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Zheng H, Wu H, Wang D, Wang S, Ji D, Liu X, Gao G, Su X, Zhang Y, Ling Y. Research progress of prodrugs for the treatment of cerebral ischemia. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 272:116457. [PMID: 38704941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
It is well-known that pharmacotherapy plays a pivotal role in the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Nevertheless, existing drugs, including numerous natural products, encounter various challenges when applied in cerebral ischemia treatment. These challenges comprise poor brain absorption due to low blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability, limited water solubility, inadequate bioavailability, poor stability, and rapid metabolism. To address these issues, researchers have turned to prodrug strategies, aiming to mitigate or eliminate the adverse properties of parent drug molecules. In vivo metabolism or enzymatic reactions convert prodrugs into active parent drugs, thereby augmenting BBB permeability, improving bioavailability and stability, and reducing toxicity to normal tissues, ultimately aiming to enhance treatment efficacy and safety. This comprehensive review delves into multiple effective prodrug strategies, providing a detailed description of representative prodrugs developed over the past two decades. It underscores the potential of prodrug approaches to improve the therapeutic outcomes of currently available drugs for cerebral ischemia. The publication of this review serves to enrich current research progress on prodrug strategies for the treatment and prevention of cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, it seeks to offer valuable insights for pharmaceutical chemists in this field, offer guidance for the development of drugs for cerebral ischemia, and provide patients with safer and more effective drug treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongmei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dezhi Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Sijia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Dongliang Ji
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China; Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiao Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ge Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xing Su
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yanan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Yong Ling
- School of Pharmacy, Nantong Key Laboratory of Small Molecular Drug Innovation, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Nantong University, 226001, Nantong, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Hyldbakk A, Hansen T, Hak S, Borgos SEF. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a broad applicability marker for LC-MS/MS-based biodistribution analysis of nanomedicines. J Control Release 2024; 366:611-620. [PMID: 38215988 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) conjugation (PEGylation) is a well-established strategy to improve the pharmacokinetic and biocompatibility properties of a wide variety of nanomedicines and therapeutic peptides and proteins. This broad use makes PEG an attractive 'allround' candidate marker for the biodistribution of such PEGylated compounds. This paper presents the development of a novel strategy for PEG quantification in biological matrices. The methodology is based on sample hydrolysis which both decomposes the sample matrix and degrades PEGylated analytes to specific molecular fragments more suitable for detection by LC-MS/MS. Method versatility was demonstrated by applying it to a wide variety of PEGylated compounds, including polymeric poly(ethylbutyl cyanoacrylate) (PEBCA) nanoparticles, lipidic nanoparticles (Doxil®, LipImage 815™ and lipid nanoparticles for nucleic acid delivery) and the antibody Cimzia®. Method applicability was assessed by analyzing plasma and tissue samples from a comprehensive drug biodistribution study in rats, of both PEBCA and LipImage 815™ nanoparticles. The results demonstrated the method's utility for biodistribution studies on PEG. Importantly, by using the method described herein in tandem with quantification of nanoparticle payloads, we showed that this approach can provide detailed understanding of various critical aspects of the in vivo behavior of PEGylated nanomedicines, such as drug release and particle stability. Together, the presented results demonstrate the novel method as a robust, versatile and generic approach for biodistribution analysis of PEGylated therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Hyldbakk
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Terkel Hansen
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sjoerd Hak
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sven Even F Borgos
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Industry, Trondheim, Norway.
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Pavlíčková VS, Škubník J, Ruml T, Rimpelová S. A Trojan horse approach for efficient drug delivery in photodynamic therapy: focus on taxanes. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:8622-8638. [PMID: 37615658 DOI: 10.1039/d2tb02147a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an effective method for the treatment of several types of cancerous and noncancerous diseases. The key to the success of this treatment method is effective drug delivery to the site of action, for instance, a tumor. This ensures not only the high effectiveness of the therapy but also the suppression of side effects. But how to achieve effective targeted delivery? Lately, much attention has been paid to systems based on the so-called Trojan horse model, which is gaining increasing popularity. The principle of this model is that the effective drug is hidden in the internal structure of a nanoparticle, liposome, or nanoemulsion and is released only at the site of action. In this review article, we focus on drugs from the group of mitotic poisons, taxanes, and their use with photosensitizers in combined therapy. Here, we discuss the possibilities of how to improve the paclitaxel and docetaxel bioavailability, as well as their specific targeting for use in combined photo- and chemotherapy. Moreover, we also present the state of the art multifunctional drugs based on cabazitaxel which, owing to a suitable combination with photosensitizers, can be used besides photodynamic therapy and also in photoacoustic imaging or sonodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimíra Svobodová Pavlíčková
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Škubník
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomáš Ruml
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Silvie Rimpelová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 3, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
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Shen Y, Wang J, Li Y, Yang CT, Zhou X. Modified Bacteriophage for Tumor Detection and Targeted Therapy. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:nano13040665. [PMID: 36839030 PMCID: PMC9963578 DOI: 10.3390/nano13040665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Malignant tumor is one of the leading causes of death in human beings. In recent years, bacteriophages (phages), a natural bacterial virus, have been genetically engineered for use as a probe for the detection of antigens that are highly expressed in tumor cells and as an anti-tumor reagent. Furthermore, phages can also be chemically modified and assembled with a variety of nanoparticles to form a new organic/inorganic composite, thus extending the application of phages in biological detection and tumor therapeutic. This review summarizes the studies on genetically engineered and chemically modified phages in the diagnosis and targeting therapy of tumors in recent years. We discuss the advantages and limitations of modified phages in practical applications and propose suitable application scenarios based on these modified phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhao Shen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Yuting Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chih-Tsung Yang
- Future Industries Institute, Mawson Lakes Campus, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (C.-T.Y.)
| | - Xin Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Comparative Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
- Correspondence: (X.Z.); (C.-T.Y.)
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Cheng S, Sun W, Zhao X, Wang P, Zhang W, Zhang S, Chang X, Ye Z. Simultaneous Determination of 32 Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Two Traditional Chinese Medicine Preparations by UPLC-MS/MS. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2022; 2022:7611501. [PMID: 36161105 PMCID: PMC9492412 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7611501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) constitute a class of phytotoxin which demonstrates strong hepatotoxicity. In China, many plants containing PAs are used as traditional medicines or medicinal preparations, which could harm human health and safety. Xiaoyao Tablet (XYT) is an antidepressant drug registered in the European Union (EU), Compound Danshen Dropping Pills (CDDP) is a commonly used drug for coronary heart disease, and phase III clinical study is ongoing in the United States. The purpose of this study is to provide data to support the use of Chinese medicine preparations internationally and to establish analytical methods for 32 PAs in XYT and CDDP. The extraction parameters that were optimized include solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, extraction method, and extraction solvent. Then ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole linear ion-traptandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was developed to effectively and efficiently quantify the 32 PAs of the XYT and CDDP. The analytical methods for XYT and CDDP were verified respectively. For XYT, the analytical method for 32 PAs was linear, and the correlation coefficient r was greater than 0.994; the recovery (REC%) at 10-2000 μg/kg was 73.3%-118.5%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD%) was 2.1%-15.4%. The CDDP REC% was 71.8%-112.0%, and the RSD% was 2.0%-17.1%. This study provides technical and data support for the registration of Chinese patented medicines in the EU, controls quality and ensures safety, and is committed to the internationalization and standardization of Chinese patented medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Cheng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, China
| | - Wei Sun
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Xiaoning Zhao
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Ping Wang
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Wensheng Zhang
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Shunnan Zhang
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
| | - Xiangwei Chang
- College of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Preparation Technology and Application, Hefei 230012, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Modernized Pharmaceutics, Anhui Education Department (AUCM), Hefei 230012, China
| | - Zhengliang Ye
- International Industry Center, Tasly Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd., Tianjin 300410, China
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Haist M, Mailänder V, Bros M. Nanodrugs Targeting T Cells in Tumor Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:912594. [PMID: 35693776 PMCID: PMC9174908 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.912594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In contrast to conventional anti-tumor agents, nano-carriers allow co-delivery of distinct drugs in a cell type-specific manner. So far, many nanodrug-based immunotherapeutic approaches aim to target and kill tumor cells directly or to address antigen presenting cells (APC) like dendritic cells (DC) in order to elicit tumor antigen-specific T cell responses. Regulatory T cells (Treg) constitute a major obstacle in tumor therapy by inducing a pro-tolerogenic state in APC and inhibiting T cell activation and T effector cell activity. This review aims to summarize nanodrug-based strategies that aim to address and reprogram Treg to overcome their immunomodulatory activity and to revert the exhaustive state of T effector cells. Further, we will also discuss nano-carrier-based approaches to introduce tumor antigen-specific chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) into T cells for CAR-T cell therapy which constitutes a complementary approach to DC-focused vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Haist
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Volker Mailänder
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Bros
- University Medical Center Mainz, Department of Dermatology, Mainz, Germany
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Hong J, Tang Y, Zhou M, Deng J, Hu H, Xu D. Polyethylene glycol-modified mesoporous polydopamine nanoparticles co-loaded with dimethylcurcumin and indocyanine green for combination therapy of castration-resistant prostate cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2022.103158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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Shan X, Gong X, Li J, Wen J, Li Y, Zhang Z. Current approaches of nanomedicines in the market and various stage of clinical translation. Acta Pharm Sin B 2022; 12:3028-3048. [PMID: 35865096 PMCID: PMC9293719 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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9
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2019-mid 2021). Electrophoresis 2021; 43:82-108. [PMID: 34632606 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202100243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive overview of developments and applications of high performance capillary and microchip electroseparation methods (zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, microscale isolation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides from 2019 up to approximately the middle of 2021. Advances in the investigation of electromigration properties of peptides and in the methodology of their analysis, such as sample preparation, sorption suppression, EOF control, and detection, are presented. New developments in the individual CE and CEC methods are demonstrated and several types of their applications are shown. They include qualitative and quantitative analysis, determination in complex biomatrices, monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes, amino acid, sequence, and chiral analyses, and peptide mapping of proteins. In addition, micropreparative separations and determination of significant physicochemical parameters of peptides by CE and CEC methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague 6, Czechia
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Li Y, Cui Y, Li L, Lin X, Zhou X, Zhu H, Feng B. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry method for quantifying polymer poloxamer 124 and its application to pharmacokinetic study. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3822-3829. [PMID: 34435744 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Poloxamer is a commonly used pharmaceutical excipient. It is a high molecular polymer formed using polypropylene oxide and polyethylene oxide units. Specifically, poloxamer 124 is one of the smaller molecular weight in the poloxamer series; however, its pharmacokinetic behaviors in vivo are still unclear. In this study, a method for quantifying poloxamer 124 in rat plasma through ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry was developed. The intravenous dosage of PL124 was 10 mg/kg. Plasma was collected at different times. The calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.1-5 μg/mL for the poloxamer 124 (r ≥ 0.9956) with the lower limit of quantitation of 0.1 μg/ml. The relative standard deviation of the intraday and interday precisions was below 8.0%, and the relative error of the accuracy was within ±12.0%. The extraction recovery, matrix effect, and stability were satisfactory in rat plasma. The validated method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of poloxamer 124 in rats. Results indicated that poloxamer 124 could be rapidly absorbed and eliminated through caudal vein injection. This study is helpful for the further study of poloxamer 124.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Yue Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Lele Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Xinxin Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Yanji, P. R. China
| | - Heyun Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Bo Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, P. R. China
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Bunker A, Róg T. Mechanistic Understanding From Molecular Dynamics Simulation in Pharmaceutical Research 1: Drug Delivery. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:604770. [PMID: 33330633 PMCID: PMC7732618 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.604770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we outline the growing role that molecular dynamics simulation is able to play as a design tool in drug delivery. We cover both the pharmaceutical and computational backgrounds, in a pedagogical fashion, as this review is designed to be equally accessible to pharmaceutical researchers interested in what this new computational tool is capable of and experts in molecular modeling who wish to pursue pharmaceutical applications as a context for their research. The field has become too broad for us to concisely describe all work that has been carried out; many comprehensive reviews on subtopics of this area are cited. We discuss the insight molecular dynamics modeling has provided in dissolution and solubility, however, the majority of the discussion is focused on nanomedicine: the development of nanoscale drug delivery vehicles. Here we focus on three areas where molecular dynamics modeling has had a particularly strong impact: (1) behavior in the bloodstream and protective polymer corona, (2) Drug loading and controlled release, and (3) Nanoparticle interaction with both model and biological membranes. We conclude with some thoughts on the role that molecular dynamics simulation can grow to play in the development of new drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Bunker
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tomasz Róg
- Department of Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Yang SH, Chen B, Wang J, Zhang K. Characterization of High Molecular Weight Multi-Arm Functionalized PEG–Maleimide for Protein Conjugation by Charge-Reduction Mass Spectrometry Coupled to Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8584-8590. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Yang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bifan Chen
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Jenny Wang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Kelly Zhang
- Research and Early Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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