1
|
Luo H, Tu C, Liu C, Zeng Y, He D, Zhang A, Xu J, Pan X. Probing the molecular interaction between photoaged polystyrene microplastics and fulvic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170933. [PMID: 38360324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
As emerging contaminants, microplastics (MPs) are becoming a matter of global concern, and they have complex interactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) widely present in aqueous environments. Here, we investigate the molecular interactions between aged polystyrene microplastics (PS-MPs) and fulvic acid (FA) under neutral conditions using a series of analytical techniques. The structural changes of FA and the binding interactions of PS-MPs with FA at a molecular level were explored by fluorescence and FT-IR combined with two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS). Results showed that photoaging of PS-MPs changed the sequence of structural variations with FA. Atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) strongly demonstrated that the surface roughness of both pristine and aged PS-MPs greatly increased after FA addition. Meanwhile, AFM-IR and Raman spectroscopy revealed a stronger interaction between aged PS-MPs and FA. The content of oxygen-containing functional groups in PS-MPs increased after aging and after binding with FA, and surface distribution of these functional groups also changed. XPS analyses indicated that the oxygen content in PS-MPs increased after the interaction with FA and the increase in oxygen content was even greater in aged PS-MPs. Overall, these research findings are useful to understand the environmental impacts of DOM-MPs interactions and to address the uncertainty of MPs aging effect on their environmental behavior in aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312085, China.
| | - Chaolin Tu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Juan Xu
- School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Khanal D, Banaszak Holl MM. Applications of AFM-IR for drug delivery vector characterization: infrared, thermal, and mechanical characterization at the nanoscale. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 192:114646. [PMID: 36521685 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The development of effective drug delivery systems requires in-depth characterization of the micro- or nanostructure of the material vectors with high spatial resolution, resulting in a deep understanding of the design-function relationship and maximum therapeutic efficacy. Atomic force microscopy-infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) combines the high spatial resolution of AFM and the capabilities of IR spectroscopy to identify chemical composition and it has emerged as a powerful tool for the detailed characterization of a drug delivery system at the nanoscale. In addition, the instruments also allow thermal and mechanical evaluation at the nanoscale. In this review, we highlight the applications of AFM-IR in various drug delivery systems, including polymer-based carriers, lipid-contained nanocarriers, and metal-based nanocarriers. The existing challenges as well as the future perspectives for the application of AFM-IR for drug delivery vector characterization are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Dipesh Khanal
- Advanced Drug Delivery Group, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; The University of Sydney, Sydney Nano Institute, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia.
| | - Mark M Banaszak Holl
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Mechanial and Materials Engineering, School of Engineering University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA; Division of Pulmonology, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Heersink Medical School, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294 USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kilpeläinen T, Ervasti T, Uurasjärvi E, Koistinen A, Ketolainen J, Korhonen O, Pajula K. Detecting different amorphous - amorphous phase separation patterns in co-amorphous mixtures with high resolution imaging FTIR spectroscopy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2022; 180:161-169. [PMID: 36122786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in development suffer from low aqueous solubilities. Instead of the crystal form, the amorphous state can be used to improve the API's apparent solubility. However, the amorphous state has a higher Gibb's free energy and is inherently unstable and tends to transform back to the more stable crystal form. In co-amorphous mixtures, phase separation needs to occur before there can be crystallization. The aim of this study was to devise a method to study amorphous-amorphous phase separation with high resolution imaging Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with seven 1:1 molar ratio API-API binary mixtures being examined. The binary mixtures were amorphized by melt-quenching and stored above their glass transition temperature (Tg) to monitor their phase separation. Thermodynamic properties (crystallization tendency, melting point (Tm) and Tg) of these mixtures were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to verify the amorphization method and to assess the optimal storage temperature. The phase separation was examined with FTIR imaging in the transmission mode. Furthermore, measurements with two pure APIs were performed to ensure that the alterations occurring in the spectra were caused by phase separation not storage stress. In addition, the reproducibility of the imaging FTIR spectrometer was verified. The spectra were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and a characteristic peak comparison method. Scatter-plots were produced from the amount of phase separated pixels in the measurement area as a way of visualizing the progress of phase separation. The results indicated that imaging with FTIR spectroscopy can produce reproducible results and the progress of phase separation can be detected as either a sigmoidal or as a start-to-finish linear pattern depending on the substances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Kilpeläinen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tuomas Ervasti
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Emilia Uurasjärvi
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Arto Koistinen
- SIB Labs, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Katja Pajula
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Paladino E, Doerr FJ, Bordos E, Onyemelukwe II, Lamprou DA, Florence AJ, Gilmore IS, Halbert GW. High spatial resolution ToF-SIMS imaging and image analysis strategies to monitor and quantify early phase separation in amorphous solid dispersions. Int J Pharm 2022; 628:122191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
5
|
Luo H, Liu C, He D, Sun J, Zhang A, Li J, Pan X. Interactions between polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and humic acid influenced by aging of MPs. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118921. [PMID: 35932707 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As an emerging pollutant, microplastics (MPs) may interact with dissolved organic matter (DOM) which is prevalent in the aqueous environment. Meanwhile, the aging of MPs in the actual environment increases the uncertainty of their environmental fate. Here, the interaction mechanisms between pristine and aged polypropylene microplastics (PP-MPs) and humic acid (HA) at pH 7.0 were explored. Microstructural changes of HA were examined by fluorescence and Fourier transformation infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared (AFM-IR) and micro-Raman techniques were used to characterize and analyze the interacted PP-MPs. The addition of HA increased the surface roughness of both pristine and aged PP-MPs. Results of AFM-IR and Raman spectra showed that the interaction of PP-MPs with HA accelerated their surface oxidation and enhanced the characteristic signals. XPS spectra showed that the oxygen content ratio of pristine and aged PP-MPs increased by 0.95% and 1.48% after the addition of HA, respectively. PP-MPs after aging interacted more strongly with HA and there was a higher affinity between them. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS) combined with FT-IR spectra further elucidated the interaction mechanism at the molecular level. This work will help to evaluate the environmental impact of MPs in ecosystems and understand their interactions with DOM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| | - Chenyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Dongqin He
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jianqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Anping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cosas Fernandes JP, Federico CE, Basterra-Beroiz B, Weydert M, Quintana R. Revealing phase-specific properties of elastomeric blends and their molecular structure at the nanoscale by AFM. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
7
|
Goh CF, Lane ME. Advanced structural characterisation of pharmaceuticals using nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA). Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 180:114077. [PMID: 34896130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The production of drug delivery systems fabricated at the nano scale comes with the challenges of identifying reliable characterisation tools, especially for solid dosage forms. A full understanding of physicochemical properties of solid-state systems at a high spatial resolution is essential to monitor their manufacturability, processability, performance (dissolution) and stability. Nano-thermal analysis (nano-TA), a hybrid of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and thermal analysis, has emerged as a solution to address the need for complete characterisation of samples with surface heterogeneity. Nano-TA provides not only physical information using conventional AFM but also the thermal behaviour of these systems as an additional chemical dimension. In this review, the principles and techniques of nano-TA are discussed with emphasis on recent pharmaceutical applications. Building on nano-TA, the combination of this approach with infrared spectroscopic analysis is briefly introduced. The challenges and considerations for future development of nano-TA characterisation are also outlined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Majella E Lane
- Department of Pharmaceutics, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Luo H, Zeng Y, Zhao Y, Xiang Y, Li Y, Pan X. Effects of advanced oxidation processes on leachates and properties of microplastics. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 413:125342. [PMID: 33618270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) in natural environments undergo various aging processes. So far, little is known about the effects of chemical oxidation on leachates and properties of MPs. Here, we investigated the removal of pigment red from MPs by ozonation, Fenton, and heat-activated persulfate treatments, and further explored the nanoscale surface properties of treated MPs. Experimental results indicated that advanced oxidation processes effectively degraded pigment red released from MPs and the degradation rate was much faster than the leaching rate of pigments. Dominant reactive oxygen radicals in the ozone, Fenton, and heat-activated persulfate systems were identified as O2•-, HO•, and SO4•-, respectively. Height ranges of untreated, ozone-treated, Fenton-treated, and persulfate-treated MPs were 73 nm, 163 nm, 195 nm, and 206 nm, respectively. Oxidation of the -CH3 and -CH2 bonds occurred on the surface of treated MPs and the persulfate system achieved more serious oxidation degree than the ozone and Fenton systems. Addition of pigment red to the plastic polymer increased the glass transition temperature of MPs, which then showed a decline after advanced oxidation treatments except Fenton. The surface of persulfate-treated MPs was the stiffest, but the stiffness distribution of the ozone-treated and Fenton-treated MPs was more uneven. These research findings provide promising strategies to accelerate the aging process of MPs and contribute to a better understanding of the effects of aging on the environmental behavior of MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yifeng Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Thakore SD, Akhtar J, Jain R, Paudel A, Bansal AK. Analytical and Computational Methods for the Determination of Drug-Polymer Solubility and Miscibility. Mol Pharm 2021; 18:2835-2866. [PMID: 34041914 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the pharmaceutical industry, poorly water-soluble drugs require enabling technologies to increase apparent solubility in the biological environment. Amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) has emerged as an attractive strategy that has been used to market more than 20 oral pharmaceutical products. The amorphous form is inherently unstable and exhibits phase separation and crystallization during shelf life storage. Polymers stabilize the amorphous drug by antiplasticization, reducing molecular mobility, reducing chemical potential of drug, and increasing glass transition temperature in ASD. Here, drug-polymer miscibility is an important contributor to the physical stability of ASDs. The current Review discusses the basics of drug-polymer interactions with the major focus on the methods for the evaluation of solubility and miscibility of the drug in the polymer. Methods for the evaluation of drug-polymer solubility and miscibility have been classified as thermal, spectroscopic, microscopic, solid-liquid equilibrium-based, rheological, and computational methods. Thermal methods have been commonly used to determine the solubility of the drug in the polymer, while other methods provide qualitative information about drug-polymer miscibility. Despite advancements, the majority of these methods are still inadequate to provide the value of drug-polymer miscibility at room temperature. There is still a need for methods that can accurately determine drug-polymer miscibility at pharmaceutically relevant temperatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samarth D Thakore
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Junia Akhtar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology (Formulations), National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ranjna Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Amrit Paudel
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering (RCPE) GmbH, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria.,Institute for Process and Particle Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 13, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Arvind K Bansal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Sector 67, S.A.S. Nagar, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tokizane Y, Ejiri H, Minamikawa T, Suzuki S, Asada M, Yasui T. Hybrid optical imaging with near-infrared, mid-infrared, and terahertz wavelengths for nondestructive inspection [Invited]. APPLIED OPTICS 2021; 60:B100-B105. [PMID: 33798142 DOI: 10.1364/ao.415131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Optical imaging is a powerful tool for nondestructive inspection, with high spatial resolution and low invasiveness. As light-material interactions vary a great deal depending on the wavelength, it is difficult to select the best imaging wavelength without prior knowledge of the optical properties of the material. To overcome this difficulty, we constructed a hybrid optical imaging system using three different wavelengths: near-infrared (NIR), mid-infrared (MIR), and terahertz (THz) regions. The same imaging optics were integrated with different light sources and detectors. Depending on the light-material interaction and detection sensitivity, NIR and THz imaging indicated some potential for nondestructive inspection, but MIR imaging showed difficulty. A combination of NIR and THz imaging will be a powerful tool for optical nondestructive inspection.
Collapse
|
11
|
Co-Amorphous Drug Formulations in Numbers: Recent Advances in Co-Amorphous Drug Formulations with Focus on Co-Formability, Molar Ratio, Preparation Methods, Physical Stability, In Vitro and In Vivo Performance, and New Formulation Strategies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13030389. [PMID: 33804159 PMCID: PMC7999207 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13030389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-amorphous drug delivery systems (CAMS) are characterized by the combination of two or more (initially crystalline) low molecular weight components that form a homogeneous single-phase amorphous system. Over the past decades, CAMS have been widely investigated as a promising approach to address the challenge of low water solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. Most of the studies on CAMS were performed on a case-by-case basis, and only a few systematic studies are available. A quantitative analysis of the literature on CAMS under certain aspects highlights not only which aspects have been of great interest, but also which future developments are necessary to expand this research field. This review provides a comprehensive updated overview on the current published work on CAMS using a quantitative approach, focusing on three critical quality attributes of CAMS, i.e., co-formability, physical stability, and dissolution performance. Specifically, co-formability, molar ratio of drug and co-former, preparation methods, physical stability, and in vitro and in vivo performance were covered. For each aspect, a quantitative assessment on the current status was performed, allowing both recent advances and remaining research gaps to be identified. Furthermore, novel research aspects such as the design of ternary CAMS are discussed.
Collapse
|
12
|
Luo H, Xiang Y, Tian T, Pan X. An AFM-IR study on surface properties of nano-TiO 2 coated polyethylene (PE) thin film as influenced by photocatalytic aging process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143900. [PMID: 33316515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Most plastic wastes undergo extensive photo-aging in the environment, and the aged plastics exhibit different surface properties from pristine ones. Here, we investigate the surface properties of a nano-TiO2 coated polyethylene (PE) film as influenced by photocatalytic aging process using an atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique. Results showed that the height range of the as-prepared samples was about 30 nm, and the equivalent diameter of nano-TiO2 was ~70 nm. The photo-induced oxidation of the CH2 bond occurred on the surface of the PE film. Photo-aging mainly affected the thermal properties of PE film in a local area, especially affecting the components surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle. The glass transition temperature of unaged PE film mainly changed in the range of 93.9-96.5 °C, but after aging the temperature gradually increased with the distance to nano-TiO2 increasing from near to far. The plastic film surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle became stiffer after photo-aging, and the photocatalytic reaction had an effect on the stiffness of the film material. The second characteristic peaks with resonance deviations (i.e., 110, 112, and 115 kHz) were used for Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements. The mechanical properties of PE film after photo-aging were closely related to the distance between nano-TiO2 and film surface. These research findings are conducive for us to understand better the photo-induced aging process of functional plastic film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Luo H, Xiang Y, Li Y, Zhao Y, Pan X. Photocatalytic aging process of Nano-TiO 2 coated polypropylene microplastics: Combining atomic force microscopy and infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) for nanoscale chemical characterization. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124159. [PMID: 33080556 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are considered to have greater environmental hazards than large plastics. Most MPs undergo different degrees of aging and aged MPs exhibit different physicochemical properties from pristine ones. This study successfully prepared a nano-TiO2 coated polypropylene MPs, and explored the nanoscale infrared, thermal, and mechanical properties of MPs before and after photo-aging using a combined AFM-IR technique. Surface height range of MPs was ± 25 nm. The signal intensity of the absorption peak at 1654 cm-1 in terms of vinylidene end groups gradually increased as the irradiation time prolonged. The softening temperature of MPs decreased from 126.7 °C to 108.5 °C as the irradiation time increased from 0 h to 4 h. The MPs after photo-aging became stiffer, especially for the components surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle, indicating that photocatalytic reaction accelerated the aging process of MPs. The resonance frequency of MPs surrounding the nano-TiO2 particle was stronger after photo-aging and the stiffer components were uniformly distributed, confirming that the thermal and mechanical properties of MPs changed after photo-aging. These novel findings are essential to better understand the changes in the surface microstructures, physical properties, and chemical compositions of MPs during aging process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Luo H, Xiang Y, Zhao Y, Li Y, Pan X. Nanoscale infrared, thermal and mechanical properties of aged microplastics revealed by an atomic force microscopy coupled with infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR) technique. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140944. [PMID: 32702545 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) often undergo different degrees of aging, and the aged MPs exhibit different surface properties from pristine MPs. This study explored the nanoscale infrared, thermal and mechanical properties of TiO2-pigmented MPs before and after aging by using an AFM-IR technique. Results showed that the surface of MPs was relatively smooth before aging, and was rough with more granular domains after aging. The stronger band at 1706 cm-1 (assigned to CO) and the weaker band at 1470 cm-1 (assigned to -CH2) were observed in aged MPs due to oxidation of CH bond in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). The softening temperature of MPs was about 209.50 ± 11.48 °C before aging, but after aging it dropped to 94.91 ± 4.40 °C. Aging process mainly reduced the glass transition temperature of the continuous phase (LDPE) rather than the discrete phase (TiO2) in MPs. Resonance deviations of the two characteristic peaks (i.e., 299/645 kHz and 311/670 kHz) between unaged and aged MPs were observed, and these characteristic peaks obviously appeared at higher frequencies in aged MPs, suggesting that the MPs after aging became stiffer. A stronger signal at a high frequency and the uniform signal distribution at this frequency confirmed that the mechanical properties of MPs changed after aging. These findings help to better understand the effects of aging process on the physicochemical properties of MPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yahui Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yaoyao Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yu Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiangliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Li N, Cape JL, Mankani BR, Zemlyanov DY, Shepard KB, Morgen MM, Taylor LS. Water-Induced Phase Separation of Spray-Dried Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:4004-4017. [PMID: 32931293 PMCID: PMC7539301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Spray
drying is widely used in the manufacturing of amorphous solid
dispersion (ASD) systems due to its fast drying rate, enabling kinetic
trapping of the drug in amorphous form. Spray-drying conditions, such
as solvent composition, can have a profound impact on the properties
of spray-dried dispersions. In this study, the phase behavior of spray-dried
dispersions from methanol and methanol–water mixtures was assessed
using ritonavir and copovidone [poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate)
(PVPVA)] as dispersion components. The resultant ASDs were characterized
using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fluorescence spectroscopy,
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), as well as surface-normalized
dissolution rate (SNDR) measurements. Quaternary phase diagrams were
calculated using a four-component Flory–Huggins model. It was
found that the addition of water to the solvent system can lead to
phase separation during the spray-drying process. A 10:90 H2O/MeOH solvent system caused a minor extent of phase separation.
Phase heterogeneity in the 50 and 75% drug loading ASDs prepared from
this spray solvent can be detected using DSC but not with other techniques
used. The 25% drug loading system did not show phase heterogeneity
in solid-state characterization but exhibited a compromised dissolution
rate compared to that of the miscible ASD prepared from H2O-free solvent. This is possibly due to the formation of slow-releasing
drug-rich phases upon phase separation. ASDs prepared with a 60:40
H2O/MeOH solvent mixture showed phase heterogeneity with
all analytical methods used. The surface composition of dispersion
particles as measured by fluorescence spectroscopy and XPS showed
good agreement, suggesting surface drug enrichment of the spray-dried
ASD particles prepared from this solvent system. Calculated phase
diagrams and drying trajectories were consistent with experimental
observations, suggesting that small variations in solvent composition
may cause significant changes in ASD phase behavior during drying.
These findings should aid in spray-drying process development for
ASD manufacturing and can be applied broadly to assess the risk of
phase separation for spray-drying systems using mixed organic solvents
or other solvent-based processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Jonathan L Cape
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Bharat R Mankani
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States.,MarqMetrix Inc., Emerald Landing, 2157 N Northlake Way #240, Seattle, Washington 98103, United States
| | - Dmitry Y Zemlyanov
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kimberly B Shepard
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Michael M Morgen
- Research & Development, Lonza Pharma and Biotech, 1201 NW Wall Street, Suite 200, Bend, Oregon 97703, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Raman imaging of amorphous-amorphous phase separation in small molecule co-amorphous systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2020; 155:49-54. [PMID: 32795500 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2020.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Many new active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) undergoing development have low permeabilities or low aqueous solubilities. However, the amorphous state is usually more soluble than its crystalline counterpart. The amorphous state has a higher Gibb's free energy, which can improve the apparent solubility but decrease the stability since the amorphous state tends to transform to the more stable crystalline form. Before recrystallization, a co-amorphous binary mixture's ingredients have to undergo a phase separation. The aim of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the amorphous-amorphous phase separation in co-amorphous binary mixtures and test the suitability of imaging Raman spectroscopy for detecting this phenomenon. To study the phase separation, we prepared three different 50:50 mass ratio binary mixtures of APIs: paracetamol-terfenadine, (PAR-TRF), paracetamol-indomethacin (PAR-IMC) and terfenadine-indomethacin (TRF-IMC). The binary mixtures were amorphized with melt-quenching and stored above their glass transition temperature (Tg) to monitor their phase separation. Thermal degradation was determined with a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to ensure that melt-quenching did not cause any thermal degradation of the molecules. Thermodynamic attributes (crystallization tendency, melting point (Tm) and Tg) were measured with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to ensure that the co-amorphous systems transformed to the amorphous state and remained amorphous after cooling and reheating. Phase separation was studied from the surface and cross-section (CS) with Raman imaging to examine if it occurred more on the surface than in the bulk. The Raman spectra were analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA) and Contour plots were produced from the PCA-score values to visualize concentration differences in the mixtures. The results showed that API vs API concentrations increased as a function of time in both surface and CS images before crystallization. This suggests that Raman imaging is a suitable technique to detect the phase separation phenomena in small molecule co-amorphous binary mixtures.
Collapse
|
17
|
Das PP, Guzzinati G, Coll C, Gomez Perez A, Nicolopoulos S, Estrade S, Peiro F, Verbeeck J, Zompra AA, Galanis AS. Reliable Characterization of Organic & Pharmaceutical Compounds with High Resolution Monochromated EEL Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12071434. [PMID: 32605004 PMCID: PMC7408036 DOI: 10.3390/polym12071434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic and biological compounds (especially those related to the pharmaceutical industry) have always been of great interest for researchers due to their importance for the development of new drugs to diagnose, cure, treat or prevent disease. As many new API (active pharmaceutical ingredients) and their polymorphs are in nanocrystalline or in amorphous form blended with amorphous polymeric matrix (known as amorphous solid dispersion—ASD), their structural identification and characterization at nm scale with conventional X-Ray/Raman/IR techniques becomes difficult. During any API synthesis/production or in the formulated drug product, impurities must be identified and characterized. Electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) at high energy resolution by transmission electron microscope (TEM) is expected to be a promising technique to screen and identify the different (organic) compounds used in a typical pharmaceutical or biological system and to detect any impurities present, if any, during the synthesis or formulation process. In this work, we propose the use of monochromated TEM-EELS, to analyze selected peptides and organic compounds and their polymorphs. In order to validate EELS for fingerprinting (in low loss/optical region) and by further correlation with advanced DFT, simulations were utilized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha Pratim Das
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
- Electron Crystallography Solutions SL, Calle Orense 8, 28020 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (P.P.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Giulio Guzzinati
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Catalina Coll
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Gomez Perez
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
| | - Stavros Nicolopoulos
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
- Correspondence: (P.P.D.); (S.N.)
| | - Sonia Estrade
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesca Peiro
- LENS-MIND, Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (C.C.); (S.E.); (F.P.)
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Johan Verbeeck
- EMAT, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium; (G.G.); (J.V.)
| | | | - Athanassios S. Galanis
- NanoMegas SPRL, Boulevard Edmond Machtens 79, B1080 Brussels, Belgium; (A.G.P.); (A.S.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen-Tri P, Ghassemi P, Carriere P, Nanda S, Assadi AA, Nguyen DD. Recent Applications of Advanced Atomic Force Microscopy in Polymer Science: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1142. [PMID: 32429499 PMCID: PMC7284686 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been extensively used for the nanoscale characterization of polymeric materials. The coupling of AFM with infrared spectroscope (AFM-IR) provides another advantage to the chemical analyses and thus helps to shed light upon the study of polymers. This paper reviews some recent progress in the application of AFM and AFM-IR in polymer science. We describe the principle of AFM-IR and the recent improvements to enhance its resolution. We also discuss the latest progress in the use of AFM-IR as a super-resolution correlated scanned-probe infrared spectroscopy for the chemical characterization of polymer materials dealing with polymer composites, polymer blends, multilayers, and biopolymers. To highlight the advantages of AFM-IR, we report several results in studying the crystallization of both miscible and immiscible blends as well as polymer aging. Finally, we demonstrate how this novel technique can be used to determine phase separation, spherulitic structure, and crystallization mechanisms at nanoscales, which has never been achieved before. The review also discusses future trends in the use of AFM-IR in polymer materials, especially in polymer thin film investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen-Tri
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550000, Vietnam
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Payman Ghassemi
- Département de Chimie, Biochimie et Physique, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), Trois-Rivières, QC G8Z 4M3, Canada;
| | - Pascal Carriere
- Laboratoire MAPIEM (EA 4323), Matériaux Polymères Interfaces Environnement Marin, Université de Toulon, CEDEX 9, 83041 Toulon, France;
| | - Sonil Nanda
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5A2, Canada;
| | - Aymen Amine Assadi
- ENSCR—Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (ISCR)—UMR CNRS 6226, Univ Rennes, 35700 Rennes, France;
| | - Dinh Duc Nguyen
- Faculty of Environmental and Food Engineering, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City 755414, Vietnam;
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ricarte RG, Van Zee NJ, Li Z, Johnson LM, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Recent Advances in Understanding the Micro- and Nanoscale Phenomena of Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:4089-4103. [PMID: 31487183 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Many pharmaceutical drugs in the marketplace and discovery pipeline suffer from poor aqueous solubility, thereby limiting their effectiveness for oral delivery. The use of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD), a mixture of an active pharmaceutical ingredient and a polymer excipient, greatly enhances the aqueous dissolution performance of a drug without the need for chemical modification. Although this method is versatile and scalable, deficient understanding of the interactions between drugs and polymers inhibits ASD rational design. This current Review details recent progress in understanding the mechanisms that control ASD performance. In the solid-state, the use of high-resolution theoretical, computational, and experimental tools resolved the influence of drug/polymer phase behavior and dynamics on stability during storage. During dissolution in aqueous media, novel characterization methods revealed that ASDs can form complex nanostructures, which maintain and improve supersaturation of the drug. The studies discussed here illustrate that nanoscale phenomena, which have been directly observed and quantified, strongly affect the stability and bioavailability of ASD systems, and provide a promising direction for optimizing drug/polymer formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Molecular, Macromolecular Chemistry, and Materials Laboratory, CNRS, ESPCI-Paris , PSL Research University , 10 Rue Vauquelin , 75005 Paris , France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
|
21
|
Microstructure Formation for Improved Dissolution Performance of Lopinavir Amorphous Solid Dispersions. Mol Pharm 2019; 16:1751-1765. [PMID: 30811205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.9b00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
22
|
Mathurin J, Pancani E, Deniset-Besseau A, Kjoller K, Prater CB, Gref R, Dazzi A. How to unravel the chemical structure and component localization of individual drug-loaded polymeric nanoparticles by using tapping AFM-IR. Analyst 2019; 143:5940-5949. [PMID: 30345433 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01239c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AFM-IR is a photothermal technique that combines AFM and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to unambiguously identify the chemical composition of a sample with tens of nanometer spatial resolution. So far, it has been successfully used in contact mode in a variety of applications. However, the contact mode is unsuitable for soft or loosely adhesive samples such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) of less than 200 nm of wide interest for biomedical applications. We describe here the theoretical basis of the innovative tapping AFMIR mode that can address novel challenges in imaging and chemical mapping. The new method enables gaining information not only on NP morphology and composition, but also reveals drug location and core-shell structures. Whereas up to now the locations of NP components could only be hypothesized, tapping AFM-IR allows accurately visualizing both the location of the NPs' shells and that of the incorporated drug, pipemidic acid. The preferential accumulation of the drug in the NPs' top layers was proved, despite its low concentration (<1 wt%). These studies pave the way towards the use of tapping AFM-IR as a powerful tool to control the quality of NP formulations based on individual NP detection and component quantification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Mathurin
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS UMR 8000, Univ. of Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wieland K, Ramer G, Weiss VU, Allmaier G, Lendl B, Centrone A. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of Individual, Chemotherapeutic Cytarabine-loaded Liposomal Nanocarriers. NANO RESEARCH 2019; 12:10.1007/s12274-018-2202-x. [PMID: 31275527 PMCID: PMC6604632 DOI: 10.1007/s12274-018-2202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Dosage of chemotherapeutic drugs is a tradeoff between efficacy and side-effects. Liposomes are nanocarriers that increase therapy efficacy and minimize side-effects by delivering otherwise difficult to administer therapeutics with improved efficiency and selectivity. Still, variabilities in liposome preparation require assessing drug encapsulation efficiency at the single liposome level, an information that, for non-fluorescent therapeutic cargos, is inaccessible due to the minute drug load per liposome. Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) provides nanoscale compositional specificity, up to now, by leveraging an atomic force microscope (AFM) tip contacting the sample to transduce the sample's photothermal expansion. However, on soft samples (e.g. liposomes) PTIR effectiveness is reduced due to the likelihood of tip-induced sample damage and inefficient AFM transduction. Here, individual liposomes loaded with the chemotherapeutic drug cytarabine are deposited intact from suspension via nES-GEMMA (nano-electrospray gas-phase electrophoretic mobility molecular analysis) collection and characterized at the nanoscale with the chemically-sensitive PTIR method. A new tapping-mode PTIR imaging paradigm based on heterodyne detection is shown to be better adapted to measure soft samples, yielding cytarabine distribution in individual liposomes and enabling classification of empty and drug-loaded liposomes. The measurements highlight PTIR capability to detect ≈ 103 cytarabine molecules (≈ 1.7 zmol) label-free and non-destructively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Wieland
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Victor U Weiss
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Instrumental and Imaging Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Guenter Allmaier
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Instrumental and Imaging Analytical Chemistry, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics. Research Division Environmental, Process Analytics and Sensors, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nguyen Tri P, Prud’homme RE. Crystallization and Segregation Behavior at the Submicrometer Scale of PCL/PEG Blends. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen Tri
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, 5155 chemin de la rampe, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Robert E. Prud’homme
- Department of Chemistry, University of Montreal, 5155 chemin de la rampe, Montréal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Zhou J, Lin PT. Midinfrared Multispectral Detection for Real-Time and Noninvasive Analysis of the Structure and Composition of Materials. ACS Sens 2018; 3:1322-1328. [PMID: 29972640 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In situ material identification and object tracking have been demonstrated using a mid-infrared (mid-IR) robotic scanning system. This detection method is capable of inspecting materials noninvasively because the mid-IR spectrum overlaps with numerous characteristic absorption bands corresponding to various chemical function groups. The scanning system consisted of a fiber probe connected to a mid-IR tunable laser with a wavelength tuning range of λ = 2.45-3.75 μm. For the high-speed performance of the scanning system to be evaluated, a testing platform was constructed with an object plate rapidly rotating at ω = 231 rpm. The objects on the plate were SU-8 epoxy-based resin and polydimethylsiloxane, which were mid-IR absorptive while visibly transparent. Applying mid-IR multispectral scanning, the system was able to simultaneously track the object position and identify the composition by interpreting the spectral and spatial intensity variation. The mid-IR robotic scanning method thus provides a visualization system critical for process inspection in automatic manufacturing and high-throughput biomedical screening.
Collapse
|
26
|
Ramer G, Ruggeri FS, Levin A, Knowles TPJ, Centrone A. Determination of Polypeptide Conformation with Nanoscale Resolution in Water. ACS NANO 2018; 12:6612-6619. [PMID: 29932670 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The folding and acquisition of proteins native structure is central to all biological processes of life. By contrast, protein misfolding can lead to toxic amyloid aggregates formation, linked to the onset of neurodegenerative disorders. To shed light on the molecular basis of protein function and malfunction, it is crucial to access structural information on single protein assemblies and aggregates under native conditions. Yet, current conformation-sensitive spectroscopic methods lack the spatial resolution and sensitivity necessary for characterizing heterogeneous protein aggregates in solution. To overcome this limitation, here we use photothermal-induced resonance to demonstrate that it is possible to acquire nanoscale infrared spectra in water with high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Using this approach, we probe supramolecular aggregates of diphenylalanine, the core recognition module of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide, and its derivative Boc-diphenylalanine. We achieve nanoscale resolved IR spectra and maps in air and water with comparable SNR and lateral resolution, thus enabling accurate identification of the chemical and structural state of morphologically similar networks at the single aggregate ( i. e., fibril) level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics , University of Maryland , College Park , Maryland 20742 , United States
| | | | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics , University of Cambridge , J J Thomson Avenue , Cambridge CB3 0HE , United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Dharmasena SM, Yang Z, Kim S, Bergman LA, Vakakis AF, Cho H. Ultimate Decoupling between Surface Topography and Material Functionality in Atomic Force Microscopy Using an Inner-Paddled Cantilever. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5559-5569. [PMID: 29800518 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b01319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been widely utilized to gain insight into various material and structural functionalities on the nanometer scale, leading to numerous discoveries and technologies. Despite the phenomenal success in applying AFM to the simultaneous characterization of topological and functional properties of materials, it has continuously suffered from the crosstalk between the observables, causing undesirable artifacts and complicated interpretations. Here, we introduce a two-field AFM probe, namely an inner-paddled cantilever integrating two discrete pathways such that they respond independently to the variations in surface topography and material functionality. Hence, the proposed design allows reliable and potentially quantitative determination of functional properties. In this paper, the efficacy of the proposed design has been demonstrated via piezoresponse force microscopy of periodically poled lithium niobate and collagen, although it can also be applied to other AFM methods such as AFM-based infrared spectroscopy and electrochemical strain microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sajith M Dharmasena
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| | - Zining Yang
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Seok Kim
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Lawrence A Bergman
- Department of Aerospace Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Alexander F Vakakis
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Hanna Cho
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering , The Ohio State University , Columbus , Ohio 43210 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Bhardwaj V, Trasi NS, Zemlyanov DY, Taylor LS. Surface area normalized dissolution to study differences in itraconazole-copovidone solid dispersions prepared by spray-drying and hot melt extrusion. Int J Pharm 2018; 540:106-119. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
|
29
|
Tri PN, Prud’homme RE. Nanoscale Lamellar Assembly and Segregation Mechanism of Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Poly(ethylene glycol) Blends. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b02019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Nguyen Tri
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128
Centre-ville STN, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
| | - Robert E. Prud’homme
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, PO Box 6128
Centre-ville STN, Montréal H3C 3J7, Québec, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Ramer G, Aksyuk VA, Centrone A. Quantitative Chemical Analysis at the Nanoscale Using the Photothermal Induced Resonance Technique. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13524-13531. [PMID: 29165992 PMCID: PMC5841475 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Photothermal induced resonance (PTIR), also known as AFM-IR, is a scanning probe technique that provides sample composition information with a lateral resolution down to 20 nm. Interest in PTIR stems from its ability to identify unknown samples at the nanoscale thanks, in first approximation, to the direct comparability of PTIR spectra with far-field infrared databases. The development of rapidly tuning quantum cascade lasers has increased the PTIR throughput considerably, making nanoscale hyperspectral imaging within a reasonable time frame possible. Consequently, a better understanding of PTIR signal generation and of the fine details of PTIR analysis has become of paramount importance for extending complex IR analysis methods developed in the far-field, e.g., for classification and hyperspectral imaging, to nanoscale PTIR spectra. Here we calculate PTIR spectra via thin-film optics, to identify subtle changes (band shifts, deviation from linear approximation, etc.) for common sample parameters in the case of PTIR with total internal reflection illumination. Results show signal intensity linearity and small band shifts as long as the sample is prepared correctly, with band shifts typically smaller than macroscale attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy. Finally, a generally applicable algorithm to retrieve the pure imaginary component of the refractive index (i.e., the chemically specific information) is provided to overcome the PTIR spectra nonlinearity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Ramer
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Maryland Nanocenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742 USA
| | - Vladimir A. Aksyuk
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Electron microscopy/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy of drug distribution in solid dispersions and interpretation by multifractal geometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 150:241-247. [PMID: 29253780 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Much contemporary research of poorly water-soluble drugs focuses on amorphous solid dispersions (SDs) for oral drug delivery. Recently, a multifractal formalism has been introduced to describe the distribution of an inorganic carrier in SDs. The present work attempts to directly image model drugs by means of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The compounds amlodipine, felodipine, glyburide, and indomethacine, which include halogens to enable sufficient scattering in energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, were employed to prepare SDs with hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) by using a microwave method. Following chemical imaging, it was demonstrated that drug distribution was best described by multifractals, which was clearly superior to a monofractal assumption. The obtained fractal dimensions were influenced by drug loading and it was possible to detect microstructural changes upon addition of the plasticizer urea. Accordingly, the multifractal approach bears much potential to better explore the analytical results of chemical formulation imaging. Insights can be gained from the microstructural organization of SDs, which is interesting to further study formulation and process factors as well as physical stability.
Collapse
|
32
|
|
33
|
Chen H, Pui Y, Liu C, Chen Z, Su CC, Hageman M, Hussain M, Haskell R, Stefanski K, Foster K, Gudmundsson O, Qian F. Moisture-Induced Amorphous Phase Separation of Amorphous Solid Dispersions: Molecular Mechanism, Microstructure, and Its Impact on Dissolution Performance. J Pharm Sci 2017; 107:317-326. [PMID: 29107047 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Amorphous phase separation (APS) is commonly observed in amorphous solid dispersions (ASD) when exposed to moisture. The objective of this study was to investigate: (1) the phase behavior of amorphous solid dispersions composed of a poorly water-soluble drug with extremely low crystallization propensity, BMS-817399, and PVP, following exposure to different relative humidity (RH), and (2) the impact of phase separation on the intrinsic dissolution rate of amorphous solid dispersion. Drug-polymer interaction was confirmed in ASDs at different drug loading using infrared (IR) spectroscopy and water vapor sorption analysis. It was found that the drug-polymer interaction could persist at low RH (≤75% RH) but was disrupted after exposure to high RH, with the advent of phase separation. Surface morphology and composition of 40/60 ASD at micro-/nano-scale before and after exposure to 95% RH were also compared. It was found that hydrophobic drug enriched on the surface of ASD after APS. However, for the 40/60 ASD system, the intrinsic dissolution rate of amorphous drug was hardly affected by the phase behavior of ASD, which may be partially attributed to the low crystallization tendency of amorphous BMS-817399 and enriched drug amount on the surface of ASD. Intrinsic dissolution rate of PVP decreased resulting from APS, leading to a lower concentration in the dissolution medium, but supersaturation maintenance was not anticipated to be altered after phase separation due to the limited ability of PVP to inhibit drug precipitation and prolong the supersaturation of drug in solution. This study indicated that for compounds with low crystallization propensity and high hydrophobicity, the risk of moisture-induced APS is high but such phase separation may not have profound impact on the drug dissolution performance of ASDs. Therefore, application of ASD technology on slow crystallizers could incur low risks not only in physical stability but also in dissolution performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yipshu Pui
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Chengyu Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Ching-Chiang Su
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
| | - Michael Hageman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, Kansas 66047
| | - Munir Hussain
- Drug Product Science and Technology, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901
| | - Roy Haskell
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut 06492
| | - Kevin Stefanski
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
| | - Kimberly Foster
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
| | - Olafur Gudmundsson
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Lawrenceville, New Jersey 08648
| | - Feng Qian
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Saboo S, Taylor LS. Water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) amorphous solid dispersions: Insights with confocal fluorescence microscopy. Int J Pharm 2017; 529:654-666. [PMID: 28705623 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2017.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of confocal fluorescence microscopy (CFM) to study the water-induced phase separation of miconazole-poly (vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (mico-PVPVA) amorphous solid dispersions (ASDs), induced during preparation, upon storage at high relative humidity (RH) and during dissolution. Different fluorescent dyes were added to drug-polymer films and the location of the dyes was evaluated using CFM. Orthogonal techniques, in particular atomic force microscopy (AFM) coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-nanoIR), were used to provide additional analysis of the drug-polymer blends. The initial miscibility of mico-PVPVA ASDs prepared under low humidity conditions was confirmed by AFM-nanoIR. CFM enabled rapid identification of drug-rich and polymer-rich phases in phase separated films prepared under high humidity conditions. The identity of drug- and polymer-rich domains was confirmed using AFM-nanoIR imaging and localized IR spectroscopy, together with Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements. The CFM technique was then utilized successfully to further investigate phase separation in mico-PVPVA films exposed to high RH storage and to visualize phase separation dynamics following film immersion in buffer. CFM is thus a promising new approach to study the phase behavior of ASDs, utilizing drug and polymer specific dyes to visualize the evolution of heterogeneity in films exposed to water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sugandha Saboo
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Handschuh-Wang S, Wang T, Zhou X. Recent advances in hybrid measurement methods based on atomic force microscopy and surface sensitive measurement techniques. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08515j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This review summaries the recent progress of the combination of optical and non-optical surface sensitive techniques with the atomic force microscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Handschuh-Wang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| | - Tao Wang
- Functional Thin Films Research Center
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenzhen 518055
- P. R. China
| | - Xuechang Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Shenzhen University
- Shenzhen 518060
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Dazzi A, Prater CB. AFM-IR: Technology and Applications in Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemical Imaging. Chem Rev 2016; 117:5146-5173. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Dazzi
- Laboratoire
de Chimie Physique, Univ. Paris-Sud, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - Craig B. Prater
- Anasys Instruments, 325 Chapala
St., Santa Barbara, California 93101, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ricarte RG, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Nanoscale Concentration Quantification of Pharmaceutical Actives in Amorphous Polymer Matrices by Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7411-9. [PMID: 27419264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrated the use of electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) to evaluate the composition of phenytoin:hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMCAS) spin-coated solid dispersions (SDs). To overcome the inability of bright-field and high-angle annular dark-field TEM imaging to distinguish between glassy drug and polymer, we used the π-π* transition peak in the EELS spectrum to detect phenytoin within the HPMCAS matrix of the SD. The concentration of phenytoin within SDs of 10, 25, and 50 wt % drug loading was quantified by a multiple least-squares analysis. Evaluating the concentration of 50 different regions in each SD, we determined that phenytoin and HPMCAS are intimately mixed at a length scale of 200 nm, even for drug loadings up to 50 wt %. At length scales below 100 nm, the variance of the measured phenytoin concentration increases; we speculate that this increase is due to statistical fluctuations in local concentration and chemical changes induced by electron irradiation. We also performed EELS analysis of an annealed 25 wt % phenytoin SD and showed that the technique can resolve concentration differences between regions that are less than 50 nm apart. Our findings indicate that EELS is a useful tool for quantifying, with high accuracy and sub-100 nm spatial resolution, the composition of many pharmaceutical and soft matter systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G Ricarte
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P Lodge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Li N, Taylor LS. Nanoscale Infrared, Thermal, and Mechanical Characterization of Telaprevir-Polymer Miscibility in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Prepared by Solvent Evaporation. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:1123-36. [PMID: 26859046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Miscibility is of great interest for pharmaceutical systems, in particular, for amorphous solid dispersions, as phase separation can lead to a higher tendency to crystallize, resulting in a loss in solubility, decreased dissolution rate, and compromised bioavailability. The purpose of this study was to investigate the miscibility behavior of a model poorly water-soluble drug, telaprevir (TPV), with three different polymers using atomic force microscopy-based infrared, thermal, and mechanical analysis. Standard atomic force microscopy (AFM) imaging together with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy (AFM-IR), nanoscale thermal analysis (nanoTA), and Lorentz contact resonance (LCR) measurements were used to evaluate the miscibility behavior of TPV with three polymers, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), HPMC acetate succinate (HPMCAS), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone-co-vinyl acetate) (PVPVA), at different drug to polymer ratios. Phase separation was observed with HPMC and PVPVA at drug loadings above 10%. For HPMCAS, a smaller miscibility gap was observed, with phase separation being observed at drug loadings higher than ∼30-40%. The domain size of phase-separated regions varied from below 50 nm to a few hundred nanometers. Localized infrared spectra, nano-TA measurements, images from AFM-based IR, and LCR measurements showed clear contrast between the continuous and discrete domains for these phase-separated systems, whereby the discrete domains were drug-rich. Fluorescence microscopy provided additional evidence for phase separation. These methods appear to be promising to evaluate miscibility in drug-polymer systems with similar Tgs and submicron domain sizes. Furthermore, such findings are of obvious importance in the context of contributing to a mechanistic understanding of amorphous solid dispersion phase behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University , 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lamm MS, DiNunzio J, Khawaja NN, Crocker LS, Pecora A. Assessing Mixing Quality of a Copovidone-TPGS Hot Melt Extrusion Process with Atomic Force Microscopy and Differential Scanning Calorimetry. AAPS PharmSciTech 2016; 17:89-98. [PMID: 26283196 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-015-0387-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) were used to evaluate the extent of mixing of a hot melt extrusion process for producing solid dispersions of copovidone and D-α-tocopherol polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS 1000). In addition to composition, extrusion process parameters of screw speed and thermal quench rate were varied. The data indicated that for 10% TPGS and 300 rpm screw speed, the mixing was insufficient to yield a single-phase amorphous material. AFM images of the extrudate cross section for air-cooled material indicate round domains 200 to 700 nm in diameter without any observed alignment resulting from the extrusion whereas domains in extrudate subjected to chilled rolls were elliptical in shape with uniform orientation. Thermal analysis indicated that the domains were predominantly semi-crystalline TPGS. For 10% TPGS and 600 rpm screw speed, AFM and mDSC data were consistent with that of a single-phase amorphous material for both thermal quench rates examined. When the TPGS concentration was reduced to 5%, a single-phase amorphous material was achieved for all conditions even the slowest screw speed studied (150 rpm).
Collapse
|
40
|
Barlow DE, Biffinger JC, Cockrell-Zugell AL, Lo M, Kjoller K, Cook D, Lee WK, Pehrsson PE, Crookes-Goodson WJ, Hung CS, Nadeau LJ, Russell JN. The importance of correcting for variable probe–sample interactions in AFM-IR spectroscopy: AFM-IR of dried bacteria on a polyurethane film. Analyst 2016; 141:4848-54. [DOI: 10.1039/c6an00940a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interplay between AFM-IR probe – sample interactions and signal transduction for bacteria – PU bilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Wendy J. Crookes-Goodson
- Soft Matter Materials Branch
- Materials & Manufacturing Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - Chia-Suei Hung
- Soft Matter Materials Branch
- Materials & Manufacturing Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- USA
| | - Lloyd J. Nadeau
- Soft Matter Materials Branch
- Materials & Manufacturing Directorate
- Air Force Research Laboratory
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Miscibility of Itraconazole-Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose Blends: Insights with High Resolution Analytical Methodologies. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:4542-53. [PMID: 26567698 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Drug-polymer miscibility is considered to be a prerequisite to achieve an optimally performing amorphous solid dispersion (ASD). Unfortunately, it can be challenging to evaluate drug-polymer miscibility experimentally. The aim of this study was to investigate the miscibility of ASDs of itraconazole (ITZ) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) using a variety of analytical approaches. The phase behavior of ITZ-HPMC films prepared by solvent evaporation was studied before and after heating. Conventional methodology for miscibility determination, that is, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was used in conjunction with emerging analytical techniques, such as fluorescence spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy coupled with nanoscale infrared spectroscopy and nanothermal analysis (AFM-nanoIR-nanoTA). DSC results showed a single glass transition event for systems with 10% to 50% drug loading, suggesting that the ASDs were miscible, whereas phase separation was observed for all of the films based on the other techniques. The AFM-coupled techniques indicated that the phase separation occurred at the submicron scale. When the films were heated, it was observed that the ASD components underwent mixing. The results provide new insights into the phase behavior of itraconazole-HPMC dispersions and suggest that the emerging analytical techniques discussed herein are promising for the characterization of miscibility and microstructure in drug-polymer systems. The observed differences in the phase behavior in films prepared by solvent evaporation before and after heating also have implications for processing routes and suggest that spray drying/solvent evaporation and hot melt extrusion/melt mixing can result in ASDs with varying extent of miscibility between the drug and the polymer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S Purohit
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Purohit HS, Taylor LS. Phase Separation Kinetics in Amorphous Solid Dispersions Upon Exposure to Water. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1623-35. [PMID: 25853391 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hitesh S. Purohit
- Department
of Industrial
and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynne S. Taylor
- Department
of Industrial
and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Ricarte RG, Lodge TP, Hillmyer MA. Detection of Pharmaceutical Drug Crystallites in Solid Dispersions by Transmission Electron Microscopy. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:983-90. [DOI: 10.1021/mp500682x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ralm G. Ricarte
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Timothy P. Lodge
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| | - Marc A. Hillmyer
- Department of Chemical
Engineering and Materials Science and ‡Department of
Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455-0431, United States
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Centrone A. Infrared Imaging and Spectroscopy Beyond the Diffraction Limit. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2015; 8:101-26. [PMID: 26001952 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071114-040435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Progress in nanotechnology is enabled by and dependent on the availability of measurement methods with spatial resolution commensurate with nanomaterials' length scales. Chemical imaging techniques, such as scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) and photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR), have provided scientists with means of extracting rich chemical and structural information with nanoscale resolution. This review presents some basics of infrared spectroscopy and microscopy, followed by detailed descriptions of s-SNOM and PTIR working principles. Nanoscale spectra are compared with far-field macroscale spectra, which are widely used for chemical identification. Selected examples illustrate either technical aspects of the measurements or applications in materials science. Central to this review is the ability to record nanoscale infrared spectra because, although chemical maps enable immediate visualization, the spectra provide information to interpret the images and characterize the sample. The growing breadth of nanomaterials and biological applications suggest rapid growth for this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Centrone
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899;
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
|
46
|
Pajula K, Wittoek L, Lehto VP, Ketolainen J, Korhonen O. Phase Separation in Coamorphous Systems: in Silico Prediction and the Experimental Challenge of Detection. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:2271-9. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400712m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katja Pajula
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lieke Wittoek
- Department of Pharmaceutical
Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Harelbekestraat
72, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vesa-Pekka Lehto
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ketolainen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ossi Korhonen
- School
of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Harrison AJ, Bilgili EA, Beaudoin SP, Taylor LS. Atomic force microscope infrared spectroscopy of griseofulvin nanocrystals. Anal Chem 2013; 85:11449-55. [PMID: 24171582 PMCID: PMC3889117 DOI: 10.1021/ac4025889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to evaluate the ability of photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) to measure the local infrared absorption spectra of crystalline organic drug nanoparticles embedded within solid matrices. Herein, the first reports of the chemical characterization of sub-100 nm organic crystals are described; infrared spectra of 90 nm griseofulvin particles were obtained, confirming the chemical resolution of PTIR beyond the diffraction limit. Additionally, particle size distributions via dynamic light scattering and PTIR image analysis were found to be similar, suggesting that the PTIR measurements are not significantly affected by inhomogeneous infrared absorptivity of this system. Thus as medical applications increasingly emphasize localized drug delivery via micro/nanoengineered structures, PTIR can be used to unambiguously chemically characterize drug formulations at these length scales.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Harrison
- Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100 (USA)
| | - E. A. Bilgili
- Tiernan Hall of Chemical, Biological, and Pharmaceutical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, 161 Warren St., Newark, NJ 07102-1982 (USA)
| | - S. P. Beaudoin
- Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, 480 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2100 (USA)
| | - L. S. Taylor
- Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, (USA)
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Vogt FG, Yin H, Forcino RG, Wu L. 17O Solid-State NMR as a Sensitive Probe of Hydrogen Bonding in Crystalline and Amorphous Solid Forms of Diflunisal. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:3433-46. [DOI: 10.1021/mp400275w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick G. Vogt
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania 19406, United
States
| | - Hao Yin
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania 19406, United
States
| | - Rachel G. Forcino
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania 19406, United
States
| | - Lianming Wu
- Product Development, GlaxoSmithKline plc, 709 Swedeland Rd., King of Prussia,
Pennsylvania 19406, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lauer ME, Siam M, Tardio J, Page S, Kindt JH, Grassmann O. Rapid assessment of homogeneity and stability of amorphous solid dispersions by atomic force microscopy--from bench to batch. Pharm Res 2013; 30:2010-22. [PMID: 23673553 PMCID: PMC3695673 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To verify the robustness and fundamental value of Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and AFM-based assays to rapidly examine the molecular homogeneity and physical stability of amorphous solid dispersions on Hot-Melt-Extrudates. Methods Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared with a Hot-Melt Extruder (HME) and profiled by Raman Microscopy and AFM following a sequential analytical routine (Multi-Scale-Imaging-of-Miscibiliy (MIMix)). Extrudates were analyzed before and after incubation at elevated temperature and humidity. The data were compared with published results as collected on miniaturized melt models. The value of molecular phase separation rates for long term stability prediction was assessed. Results Data recorded on the extrudates are consistent with those published, and they can be compared side by side. Such direct data comparisons allow the identification of possible sources of extrudate heterogeneities. The surface roughness analysis of fracture-exposed interfaces is a novel quantitative way to trace on the nanometer scale the efficiencies of differently conducted HME-processes. Molecular phase separation rates are shown to be relevant for long term stability predictions. Conclusions The AFM-based assessment of API:excipient combinations is a robust method to rapidly identify miscible and stable solid dispersions in a routine manner. It provides a novel analytical tool for the optimization of HME processes. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11095-013-1045-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias E Lauer
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., pRED Small Molecule Research, Discovery Technologies, 4070 Basel, Switzerland.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Awatani T, Midorikawa H, Kojima N, Ye J, Marcott C. Morphology of water transport channels and hydrophobic clusters in Nafion from high spatial resolution AFM-IR spectroscopy and imaging. Electrochem commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2013.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|