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TGF-β Family Signaling in Ductal Differentiation and Branching Morphogenesis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a031997. [PMID: 28289061 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a031997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial cells contribute to the development of various vital organs by generating tubular and/or glandular architectures. The fully developed forms of ductal organs depend on processes of branching morphogenesis, whereby frequency, total number, and complexity of the branching tissue define the final architecture in the organ. Some ductal tissues, like the mammary gland during pregnancy and lactation, disintegrate and regenerate through periodic cycles. Differentiation of branched epithelia is driven by antagonistic actions of parallel growth factor systems that mediate epithelial-mesenchymal communication. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family members and their extracellular antagonists are prominently involved in both normal and disease-associated (e.g., malignant or fibrotic) ductal tissue patterning. Here, we discuss collective knowledge that permeates the roles of TGF-β family members in the control of the ductal tissues in the vertebrate body.
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TGF-β1 Induces the Dual Regulation of Hepatic Progenitor Cells with Both Anti- and Proliver Fibrosis. Stem Cells Int 2015; 2016:1492694. [PMID: 26839553 PMCID: PMC4709730 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1492694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) plays a central role in hepatic progenitor cells- (HPCs-) mediated liver repair and fibrosis. However, different effects of TGF-β1 on progenitor cells have not been described. In this study, both in vitro (HPCs cocultured with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in transwells) and in vivo (CCl4-injured liver fibrosis rat) systems were used to evaluate the impacts. We found that HPCs pretreated with TGF-β1 for 12 hours inhibited the activation of HSCs, while sensitization for 48 hours increased the activation of HSCs. Consistent with these in vitro results, the in vivo fibrosis rat model showed the same time-dependent dual effect of TGF-β1. Regression of liver fibrosis as well as normalization of serum aminotransferase and albumin levels was detected in the rats transplanted with HPCs pretreated with TGF-β1 for 12 hours. In contrast, severe liver fibrosis and elevated collagen-1 levels were detected in the rats transplanted with HPCs pretreated with TGF-β1 for 48 hours. Furthermore, the TGF-β1-pretreated HPCs were shown to deactivate HSCs via enhancing SERPINE1 expression. Inhibition of SERPINE1 reversed the deactivation response in a dose-dependent manner.
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Watanabe G, Nanjo H, Nagai H, Wang J, Koyota S, Yamamoto Y, Sugiyama T. A novel monoclonal antibody identified hepatic stem-like cells in rats. Med Mol Morphol 2011; 44:103-10. [PMID: 21717313 DOI: 10.1007/s00795-010-0516-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Both liver epithelial and oval cells are believed to be liver stem cells. We investigated the identification by producing monoclonal antibodies against liver epithelial cells. Monoclonal antibodies against hepatic stem-like cells (HSL cells) have been selected to follow the hepatic stem cells during hepatic regeneration and developmental changes in the liver. Monoclonal antibodies were induced by immunization of BALB/c mice with HSL cells established from the epithelial cells of the adult rat liver. The hybridomas were screened by indirect immunofluorescence staining of HSL cells. We produced a unique monoclonal antibody against HSL cells, MabH, which specifically recognizes liver epithelial cells. MabH did not react with liver parenchymal cells but did react with bile ductule cells under normal conditions in the adult liver. This antibody also reacted with oval cell lines and with the oval cells that appeared during liver regeneration. In addition, fetal liver cells showed immunoreactivity with MabH. Although the level of staining decreased after birth, some cells in the portal area remained highly reactive. These results suggested that liver epithelial cells, oval cells, and fetal liver cells possess a common cell marker of liver stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go Watanabe
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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Mansour MA, Al-Ismaeel H, Al-Rikabi AC, Al-Shabanah OA. Comparison of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockade for the prevention of premalignant changes in the liver. Life Sci 2011; 89:188-94. [PMID: 21699905 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM We investigate and compare the possible antitumor activity of clinically used angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors; captopril, perindopril and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) blocker, losartan against hepatocarcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosoamines (DENA) and promoted by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)). MAIN METHODS Diethylnitrosamine (DENA) (200mg/kgi.p.) initiated and carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) (2ml/kgi.p.) promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats after 8weeks. RESULTS Hepatocarcinogenesis was manifested biochemically by elevation of serum hepatic tumor markers tested; α-feto protein (AFP) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). In addition, hepatic carcinogenesis was further confirmed by a significant increase in hepatic tissue growth factors; vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). Moreover a marked increase in matrix metalloproteinase-2 and hydroxyproline content were also observed. Hepatocarcinogenesis was further confirmed by a significant decrease in hepatic endostatin and metallothonein level. KEY FINDINGS Long-term administration of the selected drugs for 2weeks before and throughout the experimental period produced a significant protection against hepatic carcinogenesis. The present results claimed that different doses of the selected drugs succeeded in normalization of serum tumor markers. Furthermore, the drugs reduced the elevated level in the hepatic growth factors, matrix metalloproteinase-2 and hydroxyproline induced by the hepatocarcinogen. Moreover, the amelioration was also accompanied by augmentation of hepatic content of metallothionein and endostatin. Histopathological examination of liver tissues of rats treated with DENA-CCl(4) correlated with the biochemical observations. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest a similar protective effect of ACE inhibitors; captopril; perindopril and AT1R blocker, losartan against premalignant stages of liver cancer in the DENA initiated and CCl(4) promoted hepatocarcinogenesis model in rats. Therefore, RAS especially angiotensin II (Ang II) and AT1R interaction plays a pivotal role hepatocarcinogenesis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Mansour MA, Bekheet SA, Al-Rejaie SS, Al-Shabanah OA, Al-Howiriny TA, Al-Rikabi AC, Abdo AA. Ginger ingredients inhibit the development of diethylnitrosoamine induced premalignant phenotype in rat chemical hepatocarcinogenesis model. Biofactors 2010; 36:483-90. [PMID: 20872761 DOI: 10.1002/biof.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the possible antitumor activity of ginger extract against hepatic carcinogenesis initiated by diethylnitrosoamines (DEN) and promoted by carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4) ). A total of 60 male Wistar albino rats were divided into four groups with 15 animals in each group. Rats in group 1 (control group) received a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of normal saline. Animals in group 2 were given ginger (50 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for 8 weeks. Rats in group 3 (DEN group) were injected with a single dose of DEN (200 mg/kg, i.p.), 2 weeks later received a single dose of CCl(4) (2 mL/kg i.g) by gavage as 1:1 dilution in corn oil. Animals in group 4 (DEN-ginger group) received the same carcinogenesis induction protocol as in group 3 plus ginger (50 mg/kg/day) in drinking water for 2 weeks before induction of hepatocarcinogenesis and continued throughout the experimental period. DEN-initiated and CCl(4) -promoted hepatocarcinogenesis in male Wistar rats was manifested biochemically by elevation of serum hepatic tumor markers tested; α-fetoprotein and carcinoembryonic antigen. In addition, hepatocarcinogenesis was further confirmed by a significant increase in hepatic tissue growth factors; vascular endothelial growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, and hydroxyproline content. A marked decrease in endostatin and metallothonein were also observed. Long-term ginger extract administration 2 weeks before induction of hepatocarcinogenesis and throughout the experimental period prevented the decrease of the hepatic content of metallothionein and endostatin and the increase in the growth factors induced by the carcinogen. Moreover, ginger extract normalize serum hepatic tumor markers. Histopathological examination of liver tissue also correlated with the biochemical observations. These findings suggest a protective effect of ginger extract against premalignant stages of liver cancer in the DEN-initiated and CCl(4) -promoted hepatocarcinogenesis model in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Mansour
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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Protective effect of quercetin on liver damage induced by biliary obstruction in rats. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:395-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9301-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Wang F, Kaur S, Cavin LG, Arsura M. Nuclear-factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) and radical oxygen species play contrary roles in transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 377:1107-12. [PMID: 18983820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear-Factor-kappaB (NF-kappaBeta can counteract transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1)-induced apoptosis in malignant hepatocytes through up-regulation of its downstream genes, such as X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP). Reports have demonstrated that TGF-beta1 can induce oxidative stress, and c-Jun N-terminal Kinase1 (JNK1) is indispensable for TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis pathway, but the relationship between radical oxygen species (ROS) and the activation of JNKs is still unclear. In the present study, we found that ROS can induce JNK activation in TGF-beta1 mediated apoptosis in hepatocytes. The inhibitors of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, which were produced by mitochondria under stress, could inhibit the phosphorylation of c-Jun in XIAP knockdown cells. In conclusion, it is the first time to show that both NF-kappaB and antioxidants can counteract TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis in hepatic cell death through JNK1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, 1044 W. Walnut St., Indianapolis, IN 46224, USA.
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Hirata M, Amano K, Miyashita A, Yasunaga M, Nakanishi T, Sato K. Establishment and characterization of hepatic stem-like cell lines from normal adult rat liver. J Biochem 2008; 145:51-8. [PMID: 18977772 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvn146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is a unique organ with the potential to regenerate from injury. Hepatic stem cells contribute to liver regeneration when surviving hepatocytes in injured liver are unable to proliferate. To investigate the mechanism of liver regeneration in vitro, we established hepatic stem cell lines named HY1, HY2 and HY3, derived from a healthy liver of adult rat. HY cells showed an expression pattern similar to oval cells, and efficiently induced hepatic differentiation following sequential treatment with type I collagen, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) or oncostatin M (OSM). These results suggested that HY cells are liver stem cells representing an excellent tool for in vitro studies on liver regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhi Hirata
- Division of Molecular Biology, School of Life Science, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishicho, Yonago 683-8503, Japan
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del Castillo G, Factor VM, Fernández M, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Fabregat I, Thorgeirsson SS, Sánchez A. Deletion of the Met tyrosine kinase in liver progenitor oval cells increases sensitivity to apoptosis in vitro. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 172:1238-47. [PMID: 18385520 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2008.070793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/Met signaling system is essential for liver development, homeostasis, and function. In this study, we took advantage of a liver-specific, Met-conditional knockout mouse generated in our laboratory to address the molecular mechanisms of HGF/Met signaling in adult liver progenitor cell (oval cell) biology. For this purpose, we isolated oval cells from 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydro-collidine-treated Met(flx/flx) mice and established oval cell-derived cell lines that carried either functional (Met(flx/flx)) or a nonfunctional (Met(-/-)) met gene using virus-mediated Cre-loxP recombination. Oval cells lacking Met tyrosine kinase activity displayed neither Met phosphorylation nor activation of downstream targets and were refractory to HGF stimulation. Although Met(-/-) and Met(flx/flx) cells proliferated at similar rates under 10% serum, Met-deficient cells demonstrated decreased cell viability and were more prone to apoptosis when challenged with either serum starvation or the pro-apoptotic cytokine transforming growth factor-beta. Treatment with HGF reduced transforming growth factor-beta-mediated cell death in Met(flx/flx) but not Met(-/-) cells. Importantly, Met(flx/flx) and Met(-/-) cells both constitutively expressed hgf, and conditioned medium from serum-starved oval cells exhibited anti-apoptotic activity in Met(flx/flx) cells. Furthermore, serum-starved Met(flx/flx) cells showed persistent activation of the Met tyrosine kinase, suggesting HGF/Met autocrine regulation. In conclusion, these data reveal a critical, functional role for Met in oval cell survival through an autocrine mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaelle del Castillo
- Department Bioquímica y Biología Molecular II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal S/N, 28040-Madrid, Spain
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Santoni-Rugiu E, Jelnes P, Thorgeirsson SS, Bisgaard HC. Progenitor cells in liver regeneration: molecular responses controlling their activation and expansion. APMIS 2006; 113:876-902. [PMID: 16480456 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2005.apm_386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although normally quiescent, the adult mammalian liver possesses a great capacity to regenerate after different types of injuries in order to restore the lost liver mass and ensure maintenance of the multiple liver functions. Major players in the regeneration process are mature residual cells, including hepatocytes, cholangiocytes and stromal cells. However, if the regenerative capacity of mature cells is impaired by liver-damaging agents, hepatic progenitor cells are activated and expand into the liver parenchyma. Upon transit amplification, the progenitor cells may generate new hepatocytes and biliary cells to restore liver homeostasis. In recent years, hepatic progenitor cells have been the subject of increasing interest due to their therapeutic potential in numerous liver diseases as alternative or supportive/complementary tools to liver transplantation. While the first investigations on hepatic progenitor cells have focused on their origin and phenotypic characterization, recent attention has focused on the influence of the hepatic microenvironment on their activation and proliferation. This microenvironment comprises the extracellular matrix, epithelial and non-epithelial resident liver cells, and recruited inflammatory cells as well as the variety of growth-modulating molecules produced and/or harboured by these elements. The cellular and molecular responses to different regenerative stimuli seem to depend on the injury inflicted and consequently on the molecular microenvironment created in the liver by a certain insult. This review will focus on molecular responses controlling activation and expansion of the hepatic progenitor cell niche, emphasizing similarities and differences in the microenvironments orchestrating regeneration by recruitment of progenitor cell populations or by replication of mature cells.
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Kaur S, Wang F, Venkatraman M, Arsura M. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) inhibits c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1) activation by transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) through ubiquitin-mediated proteosomal degradation of the TGF-beta1-activated kinase 1 (TAK1). J Biol Chem 2005; 280:38599-608. [PMID: 16157589 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m505671200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Active NF-kappaB renders malignant hepatocytes refractory to the growth inhibitory and pro-apoptotic properties of transforming growth factorbeta1 (TGF-beta1). NF-kappaB counteracts TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis through up-regulation of downstream target genes, such as XIAP and Bcl-X(L), which in turn inhibit the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. In addition, induction of NF-kappaB by TGF-beta1 inhibits JNK signaling, thereby attenuating TGF-beta1-induced cell death of normal hepatocytes. However, the mechanism involved in the negative cross-talk between the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways during TGF-beta1 signaling has not been determined. In this study, we have identified the XIAP gene as one of the critical mediators of NF-kappaB-mediated suppression of JNK signaling. We show that NF-kappaB plays a role in the up-regulation of XIAP gene expression in response to TGF-beta1 treatment and forms a TGF-beta1-inducible complex with TAK1. Furthermore, we show that the RING domain of XIAP mediates TAK1 polyubiquitination, which then targets this molecule for proteosomal degradation. Down-regulation of TAK1 protein expression inhibits TGF-beta1-mediated activation of JNK and apoptosis. Conversely, silencing of XIAP promotes persistent JNK activation and potentiates TGF-beta1-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our findings identify a novel mechanism for the regulation of JNK activity by NF-kappaB during TGF-beta1 signaling and raise the possibility that pharmacologic inhibition of the NF-kappaB/XIAP signaling pathway might selectively abolish the pro-oncogenic activity of TGF-beta1 in advanced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) without affecting the pro-apoptotic effects of TGF-beta1 involved in normal liver homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayamjot Kaur
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Cancer Institute (UTCI), University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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Sheen-Chen SM, Eng HL, Hung KS. Altered serum transforming growth factor-beta1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels in obstructive jaundice. World J Surg 2004; 28:967-70. [PMID: 15573249 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-004-7354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired immune function has long been documented in patients with obstructive jaundice, and those with jaundice due to extrahepatic biliary obstruction still experience a high rate of postoperative complications and death. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGFbeta1) appears to be an important regulator of both normal and pathologic conditions in the liver. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) is an important mediator of monocyte recruitment to inflammatory sites. We hypothesize that obstructive jaundice may alter serum TGFbeta1 and MCP-1 expressions in the rat and that oral bile acid or glutamine (or both) can restore the altered serum TGFbeta1 and MCP-1 expression in rats with obstructive jaundice. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 to 300 g were randomized to four groups (n = 10 in each group). Group 1 underwent a sham operation with oral normal saline administration. Group 2 underwent common bile duct ligation (CBDL) with oral normal saline administration. Group 3 underwent CBDL with oral bile acid replacement. Group 4 underwent CBDL with oral glutamine administration. Animals were sacrificed after 3 days (n = 5) and 7 days (n = 5), and blood samples were collected. Serum was obtained after centrifugation for measurement of TGFbeta1 and MCP-1 levels by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The serum TGFbeta1 level was significantly elevated (p = 0.006) 3 days after CBDL. Oral glutamine administration prevented this elevation, but oral bile acid replacement did not. The serum MCP-1 level showed similar changes. After 3 days of obstructive jaundice, the TGFbeta1 and MCP-1 levels were altered in the rat. Oral glutamine administration, not oral bile acid replacement, was able to prevent these alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyr-Ming Sheen-Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, 123 Ta-Pei Road, Niao-Sung Hsiang, Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan.
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Braun KM, Thompson AW, Sandgren EP. Hepatic microenvironment affects oval cell localization in albumin-urokinase-type plasminogen activator transgenic mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2003; 162:195-202. [PMID: 12507902 PMCID: PMC1851108 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)63810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mice carrying an albumin-urokinase type plasminogen activator transgene (AL-uPA) develop liver disease secondary to uPA expression in hepatocytes. Transgene-expressing parenchyma is replaced gradually by clones of cells that have deleted transgene DNA and therefore are not subject to uPA-mediated damage. Diseased liver displays several abnormalities, including hepatocyte vacuolation and changes in nonparenchymal tissue. The latter includes increases in laminin protein within parenchyma and the appearance of cytokeratin 19-positive bile ductule-like cells (oval cells) both in portal regions and extending into the hepatic parenchyma. In this study, we subjected AL-uPA mice to two-thirds partial hepatectomy to identify the response of these livers to additional growth stimulation. We observed several changes in hepatic morphology. First, the oval cells increased in number and often formed ductules in the parenchyma. Second, this cellular change was accompanied by a further increase in laminin associated with single or clusters of oval cells. Third, desmin-positive Ito cells increased in number and maintained close association with oval cells. Fourth, these changes were localized precisely to uPA-expressing areas of liver. Regenerating clones of uPA-deficient cells appeared to be unaffected both by stromal and cellular alterations. Thus, additional growth stimulation of diseased uPA-expressing liver induces an oval cell-like response, as observed in other models of severe hepatic injury, but the localization of this response seems to be highly regulated by the hepatic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin M Braun
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706, USA
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Nagai H, Terada K, Watanabe G, Ueno Y, Aiba N, Shibuya T, Kawagoe M, Kameda T, Sato M, Senoo H, Sugiyama T. Differentiation of liver epithelial (stem-like) cells into hepatocytes induced by coculture with hepatic stellate cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 293:1420-5. [PMID: 12054673 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)00406-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The liver is believed to contain stem cells that can differentiate into either hepatocytes or biliary epithelial cells. In the present study, we established a nonhepatocytic epithelial cell line from the normal livers of adult rats. The established cells, designated HSL cells, were immunoreactive against alpha-fetoprotein, but neither albumin nor cytokeratin 19. To demonstrate the differentiation potential of HSL cells in vitro, the cells were cocultured with hepatic stellate cells as a mixture or separately using insert wells. Consequently, although coculture with hepatic stellate cells rendered HSL cells able to produce albumin, the mixed coculture system mimicking the hepatic environment elicited this phenomenon more effectively than the separated coculture system. In conclusion, HSL cells have immature properties and the potential to differentiate into mature cells. Not only the extracellular matrices but also soluble factors, which are produced by hepatic stellate cells, induce this maturation, demonstrating the importance of the hepatic environment for hepatocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Nagai
- Department of Biochemistry, Akita University School of Medicine, Hondo 1-1-1, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Sandhu JS, Petkov PM, Dabeva MD, Shafritz DA. Stem cell properties and repopulation of the rat liver by fetal liver epithelial progenitor cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2001; 159:1323-34. [PMID: 11583960 PMCID: PMC1850488 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62519-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2001] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The potential of embryonal day (ED) 14 fetal liver epithelial progenitor (FLEP) cells from Fischer (F)344 rats to repopulate the normal and retrorsine-treated liver was studied throughout a 6-month period in syngeneic dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPPIV-) mutant F344 rats. In normal liver, FLEP cells formed: 1) hepatocytic clusters ranging in size up to approximately 800 to 1000 cells; 2) bile duct structures connected to pre-existing host bile ducts; and 3) mixed clusters containing both hepatocytes and bile duct epithelial cells. Liver repopulation after 6 months was moderate (5 to 10%). In retrorsine-treated liver, transplanted cells formed large multilobular structures containing both parenchymal and bile duct cells and liver repopulation was extensive (60 to 80%). When the repopulating capacity of ED 14 FLEP cells transplanted into normal liver was compared to adult hepatocytes, three important differences were noted: 1) FLEP cells continued to proliferate at 6 months after transplantation, whereas adult hepatocytes ceased proliferation within the first month; 2) both the number and size of clusters derived from FLEP cells gradually increased throughout time but decreased throughout time with transplanted mature hepatocytes; and 3) FLEP cells differentiated into hepatocytes when engrafted into the liver parenchyma and into bile epithelial cells when engrafted in the vicinity of the host bile ducts, whereas adult hepatocytes did not form bile duct structures. Finally, after transplantation of ED 14 FLEP cells, new clusters of DPPIV+ cells appeared after 4 to 6 months, suggesting reseeding of the liver by transplanted cells. This study represents the first report with an isolated fetal liver epithelial cell fraction in which the cells exhibit properties of tissue-determined stem cells after their transplantation into normal adult liver; namely, bipotency and continued proliferation long after their transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Sandhu
- Marion Bessin Liver Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
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Kiss A, Schnur J, Szabó Z, Nagy P. Immunohistochemical analysis of atypical ductular reaction in the human liver, with special emphasis on the presence of growth factors and their receptors. LIVER 2001; 21:237-46. [PMID: 11454186 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0676.2001.021004237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/BACKGROUND The objective of this study was to characterize the expression of transforming growth factor-alpha/epidermal growth factor receptor, hepatocyte growth factor/c-met, transforming growth factor-beta/Type I-II transforming growth factor-beta receptors, stem cell factor, urokinase plasminogen activator, smooth muscle actin, CD34 and alpha-fetoprotein in human liver samples with (sub)massive necrosis of different etiology containing atypical ductular reaction. METHODS Their presence was studied by immunohistochemistry on paraffin-embedded tissue sections. RESULTS Transforming growth factor-alpha and -beta, hepatocyte growth factor and their receptors were demonstrated in the ductules; additionally stem cell factor and urokinase plasminogen activator were also expressed. The atypical ductules were surrounded by smooth muscle actin-positive activated stellate cells. CONCLUSION These phenotypic similarities confirm that the atypical ductules in the human liver may be equivalent of oval cells in the rat liver, which are regarded as the progeny of stem cells. That is, the atypical ductular proliferation may correspond to a stem cell-fed regenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kiss
- Ist Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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Abstract
Although the unlimited capacity of hepatocytes to divide has been recently proven, more and more evidences support the existence of a primitive stem cell compartment in the liver. These cells probably do not participate in the usual maintenance of the liver mass, but they are activated in case of extensive hepatocyte injury. In vivo the oval cells show deep similarly to the primitive cells of the embryonic liver and seem to be the amplification compartment of the hepatic stem cells. A primitive epithelial cell population can be isolated from the normal liver and maintained in vitro. Studies of these two experimental systems provide most of the data about liver stem cells, which may become important for the clinical practice if we understand how their growth is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Nagy
- Semmelweis University of Medicine, 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Budapest, Hungary
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18
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Liver damage using suicide genes. A model for oval cell activation. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2000; 157:549-59. [PMID: 10934157 PMCID: PMC1850125 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)64565-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Liver regeneration from the facultative hepatic stem cells, the oval cells, takes place in situations in which liver regeneration from pre-existing hepatocytes is prevented. Different models have been used to stimulate oval cell response. Many of them involve the use of carcinogenic agents with or without partial hepatectomy. In this study we show that adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of the suicide gene thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir administration caused hepatotoxicity of variable intensity. Rats with moderate elevation in serum transaminases recovered normal liver architecture few weeks after adenovirus injection. In contrast, rats with severe liver damage exhibited a marked and persisting activation of oval cells accompanied by ductular hyperplasia. In some rats, such lesion eventually evolved to cholangiofibrosis and in one rat to cholangiocarcinoma. Deposition of fibronectin and increased number of hepatic stellate cells were found in association with oval cells and cholangiofibrotic lesions. Hepatocyte growth factor was hyperexpressed in the livers with intense oval cell response or ductular proliferation, suggesting a participation of this factor in those lesions. In summary, our data demonstrate activation of oval cell response after gene transfer of thymidine kinase followed by ganciclovir administration. These findings indicate that high doses of this therapy causes liver damage together with an impairment in hepatocellular regeneration.
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19
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Schnur J, Nagy P, Sebestyén A, Schaff Z, Thorgeirsson SS. Chemical hepatocarcinogenesis in transgenic mice overexpressing mature TGF beta-1 in liver. Eur J Cancer 1999; 35:1842-5. [PMID: 10674001 DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(99)00224-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in carcinogenesis is a controversial issue. Certain results suggest a promoter role of this growth factor whilst in other experimental models TGF-beta 1 seems to inhibit the process of tumorigenesis. In an attempt to resolve this problem, we have performed chemical hepatocarcinogenesis experiments on transgenic mice expressing a high level of active TGF-beta 1 in their liver. Transgenic production of TGF-beta 1 did not result in spontaneous tumour formation during our observation period. However, two carcinogens, thioacetamide and N-OH acetylaminofluorene, were more potent in transgenic than in wild-type mice, whereas aflatoxin B1 was equally effective in both groups. Our observations suggest that an increased level of TGF-beta 1 in the liver does not provide protection against the effect of chemical carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schnur
- 1st Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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20
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Schaff Z, Kovalszky I, Nagy P, Zalatnai A, Jeney A, Lapis K. Human and experimental hepatocarcinogenesis. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY. SUPPLEMENT 1998; 228:90-7. [PMID: 9867118 DOI: 10.1080/003655298750026615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Human liver cancer is increasing worldwide, including in Hungary. The detection of liver tumors in premalignant or early malignant states is essential for successful treatment. MC-29 virus-induced chicken hepatoma and rodent, fish and monkey models for chemical hepatocarcinogenesis were studied and compared to humans. Changes in phenotypic enzyme alterations and in the expression of certain oncogens and growth factors characterize the experimentally induced hepatomas, and might also be characteristic of human premalignant and malignant focal liver lesions. Fish hepatocarcinogenesis is useful for studying compounds in environmental pollution. Increased expression of transforming growth factor á can be observed both in experimental and human liver tumors. Increased tumor incidence was detected in transgene mice containing both transforming growth factor alpha and c-myc genes. Animal models of hepatocarcinogenesis help to understand the development of liver tumors. Methods applied in studies using those models are useful in the study of premalignant and malignant human liver lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Schaff
- First Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University of Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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21
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Hooth MJ, Coleman WB, Presnell SC, Borchert KM, Grisham JW, Smith GJ. Spontaneous neoplastic transformation of WB-F344 rat liver epithelial cells. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 1998; 153:1913-21. [PMID: 9846981 PMCID: PMC1866323 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)65705-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have shown that cultured rat liver epithelial cells transform spontaneously after chronic maintenance in a confluent state in vitro. In the present study, multiple independent lineages of low-passage WB-F344 rat liver epithelial stem-like cells were initiated and subjected in parallel to selection for spontaneous transformation to determine whether spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity was the result of events (genetic or epigenetic) that occurred independently and stochastically, or reflected the expression of a pre-existing alteration within the parental WB-F344 cell line. Temporal analysis of the spontaneous acquisition of tumorigenicity by WB-F344 cells demonstrated lineage-specific differences in the time of first expression of the tumorigenic phenotype, frequencies and latencies of tumor formation, and tumor differentiations. Although spontaneously transformed WB-F344 cells produced diverse tumor types (including hepatocellular carcinomas, cholangiocarcinomas, hepatoblastomas, and osteogenic sarcomas), individual lineages yielded tumors with consistent and specific patterns of differentiation. These results provide substantial evidence that the stochastic accumulation of independent transforming events during the selection regimen in vitro were responsible for spontaneous neoplastic transformation of WB-F344 cells. Furthermore, cell lineage commitment to a specific differentiation program was stable with time in culture and with site of transplantation. This is the first report of a cohort of related, but independent, rat liver epithelial cell lines that collectively produce a spectrum of tumor types but individually reproduce a specific tumor type. These cell lines will provide valuable reagents for investigation of the molecular mechanisms involved in the differentiation of hepatic stem-like cells and for examination of potential causal relationships in spontaneously transformed rat liver epithelial cell lines between molecular/cellular alterations and the ability to produce tumors in syngeneic animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Hooth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill 27599-7525, USA
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alison
- Histopathology Department, ICSM at Hammersmith Campus, London, UK
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23
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Alison M, Golding M, Sarraf C. Wound healing in the liver with particular reference to stem cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1998; 353:877-94. [PMID: 9684285 PMCID: PMC1692283 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.1998.0252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficiency of liver regeneration in response to the loss of hepatocytes is widely acknowledged, and this is usually accomplished by the triggering of normally proliferatively quiescent hepatocytes into the cell cycle. However, when regeneration is defective, tortuous ductular structures, initially continuous with the biliary tree, proliferate and migrate into the surrounding hepatocyte parenchyma. In humans, these biliary cells have variously been referred to as ductular structures, neoductules and neocholangioles, and have been observed in many forms of chronic liver disease, including cancer. In experimental animals, similar ductal cells are usually called oval cells, and their association with impaired regeneration has led to the conclusion that they are the progeny of facultative stem cells. Oval cells are of considerable biological interest as they may represent a target population for hepatic carcinogens, and they may also be useful vehicles for ex vivo gene therapy for the correction of inborn errors of metabolism. This review proposes that the liver harbours stem cells that are located in the biliary epithelium, that oval cells are the progeny of these stem cells, and that these cells can undergo massive expansion in their numbers before differentiating into hepatocytes. This is a conditional process that only occurs when the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes is overwhelmed, and thus, unlike the intestinal epithelium, the liver is not behaving as a classical, continually renewing, stem cell-fed lineage. We focus on the biliary network, not merely as a conduit for bile, but also as a cell compartment with the ability to proliferate under appropriate conditions and give rise to fully differentiated hepatocytes and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alison
- Histopathology Department, Imperial College School of Medicine, London, UK
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24
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Alison M, Golding M, Emons V, Anilkumar TV, Sarraf C. Stem cells of the liver. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01557781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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25
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Tsai JF, Chuang LY, Jeng JE, Yang ML, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Tsai JH. Clinical relevance of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Medicine (Baltimore) 1997; 76:213-26. [PMID: 9193456 DOI: 10.1097/00005792-199705000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
To assess the clinical relevance of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) in the urine of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), TGF-beta 1 was measured, by radioimmunoassay, in 140 patients with HCC, 50 cirrhotic patients, 30 patients with chronic active hepatitis, and 50 healthy controls. The results indicate that there were significantly increased urinary TGF-beta 1 levels in patients with HCC. Raised TGF-beta 1 levels were associated, in a dose-related fashion, with increased risk for development of HCC (odds ratio, 1.05, 95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.07). HCC patients with raised TGF-beta 1 levels had shorter survival than those with normal TGF-beta 1 levels (p = 0.038). TGF-beta 1 levels decreased after successful anticancer therapy (p < 0.0001). There was an inverse correlation between TGF-beta 1 and serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (r = -0.199, p < 0.04). Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve analysis indicated that parallel determination of TGF-beta 1 and AFP significantly increased the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy, with a high specificity. In conclusion, raised urinary TGF-beta 1 was associated with HCC development. It is a predictor of poor prognosis, and a tumor marker for diagnosis and therapeutic follow-up of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Tsai
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical College, Taiwan
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26
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Grisham J, Thorgeirsson SS. Liver stem cells**The colour plate section for this chapter appears between pages 274 and 275. Stem Cells 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012563455-7/50009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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27
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Bosch A, McCray PB, Chang SM, Ulich TR, Simonet WS, Jolly DJ, Davidson BL. Proliferation induced by keratinocyte growth factor enhances in vivo retroviral-mediated gene transfer to mouse hepatocytes. J Clin Invest 1996; 98:2683-7. [PMID: 8981911 PMCID: PMC507730 DOI: 10.1172/jci119091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Retroviral gene transfer to liver without prior injury has not yet been accomplished. We hypothesized that recombinant human keratinocyte growth factor would stimulate proliferation of hepatocytes and allow for efficient in vivo gene transfer with high titer murine Moloney retroviral vectors. This report shows that 48 h after intravenous injection of keratinocyte growth factor, hepatocyte proliferation increased approximately 40-fold compared to non-stimulated livers. When keratinocyte growth factor treatment was followed by intravenous injection of high titer (1 x 10(8) colony forming units/ml) retrovirus coding for the Escherichia Coli beta-galactosidase gene, there was a 600-fold increase in beta-galactosidase expression, with 2% of hepatocytes transduced. Thus, by exploiting the mitogenic properties of keratinocyte growth factor, retrovirus-mediated gene transfer to liver may be accomplished in vivo without the use of partial hepatectomy or pretreatment with other toxins to induce hepatocyte cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bosch
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242, USA
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28
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Golding M, Sarraf C, Lalani EN, Alison MR. Reactive biliary epithelium: the product of a pluripotential stem cell compartment? Hum Pathol 1996; 27:872-84. [PMID: 8816880 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(96)90212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Liver parenchymal cells (hepatocytes) have a low rate of turnover, but can nevertheless mount a rapid and efficient regenerative response. However, in some cases of extreme hepatotoxicity hepatocyte proliferation is restricted or even abolished, and instead biliary epithelial cells, commonly referred to as ductular oval cells, migrate into the periportal and midzonal parenchyma. Initially these cells behave as authentic biliary epithelium with expression of the biliary cytokeratin intermediate filaments, but then show hepatocytic traits such as alpha fetoprotein and albumin synthesis. Thereafter these biliary ducts rapidly vanish to be replaced by either small hepatocytes or intestinal-type cells. The proliferation and differentiation of oval cells is probably strongly influenced by paracrine signalling from liver stellate cells. Oval cells appear to be the progeny of facultative pluripotential stem cells which have the lineage potential of uncommitted gastrointestinal stem cells; these stem cells are likely to be located in the cholangioles and small interlobular bile ducts. Oval cells thus constitute an important reserve compartment for hepatocytes when hepatocyte regeneration is compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Golding
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK
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29
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Alison MR, Golding MH, Sarraf CE. Pluripotential liver stem cells: facultative stem cells located in the biliary tree. Cell Prolif 1996; 29:373-402. [PMID: 8883463 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1996.tb00982.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of the liver to regenerate after parenchymal damage is usually accomplished by the ephemeral entry of normally proliferatively quiescent (G0) hepatocytes into the cell cycle. However, when hepatocyte regeneration is defective, arborizing ductules which are continuous with the biliary tree, proliferate and migrate into the surrounding parenchyma. In man these biliary cells have variously been referred to as ductular structures, neoductules and neocholangioles, and have been observed in many forms of chronic liver disease, including cancer. In experimental animals similar ductal cells are usually called oval cells, and their association with defective regeneration has led to the belief that these cells represent a progenitor cell population. Oval cells are thought to take over the burden of regenerative growth after substantial hepatocyte loss, suggesting that they are the progeny of facultative stem cells. The liver is not, however, generally considered as a stem cell-fed hierarchy, although this is disputed by others. Despite this, the subject of oval cells has aroused intense interest as these cells may represent a target population for hepatic carcinogens, and they may be useful vehicles for ex vivo gene therapy. This review proposes that the liver does harbour stem cells which are located throughout the biliary epithelium, and that oval cells represent the progeny of these stem cells and function as an amplification compartment for the generation of 'new' hepatocytes. This is a conditional process which only occurs when the regenerative capacity of hepatocytes is overwhelmed and thus, unlike the intestinal epithelium, the liver is not behaving as a classical continually renewing stem cell-fed lineage. We focus on the biliary network, not merely as a conduit for bile, but also as a cell compartment with the potential to proliferate under appropriate conditions and give rise to fully differentiated hepatocytes and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Alison
- Department of Histopathology, Royal Postgraduate Medical School, London, UK
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30
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Bisgaard HC, Thorgeirsson SS. Hepatic Regeneration: The Role of Regeneration in Pathogenesis of Chronic Liver Diseases. Clin Lab Med 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0272-2712(18)30272-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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31
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Terada T, Nakanuma Y, Ohta T. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor during human liver development and maturation. Virchows Arch 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01069749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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32
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Terada T, Ohta T, Nakanuma Y. Expression of transforming growth factor-alpha and its receptor during human liver development and maturation. Virchows Arch 1994; 424:669-75. [PMID: 8055162 DOI: 10.1007/bf00195783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the expression of transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) and its receptor during human liver development and maturation, using immunohistochemistry. In the fetal liver, strong immunoreactivity for TGF-alpha and its receptor was noted in intrahepatic bile duct cells of various developmental stages; moderate immunoreactivity for TGF-alpha and mild immunoreactivity for TGF-alpha receptor were found in immature hepatocytes. In the postnatal liver, reactivity for TGF-alpha in hepatocytes decreased gradually and was negative or only weakly positive in the adult liver, while reactivity for TGF-alpha receptor in hepatocytes increased gradually and was strongly positive in the adult liver. In contrast, immunoreactivity of TGF-alpha and its receptor in intrahepatic bile duct cells persisted in the postnatal liver and was positive in the adult liver. These data suggest that the system of TGF-alpha and its receptor has an important role in the proliferation and differentiation of intrahepatic biliary cells and hepatocytes in the fetal liver. The decreasing expression of TGF-alpha in hepatocytes in the postnatal liver may indicate that proliferative activity of hepatocytes gradually decreases with liver maturation. The presence of TGF-alpha and its receptor in intrahepatic bile ducts in the postnatal liver suggests that the system of TGF-alpha and TGF-alpha receptor is operative postnatally.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Terada
- Second Department of Pathology, Kanazawa University School of Medicine, Japan
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33
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Lea MA. Regulation of gene expression in hepatomas. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1993; 25:457-69. [PMID: 8385634 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(93)90651-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M A Lea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark 07103
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34
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Bursch W, Oberhammer F, Jirtle RL, Askari M, Sedivy R, Grasl-Kraupp B, Purchio AF, Schulte-Hermann R. Transforming growth factor-beta 1 as a signal for induction of cell death by apoptosis. Br J Cancer 1993; 67:531-6. [PMID: 8439503 PMCID: PMC1968248 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.1993.98] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell death by apoptosis is a major determinant of growth of normal tissues and tumours. The present study aimed to elucidate signal factors involved in its regulation. Epithelial cells in control liver, during regression of cyproterone acetate induced liver hyperplasia, in liver (pre)neoplasia and in uterus undergoing apoptosis in vivo show immunostaining for transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) as detected by anti-pre(266-278) TGF-beta 1 antibodies. Positive immunostaining is also seen in a few intact cells of hyperplastic, regressing liver apparently preparing for apoptosis, but is virtually not found in hepatocytes of normal or growing liver nor in cells undergoing death by necrosis. Recombinant latency associated protein (rLAP, dimer of the pro-region non-covalently associated with the mature region) complex and mature TGF-beta 1 induce apoptosis in isolated hepatocytes cultured in vitro. These findings suggest an involvement of TGF-beta 1 in the induction of apoptosis in certain epithelia in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Bursch
- Institute for Tumorbiology-Cancer Research, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
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35
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Serra R, Isom HC. Stimulation of DNA synthesis and protooncogene expression in primary rat hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture. J Cell Physiol 1993; 154:543-53. [PMID: 8436603 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041540313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We have previously described the use of a chemically defined medium (CDM) supplemented with epidermal growth factor (EGF) and dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to maintain long-term cultures of rat hepatocytes in a highly differentiated state. In this study, conditions necessary to stimulate high levels of DNA synthesis in hepatocytes in long-term DMSO culture were defined. Hepatocytes were maintained in culture for 20 days in CDM containing DMSO and EGF, insulin, and glucagon. EGF, insulin, and glucagon were then removed for 7 days. Readdition of EGF, insulin, and glucagon at day 27 (shiftup) was accompanied by a three- to sixfold increase in labeling index. If DMSO or dexamethasone (dex) + DMSO were removed at time of shiftup, the labeling index increased by 18- to 54-fold. TGF beta inhibited DNA synthesis stimulated by EGF shiftup, TGF alpha shiftup, or EGF shiftup in combination with removal of dex + DMSO. Stimulation of DNA synthesis was accompanied by a specific, sequential induction of protooncogene mRNA levels; c-fos mRNA was induced 23-fold at 0.5 h after readdition of EGF; c-myc mRNA was induced three- to four-fold by 0.5 h; TGF alpha mRNA was induced sevenfold by 8 h; K-ras mRNA was induced fourfold by 26 h. Changes in protooncogene expression paralleled changes seen in regenerating liver. When DMSO was removed for greater than 48 h, the cells flattened and spread out, chords of cells were no longer well defined, albumin mRNA levels decreased, and fibronectin, beta 1 integrin, and TGF beta transcripts increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Serra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033
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36
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Jorens PG, Michielsen PP, Pelckmans PA, Fevery J, Desmet VJ, Geubel AP, Rahier J, Van Maercke YM. Vitamin A abuse: development of cirrhosis despite cessation of vitamin A. A six-year clinical and histopathologic follow-up. LIVER 1992; 12:381-6. [PMID: 1470008 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0676.1992.tb00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We report the case of a 35-year-old man who contracted vitamin A-induced liver cirrhosis. Five years before, he had been investigated for vitamin A-induced non-cirrhotic portal hypertension. In this case, the clinical and histopathologic evolution from non-cirrhotic portal hypertension to cirrhosis was documented. In spite of the cessation of pharmaceutical vitamin A intake, the disease progressed. Therapy with colchicine and phenobarbital apparently did not influence evolution to cirrhosis. This suggests that vitamin A can trigger largely unknown mechanisms of liver fibrosis which seem to be self-perpetuating.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Jorens
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Antwerp (UIA), Belgium
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37
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Blouin R, Blouin MJ, Royal I, Grenier A, Roop DR, Loranger A, Marceau N. Cytokeratin 14 expression in rat liver cells in culture and localization in vivo. Differentiation 1992; 52:45-54. [PMID: 1283740 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.1992.tb00498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Rat liver epithelial cells (LECs) are non-parenchymal proliferating cells that readily emerge in primary culture and can be established as cell lines, but their in vivo cell(s) of origin is unclear. We reported recently some evidence indicating that the LEC line, T51B, contains two cytokeratins (CKs) equivalent to human CK8 and CK14 respectively. T51B cells also contain vimentin assembled as a network of intermediate filaments distinct from that of the CKs. In the present study, we examined the expression of CK14 gene in various LEC preparations and a Triton-resistant rat skin cytoskeletal fraction, and then assessed its usefulness as an LEC specific marker in the liver. Northern and Western blot analyses with cDNAs and antibodies for CK8, CK14, CK18 and vimentin confirmed that rat hepatocytes express CK8 and CK18 genes only, whereas T51B cells express CK8, CK14 and vimentin genes in the absence of CK18. CK14 was also present in LECs derived as primary from embryonic-day 12 rat liver and secondary cultures from 4-day-old rat liver. Primary cultures of oval cells isolated from 3'-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3'-Me-DAB) treated rat liver (an enriched source of biliary epithelial cells) contained CK14 mRNAs which were slightly shorter than those in LECs. The analyses of CK5 (the usual partner of CK14) gene expression using specific cDNA and antibody clearly demonstrated its absence in LECs. In situ double immunolocalization analyses by laser scanning confocal microscopy showed that CK14 was not present in hepatocytes (HES6+ cells) and was expressed in some biliary epithelial (BDS7+ cells). CK14-positive cells were also found in the Glisson's capsule. However, CK14-positive cells of the portal region were vimentin negative, whereas those of the Glisson's capsule were vimentin positive. Our results suggest that CK14 gene expression is part of the differentiation program of two types of LECs and that this differential CK14 gene expression can be used as a new means to type LECs in culture and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Blouin
- Laval University Cancer Research Center, L'Hôtel-Dieu de Québec, Canada
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38
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Abstract
The current status of the much-debated question of the still-hypothetical stem cells of the liver is reviewed, with an emphasis on their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. The widely held view of the primacy of the hepatocyte, notably of the mononuclear diploid type, in this process--the "hepatocytic theory"--has been compared with variants of the "stem cell hypothesis" based on the "non-parenchymal epithelial cells" of the liver--the "oval" or biliary ductular cells, the "nondescript periductular" cells and the "primitive" bipotential epithelial cells. An attempt has been made to concentrate mainly on the more recent publications, in an effort to balance the conflicting opinions expressed by comparing results obtained by the newer procedures currently in use. Despite some interesting and relevant findings it appears that the evidence in favour of the stem-cell hypothesis is still circumstantial and that the hepatocytic theory has not been invalidated. Presumably the question of the hepatic stem cells will be answered when the riddle of hepatocarcinogenesis has been solved.
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39
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Abstract
Biochemical membrane alterations appearing during the process of chemical carcinogenesis are described. Emphasis is put on membrane composition, structure, and biogenesis. In this presentation the knowledge gained from experimental studies of liver and skin in the process of cancer development is acknowledged. Important biochemical changes have been reported in lipid composition, fatty acid saturation, constitutional enzyme expression, receptor turnover and oligomerization. Functional consequences of the altered membrane structure is discussed within the concepts of regulation of cell proliferation, regulation of membrane receptor expression, redox control, signal transduction, drug metabolism, and multidrug resistance. Data from malignant tumours and normal tissue are addressed to evaluate the importance of the alterations for the process and for the eventual malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Eriksson
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Pathology, Huddinge University Hospital, Sweden
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40
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Jirtle R, Carr B, Scott C. Modulation of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptors and transforming growth factor-beta 1 during liver regeneration. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54592-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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41
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Nagy P, Schaff Z, Lapis K. Immunohistochemical detection of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in fibrotic liver diseases. Hepatology 1991. [PMID: 1713566 DOI: 10.1002/hep.1840140211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta 1 was localized by means of immunohistochemical reaction in liver biopsy specimens taken from patients having different chronic liver diseases with extending fibrosis. Two polyclonal antibodies that were produced in rabbits were directed against the amino terminal of transforming growth factor-beta 1. Staining by anti-CC(1-30) was primarily extracellular and located in the portal and periportal fibrotic areas of all seven cases with chronic active hepatitis. No staining was noted in the four chronic persistent cases studied. A strong reaction was seen with the antibody in nine of the ten cirrhotic samples, whereas it was negative in one inactive cirrhosis case and in all five cases with normal liver histological findings. No positive staining could be detected by the anti-LC(1-30) in any of the liver tissues. Detection of transforming growth factor-beta 1 in active liver diseases at the site of fibrosis suggests that transforming growth factor-beta 1 might have a role in the process and progression of fibrosis during the development of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Nagy
- I. Institute of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
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42
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Jakowlew SB, Mead JE, Danielpour D, Wu J, Roberts AB, Fausto N. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) isoforms in rat liver regeneration: messenger RNA expression and activation of latent TGF-beta. CELL REGULATION 1991; 2:535-48. [PMID: 1782214 PMCID: PMC361843 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.2.7.535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Expression of transforming growth factor-beta s (TGF-beta s) 1-3 was studied in normal liver and during liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in the rat to determine whether each of these isoforms might be involved in hepatocyte growth in vivo. Expression of the mRNAs for all three TGF-beta isoforms increases in the regenerating liver. In addition, the levels of expression of the mRNAs for several extracellular matrix proteins, including fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin, and collagen, also increase in the regenerating liver. Immunohistochemical staining analysis shows a similar distribution of all three TGF-beta s in normal and regenerating liver; however, in both tissues, the level of expression of TGF-beta 1 is 8- to 10-fold higher than that of TGF-beta 2 as determined by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Expression of all three TGF-beta mRNAs is restricted to liver nonparenchymal cells. Although hepatocytes from normal and regenerating livers do not synthesize TGF-beta, they are sensitive to inhibition of growth by all three TGF-beta isoforms. Hepatocytes from regenerating livers are capable of activating latent TGF-beta 1 complexes in vitro, whereas normal hepatocytes are not. The different TGF-beta isoforms may function in an inhibitory paracrine mechanism that is activated during liver regeneration and may also regulate the synthesis of extracellular matrix components in the regenerating liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- S B Jakowlew
- Laboratory of Chemoprevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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43
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Bisgaard HC, Thorgeirsson SS. Evidence for a common cell of origin for primitive epithelial cells isolated from rat liver and pancreas. J Cell Physiol 1991; 147:333-43. [PMID: 1710229 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.1041470220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The appearance of differentiated hepatocytes in the adult rat pancreas as well as pancreatic-type tissue in the adult rat liver can be experimentally induced (Reddy et al.: J. Cell Biol., 98:2082-2090, 1984; Rao et al., J. Histochem. Cytochem., 34:197-201, 1986). These observations suggest a lineage relationship between cell compartments present in rat liver and pancreas. The present data demonstrate that epithelial cell lines with almost identical phenotypes can be established from adult rat liver and pancreas. The established cell lines showed similar morphologies as established by light- and electron-microscopic studies. The cell lines showed a unique expression pattern of intermediate filament proteins. Vimentin, actin, and beta-tubulin were present in all cell lines. In addition, simple epithelial type II cytokeratins 7 and 8 were found to be coexpressed with the type I cytokeratin 14 in several of the cell lines. Neither the type I cytokeratins 18 and 19, which are the normal partners for cytokeratins 8 and 7 in filament formation, nor the type II cytokeratin 5 could be detected despite the fact that filaments were formed by both cytokeratins 8 and 14. This suggests that cytokeratin 14 acts as an indiscriminate type I cytokeratin in filament formation in the established cell lines. The cell lines expressed the same sets of LDH and aldolase isoenzymes and identical sets of glutathione transferase subunits. In addition, the epithelial cell lines from liver and pancreas were equally sensitive to the growth-inhibitory effects of TGF-beta 1. No expression of tissue- or cell-specific proteins such as alpha-fetoprotein, albumin, amylase, elastase, or gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase were detected. The almost identical phenotypes of the hepatic and pancreatic cell lines suggest that they may be derived from a common primitive epithelial cell type present in both rat liver and pancreas. In contrast to parenchymal cells, these cells have an extended capacity for proliferation in vitro and may represent a progeny from a "precursor" or "stem" cell compartment in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- H C Bisgaard
- Laboratory of Experimental Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Fausto N. Growth factors in liver development, regeneration and carcinogenesis. PROGRESS IN GROWTH FACTOR RESEARCH 1991; 3:219-34. [PMID: 1667366 DOI: 10.1016/0955-2235(91)90008-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Liver growth during regeneration is controlled by several growth factors which may be involved in the triggering, progression and termination of hepatocyte replication. It is likely that liver regeneration involves both circulating factors and those produced in hepatic tissue during the growth response. TGF alpha is an autocrine stimulator of hepatocyte proliferation which increases transiently in replicating hepatocytes both in vivo and in vitro. Constitutive TGF alpha overexpression in young transgenic mice causes liver hypertrophy and enhanced proliferation that progress to hepatic tumor development in the great majority of animals after 12 months of age. In contrast, HGF is present in normal blood in humans and animals and plasma concentrations increase after partial hepatectomy, liver injury and fulminant hepatic failure. In liver tissue, levels of HGF and its mRNA correlate better with the extent of injury than with the degree of proliferative activity. The factor is produced by nonparenchymal cells and presumably acts on hepatocytes through paracrine or endocrine mechanisms. A transient increase of TGF beta 1 in regenerating liver may promote the formation of extracellular matrix components and signal the end of hepatocyte proliferation. Prolonged overexpression of the factor in nonparenchymal cells causes liver fibrosis both in humans and experimental animals. The liver contains TGF beta 1,2 and 3, all of which inhibit hepatocyte DNA synthesis. Their mRNAs increase in the regenerating liver but with very different kinetics. Despite the enormous progress achieved in understanding the mechanisms that regulate liver regeneration, it is not known whether HGF, TGF alpha and TGF beta interact with each other or with other factors or hormones during the growth process. Further, it remains to be established how the effect of these factors may relate to the sequential changes in proto-oncogene expression that occur after partial hepatectomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Fausto
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
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