and GII.14) genotypes were detected. These results demonstrated the NoV was disseminated in the waters of Belém city due to a lack of sanitation that allowed the discharge of contaminated effluents into these aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dielle Monteiro Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Tropical Diseases, Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para State, Av. Generalissimo Deodoro, 92, Umarizal, Belém, Para, Brazil E-mail: ; Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Paula Katharine de Pontes Spada
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Lena Líllian Canto de Sá Morais
- Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Tulio Machado Fumian
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation-FIOCRUZ, Avenida Brasil, 4365-Manguinhos 21040-360, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ian Carlos Gomes de Lima
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Darleise de Souza Oliveira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Renato da Silva Bandeira
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Tereza Cristina Monteiro Gurjão
- Environment Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | - Maísa Silva de Sousa
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal University of Para State, Av. Generalissimo Deodoro, 92, Umarizal, Belém, Para, Brazil
| | - Joana D'Arc Pereira Mascarenhas
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Health Surveillance Secretariat, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Br. 316 Km 07 S/N, Levilandia, Ananindeua, PA CEP 67030-000, Brazil
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18
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Dábilla N, Nunes Vieira Almeida T, Carvalho Rebouças Oliveira A, Kipnis A, Neres Silva T, Souza Fiaccadori F, Teixeira de Sousa T, de Paula Cardoso DDD, Souza M. Norovirus in feces and nasopharyngeal swab of children with and without acute gastroenteritis symptoms: First report of GI.5 in Brazil and GI.3 in nasopharyngeal swab. J Clin Virol 2017; 87:60-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Kabue JP, Meader E, Hunter PR, Potgieter N. Norovirus prevalence and estimated viral load in symptomatic and asymptomatic children from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa. J Clin Virol 2016; 84:12-18. [PMID: 27644014 PMCID: PMC5099155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
NoV detection rates in cases and controls from children in Rural South Africa were not significantly different. Estimated GII viral load significantly higher in symptomatic than in asymptomatic children. First report on the difference between cases and controls with NoV in rural African population related to the viral load of NoV genogroups.
Background Human Norovirus (NoV) is recognized as a major etiological agent of sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Objectives This study describes the clinical features associated with Human NoV occurrence in children and determines the prevalence and estimated viral burden of NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children in rural South Africa. Study design Between July 2014 and April 2015, outpatient children under 5 years of age from rural communities of Vhembe district, South Africa, were enrolled for the study. A total of 303 stool specimens were collected from those with diarrhea (n = 253) and without (n = 50) diarrhea. NoVs were identified using real-time one-step RT-PCR. Results One hundred and four (41.1%) NoVs were detected (62[59.6%] GII, 16[15.4%] GI, and 26[25%] mixed GI/GII) in cases and 18 (36%) including 9(50%) GII, 2(11.1%) GI and 7(38.9%) mixed GI/GII in controls. NoV detection rates in symptomatic and asymptomatic children (OR = 1.24; 95% CI 0.66–2.33) were not significantly different. Comparison of the median CT values for NoV in symptomatic and asymptomatic children revealed significant statistical difference of estimated GII viral load from both groups, with a much higher viral burden in symptomatic children. Conclusions Though not proven predictive of diarrhea disease in this study, the high detection rate of NoV reflects the substantial exposure of children from rural communities to enteric pathogens possibly due to poor sanitation and hygiene practices. The results suggest that the difference between asymptomatic and symptomatic children with NoV may be at the level of the viral load of NoV genogroups involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa.
| | - Emma Meader
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA, South Africa
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa; Dean, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA, South Africa
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da Silva Poló T, Peiró JR, Mendes LCN, Ludwig LF, de Oliveira-Filho EF, Bucardo F, Huynen P, Melin P, Thiry E, Mauroy A. Human norovirus infection in Latin America. J Clin Virol 2016; 78:111-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Hernandez JDM, Silva LDD, Sousa EC, Lucena MSSD, Soares LDS, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. Analysis of uncommon norovirus recombinants from Manaus, Amazon region, Brazil: GII.P22/GII.5, GII.P7/GII.6 and GII.Pg/GII.1. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:365-371. [PMID: 26861619 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is responsible for outbreaks and sporadic cases of nonbacterial acute gastroenteritis in humans worldwide. The virus consists of small round particles containing a single-stranded RNA genome that is divided into three Open Reading Frames. NoV evolves via mechanisms of antigenic drift and recombination, which lead to the emergence of new strains that are capable of causing global epidemics. Recombination usually occurs in the ORF1/ORF2 overlapping region and generates strains with different genotypes in the polymerase and capsid region. The primary objective of this study was to analyze recombination in positive-NoV samples. Specimens were collected during 2011, 2012 and 2014, from children under two years of age presenting gastrointestinal symptoms such as vomiting and diarrhea. The partial polymerase (B region), capsid (D region) genes and the ORF1-ORF2 overlap regions were sequenced in each sample. The recombinant analyses were performed in the Simplot software v.3.5.1 and RDP4 Beta v. 4.6 program. These analyses showed that GII.Pg/GII.1, GII.P7/GII.6, and GII.P22/GII.5 were recombinant strains. To our knowledge, this is the first time that the GII.P22/GII.5 and GII.Pg/GII.1 strains were described in South America and the GII.P7/GII.6 was detected in Northern of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana das Merces Hernandez
- Postgraduate Program in Virology, Evandro Chagas Institute, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Luciana Damascena da Silva
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Edivaldo Costa Sousa
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Maria Silvia Souza de Lucena
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil
| | - Luana da Silva Soares
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Joana D'Arc Pereira Mascarenhas
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Yvone Benchimol Gabbay
- Virology Section, Evandro Chagas Institute, Brazilian Ministry of Health, Rodovia BR-316, Km 7 s/n, Levilândia, 67030-000 Ananindeua, Pará, Brazil.
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22
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McAtee CL, Webman R, Gilman RH, Mejia C, Bern C, Apaza S, Espetia S, Pajuelo M, Saito M, Challappa R, Soria R, Ribera JP, Lozano D, Torrico F. Burden of Norovirus and Rotavirus in Children After Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction, Cochabamba, Bolivia. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2015; 94:212-7. [PMID: 26598569 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The effectiveness of rotavirus vaccine in the field may set the stage for a changing landscape of diarrheal illness affecting children worldwide. Norovirus and rotavirus are the two major viral enteropathogens of childhood. This study describes the prevalence of norovirus and rotavirus 2 years after widespread rotavirus vaccination in Cochabamba, Bolivia. Stool samples from hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) and outpatients aged 5-24 months without AGE were recruited from an urban hospital serving Bolivia's third largest city. Both viruses were genotyped, and norovirus GII.4 was further sequenced. Norovirus was found much more frequently than rotavirus. Norovirus was detected in 69/201 (34.3%) of specimens from children with AGE and 13/71 (18.3%) of those without diarrhea. Rotavirus was detected in 38/201 (18.9%) of diarrheal specimens and 3/71 (4.2%) of non-diarrheal specimens. Norovirus GII was identified in 97.8% of norovirus-positive samples; GII.4 was the most common genotype (71.4% of typed specimens). Rotavirus G3P[8] was the most prevalent rotavirus genotype (44.0% of typed specimens) and G2P[4] was second most prevalent (16.0% of typed specimens). This community is likely part of a trend toward norovirus predominance over rotavirus in children after widespread vaccination against rotavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey L McAtee
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Rachel Webman
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Robert H Gilman
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Carolina Mejia
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Caryn Bern
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Sonia Apaza
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Susan Espetia
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Mónica Pajuelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Roxanna Challappa
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Richard Soria
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Jose P Ribera
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
| | - Faustino Torrico
- Department of Pediatrics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana; Department of Surgery, New York University, New York; Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru; CEADES Salud y Medio Ambiente, Cochabamba, Bolivia; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francico, California; Hospital Albina R. de Patiño, Cochabamba, Bolivia
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Kabue JP, Meader E, Hunter PR, Potgieter N. Human Norovirus prevalence in Africa: a review of studies from 1990 to 2013. Trop Med Int Health 2015; 21:2-17. [PMID: 26436862 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the contribution of Human Norovirus to diarrhoeal diseases in Africa. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the PubMed and EMBASE databases for published articles of Human Norovirus in Africa between 1990 and 2013. Data were extracted from selected studies and analysed. RESULTS A total of 208 eligible studies were identified, of which 55 (from 19 countries) met the inclusion criteria. Many cases were of sporadic gastroenteritis (70.9%) in children (82%), 65.4% of which were seen in an outpatient setting. Over half (59.4%) of the affected children were under 5 years of age. The pooled prevalence rate of Human NoV was 11% (95% CI 8-14%), and the meta-analysis indicated significant heterogeneity between the studies. However, the conditional negative binomial regression could not clearly find the factors affecting the Human NoV prevalence rates reported. A close relationship was found between Human Norovirus strains from environmental and clinical samples. CONCLUSION Unreported sporadic gastroenteritis cases of Human Norovirus are common in Africa. Most are community-associated infections. Possible environmental transmission routes have been documented. Combined environmental and clinical studies are required for targeted actions to control transmission of Human Norovirus in Africa. Systematic surveillance of Human Norovirus is needed to measure the burden of Norovirus-induced gastroenteritis in Africa and support any requirements for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Pierre Kabue
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
| | - Emma Meader
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Paul R Hunter
- School of Medicine, Health Policy and Practice, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK.,Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria, RSA
| | - Natasha Potgieter
- Department of Microbiology, School of Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Venda, Thohoyandou, RSA
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Ballard SB, Reaves EJ, Luna CG, Silva ME, Rocha C, Heitzinger K, Saito M, Apaza S, Espetia S, Blazes DL, Tilley DH, Guzmán Aguilar RC, Gilman RH, Bausch DG. Epidemiology and Genetic Characterization of Noroviruses among Adults in an Endemic Setting, Peruvian Amazon Basin, 2004-2011. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0131646. [PMID: 26161556 PMCID: PMC4498765 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Successful vaccination strategies against norovirus will require understanding the burden of disease and relevant genotypes in populations. However, few data are available from cohort studies of adults living in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Materials and Methods We conducted a nested case-control study within a Peruvian military cohort to characterize the burden of norovirus infection, predominant genotypes, and associated symptoms from 2004 through 2011. Randomly selected case and control stools were tested for norovirus, bacteria, and parasites. The odds ratio of the association between norovirus infection and diarrhea was estimated using multiple logistic regression and co-infection adjusted attributable fractions were calculated. Results Of the 3,818 cohort study participants, 624 developed diarrhea. Overall and norovirus-associated diarrhea incidence rates were 42.3 and 6.0 per 100 person-years, respectively. The most prevalent norovirus genogroup was GII (72.5%, 29/40), which was associated with diarrhea (AOR 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3–8.7, P = 0.012). The co-infection adjusted GII attributable fraction was 6.4%. Discussion Norovirus was a frequent cause of diarrhea in an adult population followed longitudinally in an LMIC setting. Vaccine strategies should consider targeting adults in endemic settings and special populations that could serve as community transmission sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah-Blythe Ballard
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
- * E-mail:
| | - Erik J. Reaves
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - C. Giannina Luna
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Maria E. Silva
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Claudio Rocha
- Bacteriology Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | - Kristen Heitzinger
- Bacteriology Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Mayuko Saito
- Department of Virology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollamiento, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Sonia Apaza
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollamiento, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Susan Espetia
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollamiento, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - David L. Blazes
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biometrics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Drake H. Tilley
- Bacteriology Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
| | | | - Robert H. Gilman
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Asociación Benéfica PRISMA, Lima, Peru
| | - Daniel G. Bausch
- Emerging Infectious Diseases Department, United States Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima, Peru
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
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Zhirakovskaia EV, Tikunov AY, Bodnev SA, Klemesheva VV, Netesov SV, Tikunova NV. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with sporadic gastroenteritis in children in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2003-2012. J Med Virol 2015; 87:740-53. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena V. Zhirakovskaia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Artem Yu Tikunov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Sergey A. Bodnev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology VECTOR; Novosibirsk Region; Koltsovo Russia
| | | | | | - Nina V. Tikunova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine; Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences; Novosibirsk Russia
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Kiulia NM, Mans J, Mwenda JM, Taylor MB. Norovirus GII.17 Predominates in Selected Surface Water Sources in Kenya. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2014; 6:221-31. [PMID: 25059212 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-014-9160-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the prevalence and genotypes of noroviruses (NoVs) in selected water sources from rural, urban and refugee settings in Kenya were investigated. Ten litres each of river, household and borehole water was collected in rural (Mboone River), urban (Nairobi and Mutoine River) and refugee (Dadaab refugee camp) settings. NoVs were recovered from the water samples by a glass wool adsorption-elution technique and/or PEG/NaCl precipitation. Nucleic acid was extracted using the automated MagNA Pure platform. NoVs were detected with singleplex real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays and characterised by nucleotide sequence analysis. NoVs were detected in 63% (25/40) of the selected water samples comprising GII (42.5%), GI (2.5%) and mixed GI/GII (17.5%) positive samples. The prevalence of NoVs in the Mutoine River (urban area) was higher than in the Mboone River (rural area) (P = 0.0013). Noroviruses GI.1, GI.3, GI.9, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12, GII.16 and GII.17 were identified, with GII.17 accounting for 76% (16/21) of the typed strains. The NoV GII.17 predominance differs to other studies in Africa and further surveillance of NoVs in clinical and environmental settings is required to clarify/elucidate this observation. As information regarding NoVs in Kenyan water sources is limited this report provides valuable new data on NoV genotypes circulating in environmental water sources and the surrounding communities in Kenya.
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Affiliation(s)
- N M Kiulia
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya.
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa.
| | - J Mans
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
| | - J M Mwenda
- Enteric Viruses Research Group, Institute of Primate Research, P.O Box 24481, Karen, Nairobi, 00502, Kenya
| | - M B Taylor
- Department of Medical Virology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, 0007, South Africa
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van Alphen LB, Dorléans F, Schultz AC, Fonager J, Ethelberg S, Dalgaard C, Adelhardt M, Engberg JH, Fischer TK, Lassen SG. The application of new molecular methods in the investigation of a waterborne outbreak of norovirus in Denmark, 2012. PLoS One 2014; 9:e105053. [PMID: 25222495 PMCID: PMC4164364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0105053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In December 2012, an outbreak of acute gastrointestinal illness occurred in a geographical distinct area in Denmark covering 368 households. A combined microbiological, epidemiological and environmental investigation was initiated to understand the outbreak magnitude, pathogen(s) and vehicle in order to control the outbreak. Norovirus GII.4 New Orleans 2009 variant was detected in 15 of 17 individual stool samples from 14 households. Norovirus genomic material from water samples was detected and quantified and sequencing of longer parts of the viral capsid region (>1000 nt) were applied to patient and water samples. All five purposely selected water samples tested positive for norovirus GII in levels up to 1.8×104 genomic units per 200 ml. Identical norovirus sequences were found in all 5 sequenced stool samples and 1 sequenced water sample, a second sequenced water sample showed 1 nt (<0.1%) difference. In a cohort study, including 256 participants, cases were defined as residents of the area experiencing diarrhoea or vomiting onset on 12–14 December 2012. We found an attack rate of 51%. Being a case was associated with drinking tap-water on 12–13 December (relative risk = 6.0, 95%CI: 1.6–22) and a dose-response relation for the mean glasses of tap-water consumed was observed. Environmental investigations suggested contamination from a sewage pipe to the drinking water due to fall in pressure during water supply system renovations. The combined microbiological, epidemiological and environmental investigations strongly indicates the outbreak was caused by norovirus contamination of the water supply system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieke B. van Alphen
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- European Programme of Public Health Microbiology (EUPHEM), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Frédérique Dorléans
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- European Programme for Intervention Epidemiology Training (EPIET), European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Charlotte Schultz
- National Food Institute, Division of Food Microbiology, Danish Technical University (DTU), Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steen Ethelberg
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Camilla Dalgaard
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marianne Adelhardt
- Danish Health and Medicines Authority, Public Health Medical Officers East, Denmark
| | | | - Thea Kølsen Fischer
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Noroviruses associated with outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2004-2011. J Clin Virol 2014; 61:345-52. [PMID: 25223919 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis norovirus (NoV) in a country of continental dimensions like Brazil has resulted in under-reporting of the number of outbreaks, as well as the genotypes associated. OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the role of NoV in outbreaks occurring in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, we determined its prevalence, as well as the genotypes associated, and evaluated clinical and epidemiological aspects. STUDY DESIGN NoV investigation was carried out in rotavirus group A negative stool samples from 2265 patients from 741 outbreaks that occurred in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, during a period of eight years (2004-2011). NoV detection and nucleotide sequencing for genotype characterization was carried by using sets of primers targeting a conservative Rd-Rp polymerase genome region and the viral capsid gene, respectively. RESULTS NoVs were detected in 817 stool samples (36.1%) and associated with 327 outbreaks (44.1%). NoV GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.6, GII.12, GII.13, GII.14, GII.15, GII.17, GII.21; and GI.1 and GI.3 were characterized. GII.4 was the most frequently detected (72.3%), with five variants identified (Asia_2003, Hunter_2004, Yerseke_2006a, Den_Haag_2006b, New Orleans_2009). This study describes the first detection of GI.1 and GII.13 and GII.15 in Brazil and demonstrates NoV winter-spring seasonality in this region of the country. CONCLUSIONS NoVs were responsible for almost 50% of outbreaks, with about 70% of them resulting from genotype GII.4 and its variants. The seasonality observed could help health authorities to establish a system of active surveillance in order to reduce NoV impact especially in congregate settings.
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Victoria M, Fumian TM, Rocha MS, Dalmao F, Leite JPG, Girones R, Miagostovich MP. Gastroenteric virus dissemination and influence of rainfall events in urban beaches in Brazil. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 117:1210-8. [PMID: 24980661 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS This study was conducted to assess rotavirus A (RV-A), genogroup II (GII) norovirus (NoV), and human adenovirus (HAdV) dissemination in recreational water in an urban beach located in the city of Rio de Janeiro and their persistence during rainfall events. METHODS AND RESULTS Viruses, including bacteriophage (PP7), used as internal control, were concentrated, reverse transcribed and quantified by a low-cost method based on organic flocculation with skimmed milk coupled with quantitative polymerase chain reaction protocols. The analysis of 74 superficial water samples obtained during 6 months of monitoring detected HAdV (66%), RV-A (37%) and GII NoV (14%), with a mean viral load of 4·1 log10 genome copies l(-1) (g.c. l(-1) ), 4·3 log10 g.c l(-1) and 3·8 log10 g.c. l(-1) , respectively. Investigation of those viruses during two rainfall events showed a longer permanence after rainfall events compared with bacterial indicators. CONCLUSIONS The results highlight the need for further monitoring using viral parameters to determine the microbiological quality of recreational waters to allow bath in these waters, especially during rainy events. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides data on virus contamination in recreational waters on tourist beaches frequented throughout the year, emphasizing the importance of viral parameters for assessing microbiological quality of water, as well as the potential risk of waterborne infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Victoria
- Laboratory of Comparative and Environmental Virology, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Regional Norte, Universidad de la República, Salto, Uruguay
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Temporal dynamics of norovirus GII.4 variants in Brazil between 2004 and 2012. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92988. [PMID: 24667283 PMCID: PMC3965504 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are the major cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks, and, despite a wide genetic diversity, genotype II.4 is the most prevalent strain worldwide. Mutations and homologous recombination have been proposed as mechanisms driving the epochal evolution of the GII.4, with the emergence of new variants in 1–3-year intervals causing global epidemics. There are no data reporting the dynamics of GII.4 variants along a specific period in Brazil. Therefore, to improve the understanding of the comportment of these variants in the country, the aim of this study was to evaluate the circulation of NoV GII.4 variants during a 9-year period in 3 out of 5 Brazilian regions. A total of 147 samples were sequenced, and a phylogenetic analysis of subdomain P2 demonstrated the circulation of six GII.4 variants, Asia_2003, Hunter_2004, Den Haag_2006b, Yerseke_2006a, New Orleans_2009, and Sydney_2012, during this period. The most prevalent variant was Den Haag_2006b, circulating in different Brazilian regions from 2006 to 2011. A Bayesian coalescent analysis was used to calculate the mean evolutionary rate of subdomain P2 as 7.3×10−3 (5.85×10−3–8.82×10−3) subst./site/year. These analyses also demonstrated that clade Den Haag_2006b experienced a rapid expansion in 2005 and another in 2008 after a period of decay. The evaluation of the temporal dynamics of NoV GII.4 in Brazil revealed a similar pattern, with few exceptions, to the worldwide observation. These data highlight the importance of surveillance for monitoring the emergence of new strains of NoV GII.4 and its impact on cases of acute gastroenteritis.
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Wu W, Yang H, Zhang HL, Xian HX, Yao XJ, Zhao DJ, Chen L, Shu BH, Zhou YK, He YQ. Surveillance of pathogens causing gastroenteritis and characterization of norovirus and sapovirus strains in Shenzhen, China, during 2011. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1995-2002. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-014-1986-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Trainor E, Lopman B, Iturriza-Gomara M, Dove W, Ngwira B, Nakagomi O, Nakagomi T, Parashar U, Cunliffe N. Detection and molecular characterisation of noroviruses in hospitalised children in Malawi, 1997-2007. J Med Virol 2014; 85:1299-306. [PMID: 23918547 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Despite the increasing recognition of noroviruses as major pathogens associated with community-acquired diarrhoea in children, there are few studies from Africa. Long-term surveillance studies of rotavirus gastroenteritis in Malawian children have provided an opportunity to undertake a study of the importance and epidemiological features of norovirus infection in this population. Faecal specimens were collected from children <5 years of age admitted to hospital with acute diarrhoea, as well as from a comparison group of diarrhoea-free children, in Blantyre, Malawi between 1997 and 2007. Norovirus was detected using real-time PCR and strains genotyped by nucleotide sequence analysis. Norovirus was detected in 220/1,941 (11.3%) faecal specimens, comprising genogroup GI (1.8%), GII (9.4%) and mixed GI/GII (0.1%). The median age of children with norovirus was 6 months (range, 0-48 months). Norovirus was detected throughout the year, with peaks at the end of the rainy season (March) and towards the end of the dry season (August-November). Norovirus GII.4 was the most commonly detected genotype accounting for 70% of strains characterised, followed by GII.2 (6%), GII.6 (4%) and GII.12 (4%). Sub typing of GII.4 noroviruses demonstrated local circulation of strains prior to their subsequent detection in association with global epidemics of gastroenteritis. The prevalence of norovirus in children without diarrhoea was similar to the level in cases. This largest study to date of norovirus infection in African children indicates the potential role of paediatric surveillance in predicting the emergence of norovirus strains with global epidemic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Trainor
- Department of Clinical Infection, Microbiology & Immunology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Tian G, Jin M, Li H, Li Q, Wang J, Duan ZJ. Clinical characteristics and genetic diversity of noroviruses in adults with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, China in 2008-2009. J Med Virol 2014; 86:1235-42. [PMID: 24523136 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) infections that cause acute gastroenteritis are commonly observed during colder months. This study was conducted to investigate the clinical features and molecular epidemiology of NoVs in adult outpatients with acute gastroenteritis in Beijing, China from August 2008 to July 2009. Five hundred nineteen patients were enrolled, their stool specimens were collected, and 136 (26.2%) were positive for NoV. The elderly were found to be more susceptible to NoVs than other age groups. The greatest number of gastroenteritis cases associated with occurred in October. Six GI and eleven GII NoV genotypes were isolated; among these, the GII.4 genotype was most prevalent (70/140 and 50% were the 2006b variant). The elderly were more susceptible to the GII.4 genotype than to other genotypes. Greater numbers of neutrophils in the peripheral blood were observed in the NoV infected group than in uninfected control group. However, the levels of neutrophils and leukocytes in the non-GII.4 patients infected with NoV were higher than those of the GII.4-infected patients. The data highlight the role of NoV as a primary agent responsible for gastroenteritis in adults in Beijing, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng Tian
- Infectious Diseases Department, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Molecular epidemiology of human calicivirus infections in children with acute diarrhea in Shanghai: a retrospective comparison between inpatients and outpatients treated between 2006 and 2011. Arch Virol 2014; 159:1613-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1881-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Accepted: 09/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Marques Mendanha de Oliveira D, Souza M, Souza Fiaccadori F, César Pereira Santos H, das Dôres de Paula Cardoso D. Monitoring of Calicivirus among day-care children: evidence of asymptomatic viral excretion and first report of GI.7 Norovirus and GI.3 Sapovirus in Brazil. J Med Virol 2013; 86:1569-75. [PMID: 24123103 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses (Norovirus and Sapovirus) are important causes of acute gastroenteritis, with Norovirus (NoV) considered the leading cause of epidemic non-bacterial acute gastroenteritis; however, molecular and epidemiological data of the circulating Calicivirus (CV) strains among day-care children are still considered scarce. The role of asymptomatic CV excretion on viral transmission also remains poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to monitor the occurrence of NoV and Sapovirus (SaV) in a day-care center and to describe the molecular epidemiology of the circulating strains. Genomic sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of the capsid region were carried out in CV positive samples obtained from children younger than 5 years, with or without diarrhea, between October 2009 and October 2011. A total of 539 fecal samples were screened for CV. Forty-three (8%) were positive for NoV and 25 (4.6%) for SaV. Surprisingly, positivity rates for CV were significant in asymptomatic children, and virus circulation was detected in every month of the study. Great genomic diversity of CV was observed, and the circulating NoV strains were: GII.6, GII.2, GII.1, GI.7, GII.4, and GI.1. The SaV genotypes GI.1 and GI.3 were also detected. Five CV outbreaks caused by distinct viral strains were documented. This study provides an insight on the genetic diversity of CV in a day-care in Central West Brazil, highlighting the probable role of asymptomatic viral excretion and the significance of semi-closed settings in the dissemination of these agents.
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Galeano ME, Martinez M, Amarilla AA, Russomando G, Miagostovich MP, Parra GI, Leite JP. Molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains in Paraguayan children during 2004–2005: Description of a possible new GII.4 cluster. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:378-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fumian TM, Justino MCA, Mascarenhas JDP, Reymão TK, Abreu E, Soares L, Linhares AC, Gabbay YB. Quantitative and molecular analysis of noroviruses RNA in blood from children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Brazil. J Clin Virol 2013; 58:31-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Calgua B, Fumian T, Rusiñol M, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Mbayed VA, Bofill-Mas S, Miagostovich M, Girones R. Detection and quantification of classic and emerging viruses by skimmed-milk flocculation and PCR in river water from two geographical areas. WATER RESEARCH 2013; 47:2797-810. [PMID: 23535378 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 02/16/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Molecular techniques and virus concentration methods have shown that previously unknown viruses are shed by humans and animals, and may be transmitted by sewage-contaminated water. In the present study, 10-L river-water samples from urban areas in Barcelona, Spain and Rio Janeiro, Brazil, have been analyzed to evaluate the viral dissemination of human viruses, validating also a low-cost concentration method for virus quantification in fresh water. Three viral groups were analyzed: (i) recently reported viruses, klassevirus (KV), asfarvirus-like virus (ASFLV), and the polyomaviruses Merkel cell (MCPyV), KI (KIPyV) and WU (WUPyV); (ii) the gastroenteritis agents noroviruses (NoV) and rotaviruses (RV); and (iii) the human fecal viral indicators in water, human adenoviruses (HAdV) and JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV). Virus detection was based on nested and quantitative PCR assays. For KV and ASFLV, nested PCR assays were developed for the present study. The method applied for virus concentration in fresh water samples is a one-step procedure based on a skimmed-milk flocculation procedure described previously for seawater. Using spiked river water samples, inter- and intra-laboratory assays showed a viral recovery rate of about 50% (20-95%) for HAdV, JCPyV, NoV and RV with a coefficient of variation ≤ 50%. HAdV and JCPyV were detected in 100% (12/12) of the river samples from Barcelona and Rio de Janeiro. Moreover, NoV GGII was detected in 83% (5/6) and MCPyV in 50% (3/6) of the samples from Barcelona, whereas none of the other viruses tested were detected. NoV GGII was detected in 33% (2/6), KV in 33% (2/6), ASFLV in 17% (1/6) and MCPyV in 50% (3/6) of the samples from Rio de Janeiro, whereas KIPyV and WUPyV were not detected. RV were only analyzed in Rio de Janeiro and resulted positive in 67% (4/6) of the samples. The procedure applied here to river water represents a useful, straightforward and cost-effective method that could be applied in routine water quality testing. The results of the assays expand our understanding of the global distribution of the viral pathogens studied here and their persistence in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Calgua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Estévez A, Arvelo W, Hall AJ, López MR, López B, Reyes L, Moir JC, Gregoricus N, Vinjé J, Parashar UD, Lindblade KA. Prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus among patients with acute diarrhea in Guatemala. J Med Virol 2013; 85:1293-8. [PMID: 23595770 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses (NoVs) are a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis outbreaks and sporadic cases of diarrhea in industrialized countries. To study the prevalence and genetic diversity of NoVs in Guatemala, stool specimens were collected from hospitalized and ambulatory patients presenting with diarrhea (≥3 loose or liquid stools in a 24-hr period) who were enrolled in a prospective surveillance system in the Departments of Santa Rosa (October 2007 to August 2010) and Quetzaltenango (August 2009 to August 2010), Guatemala. Specimens were tested for rotavirus, enteric bacteria, and parasites by routine methods and for genogroups I and II NoV by real-time reverse transcription-PCR. A total of 2,403 stool specimens were collected from hospitalized (n = 528) and ambulatory patients (n = 1,875). Overall, 341 (14%) samples tested positive for NoVs including 114 (22%) hospitalized and 227 (12%) ambulatory patients. NoVs disease peaked during the winter (November-January) months. Among the 341 NoVs-positive patients, 32 (9%) were also positive for rotavirus, 32 (9%) for bacteria, and 9 (3%) for protozoa. Nucleotide sequences were obtained from 84 samples collected from hospitalized children aged <5 years of age, which could be grouped into nine GII and three GI genotypes with GII.4 (74%) and GI.8 (10%) being the most common. This is the first study on the prevalence of NoVs among hospitalized and ambulatory patients with diarrhea in Guatemala. The findings highlight the need to implement laboratory diagnostics for NoVs to improve appropriate clinical management of diarrheal diseases and guide vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Estévez
- Center for Health Studies, Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, Guatemala City, Guatemala.
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Hassine-Zaafrane M, Sdiri-Loulizi K, Kaplon J, Salem IB, Pothier P, Aouni M, Ambert-Balay K. Prevalence and genetic diversity of norovirus infection in Tunisian children (2007-2010). J Med Virol 2013; 85:1100-10. [PMID: 23532785 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Viral gastroenteritis can be a life-threatening disease in infants and young children, especially in developing countries. The aim of this study was to continue the epidemiological surveillance of norovirus (NoV) infections in Tunisian children suffering from acute gastroenteritis. Surveillance was initiated in January 2003, to monitor potential variations in strains over time, in terms of frequency and diversity of NoV genotypes, and more particularly the potential emergence of new GII.4 variants following the 2004 Hunter variant. From April 2007 to April 2010, a total of 407 stool specimens were collected from sporadic cases (238 inpatients and 169 outpatients). Furthermore, 28 stool samples were collected from children involved in 3 gastroenteritis outbreaks. Stool specimens were screened for NoV genogroup I (GI) and II (GII) by RT-PCR. NoV strains were genotyped, and variants identified, based on sequence and phylogenetic analyses of the polymerase and capsid genes. NoVs were detected in 38 sporadic cases (9.3%) and 21 epidemic cases (75%). Great diversity was observed throughout the period, with seven distinct NoV genotypes characterized in sporadic cases, and three in outbreaks. GIIb/II.3 and GII.4 were predominant globally, with fluctuations of their prevalence over time. Interestingly, the Hunter variant, which was the unique GII.4 variant observed from 2003 to April 2007 in the region of Monastir, was replaced by the 2006b variant. NoV is an important enteropathogen responsible for viral gastroenteritis among infants and children in Tunisia, and the infecting strains between 2007 and 2010 were different from those in previous years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Hassine-Zaafrane
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Biological Agents, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia.
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Aragão GC, Mascarenhas JDP, Kaiano JHL, de Lucena MSS, Siqueira JAM, Fumian TM, Hernandez JDM, de Oliveira CS, Oliveira DDS, Araújo EDC, Soares LDS, Linhares AC, Gabbay YB. Norovirus diversity in diarrheic children from an African-descendant settlement in Belém, Northern Brazil. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56608. [PMID: 23457593 PMCID: PMC3574080 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV) and human astrovirus (HAstV) are viral pathogens that are associated with outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis. However, little is known about the occurrence of these pathogens in relatively isolated communities, such as the remnants of African-descendant villages ("Quilombola"). The objective of this study was the frequency determination of these viruses in children under 10 years, with and without gastroenteritis, from a "Quilombola" Community, Northern Brazil. A total of 159 stool samples were obtained from April/2008 to July/2010 and tested by an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to detect NoV, SaV and HAstV, and further molecular characterization was performed. These viruses were detected only in the diarrheic group. NoV was the most frequent viral agent detected (19.7%-16/81), followed by SaV (2.5%-2/81) and HAstV (1.2%-1/81). Of the 16 NoV-positive samples, 14 were sequenced with primers targeting the B region of the polymerase (ORF1) and the D region of the capsid (ORF2). The results showed a broad genetic diversity of NoV, with 12 strains being classified as GII-4 (5-41.7%), GII-6 (3-25%), GII-7 (2-16.7%), GII-17 (1-8.3%) and GI-2 (1-8.3%), as based on the polymerase region; 12 samples were classified, based on the capsid region, as GII-4 (6-50%, being 3-2006b variant and 3-2010 variant), GII-6 (3-25%), GII-17 (2-16.7%) and GII-20 (1-8.3%). One NoV-strain showed dual genotype specificity, based on the polymerase and capsid region (GII-7/GII-20). This study provides, for the first time, epidemiological and molecular information on the circulation of NoV, SaV and HAstV in African-descendant communities in Northern Brazil and identifies NoV genotypes that were different from those detected previously in studies conducted in the urban area of Belém. It remains to be determined why a broader NoV diversity was observed in such a semi-isolated community.
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Park S, Jung J, Oh S, Jung H, Oh Y, Cho S, Cho S, Cho S, Park H, Jo N, Bae K, Choi S, Kim B, Kim J, Chae Y, Jung H, Cheon D, Kim H. Characterization of norovirus infections in Seoul, Korea. Microbiol Immunol 2013; 56:700-7. [PMID: 22823184 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2012.00494.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study has determined the detection rate of norovirus (NoV) with acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in hospitalized children and describes the molecular epidemiology of NoV circulating in Seoul, Korea. Six hundred and eighty-three (9.8%) of samples were positive for NoV. Of these, the NoV GII genogroup was the most commonly found, with a prevalence of 96.2% (683 of 710). Only 27 samples were positive for the NoV GI genogroup. Ten kinds of GI genotype (GI/1, GI/2, GI/3, GI/4, GI/5, GI/6, GI/7, GI/9, GI/12, and GI/13) and eight kinds of GII genotype (GII/2, GII/3, GII/4, GII/8, GII/14, GII/15, GII/16, and GII/17) were identified in children with AGE during the years 2008-2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghun Park
- Seoul Metropolitan Government Research Institute of Public Health and Environment, Microbiology Team, 202-3 Yangjae-Dong, Seocho-Gu, Korea.
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Siqueira JAM, Linhares ADC, de Carvalho TCN, Aragão GC, Oliveira DDS, Dos Santos MC, de Sousa MS, Justino MCA, Mascarenhas JDP, Gabbay YB. Norovirus infection in children admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil. J Med Virol 2013; 85:737-44. [PMID: 23359323 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are the leading cause of epidemic, non-bacterial outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis, and are also a major cause of sporadic acute gastroenteritis in infants. The aim of the present study was to identify norovirus infections in children not infected by rotavirus admitted to hospital for acute gastroenteritis in Belém. A total of 348 fecal specimens were obtained from children with diarrhea aged less than 5 years, all of whom had tested negative for rotavirus, between May 2008 and April 2010. Fecal samples were screened for norovirus antigen using enzyme-immunoassay (EIA). Specimens were subjected to reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using the primers Mon432/434-Mon431/433 for detection of the GI and GII norovirus strains, respectively. Based on both methods, the overall norovirus positivity rate was 36.5% (127/348). Of the 169 samples collected in the first year, 44.4% (n = 75) tested positive for norovirus using both methods, 35.5% (n = 60) by EIA and 40.8% (n = 69) by RT-PCR. Using RT-PCR as a reference standard, a sensitivity of 78.3%, specificity of 94%, and agreement of 87.6% were recorded. Genome sequencing was obtained for 22 (31.9%) of the 69 positive samples, of which 90.9% (20/22) were genotype GII.4d and 9.1% (2/22) were genotype GII.b. Norovirus infection was most frequent in children under 2 years of age (41.5%-115/277). The peak incidence (62.1%) of norovirus-related acute gastroenteritis in these patients (not infected by rotavirus) was observed in February 2010. These findings emphasize the importance of norovirus as a cause of severe acute gastroenteritis among children in Belém, Pará, Northern Brazil.
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Hoa Tran TN, Trainor E, Nakagomi T, Cunliffe NA, Nakagomi O. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with acute sporadic gastroenteritis in children: global distribution of genogroups, genotypes and GII.4 variants. J Clin Virol 2012; 56:185-93. [PMID: 23218993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2012.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Noroviruses are a leading cause of epidemic and sporadic acute gastroenteritis worldwide. The development of sensitive molecular diagnostic techniques has revolutionized our understanding of norovirus epidemiology over the past two decades, but norovirus strain types associated with sporadic gastroenteritis remain poorly described. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of studies performed after 2000 to clarify the genotypic distribution of noroviruses in children (≤18 years of age) with sporadic acute gastroenteritis. Genogroup GII norovirus was the most prevalent, accounting for 96% of all sporadic infections. GII.4 was the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 70% of the capsid genotypes and 60% of the polymerase genotypes, followed by the capsid genotype GII.3 (16%) and the polymerase genotype GII.b (14%). The most common ORF1/ORF2 inter-genotype recombinants were GII.b, GII.12, and GII.4 polymerase genotypes combined with the capsid genotype GII.3, accounting for 19% of all genotyped strains. The distribution of GII.4 variants over the last decade was dominated by successive circulation of GII.4/2002, GII.4/2004, GII.4/2006b, and GII.4/2008 with GII.4/2006b continuing to date. Genotypes GII.4 and GII.3 have predominated in children during the past decade; this is most notable in the global emergence of GII.4 variant noroviruses. As the burden of rotavirus disease decreases following the introduction of childhood immunization programs, the relative importance of norovirus in the etiology of acute childhood gastroenteritis will likely increase. In order for a successful norovirus vaccine to be developed, it should provide immunity against strains with capsid genotypes GII.4 and GII.3.
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Affiliation(s)
- T N Hoa Tran
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, The Global Center of Excellence, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
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Ferreira MSR, Cubel Garcia RDC, Xavier MDPTP, Ribeiro RL, Assis RM, Mota MDCMS, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP, Oliveira SAD. Genotyping of gastroenteric viruses in hospitalised children: first report of norovirus GII.21 in Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:1064-7. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000800017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 09/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Calgua B, Rodriguez-Manzano J, Hundesa A, Suñen E, Calvo M, Bofill-Mas S, Girones R. New methods for the concentration of viruses from urban sewage using quantitative PCR. J Virol Methods 2012; 187:215-21. [PMID: 23164995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Revised: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Viruses are among the most important pathogens present in water contaminated with feces or urine and represent a serious risk to human health. Four procedures for concentrating viruses from sewage have been compared in this work, three of which were developed in the present study. Viruses were quantified using PCR techniques. According to statistical analysis and the sensitivity to detect human adenoviruses (HAdV), JC polyomaviruses (JCPyV) and noroviruses genogroup II (NoV GGII): (i) a new procedure (elution and skimmed-milk flocculation procedure (ESMP)) based on the elution of the viruses with glycine-alkaline buffer followed by organic flocculation with skimmed-milk was found to be the most efficient method when compared to (ii) ultrafiltration and glycine-alkaline elution, (iii) a lyophilization-based method and (iv) ultracentrifugation and glycine-alkaline elution. Through the analysis of replicate sewage samples, ESMP showed reproducible results with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 16% for HAdV, 12% for JCPyV and 17% for NoV GGII. Using spiked samples, the viral recoveries were estimated at 30-95% for HAdV, 55-90% for JCPyV and 45-50% for NoV GGII. ESMP was validated in a field study using twelve 24-h composite sewage samples collected in an urban sewage treatment plant in the North of Spain that reported 100% positive samples with mean values of HAdV, JCPyV and NoV GGII similar to those observed in other studies. Although all of the methods compared in this work yield consistently high values of virus detection and recovery in urban sewage, some require expensive laboratory equipment. ESMP is an effective low-cost procedure which allows a large number of samples to be processed simultaneously and is easily standardizable for its performance in a routine laboratory working in water monitoring. Moreover, in the present study, a CV was applied and proposed as a parameter to evaluate and compare the methods for detecting viruses in sewage samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byron Calgua
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, Barcelona 08028, Spain
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Vieira CB, Mendes ACDO, Guimarães FR, Fumian TM, Leite JPG, Gaspar AMC, Miagostovich MP. Detection of enteric viruses in recreational waters of an urban lagoon in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2012; 107:778-84. [DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762012000600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is recognised as one of the emerging viruses causing infection in humans. It is the leading cause of outbreaks of viral gastro-enteritis worldwide. In children, NoV plays an increasing and important role in enteric infection, apart from rotavirus, especially in the post-rotavirus vaccine era. NoV-infected children usually present with typical clinical manifestations of acute viral gastro-enteritis, including vomiting and watery diarrhoea, and paediatric patients are more liable to have dehydration requiring hospitalisation. Other than these symptoms, severe or atypical complications associated with NoV infection include infantile convulsion, necrotising enterocolitis, and, rarely, disseminated disease involving multiple organs. Although most symptoms of NoV infection are self-limiting, recurrent infection is not uncommon in children as well as in the elderly. The rapid evolution and complex genetic diversity of NoV makes for difficulty in identification, classification and surveillance of the virus. Using molecular biological methods, clearer genetic and molecular features of the circulating NoV are now recognised. The emerging GII.4 genotype is currently responsible for 60-90% of outbreaks worldwide. Rapid transmission of NoV from person-to-person makes the infection difficult to control. In addition to personal hygiene such as hand-washing, prevention of NoV will depend largely on the development of an effective vaccine. Given the rapid evolution of the virus, continued molecular epidemiological surveillance is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Yen Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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Reply to the apropos “Evaluation of third-generation RIDASCREEN enzyme immunoassay for the detection of norovirus antigens in stool samples of hospitalized children in Belém, Pará, Brazil”. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2012; 73:101-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2012.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ferreira MSR, Xavier MDPTP, Tinga ACDC, Rose TL, Fumian TM, Fialho AM, de Assis RM, Carvalho Costa FA, de Oliveira SA, Leite JPG, Miagostovich MP. Assessment of gastroenteric viruses frequency in a children's day care center in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil: a fifteen year study (1994-2008). PLoS One 2012; 7:e33754. [PMID: 22448271 PMCID: PMC3309004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This 15-year study aimed to determine the role of the main viruses responsible for acute infantile gastroenteritis cases in a day care center in the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. From 1994 to 2008, 539 fecal samples were obtained from 23 outbreaks as well as sporadic cases that occurred in this period. The detection of Rotavirus group A (RVA), norovirus (NoV) and astrovirus (AstV) was investigated both by classical and molecular methods of viral detection. RVA was detected by enzymatic immune assay and/or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and genotyped by using semi-nested multiplex PCR. NoV and AstV were subsequently tested by real time PCR in all RVA-negative samples and genotyped throughout genome sequencing. Three protocols for molecular characterization of NoV nucleotide sequencing were performed with the partial nucleotide sequencing of genomic regions known as region B (polymerase gen), C and D (capsid gen).Viruses were identified in 47.7% (257/539) of the cases, and the detection rates of RVA, NoV and AstV in16.1% (87/539), 33.4% (151/452), and 6.3% (19/301), respectively. Most gastroenteritis cases were reported in autumn and winter, although NoV presented a broader monthly distribution. Viruses' detection rates were significantly higher among children aged less than 24 months old, although NoV cases were detected in all age groups. RVA genotypes as G1P[8], G9P[8], G2P[4], G3P[8] and G1+G3P[8] and RVA was no longer detected after 2005. NoV characterization revealed genotypes variability circulating in the period as GI.2, GI.3, GI.8 GII.2, GII.3, GII.4, GII.4 variants 2001 and 2006b, GII.6, GII.7, GII.12 and GII.17. AstV genotypes 1, 2, 4 and 5 were also characterized. Those data demonstrate the impact of NoV infection in cases of infantile gastroenteritis, surpassing RVA infection responsible for high morbidity rate in children under five years old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mônica Simões Rocha Ferreira
- Laboratório de Virologia Comparada e Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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