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Affiliation(s)
- P A Uldry
- Department of Neurology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kuhle J, Lindberg RLP, Regeniter A, Mehling M, Steck AJ, Kappos L, Czaplinski A. Increased levels of inflammatory chemokines in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:771-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2009.02560.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sutter R, Killer HE, Bilz S, Baumgartner M, Ott HW, Steck AJ, Renaud S. Cerebral edema and intracranial hypertension in an adult with maple syrup urine disease. Eur J Neurol 2009; 16:e45-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-1331.2008.02425.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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4
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Willimann P, Lechner-Scott J, Ferracin F, Miescher G, Steck AJ. Klinische Bedeutung der Anti-GQ1b-Antikörper bei Patienten mit Miller-Fisher-Syndrom. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-1017782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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5
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Winkler DT, Lyrer P, Probst A, Devys D, Haufschild T, Haller S, Willi N, Mihatsch MJ, Steck AJ, Tolnay M. Hereditary systemic angiopathy (HSA) with cerebral calcifications, retinopathy, progressive nephropathy, and hepatopathy. J Neurol 2008; 255:77-88. [PMID: 18204807 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-008-0675-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Revised: 05/14/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Several hereditary conditions affecting cerebral, retinal and systemic microvessels have recently been described. They include CADASIL, CRV, and HERNS. We here report on a variant form of a hereditary systemic angiopathy (HSA) affecting two generations of a Caucasian family. Clinical symptoms of HSA appear in the mid-forties and are characterized by visual impairment, migraine-like headache, skin rash, epileptic seizures, progressive motor paresis and cognitive decline. Late symptoms include hepatic and renal failure. Retinal capillary microaneurysms and arteriolar tortuosity are associated with marked optic disc atrophy. Radiological hallmarks consist of multiple cerebral calcifications and tumor-like subcortical white matter lesions. Brain, peripheral nerve, muscle, kidney and colon biopsies have revealed a multi organ small vessel involvement with partly altered endothelium, perivascular inflammation and thrombotic microangiopathy. No curative therapeutic options are known for hereditary cerebral vasculopathies. The use of cyclophosphamide, azathioprine and methotrexate was of no benefit in our cases of HSA. Early diagnosis of hereditary systemic angiopathies is important in order to prevent patients from repetitive invasive diagnostic measures and to avoid the use of inappropriate and potentially harmful drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Winkler
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031, Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- F Fluri
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel, Switzerland.
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Winkler DT, Strnad P, Meier ML, Roten S, Went P, Lyrer P, Steck AJ. Myasthenia gravis, paraneoplastic pemphigus and thymoma, a rare triade. J Neurol 2007; 254:1601-3. [PMID: 17668261 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-007-0588-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Sutter R, Arber C, Tichelli A, Steck AJ, Czaplinski A. Cranial and peripheral neuropathy due to leptomeningeal infiltration in a patient with Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia. J Neurol 2007; 254:1122-3. [PMID: 17676357 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-006-0405-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2006] [Revised: 08/26/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Saccardi R, Kozak T, Bocelli-Tyndall C, Fassas A, Kazis A, Havrdova E, Carreras E, Saiz A, Löwenberg B, te Boekhorst PAW, Gualandio F, Openshaw H, Longo G, Pagliai F, Massacesi L, Deconink E, Ouyang J, Nagore FJZ, Besalduch J, Lisukov IA, Bonini A, Merelli E, Slavino S, Gratwohl A, Passweg J, Tyndall A, Steck AJ, Andolina M, Capobianco M, Martin JLD, Lugaresi A, Meucci G, Sáez RA, Clark RE, Fernandez MN, Fouillard L, Herstenstein B, Koza V, Cocco E, Baurmann H, Mancardi GL. Autologous stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: update of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation autoimmune diseases working party database. Mult Scler 2007; 12:814-23. [PMID: 17263012 DOI: 10.1177/1352458506071301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Over the last decade, hematopoietic stem cells transplantation (HSCT) has been increasingly used in the treatment of severe progressive autoimmune diseases. We report a retrospective survey of 183 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, recorded in the database of the European Blood and Marrow Transplantation Group (EBMT). Transplant data were available from 178 patients who received an autologous graft. Overall, transplant related mortality (TRM) was 5.3% and was restricted to the period 1995-2000, with no further TRM reported since then. Busulphan-based regimens were significantly associated with TRM. Clinical status at the time of transplant and transplant techniques showed some correlations with toxicity. No toxic deaths were reported among the 53 patients treated with the BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, cytosine-arabinoside, melphalan)/antithymocyte globulin (ATG) regimen without graft manipulation, irrespective of their clinical condition at the time of the transplant. Improvement or stabilization of neurological conditions occurred in 63% of patients at a median follow-up of 41.7 months, and was not associated with the intensity of the conditioning regimen. In this large series, HSCT was shown as a promising procedure to slow down progression in a subset of patients affected by severe, progressive MS; the safety and feasibility of the procedure can be significantly improved by appropriate patient selection and choice of transplant regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Saccardi
- BMT Unit Department of Hematology, Ospedale di Careggi, Florence, Italy.
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Radziwill AJ, Schweikert K, Kuntzer T, Fuhr P, Steck AJ. Mycophenolate mofetil for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy: An open-label study. Eur Neurol 2006; 56:37-8. [PMID: 16914929 DOI: 10.1159/000095139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Haller S, Winkler DT, Gobbi C, Lyrer P, Wetzel SG, Steck AJ. Prominent activation of the putamen during essential palatal tremor: a functional MR imaging case study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006; 27:1272-4. [PMID: 16775278 PMCID: PMC8133941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Palatal tremor (PT), also known as palatal myoclonus, is defined by short rhythmic contractions of the palatal musculature. Functional MR imaging (fMRI) revealed prominent bilateral neuronal activation in the putamen associated with essential palatal tremor (EPT) in a 41-year-old man. This implies a central role of the putamen in EPT, most likely as a consequence of diminished inhibition in an afferent pathway. Because fMRI primarily detects activations, dysfunctional areas remain obscure. The present functional study complements previous pathologic studies, which associated PT with lesions to dentate nucleus, red nucleus, and the inferior olive (Guillain-Mollaret triangle).
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Affiliation(s)
- S Haller
- Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Diagnostic Radiology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Abstract
Rituximab has been administered successfully in patients with polyneuropathy associated with antibodies to myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG). The authors present a follow-up study with high-dose rituximab. Increase of rituximab from 375 mg/m2 to a dose of 750 mg/m2 was well tolerated and led to clinical improvement in four of eight patients, along with improvement of nerve conduction velocities and a reduction of anti-MAG antibody titers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Renaud
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
In this article, we review the main clinical and pathological features of paraproteinaemic neuropathies and discuss recent experimental findings. Further knowledge of the disease process at the molecular level has allowed a better characterization of clinical syndromes and has given new insights into their pathogenesis. The most convincing evidence for a causal relationship can be drawn from IgM monoclonal gammopathies with specificities directed against carbohydrate determinants of the myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG). There remain however, many unresolved questions, such as how monoclonal anti-MAG IgM antibodies cross the blood-nerve barrier and trigger a chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy while the central nervous system is essentially spared. IgM paraproteins with specificity for other molecules, such as neurofilaments, sulphatide, gangliosides, chondroitin sulphate and tubulin, have also been identified, but their pathogenetic importance remains to be elucidated. Other paraproteinaemic neuropathies such as IgG and IgA neuropathies have to be considered separately. The paraneoplastic endocrine and cytokine manifestations of rare osteosclerotic myelomas provide valuable insights into the interaction between the immune and the nervous system. The antigen-specificity of IgG and IgA monoclonal antibodies are only poorly characterized but some have been found to be directed against endoneurial determinants and a few against axonal proteins such as neurofilaments.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Steck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Basel, Switzerland.
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Czaplinski A, Schweikert K, Strobel W, Steck AJ, Weber M. [Symptomatic management in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 2006; 95:263-8, 269-71. [PMID: 16523990 DOI: 10.1024/0369-8394.95.8.263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Although disease-specific treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is still unsatisfactory, a number of advances have been made in the symptomatic therapy of ALS patients within the last decade. Current data suggest that active and aggressive multidisciplinary management of ALS patients improve their quality of life and prolong their survival. Patient and caregiver communications and decisions are increasingly recognized to be a relevant part of this management. A wide range of supportive and palliative measures, in particular the widely use of symptomatic drugs for pseudobulbar affect, sialorrhea, and sleep disorders is available to relieve patients symptomatology. In addition, patients quality of life has been profoundly improved by the introduction of enteral nutrition and non-invasive ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czaplinski
- Departement of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.
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Engelter ST, Fluri F, Buitrago-Téllez C, Marsch S, Steck AJ, Rüegg S, Lyrer PA. Life-threatening orolingual angioedema during thrombolysis in acute ischemic stroke. J Neurol 2005; 252:1167-70. [PMID: 16184341 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0789-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2004] [Revised: 12/08/2004] [Accepted: 12/21/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orolingual angioedema can occur during thrombolysis with alteplase in stroke patients. However, data about its frequency, severity and the significance of concurrent use of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are sparse. OBJECTIVE (1), to alert to the potentially life-threatening complication of orolingual angioedema. (2), to present CT-scans of the tongue which exclude lingual hematoma. (3), to estimate the frequency of orolingual angioedema. (4), to evaluate the risk associated with the concurrent use of ACEi. METHODS Single center, databank-based observational study on 120 consecutive patients with i. v. alteplase for acute stroke. Meta-analysis of all stroke studies on alteplase-associated angioedema, which provided detailed information about the use of ACE-inhibitors. Across studies, the Peto odds ratio of orolingual angioedema for "concurrent use of ACEi" was calculated. RESULTS Orolingual angioedema occurred in 2 of 120 patients (1.7%, 95% CI 0.2-5.9 %). Angioedema was mild in one, but rapidly progressive in another patient. Impending asphyxia prompted immediate intubation. CT showed orolingual swelling but no bleeding. One of 19 (5%) patients taking ACEi had orolingual angioedema, compared to 1 of 101 (1%) patients without ACEi. Medline search identified one further study about the occurrence of alteplase-associated angioedema in stroke patients stratified to the use of ACEi. Peto odds ratio of 37 (95 % CI 8-171) indicated an increased risk of alteplasetriggered angioedema for patients with ACEi (p <0.001). CONCLUSION Orolingual angioedema is a potentially life-threatening complication of alteplase treatment in stroke patients, especially in those with ACEi. Orolingual hematoma as differential diagnosis can be excluded by CT-scan.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Engelter
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Bonati LH, Lyrer PA, Wetzel SG, Steck AJ, Engelter ST. Diffusion weighted imaging, apparent diffusion coefficient maps and stroke etiology. J Neurol 2005; 252:1387-93. [PMID: 15942704 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0881-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2004] [Revised: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 03/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In acute ischemic stroke, the number and distribution of lesions on diffusion weighted imaging (DWI) have been shown to give clues to the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms. The objective of this study was to determine whether lesion features on DWI differ between stroke due to large artery atherosclerosis (LAA) and cardioembolism (CE), and to assess the role of apparent diffusion coefficient maps (ADC). METHODS We retrospectively studied 83 consecutive patients with stroke caused by either LAA (n=40) or cardioembolism (n=43). DWI lesions were characterized by number, size, distribution (i. e. lesion pattern) and signal intensity on ADC maps. In part A, all hyperintense DWI lesions regardless of their ADC were compared. In part B, only hyperintense DWI lesions with hypointense appearance on ADC maps (i. e. acute lesions) were assessed. RESULTS Part A: The frequency of multiple hyperintense DWI lesions (LAA: 28/40, CE: 21/43; p< 0.05) and the lesion number (LAA 4.7+/- 4.9; CE: 3.1+/- 4.7; p=0.01) were higher in LAA-patients. Involvement of >1 circulation (i. e. anterior plus posterior or bilateral anterior circulations) was present in 5 LAA-patients (13 %) and 4 CE-patients (9 %). Lesion size did not differ between LAA-stroke (35.1+/- 33.7 mm) and CE-stroke (35.4+/- 27.8 mm). Part B: Multiple hyperintense DWI lesions with low ADC occurred in 23/40 LAA-patients and in 15/43 CE-patients (p<0.05). Lesions in >1 circulation occurred only in CE-stroke (n=3; 7%) and never in LAA-stroke. CONCLUSIONS (1) Multiple ischemic lesions occur significantly more often in LAA-stroke than in CE-stroke. (2) ADC maps are important in the comparison of DWI lesion patterns; DWI lesions in >1 circulation can only be assigned to a cardioembolic etiology if they appear hypointense on ADC maps.
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Affiliation(s)
- L H Bonati
- Dept. of Neurology and Stroke Unit, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
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Sollberger M, Lyrer P, Baumann T, Radü EW, Steck AJ, Wetzel SG. Isolated bilateral abducent nerve palsy due to a spontaneous left-side dural carotid cavernous fistula Type Barrow C. J Neurol 2005; 252:372-3. [PMID: 15791389 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0657-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2004] [Revised: 09/07/2004] [Accepted: 09/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Abstract
We describe a case of a 65-year old patient diagnosed with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The clinical findings, with symmetric, predominantly proximal wasting and weakness of both arms (especially of the infra-, supraspinatus and deltoideus) leading to severe functional disability and contrasting with preserved independent ambulation and sparing of bulbar muscles, were consistent with the proposed criteria of the so-called flail arm syndrome. Based on our case we characterize the clinical features of flail arm syndrome and review the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Czaplinski
- Department of Neurology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Sollberger M, Fluri F, Baumann T, Sonnet S, Tamm M, Steck AJ, Brutsche M. Successful treatment of steroid-refractory neurosarcoidosis with infliximab. J Neurol 2004; 251:760-1. [PMID: 15311358 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-004-0432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2003] [Revised: 01/21/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) characteristics and stroke etiology, stroke severity, and functional outcome in patients with infratentorial strokes. METHODS The authors prospectively studied 22 consecutive patients with acute infratentorial strokes. They used a blinded comparison of DWI features (number, distribution, and volume of lesions) with clinical characteristics, namely, stroke etiology (Trial of ORG 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment [TOAST] classification), severity (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS]), length of stay (LOS), and functional 3-month outcome using modified Rankin Scale, Barthel Index, and a dichotomized outcome status (living at home vs institutionalization or death). RESULTS Acute infratentorial DWI lesions were detected in 95% (21/22) of the patients. The number (p = 0.01) and the distribution (p < 0.001) of DWI lesions were correlated with stroke etiology. Patients with cardioembolic strokes (n = 5) had more DWI lesions (8.0 +/- 6.0) than those with other stroke etiologies (n = 17; 1.3 +/- 0.9; p < 0.001). Their lesion distribution differed from that of patients with noncardioembolic strokes (p < 0.001). Clinically silent, acute DWI lesions in the anterior circulation in addition to their infratentorial lesions were visualized in 3 of 5 patients with cardioembolic stroke and in none of 17 patients without sources of cardioembolism (p < 0.001). Pure infratentorial lesions were present in 15 of 17 patients with noncardioembolic strokes and in none of 5 cardioembolic stroke patients (p < 0.001). DWI lesion volume was not correlated with NIHSS score, LOS, outcome scores, or outcome status. CONCLUSION In infratentorial strokes, multiple DWI lesions and a distribution of subsidiary, clinically silent DWI lesions in the anterior circulation suggest a cardioembolic stroke etiology. However, DWI lesion volume did not correlate with the NIHSS score and was no predictor of outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Engelter
- Neurological Clinic and Stroke Unit, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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Weber JF, Kirsch E, Radü EW, Steck AJ, Kaiser HJ, Lyrer PA. Angioplasty in a patient with ocular ischemia due to occlusion of the internal and stenosis of the external carotid artery. Cerebrovasc Dis 2004; 16:436-9. [PMID: 13130189 DOI: 10.1159/000072571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J F Weber
- University Eye Clinic, Basel, Switzerland
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Hess K, Steck AJ. Neurologie-Kompendium. Therapeutische Umschau 2004. [DOI: 10.1024/0040-5930.61.3.223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Gobbi C, Buess M, Probst A, Rüegg S, Schraml P, Herrmann R, Steck AJ, Dirnhofer S. Enteropathy-associated T-cell lymphoma with initial manifestation in the CNS. Neurology 2003; 60:1718-9. [PMID: 12771280 DOI: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000066052.84194.6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C Gobbi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Erb M, Steck AJ, Nave KA, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Differential expression of L- and S-MAG upon cAMP stimulated differentiation in oligodendroglial cells. J Neurosci Res 2003; 71:326-37. [PMID: 12526022 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG), an immunoglobulin-like cell signaling protein involved in axon-glial interactions, displays two intracellular C-termini as a result of alternative mRNA splicing. During brain development, the two MAG mRNAs that encode L-MAG and S-MAG differ in their relative abundance. We have investigated the differential expression of L- and S-MAG upon cAMP treatment in the oligodendroglial cell line Oli-neu, a cell line able to differentiate in vitro. We have engineered GFP and VSVG fusions by small insertions into the alternatively spliced exons of the cloned MAG gene and reintroduced them into Oli-neu cells. The individually tagged MAG isoforms were expressed under the control of the MAG promoter and regulatory region. In this system, L-MAG was the predominant isoform before the stimulation of cells with cAMP, whereas upon cAMP treatment the S-MAG isoform was predominantly expressed in cells with a high degree of morphological differentiation. We suggest that the regulation of the MAG alternative splicing and the morphological differentiation in oligodendrocytes are controlled both by the same cAMP-responsive differentiation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Erb
- Neurobiology, Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Pharmacenter, Basel, Switzerland
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Lombardi R, Erne B, Pareyson D, Morbin M, Lauria G, Steck AJ, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Abstracts of the 8th Meeting of the Italian Peripheral Nerve Study Group: 75. J Peripher Nerv Syst 2003. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1529-8027.2003.00075.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Steck AJ, Kuntzer T. [Neurological manifestations of IgM dysglobulinemia]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2002; 158:971-8. [PMID: 12407306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Disturbancies in neurological functions associated with paraproteinaemic states are well documented. In recent years increasing attention has been given to paraproteinemia in the absence of evidence of malignancy. In this article we review the main clinical and pathological features associated with IgM paraproteins. Neurological complications affecting the central nervous system are rare, while peripheral neuropathies are frequently observed. Recent advances at the histological and molecular level have allowed a better characterization of clinical syndromes and have given new insights into their pathogenesis. The most convincing evidence for a causal relationship can be drawn from IgM monoclonal gammopathies with specificities directed against carbohydrate determinants of the myelin associated glycoprotein (MAG). There remain, however, many unresolved questions such as how monoclonal anti-MAG IgM antibodies cross the blood-nerve barrier and trigger a chronic demyelinating polyneuropathy while the central nervous system is essentially spared. Current immune therapies for neuropathy associated with IgM paraproteins are temporarily effective in half of patients and are often associated with considerable side effects which limit their prolonged use and efficacy. The availability of safer therapies such as humanized monoclonal antibodies that eliminate specifically B-cell and B-cell precursors may open a new avenue for the management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Steck
- Service de Neurologie, Hôpital Cantonal Universitaire, Bâle, Suisse, France.
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28
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Radziwill AJ, Kuntzer T, Steck AJ. [Immunopathology and treatments of Guillain-Barré syndrome and of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy]. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2002; 158:301-10. [PMID: 11976589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The concepts of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) have changed over the last decade. The spectrum of GBS ranges from acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy to pure motor, sensory-motor or bulbar variants and the Miller Fisher syndrome. Also CIDP includes different variants in addition to the typical clinical picture with symmetrical proximal and distal weakness, such as a form with predominant distal weakness, a pure sensory form, an asymmetric form and a form with predominant cranial nerve involvement. Detailed immunopathologic features have been described in GBS and CIDP: most current investigations are centered on the hypothesis of molecular mimicry in GBS and together with the pathogenic role of cell-mediated immunity different antibodies have been discovered in GBS which interfere with nerve impulse conduction on neuromuscular transmission. The immunopathogenesis of CIDP remains fragmentary and insufficient for a unified hypothesis. Activated macrophages and T-cells with the participation of T-1 helper cell related cytokines seem to play a fundamental role in demyelination. The nature of antigen presenting cells, T-cell receptors, adhesion molecules and the proinflammatory cytokines need to be explored to design more specific immunotherapies. Established treatments in GBS include intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange. Randomized trials have shown the efficacy of prednisone, intravenous immunoglobulin and plasma exchange in CIDP. New insight in the pathogenetic role of the cytokine-network in CIDP opens new therapeutical possibilities with the modification of the T-1 helper cell reaction with interferon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Radziwill
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Kantonsspital, Bâle, Suisse, France.
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Rüegg S, Stahl M, Bühlmann M, Dupont A, Lyrer PA, Humbel RL, Steck AJ. Cerebellar degeneration and polyglandular autoimmune syndrome with anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies. J Neurol 2002; 249:348-50. [PMID: 11993540 DOI: 10.1007/s004150200019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Czaplinski A, Radziwill AJ, Graber P, Fuhr P, Steck AJ. Diagnostische Aspekte des Botulismus. Akt Neurol 2002. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2002-20535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Schaller B, Radziwill AJ, Steck AJ. Successful treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome with combined administration of interferon-beta-1a and intravenous immunoglobulin. Eur Neurol 2002; 46:167-8. [PMID: 11598343 DOI: 10.1159/000050798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B Schaller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Sollberger M, Erne B, Sansano S, Steck AJ, Schaeren-Wiemers N. Characterization of human nerve basal lamina for their binding properties of anti-MAG antibodies. J Neurocytol 2002; 31:5-14. [PMID: 12652083 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022518113385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The functional importance of the basal lamina in Schwann cell development and in adult peripheral nerve fibers is well known. We have demonstrated previously by confocal microscopy that IgM deposits are present on the basal lamina of myelinating Schwann cells of nerve biopsies from patients with an anti-MAG IgM neuropathy. Therefore, the basal lamina was postulated to represent an early target for the uptake of autoantibodies on the surface of myelinated nerve fibers. In this study, the preparation of cell- and myelin-free basal lamina from human peripheral nerves, using a detergent-dependent method is described and characterized by immunohistochemical and biochemical analysis. Using these methods we demonstrated that an enrichment of basal lamina components of Schwann cells with extraction of myelin could be achieved. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemical characterization showed that anti-MAG IgM antibodies did not recognize an epitope on the basal lamina of normal nerves. The established method will allow in situ investigations of basal lamina components from human peripheral nerves in health and in disease, e.g. peripheral neuropathies of infectious or inflammatory origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Sollberger
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Pharmacenter, Klingelbergstrasse 50, Switzerland
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Empl M, Renaud S, Erne B, Fuhr P, Straube A, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Steck AJ. TNF-alpha expression in painful and nonpainful neuropathies. (University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland) Neurology. 2001;56:1371-1377. Pain Pract 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1533-2500.2001.1039_29.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether the cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) acts as a pain mediator in neuropathic pain in humans. BACKGROUND In animal models, inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha have been shown to facilitate neuropathic pain. METHODS The expression of TNF-alpha was analyzed immunohistochemically in 20 human nerve biopsy specimens of patients with painful (n = 10) and nonpainful (n = 10) neuropathies. Additionally, serum soluble TNF-alpha receptor I (sTNF-RI) levels were determined in 24 patients with neuropathies, 16 of which were painful and 8 that were painless. RESULTS Colocalization studies by confocal fluorescence microscopy for S-100 and TNF-alpha showed expression of TNF-alpha in human Schwann cells. Patients with painful neuropathies showed a stronger TNF-alpha immunoreactivity in myelinating Schwann cells relative to the epineurial background staining compared with patients with nonpainful neuropathy (0.949 +/- 0.047 vs 1.010 +/- 0.053, p < 0.05). Although there was no difference in sTNF-RI levels between painful (n = 16) and nonpainful (n = 8) neuropathies (sTNF-RI: 1412 +/- 545 pg/mL vs 1,318 +/- 175 pg/mL), patients with a mechanical allodynia (n = 9) had elevated serum sTNF-RI (1627 +/- 645 pg/mL vs 1233 +/- 192 pg/mL, p < 0.05) compared with patients without allodynia (n = 15). CONCLUSIONS TNF-alpha expression of human Schwann cells may be up-regulated in painful neuropathies. The elevation of sTNF-RI in patients with centrally mediated mechanical allodynia suggests that systemic sTNF-RI levels may influence central pain processing mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Empl
- Neurobiology Laboratory, Department of Research and Clinical Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate long-term outcome after extracranial internal carotid artery dissection (eICAD) in consideration of the applied antithrombotic therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Among 33 consecutive eICAD patients initially treated either with anticoagulation (n = 25) or with antiplatelets (n = 8), a standardized interview was performed after 28 +/- 22.1 months to analyze risks and benefits of both agents. Ischemic and hemorrhagic complications, occurrence of seizure and rates of arterial recanalization were compared and long-term clinical outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and Barthel Index (BI). RESULTS Among anticoagulated patients, 1 died due to brain herniation. In 3 patients stroke (n = 2) or TIA (n = 1) recurred. In the antiplatelet group, none died and no subsequent ischemic events happened. Hemorrhagic complications were noted in neither treatment group. Functional outcome among anticoagulated patients was BI 92 +/- 21.6 and mRS 1.48 +/- 1.50, which did not differ from patients initially treated with antiplatelets (BI 89 +/- 18.9, mRS 1.50 +/- 1.41, p > 0.05). Four anticoagulated patients developed seizures, compared to 2 patients with antiplatelets (p > 0.05). Arterial recanalization occurred in 16 of 22 antico- agulated patients with ultrasound follow-up, compared to 6 of 6 patients with antiplatelets (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION In the absence of iatrogenic side effects, both anticoagulation and antiplatelets seem to be safe for eICAD. The rates for death and stroke were low and outcome ratings did not differ between both agents. These findings may indicate that a controlled randomized trial comparing anticoagulation and antiplatelets is ethically justified.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Engelter
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland.
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Erb S, Ferracin F, Fuhr P, Rösler KM, Hess CW, Kuntzer T, Bogousslavsky J, Sztajzel R, Steck AJ. Polyneuropathy attributes: a comparison between patients with anti-MAG and anti-sulfatide antibodies. J Neurol 2000; 247:767-72. [PMID: 11127531 DOI: 10.1007/s004150070090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-two patients with a peripheral neuropathy and paraproteinemia were tested for IgM antibodies against myelin-associated protein (MAG) and sulfatide by means of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Nine patients (28 %) had increased anti-sulfatide IgM antibodies and showed a chronic, slowly progressive, distally pronounced, and symmetric polyneuropathy with sensory to sensory-motor impairment, ataxia, hyporeflexia, and axonal involvement in electrophysiological studies. Ten patients (31 %) with increased anti-MAG antibodies had a similar, homogeneous polyneuropathy syndrome but presented with demyelinating features. A weak cross-reactivity between anti-MAG and anti-sulfatide antibodies was present in only three patients. In conclusion, although the two neuropathy groups clearly differed in their electrophysiological features, their clinical presentation was rather similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Erb
- Department of Neurology, University of Basel, Switzerland
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Heckmann JG, Sommer JB, Druschky A, Erbguth FJ, Steck AJ, Neundörfer B. Acute motor axonal neuropathy associated with IgM anti-GM1 following Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. Eur Neurol 2000; 41:175-6. [PMID: 10202255 DOI: 10.1159/000008031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J G Heckmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany
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Abstract
Most inflammatory neuropathies, both acute and chronic, probably result from an immune attack against antigens of the peripheral nervous system. Specific antibodies in serum that react with the peripheral nervous system have been described in a number of inflammatory neuropathies. We review the pathophysiological significance of auto-antibodies and discuss their use for the diagnosis of patients with peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Steck
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland.
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Clarke S, Bellmann A, Meuli RA, Assal G, Steck AJ. Auditory agnosia and auditory spatial deficits following left hemispheric lesions: evidence for distinct processing pathways. Neuropsychologia 2000; 38:797-807. [PMID: 10689055 DOI: 10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00141-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Auditory recognition and auditory spatial functions were studied in four patients with circumscribed left hemispheric lesions. Patient FD was severely deficient in recognition of environmental sounds but normal in auditory localisation and auditory motion perception. The lesion included the left superior, middle and inferior temporal gyri and lateral auditory areas (as identified in previous anatomical studies), but spared Heschl's gyrus, the acoustic radiation and the thalamus. Patient SD had the same profile as FD, with deficient recognition of environmental sounds but normal auditory localisation and motion perception. The lesion comprised the postero-inferior part of the frontal convexity and the anterior third of the temporal lobe; data from non-human primates indicate that the latter are interconnected with lateral auditory areas. Patient MA was deficient in recognition of environmental sounds, auditory localisation and auditory motion perception, confirming that auditory spatial functions can be disturbed by left unilateral damage; the lesion involved the supratemporal region as well as the temporal, postero-inferior frontal and antero-inferior parietal convexities. Patient CZ was severely deficient in auditory motion perception and partially deficient in auditory localisation, but normal in recognition of environmental sounds; the lesion involved large parts of the parieto-frontal convexity and the supratemporal region. We propose that auditory information is processed in the human auditory cortex along two distinct pathways, one lateral devoted to auditory recognition and one medial and posterior devoted to auditory spatial functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Clarke
- Division de Neuropsychologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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40
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Ritz MF, Lechner-Scott J, Scott RJ, Fuhr P, Malik N, Erne B, Taylor V, Suter U, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Steck AJ. Characterisation of autoantibodies to peripheral myelin protein 22 in patients with hereditary and acquired neuropathies. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 104:155-63. [PMID: 10713355 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00250-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possibility that an autoimmune mechanism may play a role in the hereditary neuropathy Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 1A (CMT1A), sera were analysed by Western blot for anti-peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) autoantibodies. These sera were compared with sera from patients with CMT type 2 (CMT2), acquired peripheral neuropathies such as chronic inflammatory demyelinating neuropathy (CIDP), anti-MAG IgM neuropathy, Miller-Fisher syndrome (MFS), diabetic neuropathy and with control blood donors. Anti-PMP22 positive sera were detected in 70% of patients with CMT1 and unexpectedly in 60% of patients with CMT2. Interestingly, 44% of the patients with other peripheral neuropathies and 23% of the apparently healthy controls showed also anti-PMP22 antibody reactivity. Immunohistochemical analysis of the human anti-PMP22 antisera on healthy sural nerve sections and on PMP22-expressing COS cells revealed that these sera did not recognise endogenous PMP22. Our results indicate that anti-PMP22 autoantibodies are found in sera of patients with different types of peripheral neuropathies, but their role in the pathogenesis of these diseases remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ritz
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
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41
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Radziwill AJ, Kappos L, Battegay M, Steck AJ. [Neurological complications of HIV infection. Review: new diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic aspects]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 2000; 130:457-70. [PMID: 10812641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
About one third of patients with HIV infection show neurological complications with considerable morbidity and high mortality. This is an actualized review of the most important neurological manifestations resulting from primary HIV infection, from secondary opportunistic infections, or as complications of antiretroviral therapy. The primary neurological manifestations, including HIV-associated dementia complex, myelopathies, peripheral neuropathies and myopathies, the more common opportunistic infections, primary central nervous system lymphoma and cerebrovascular diseases, are discussed in the light of new evidence in diagnosis, therapy and prognosis. Cognitive and psychiatric symptoms, visual changes, headache, seizures, dizziness, involuntary movements, gait disturbances, cranial neuropathies and focal deficits are the common neurological symptoms in HIV infection which are described under the aspect of differential diagnosis. It is important to bear in mind that nearly all information available to date on this subject concerns HIV patients in the period before combination therapies (including protease inhibitors). The introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with protease inhibitors in 1995, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, have opened up new therapeutic modalities with a new emphasis on earlier detection and treatment of neurological complications. The prognosis of different HIV-associated neurological diseases has considerably improved, as recently shown in the case, for example, of progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Radziwill
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik und Poliklinik, Kantonsspital Basel.
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Baumann TP, Hurwitz N, Karamitopolou-Diamantis E, Probst A, Herrmann R, Steck AJ. Diagnosis and treatment of intravascular lymphomatosis. Arch Neurol 2000; 57:374-7. [PMID: 10714664 DOI: 10.1001/archneur.57.3.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe a patient with unusually good outcome of a rare, high-grade lymphoma that often involves the nervous system. DESIGN Case report. SETTING University hospital. CASE A 70-year-old pharmacist first presented with meningoencephalitislike symptoms and 6 months later with acute confusional state followed by complex partial status epilepticus. Diagnosis of intravascular lymphomatosis was made using detection and biopsy of a bilateral adrenal tumor. MAIN OUTCOME AND RESULTS Polychemotherapy consisting of CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin hydrochloride, vincristine sulfate, and prednisone) led to complete remission. The patient's survival time currently exceeds 21/2 years. CONCLUSIONS The possibility of intravascular lymphomatosis should be considered in adult patients with unclear meningoencephalitic syndrome, acute confusional state, dementia, or other unexplained neurologic conditions with signs of a systemic disease. In intravascular lymphomatosis, as in other high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphomas, CHOP polychemotherapy should be the standard treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Baumann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Basel, Switzerland
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Huber S, Kappos L, Fuhr P, Wetzel S, Steck AJ. Combined acute disseminated encephalomyelitis and acute motor axonal neuropathy after vaccination for hepatitis A and infection with Campylobacter jejuni. J Neurol 1999; 246:1204-6. [PMID: 10653319 DOI: 10.1007/s004150050546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Steck AJ, Schaeren-Wiemers N. [Multiple sclerosis: epidemiology, molecular pathology and therapy]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999; 129:1764-8. [PMID: 10603650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It results from an autoimmune response against one of several antigens of cerebral white matter tissue. The pathogenesis of MS lesions consists in migration of auto-reactive T-cells and disruption of the blood-brain-barrier. B-cells and their products are, however, also important for demyelination together with various cytotoxic or pro-inflammatory cytokines. Recent advances in immunology and biotechnology and protein engineering techniques have opened the door for novel immunotherapies. Immune modulation with beta-interferon has shown beneficial effect, both in relapsing remitting and secondary progressive multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Steck
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, Basel.
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45
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Schaller B, Bernhard P, Graber P, Steck AJ. [Cerebellar syndrome after varicella infection without virus identification in cerebrospinal fluid--an important differential ataxia diagnosis]. Praxis (Bern 1994) 1999; 88:1901-1907. [PMID: 10593144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report on a 35 year old female with a 26 day history of an intermittent cerebellar syndrome (dysarthria, ataxia of extremities, gait and trunk, nystagmus), mild meningism, cephalgia, recurrent emesis and nausea. Symptoms developed after typically chickenpox exanthema. Examination of the liquor showed mild pleocytosis, elevated protein and increased albumin quotient. Virus was not found by EIA or PCR. There were elevated levels of IgM- and IgG-antibodies to VZV. The EEG showed mild general changes, compatible with an encephalitis. Neuroradiological examinations were unremarkful. The neurological deficits partly regressed in the follow-up of two months. To the best of our knowledge we are the first that describe the paradox of an intermittent cerebellar syndrome after infection with chickenpox without detection of the virus in the liquor. This phenomenon can be related to the unusual combination of cerebellar ataxia and the later occurrence of mild encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schaller
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätskliniken, Kantonsspital Basel
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Kuntzer T, Radziwill AJ, Lettry-Trouillat R, Naegeli C, Ochsner F, Erne B, Steck AJ, Bogousslavsky J. Interferon-beta1a in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. Neurology 1999; 53:1364-5. [PMID: 10522905 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.6.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- T Kuntzer
- Service de Neurologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies penetration into myelinated peripheral nerve fibers and the widening of the peripheral myelin sheaths in anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein (anti-MAG) demyelinating IgM monoclonal polyneuropathy. Demyelinating polyneuropathy with monoclonal IgM is often associated with anti-MAG autoantibodies, which are thought to initiate the disease with IgM deposits usually present on the myelin sheaths. We analyzed nerve biopsies from 12 patients with an anti-MAG demyelinating neuropathy by confocal and electron microscopy. The total number of nerve fibers and the proportion of IgM-associated fibers were quantified after immunohistochemical staining. The affinities of IgM were examined by analyzing the binding pattern of serum IgM on normal peripheral nerve sections. Ultrastructural examinations of the biopsies showed a good correlation between in situ widened myelin sheaths and the IgM penetration level into myelinated fibers. The terminal complement complex appears not be involved in the penetration of IgM into the myelinated fibers. Our findings suggest a causative role of the IgM anti-MAG antibodies in the ultrastructural modifications of the myelin sheaths. The basement membrane and myelin components appear to be the major targets of the IgM monoclonal antibodies. However, the pathogenic mechanism whereby IgM antibodies reach their targets and induce nerve damage are still unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- M F Ritz
- Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
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Schaller B, Radziwill AJ, Wasner M, Gratzl O, Steck AJ. [Intermittent paraparesis as manifestation of a bilateral chronic subdural hematoma]. Schweiz Med Wochenschr 1999; 129:1067-72. [PMID: 10464909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic subdural haematomas are mainly related to slight or moderate head trauma with consecutive lesion of bridge or cortical veins and bleeding in the subdural space. Further predisposing factors are known impairment of coagulation (coagulopathies, treatment with anticoagulants, alcohol abuse), risk factors for degenerative disease of the arteries (diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension), and development of pressure gradients (hydrocephalus, epileptic seizures, lumbar puncture, CSF drainage and cerebral atrophy). Chronic subdural haematomas appear bilaterally in 20 to 25% of cases. We report on a 69-year-old male with a 4-day history of intermittent, proximal, painless paraparesis (BMA grade M2-5) without a trigger event. Sensibility was normal in all qualities and vigilance was not disturbed. Computed tomography of the neurocranium revealed a bitemporally located chronic subdural haematoma with extension to parietal on both sides. Trepanation was performed over the tuber parietale and temporoparietally on both sides, with release of 150 ml fluid. The neurologic deficits regressed totally within 12 hours postoperatively. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to describe the clinical paradox of intermittent, painless paraparesis with preserved sensibility and without disturbances of vigilance, as manifestation of a chronic subdural haematoma possibly leading to impairment of cerebral blood flow in the area of the middle cerebral artery. Small changes in systemic blood pressure lead to changes in cerebral perfusion pressure due to vessel compression by the haematoma, thus explaining the intermittent character of the clinical presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Schaller
- Neurologische Klinik, Universitätskliniken, Kantonsspital Basel
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50
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Leppert D, Hughes P, Huber S, Erne B, Grygar C, Said G, Miller KM, Steck AJ, Probst A, Fuhr P. Matrix metalloproteinase upregulation in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy and nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy. Neurology 1999; 53:62-70. [PMID: 10408538 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.53.1.62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the expression pattern and cellular source of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP) and nonsystemic vasculitic neuropathy (NSVN). BACKGROUND MMPs are endopeptidases involved in tissue destruction and infiltration by immune cells in multiple sclerosis and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Enzyme inhibitors of MMPs attenuate clinical symptoms in corresponding animal models of these diseases. MMP inhibition may therefore be a novel approach for the treatment of CIDP and NSVN. However, the spectrum of MMPs expressed in chronic inflammatory neuropathies has not been established. METHODS The expression of MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-7, and MMP-9 in T cells, macrophages, and stromal cells in CIDP, NSVN, and noninflammatory neuropathies (NIN) was quantitated by immunohistochemistry. Results were correlated with clinical and electrophysiologic findings. RESULTS The production of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is increased in nerve tissue in CIDP and NSVN compared with NIN. T cells are the predominant source of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in CIDP and NSVN, whereas macrophages contribute only to a minor extent. Stromal cells of the perineurium/epineurium are an additional source of MMP-2 in NSVN, but not in CIDP. Expression of MMP-3 and MMP-7 was not detectable in CIDP or NSVN. Expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 did not correlate with clinical disease activity and electrophysiologic measurements. CONCLUSIONS The upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is a specific feature of CIDP and NSVN, and selective inhibitors of these enzymes could be used to prevent inflammatory tissue damage. The similar increase of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in both demyelinating (CIDP) and nondemyelinating (NSVN) neuropathies raises doubts about whether MMPs play a primary role in demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Leppert
- Department of Research, University Hospitals, Basel, Switzerland.
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