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Robakiewicz S, Bridot C, Serna S, Gimeno A, Echeverria B, Delgado S, Ruyck J, Semwal S, Charro D, Dansercoer A, Verstraete K, Azkargorta M, Noort K, Wilbers R, Savvides SN, Abrescia NGA, Arda A, Reichardt NC, Jiménez-Barbero J, Bouckaert J. Minimal epitope for Mannitou IgM on paucimannose-carrying glycoproteins. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1005-1017. [PMID: 33909073 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Paucimannosidic glycans are restricted to the core structure [Man1-3GlcNAc2Fuc0-1] of N-glycans and are rarely found in mammalian tissues. Yet, especially [Man2-3GlcNAc2Fuc1] have been found significantly upregulated in tumors, including in colorectal and liver cancer. Mannitou IgM is a murine monoclonal antibody that was previously shown to recognise Man3GlcNAc2 with an almost exclusive selectivity. Here, we have sought the definition of the minimal glycan epitope of Mannitou IgM, initiated by screening on a newly designed paucimannosidic glycan microarray. Among the best binders were Man3GlcNAc2 and its α1,6 core-fucosylated variant, Man3GlcNAc2Fuc1. Unexpectedly and in contrast to earlier findings, Man5GlcNAc2-type structures bind equally well and a large tolerance was observed for substitutions on the α1,6 arm. It was confirmed that any substitution on the single α1,3-linked mannose completely abolishes binding. Surface plasmon resonance for kinetic measurements of Mannitou IgM binding, either directly on the glycans or as presented on omega-1 and kappa-5 soluble egg antigens from the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni, showed submicromolar affinities. To characterize the epitope in greater and atomic detail, saturation transfer difference nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy was performed with the Mannitou antigen-binding fragment. The STD-NMR data demonstrated the strongest interactions with the aliphatic protons H1 and H2 of the α1-3-linked mannose, and weaker imprints on its H3, H4 and H5 protons. In conclusion, Mannitou IgM binding requires a non-substituted α1,3-linked mannose branch of paucimannose also on proteins, making it a highly specific tool for the distinction of concurrent human tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Robakiewicz
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS et Université de Lille, 50 Avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Clarisse Bridot
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS et Université de Lille, 50 Avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sonia Serna
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Ana Gimeno
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Begoña Echeverria
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Sandra Delgado
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Jérôme Ruyck
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS et Université de Lille, 50 Avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Shubham Semwal
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS et Université de Lille, 50 Avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Diego Charro
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Ann Dansercoer
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB - UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verstraete
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB - UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mikel Azkargorta
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Kim Noort
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Wilbers
- Laboratory of Nematology, Plant Science Group, Wageningen University and Research, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Savvas N Savvides
- Unit for Structural Biology, VIB - UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nicola G A Abrescia
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ana Arda
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain
| | - Niels C Reichardt
- Glycotechnology Laboratory, Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Paseo Miramón 182, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Jesús Jiménez-Barbero
- CIC bioGUNE, Bizkaia Science and Technology Park, 48160 Derio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Julie Bouckaert
- Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, UMR 8576 du CNRS et Université de Lille, 50 Avenue Halley, 59650 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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Zipser B, Bello-DeOcampo D, Diestel S, Tai MH, Schmitz B. Mannitou Monoclonal Antibody Uniquely Recognizes Paucimannose, a Marker for Human Cancer, Stemness, and Inflammation. J Carbohydr Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/07328303.2012.661112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Zipser
- a Michigan State University, Department of Physiology , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - Diana Bello-DeOcampo
- b Michigan State University, Department of Zoology , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - Simone Diestel
- c University of Bonn, Institute of Animal Science , 53115 Bonn , Germany
| | - Mei-Hui Tai
- a Michigan State University, Department of Physiology , East Lansing , MI , 48824 , USA
| | - Brigitte Schmitz
- c University of Bonn, Institute of Animal Science , 53115 Bonn , Germany
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3
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Meulemans D, Bronner-Fraser M. Central role of gene cooption in neural crest evolution. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2005; 304:298-303. [PMID: 15880502 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.21047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A bona fide neural crest is a defining feature of vertebrate embryos. Protochordate gene expression patterns indicate that neural crest evolution coincided with the cooption of several transcriptional regulators to the neural plate border of the vertebrate ancestor. Recent cell labeling experiments in ascidians suggest that cells in this domain may have been migratory and thus displayed some neural crest cell-like behavior. Taken together, these data suggest that the recruitment of new genetic pathways conferred novel developmental potentials upon the migratory neural tube cells of the prevertebrate chordate.
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4
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Tai MH, Zipser B. Extracellularly applied horseradish peroxidase increases the number of dense core vesicles in leech sensory neurons. Brain Res 2003; 967:301-5. [PMID: 12650993 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The uptake of horseradish peroxidase (HRP), applied as an extracellular tracer, is a classical method for studying endo/exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the ultrastructural level. It is generally not considered that HRP may affect neuronal function. Reported here is the finding that extracellularly applied HRP (0.1%) perturbs dense core vesicles in the synaptic processes of leech neurons. The strength of the effect varies with neuronal class. In sensory afferents, the number of dense core vesicles increases 5-fold, while there is only a 2-fold increase in central neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Hui Tai
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University, East Lansing 48824, USA
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5
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Simon-Haldi M, Mantei N, Franke J, Voshol H, Schachner M. Identification of a peptide mimic of the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope. J Neurochem 2002; 83:1380-8. [PMID: 12472892 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2002.01247.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate is carried by many neural recognition molecules and is involved in neural cell interactions during development, regeneration in the peripheral nervous system, synaptic plasticity, and autoimmune-based neuropathies. Its key structure consists of a sulfated glucuronic acid linked to lactosaminyl residues. Because of its biological importance but limited availability, the phage display method was used to isolate a collection of peptide mimics that bind specifically to an L2/HNK-1 antibody. The phages isolated from a 15-mer peptide library by adsorption to this antibody share a consensus sequence of amino acids. The peptide mimicked several important functions of the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate, such as binding to motor neurons in vitro, and preferential promotion of in vitro neurite outgrowth from motor axons compared with sensory neurons. A scrambled version of the peptide had no activity. The combined observations indicate that we have isolated a mimic of the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate that is able to act as its functional substitute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryline Simon-Haldi
- Department of Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
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6
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Tisay KT, St John JA, Key B. Expression of specific glycoconjugates in both primary and secondary olfactory pathways in BALB/C mice. J Comp Neurol 2002; 443:213-25. [PMID: 11807832 DOI: 10.1002/cne.10107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Binding of cell surface carbohydrates to their receptors specifically promotes axon growth and synaptogenesis in select regions of the developing nervous system. In some cases these interactions depend upon cell-cell adhesion mediated by the same glycoconjugates present on the surface of apposing cells or their processes. We have previously shown that the plant lectin Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA) binds to a subpopulation of mouse primary olfactory neurons whose axons selectively fasciculate prior to terminating in the olfactory bulb. In the present study, we investigated whether these glycoconjugates were also expressed by postsynaptic olfactory neurons specifically within the olfactory pathway. We show here for the first time that DBA ligands were expressed both by a subset of primary olfactory neurons as well as by the postsynaptic mitral/tufted cells in BALB/C mice. These glycoconjugates were first detected on mitral/tufted cell axons during the early postnatal period, at a time when there is considerable synaptogenesis and synaptic remodelling in the primary olfactory cortex. This is one of the few examples of the selective expression of molecules in contiguous axon tracts in the mammalian nervous system. These results suggest that glycoconjugates recognized by DBA may have a specific role in the formation and maintenance of neural connections within a select functional pathway in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina T Tisay
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
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7
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Kang HG, Evers MR, Xia G, Baenziger JU, Schachner M. Molecular cloning and expression of an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase that transfers sulfate to terminal and non-terminal beta 1,4-linked N-acetylgalactosamine. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:10861-9. [PMID: 11139592 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m011560200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified and characterized an N-acetylgalactosamine-4-O-sulfotransferase designated GalNAc-4-ST2 (GenBank(TM) accession number ) based on its homology to HNK-1 sulfotransferase (HNK-1 ST). The cDNA predicts an open reading frame encoding a type II membrane protein of 443 amino acids with a 12-amino acid cytoplasmic domain, a 23-amino acid transmembrane domain, and a 408-amino acid luminal domain containing four potential N-linked glycosylation sites. GalNAc-4-ST2 displays a high degree of amino acid sequence identity with GalNAc-4-ST1 (46%), HNK-1 ST (23%), chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-1 (C4ST-1) (27%), and chondroitin 4-O-sulfotransferase-2 (C4ST-2) (24%). GalNAc-4-ST2 transfers sulfate to the C-4 hydroxyl of terminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc in the sequence GalNAc-beta1,4GlcNAcbeta-R found on N-linked oligosaccharides and nonterminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc in chondroitin and dermatan. The translated region of GalNAc-4-ST2 is encoded by five exons located on human chromosome 18q11.2. Northern blot analysis reveals a 2.1-kilobase transcript. GalNAc-4-ST2 message is most highly expressed in trachea and to a lesser extent in heart, liver, pancreas, salivary gland, and testis. The I.M.A.G.E. cDNA clone 49547 contains a putative GalNAc-4-ST2 splice form with an open reading frame encoding a protein of 358 amino acids that lacks the transmembrane domain and the stem region. This form of GalNAc-4-ST2 is not retained by transfected cells and is active against chondroitin but not terminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc. Thus, as with GalNAc-4-ST1, sequences N-terminal to the catalytic domain contribute to the specificity of GalNAc-4-ST2 toward terminal beta1,4-linked GalNAc.
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Affiliation(s)
- H G Kang
- Zentrum fuer Molekulare Neurobiologie, Universitaet Hamburg, Martinistrasse 52, D-20246 Hamburg, Germany
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8
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Morikawa K, Tsuneki K, Ito K. Expression patterns of HNK-1 carbohydrate and serotonin in sea urchin, amphioxus, and lamprey, with reference to the possible evolutionaryorigin of the neural crest. ZOOLOGY 2001; 104:81-90. [PMID: 16351821 DOI: 10.1078/0944-2006-00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2001] [Accepted: 06/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We examined deuterostome invertebrates, the sea urchin and amphioxus, and an extant primitive vertebrate, the lamprey, for the presence of structures expressing the HNK-1 carbohydrate and serotonin. In sea urchin embryos and larvae, HNK-1 positive cells were localized in the ciliary bands and in their precursor ectoderm. Serotonergic cells were exclusively observed in the apical organs. In juvenile amphioxus, primary sensory neurons in the dorsal nerve cords were HNK-1 immunoreactive. The juvenile amphioxus nerve cords contained anti-serotonin immunoreactive nerve fibers that seem to be the Rohde axons extending from amphioxus interneurons, the Rohde cells. In lamprey embryos, migrating neural crest cells and primary sensory neurons, including Rohon-Beard cells, expressed the HNK-1 carbohydrate. Lamprey larvae (ammocoetes) contained cell aggregates expressing both the HNK-1 carbohydrate and serotonin in the pronephros and in the regions adjacent to the gut epithelium. Some of these cell aggregates were present in the anti-serotonin positive visceral motor nerve net. Motor neurons and Müller fibers were serotonergic in ammocoetes. Comparison of the expression patterns of HNK-1 carbohydrate among sea urchins, amphioxus and lampreys seem to suggest the possible evolutionary origin of the neural crest, that is, ciliary bands in dipleurula-type ancestors evolved into primary sensory neurons in chordate ancestors, as inferred from Garstang's auricularia hypothesis, and the neural crest originated from the primary sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Morikawa
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Japan
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9
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Uusitalo M, Kivelä T. The HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope in the eye: basic science and functional implications. Prog Retin Eye Res 2001; 20:1-28. [PMID: 11070366 DOI: 10.1016/s1350-9462(00)00018-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The HNK-1 carbohydrate epitope is part of many cell membrane and extracellular matrix molecules. It has been implicated in cell to cell and cell to extracellular matrix adhesion, and antibodies to the HNK-1 epitope are emerging as a versatile tool in eye research. They have been used to identify a novel cell type in the human eye, the subepithelial matrix cells that reside in the inner connective tissue layer (ICTL) of the ciliary body. Although these cells resemble fibroblasts in ultrastructure, they form a distinct cell population that differs in its antigenic profile from fibroblasts of other tissues. These cells are associated with the elastic fiber system of the ICTL. Other structures in the human eye that harbor the HNK-1 epitope in a nonrandom pattern are the ciliary and iris epithelia, the zonular lamella, the lens capsule, the retina, glial cells of the optic and ciliary nerves, and scleral fibroblasts. The HNK-1 epitope in the eye appears early during embryonic development and is phylogenetically conserved, but many interspecies differences exist in its distribution. The role of the HNK-1 epitope may be to structurally stabilize the ciliary body and the retina, and to participate in zonular attachments. The HNK-1 epitope has been linked with many common eye diseases. The subepithelial matrix cells seem to be susceptible to undergo irreversible damage as a result of glaucoma, thermal injury, and tissue compression. This epitope has proved to be useful in identifying intraocular deposits of exfoliation syndrome. It can explain the adhesiveness of exfoliation material. Intraocular exfoliation material differs in HNK-1 immunoreactivity from the extraocular fibrillopathy of exfoliation syndrome and its presence in fellow eyes also argues against the concept of unilateral exfoliation syndrome. The HNK-1 epitope is found in the extracellular matrix of secondary cataract and anterior subcapsular cataract, and it may contribute to their pathogenesis. Finally, the HNK-1 epitope can be used to trace neuroepithelial derivatives of the optic vesicle in developmental anomalies and in tumors of the eye. Eventual identification of molecules that bear the HNK-1 epitope in the eye will likely shed light on many aspects of ocular physiology and pathobiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Uusitalo
- Ophthalmic Pathology Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, PO Box 220 (Haartmaninkatu 4C, Helsinki), FIN-00029, HUS, Finland.
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10
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Tai MH, Zipser B. Sequential steps in synaptic targeting of sensory afferents are mediated by constitutive and developmentally regulated glycosylations of CAMs. Dev Biol 1999; 214:258-76. [PMID: 10525333 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1999.9422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sensory afferents in the leech are labeled with both constitutive and developmentally regulated glycosylations (markers) of their cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Their constitutive mannose marker, recognized by Lan3-2 monoclonal antibody (mAb), mediates the formation of their diffuse central arbors. We show that, at the ultrastructural level, these arbors consist of large, loosely organized axons rich with filopodia and synaptic vesicles. Perturbing the mannose-specific adhesion of this first targeting step leads to a gain in cell-cell contact but a loss of filopodia and synaptic vesicles. During the second targeting step, galactose markers divide afferents into different subsets. We focus on the subset labeled by the marker recognized by Laz2-369 mAb. Initially, the galactose marker appears where afferents contact central neurons. Subsequently it spreads proximally and distally, covering the entire afferent surface. Afferents now gain cell-cell contact, with central neurons and self-similar afferents, but lose filopodia and synaptic vesicles. Extant synaptic vesicles prevail where afferents are apposed to central neurons. These neurons develop postsynaptic densities and en passant synapses are forming. Perturbing the galactose-specific adhesion of this second targeting step causes a loss of cell-cell contact but a gain in filopodia and synaptic vesicles, essentially returning afferents to the first targeting step. The transformation of afferent growth, progressing from mannose- to galactose-specific adhesion, is consistent with a change from cell-matrix to cell-cell adhesion. By performing opposing functions in a temporal sequence, constitutive and developmentally regulated glycosylations of CAMs collaborate in the synaptogenesis of afferents and the consolidation of self-similar afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Tai
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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11
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Tai MH, Zipser B. Mannose-specific recognition mediates two aspects of synaptic growth of leech sensory afferents: collateral branching and proliferation of synaptic vesicle clusters. Dev Biol 1998; 201:154-66. [PMID: 9740656 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.1998.8977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The developmental role of carbohydrate markers in the genesis of neuronal networks was studied using leech sensory afferents as a model. Leech sensory afferents express a mannose-containing epitope on their cell surface that is recognized by monoclonal antibody Lan3-2. Previously, the elaboration of sensory arbors in the synaptic neuropil of CNS ganglia was experimentally shown to depend on this mannose marker. Sensory arbors were abolished by perturbing sensory afferents in the intact nervous system with Lan3-2 Fab fragments, a glycosidase, or mannose-BSA. To understand the cytological mechanisms underlying mannose-specific recognition for synaptogenesis, we have now studied the effects of antibody perturbation at the ultrastructural level in the sensory afferent target region. A characteristic signature of a normal sensory afferent is its profuse collateral branching, which, with ongoing development, is replaced by a single widened process, the sensory trunk, which possesses numerous synaptic vesicle clusters. The inhibition of mannose-specific recognition leads to a rapid, major reorganization of different stages of sensory afferent growth. Collateral branches at the distal growing region are reduced three- to fourfold. The pruned axons grow at an accelerated rate. Developmentally older sensory trunks experience a threefold reduction in synaptic vesicle clusters. These responses suggest that depriving sensory afferents of mannose-specific recognition aborts their synaptogenesis and causes them to resume behavior typical of tracking through axonal tracts. The current findings also suggest that the mannose marker, by promoting both collateral branching andthe proliferation of synaptic vesicle clusters, plays a critical role in two stages of sensory afferent synaptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Tai
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
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12
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Breen KC, Coughlan CM, Hayes FD. The role of glycoproteins in neural development function, and disease. Mol Neurobiol 1998; 16:163-220. [PMID: 9588627 DOI: 10.1007/bf02740643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Glycoproteins play key roles in the development, structuring, and subsequent functioning of the nervous system. However, the complex glycosylation process is a critical component in the biosynthesis of CNS glycoproteins that may be susceptible to the actions of toxicological agents or may be altered by genetic defects. This review will provide an outline of the complexity of this glycosylation process and of some of the key neural glycoproteins that play particular roles in neural development and in synaptic plasticity in the mature CNS. Finally, the potential of glycoproteins as targets for CNS disorders will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Breen
- Neurosciences Institute, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Dundee, Ninewells Hospital Medical School, Scotland, UK
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13
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Pedraza L, Spagnol G, Latov N, Salzer JL. Biosynthesis and regulation of expression of the HNK-1 epitope on myelin-associated glycoprotein in a transfected cell model system. J Neurosci Res 1995; 40:716-27. [PMID: 7543157 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The HNK-1 antibody recognizes a carbohydrate epitope expressed by many cell adhesion molecules in the nervous system that has been proposed to be an important adhesive determinant. This epitope is particularly prominent on the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and is related to the antigenic target in an autoimmune mediated demyelinating neuropathy. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying the biosynthesis and regulation of expression of the HNK-1 epitope is therefore likely to have important functional and clinical implications. In order to investigate its biosynthesis and the regulation of its expression, we have expressed both human and rat MAG in several different cell lines by retroviral infection. These studies indicate that the cellular milieu determines whether the HNK-1 epitope is expressed on the MAG polypeptide and provide an explanation for the significant variation in HNK-1 levels that has been noted in different species. Using a transfected human neuroblastoma line, we have determined that this epitope is present on the fourth and/or fifth immunoglobulin-like domain of rat MAG and that it is added intracellularly, probably in the trans Golgi. Finally we have found that expression of the HNK-1 epitope is increased by activation of different second messenger systems, providing direct evidence that its expression can be regulated independently from that of the MAG polypeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Pedraza
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University Medical School, New York, USA
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14
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Abstract
Neural-recognition molecules are carbohydrate-bearing glycoproteins, glycolipids or proteoglycans that are found at the cell surface or in the extracellular matrix that regulate cell interactions during development, modification of synaptic activity and regeneration of nerve connections after damage in the adult. The expression of the carbohydrates appears to be fine tuned to these functions. Among the identified carbohydrates are polysialic acid, a 3'-sulfated glucuronic acid, and oligomannosidic residues. They act not only between apposing partner cell surfaces (trans-interaction) but also between recognition molecules within the surface membrane of one cell (cis-interaction), thereby forming complexes that influence transduction of signals to the cell interior.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Schachner
- Dept of Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Hönggerberg, Zürich
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15
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Schachner M, Martini R, Hall H, Orberger G. Functions of the L2/HNK-1 carbohydrate in the nervous system. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1995; 105:183-8. [PMID: 7568876 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)63294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Schachner
- Department of Neurobiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich
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16
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Jellies J, Johansen K, Johansen J. Specific pathway selection by the early projections of individual peripheral sensory neurons in the embryonic medicinal leech. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1994; 25:1187-99. [PMID: 7815053 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480251002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In leech, the central annulus of each midbody segment possesses seven pairs of sensilla, which are mixed clusters of primary peripheral sensory neurons that extend their axons into the CNS where they segregate into distinct fascicles. Pathway selection by individual afferent growth cones of sensillar neurons was examined by double labeling using intracellular dye-filling with antibody labeling in early Hirudo medicinalis embryos. The monoclonal antibody Lan3-2 was used because sensillar neuronal tracts are specifically labeled by this antibody. Examining 68 individually filled neurons we found that sensillar neuron growth cones bifurcate within the CNS, that they project long filopodia capable of sampling the local environment, and that all of them appeared to choose a single particular CNS fascicle without apparent retraction or realignment of growth cones. Furthermore, each side of the bifurcating afferent growth cones always chose the same fascicle, implying a specific choice of a distinct labeled pathway. By dye-filling individual central neurons (P-cells), we show that there are centrally projecting axons present at the time sensillar afferents enter the ganglionic primordia and select a particular fascicle, and we confirm that at least the dorsal peripheral nerve is likely to be pioneered by central neurons, not by the peripheral afferents. In the sensillum studied here, we found examples of sensory neurons extending axons into one of all the available fascicles. Thus, an individual embryonic sensillum possesses a heterogeneous population of afferents with respect to the central fascicle chosen. This is consistent with the idea that segregation into distinct axon fascicles may be based upon functional differences between individual afferent neurons. Our findings argue strongly in favor of specific pathway selection by afferents in this system and are consistent with previous suggestions that there exists a hierarchy of cues, including surface glycoconjugates that mediate navigation of the sensillar growth cones and the fasciculation of their axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jellies
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Neurobiology Research Center 35294
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Steck AJ, Burger D, Picasso S, Kuntzer T, Nardelli E, Schluep M. Gangliosides and related glycoconjugates in myelin: relationship to peripheral neuropathies. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 101:305-12. [PMID: 8029459 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(08)61958-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A J Steck
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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French KA, Jordan SM, Loer CM, Kristan WB. Mesenchyme of embryonic reproductive ducts directs process outgrowth of Retzius neurons in the medicinal leech. Dev Biol 1992; 153:122-40. [PMID: 1516742 DOI: 10.1016/0012-1606(92)90097-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In the two segments of the medicinal leech (Hirudo medicinalis) that contain the male (segment 5) and the female (segment 6) reproductive ducts, the paired Retzius (Rz) neurons are distinguished by several unique properties. For example, the muscles and glands of the body wall are the primary peripheral targets of Rz neurons in standard segments [Rz(X)], whereas the muscles and glands of the reproductive ducts are the primary peripheral targets of Rz neurons in the two reproductive segments [Rz(5,6)]. In this paper, we show that organogenesis and differentiation, which generate an epithelial tube surrounded by mesenchymal cells, occur in the embryonic reproductive ducts at approximately the time when Rz processes first contact these structures. The growth cones leading one branch of the posterior axon of Rz(5,6) contact the duct mesenchymal cells. Following initiation of this contact, these posterior growth cones enlarge and send out numerous filopodia. Secondarily, growth cones leading the anterior axon of each Rz(5,6) also modify their shapes and trajectories. When embryonic reproductive ducts were transplanted into posterior (nonreproductive) segments, the branch of the posterior Rz axon near the ectopic reproductive tissue produced enlarged growth cones and extended several secondary branches into the mesenchyme of the ectopic tissue. This result suggests that the reproductive mesenchyme is attractive to, and can modify the growth of, all Rz neurons. The behavior of Rz(5,6) growth cones suggests that the reproductive mesenchyme cells provide guidance cues that control the location in which Rz axons elaborate their peripheral arborization and form synapses, and that the mesenchyme may also stimulate the production of a densely branched arbor.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A French
- Department of Biology, UCSD, La Jolla 92093
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