Regulation of intestinal calcium absorption by luminal calcium content: role of intestinal alkaline phosphatase

Fabrication of pH-dependent solid dispersion for oral colon-targeted delivery of notoginsenoside R1 and its protective effects on ulcerative colitis mice

Notoginsenoside R1 (R1), which originated from the rhizomes and roots of Panax notoginseng, is classified as a Biopharmaceutical Classification System class III drug with good solubility but poor oral absorption. Although R1 can alleviate the inflammation of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice, the problem of acid degradation and low bioavailability limit its application. The purpose of this study was aimed to design one kind of pH-dependent solid dispersion for oral colon-targeted delivery of R1. Using Eudragit S100 (ES 100) and PEG 4000 as the pH-dependent carriers, R1 solid dispersion (R1-SD) was fabricated by solvent evaporation method. Scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and powder X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that R1-SD was completely formed, the surface was smooth surface and the strip crystal structure of R1 disappeared. The in vitro release profile of R1-SD (R1-ES 100-PEG 4000, 1:7:1, weight ratio) exhibited that R1-SD was not released in media simulating the gastric condition (pH 1.2), but better release characteristics of the drug could be obtained in media simulating the intestinal condition (less than 30% in pH 6.8 phosphate-buffered saline and more than 90% in pH 7.6 condition). The in vitro colon absorption test showed that the absorption rate and cumulative release of R1-SD were higher than those of R1. R1-SD and R1 had apparent protective effect on colon shortening, inflammatory infiltrating tissue injury, weight loss, diarrhea, blood stool in mice with ulcerative colitis induced by DSS, and the protective effect of R1-SD was better than that of R1, which indicated R1-SD has good practical application prospects.

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP, IAP Enhancer) attenuates intestinal inflammation and alleviates insulin resistance

In this study, we investigated the effects of intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) in controlled intestinal inflammation and alleviated associated insulin resistance (IR). We also explored the possible underlying molecular mechanisms, showed the preventive effect of IAP on IR in vivo, and verified the dephosphorylation of IAP for the inhibition of intestinal inflammation in vitro. Furthermore, we examined the preventive role of IAP in IR induced by a high-fat diet in mice. We found that an IAP + IAP enhancer significantly ameliorated blood glucose, insulin, low-density lipoprotein, gut barrier function, inflammatory markers, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in serum. IAP could dephosphorylate LPS and nucleoside triphosphate in a pH-dependent manner in vitro. Firstly, LPS is inactivated by IAP and IAP reduces LPS-induced inflammation. Secondly, adenosine, a dephosphorylated product of adenosine triphosphate, elicited anti-inflammatory effects by binding to the A_2A receptor, which inhibits NF-κB, TNF, and PI3K-Akt signalling pathways. Hence, IAP can be used as a natural anti-inflammatory agent to reduce intestinal inflammation-induced IR.

Targeting the Intestinal Barrier to Prevent Gut-Derived Inflammation and Disease: A Role for Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase

Background

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) as a tissue-specific isozyme of alkaline phosphatases is predominantly produced by enterocytes in the proximal small intestine. In recent years, an increasing number of pathologies have been identified to be associated with an IAP deficiency, making it very worthwhile to review the various roles, biological functions, and potential therapeutic aspects of IAP.

Summary

IAP primarily originates and acts in the intestinal tract but affects other organs through specific biological axes related to its fundamental roles such as promoting gut barrier function, dephosphorylation/detoxification of lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and regulation of gut microbiota.

Key Messages

Numerous studies reporting on the different roles and the potential therapeutic value of IAP across species have been published during the last decade. While IAP deficiency is linked to varying degrees of physiological dysfunctions across multiple organ systems, the supplementation of IAP has been proven to be beneficial in several translational and clinical studies. The increasing evidence of the salutary functions of IAP underlines the significance of the naturally occurring brush border enzyme.

Intestinal alkaline phosphatase modulation by food components: predictive, preventive, and personalized strategies for novel treatment options in chronic kidney disease

Alkaline phosphatase (AP) is a ubiquitous membrane-bound glycoprotein that catalyzes phosphate monoesters' hydrolysis from organic compounds, an essential process in cell signaling. Four AP isozymes have been described in humans, placental AP, germ cell AP, tissue nonspecific AP, and intestinal AP (IAP). IAP plays a crucial role in gut microbial homeostasis, nutrient uptake, and local and systemic inflammation, and its dysfunction is associated with persistent inflammatory disorders. AP is a strong predictor of mortality in the general population and patients with cardiovascular and chronic kidney disease (CKD). However, little is known about IAP modulation and its possible consequences in CKD, a disease characterized by gut microbiota imbalance and persistent low-grade inflammation. Mitigating inflammation and dysbiosis can prevent cardiovascular complications in patients with CKD, and monitoring factors such as IAP can be useful for predicting those complications. Here, we review IAP's role and the results of nutritional interventions targeting IAP in experimental models to prevent alterations in the gut microbiota, which could be a possible target of predictive, preventive, personalized medicine (PPPM) to avoid CKD complications. Microbiota and some nutrients may activate IAP, which seems to have a beneficial impact on health; however, data on CKD remains scarce.

Intestinal Ca2+ absorption revisited: A molecular and clinical approach

Ca2+ has an important role in the maintenance of the skeleton and is involved in the main physiological processes. Its homeostasis is controlled by the intestine, kidney, bone and parathyroid glands. The intestinal Ca2+ absorption occurs mainly via the paracellular and the transcellular pathways. The proteins involved in both ways are regulated by calcitriol and other hormones as well as dietary factors. Fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) is a strong antagonist of vitamin D action. Part of the intestinal Ca2+ movement seems to be vitamin D independent. Intestinal Ca2+ absorption changes according to different physiological conditions. It is promoted under high Ca2+ demands such as growth, pregnancy, lactation, dietary Ca2+ deficiency and high physical activity. In contrast, the intestinal Ca2+ transport decreases with aging. Oxidative stress inhibits the intestinal Ca2+ absorption whereas the antioxidants counteract the effects of prooxidants leading to the normalization of this physiological process. Several pathologies such as celiac disease, inflammatory bowel diseases, Turner syndrome and others occur with inhibition of intestinal Ca2+ absorption, some hypercalciurias show Ca2+ hyperabsorption, most of these alterations are related to the vitamin D endocrine system. Further research work should be accomplished in order not only to know more molecular details but also to detect possible therapeutic targets to ameliorate or avoid the consequences of altered intestinal Ca2+ absorption.

Effectiveness of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components in common functional foods

The bioactive ingredients in commonly consumed foods include, but are not limited to, prebiotics, prebiotic-like components, probiotics, and postbiotics. The bioactive ingredients in functional foods have also been associated with beneficial effects on human health. For example, they aid in shaping of gut microflora and promotion of immunity. These functional components also contribute in preventing serious diseases such as cardiovascular malfunction and tumorigenesis. However, the specific mechanisms of these positive influences on human health are still under investigation. In this review, we aim to emphasize the major contents of probiotics, prebiotics, and prebiotic-like components commonly found in consumable functional foods, and we present an overview of direct and indirect benefits they provide on human health. The major contributors are certain families of metabolites, specifically short-chain fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids produced by probiotics, and prebiotics, or prebiotic-like components such as flavonoids, polyphenols, and vitamins that are found in functional foods. These functional ingredients in foods influence the gut microbiota by stimulating the growth of beneficial microbes and the production of beneficial metabolites that, in turn, have direct benefits to the host, while also providing protection from pathogens and maintaining a balanced gut ecosystem. The complex interactions that arise among functional food ingredients, human physiology, the gut microbiota, and their respective metabolic pathways have been found to minimize several factors that contribute to the incidence of chronic disease, such as inflammation oxidative stress.

Recent advances in intestinal alkaline phosphatase, inflammation, and nutrition

In recent years, much new data on intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) have been published, and major breakthroughs have been disclosed. The aim of the present review is to critically analyze the publications released over the last 5 years. These breakthroughs include, for example, the direct implication of IAP in intestinal tight junction integrity and barrier function maintenance; chronic intestinal challenge with low concentrations of Salmonella generating long-lasting depletion of IAP and increased susceptibility to inflammation; the suggestion that genetic mutations in the IAP gene in humans contribute to some forms of chronic inflammatory diseases and loss of functional IAP along the gut and in stools; stool IAP as an early biomarker of incipient diabetes in humans; and omega-3 fatty acids as direct inducers of IAP in intestinal tissue. Many recent papers have also explored the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of IAP and other alkaline phosphatase (AP) isoforms in various experimental settings and diseases. Remarkably, nearly all data confirm the potent anti-inflammatory properties of (I)AP and the negative consequences of its inhibition on health. A simplified model of the body AP system integrating the IAP compartment is provided. Finally, the list of nutrients and food components stimulating IAP has continued to grow, thus emphasizing nutrition as a potent lever for limiting inflammation.

Calcium Delivery System Assembled by a Nanostructured Peptide Derived from the Sea Cucumber Ovum

In this study, the binding mechanism, morphological, and conformational analysis of the complex of a sea cucumber ovum derived octapeptide (EDLAALEK) with Ca²⁺ as well as its calcium delivery behavior via the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were investigated. The Ca²⁺ specifically bound to two carboxyl oxygen atoms of C-terminal Glu and Asp on the EDLAALEK peptide at a stoichiometric ratio of 1:1. Calcium coordination induced the self-assembly of the EDLAALEK peptide, resulting in the formation of a nanocomposite with a crystal structure. Furthermore, the formed nanocomposite went through dissociation and self-assembly during in vitro GI digestion, accompanied by the release and rechelation of Ca²⁺, which was related to changes in their secondary structure. Nevertheless, the GI digests of the EDLAALEK-calcium complex could significantly enhance Ca²⁺ absorption across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The findings suggest that the sea cucumber ovum derived peptide has the potential as an efficient nanocarrier to transport calcium through the GI system.

ABO system is not associated with proximal femoral fracture pattern in Southern Italy

INTRODUCTION:

The mechanism that leads to a given fracture pattern is not understood. Heredity could act in this field through the ABO system. We investigated the relationship between ABO blood system and hip fracture pattern in a population from Southern Italy.

METHODS:

Hip fractures were identified through a registry evaluation of the activity of a level I Hospital, and subsequently classified in 'intracapsular' or 'extracapsular' according to their anatomical location. Information on these patients' ABO blood type was collected and compared with general population data from the report on blood donors of the Salerno division of Italian Blood Volunteers Association (AVIS).

RESULTS:

590 hip fractures were included (414 extracapsular, 176 intracapsular) and compared with 709 blood donors. Fractured patients presented a blood group A more often and blood group O less often than the AVIS population ( p A vs. non-A = 0.0033; p O vs. non-O = 0.0024). None of the ABO blood groups were associated with fracture pattern ( p O vs. non-O = 0.5858, p A vs. non-A = 0.409; p B vs. non-B = 0.253; p AB vs. non-AB = 0.212). The rhesus factor was not associated the fracture pattern ( p = 0.34).

CONCLUSIONS:

The ABO blood type could play a role as a risk factor for proximal femoral fractures, but in our population its relevance in influencing the fracture pattern is unclear.

Increased calcium uptake and improved trabecular bone properties in intestinal alkaline phosphatase knockout mice

Previous studies have demonstrated a negative correlation between intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) activity and calcium (Ca) absorption in the gut, as IAP acts as a protective mechanism inhibiting high Ca entry into enterocytes, preventing Ca overload. Here we evaluated Ca absorption and bone properties in knockout mice (KO) completely devoid of duodenal IAP (Akp3 ^-/- mice). Female C57BL/6 control mice (WT, n = 7) and KO mice (n = 10) were used to determine Ca absorption in vivo and by in situ isolated duodenal loops followed by histomorphometric analysis of duodenal villi and crypts. Bone mineral density, morphometry, histomorphometry and trabecular connectivity and biomechanical properties were measured on bones. We observed mild atrophy of the villi with lower absorption surface and a significantly higher Ca uptake in KO mice. While no changes were seen in cortical bone, we found better trabecular connectivity and biomechanical properties in the femurs of KO mice compared to WT mice. Our data indicate that IAP KO mice display higher intestinal Ca uptake, which over time appears to correlate with a positive effect on the biomechanical properties of trabecular bone.

Association between the gut microbiota and mineral metabolism

The aim of this review is to present the most recent scientific evidence of interactions between the intestinal microbiota and minerals, and the effect of this interaction on the health of the host. The Web of Science database from the years 2013-2017 on this topic was reviewed. Numerous in vitro studies have shown that iron significantly affects the intestinal microbiota. However, Bifidobacteriaceae are capable of binding iron in the large intestine, thereby limiting the formation of free radicals synthesized in the presence of iron, and thus reducing the risk of colorectal cancer. Animal studies have revealed that supplementation with probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics has a significant effect on bone calcium, phosphate and bone metabolism. The dynamic interaction between microbiota and zinc was shown. Human studies have provided evidence of the influence of probiotic bacteria on parathormone, calcium and phosphate levels and thus on bone resorption. Recent studies have produced new information mainly on the impact of the intestinal bacteria on the metabolism of calcium and iron. From a scientific perspective, the most urgent fields that remain to be investigated are the identification of all human gut microbes and new therapies targeting the interaction between intestinal bacteria and minerals. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of an insect meal of the Black Soldier Fly (Hermetia illucens) as soybean substitute: Intestinal morphometry, enzymatic and microbial activity in laying hens

This research investigated the ileum morphometry and enzymatic activity, the caecal volatile fatty acid production and the apparent nutrient digestibility in laying hens fed a Hermetia illucens larvae meal (HILM) as a complete replacement of diet soybean meal (SBM). The hens fed HILM exhibited a lower live weight (P<0.05) and a higher incidence of the full digestive tract (P<0.05) than the SBM group. In the duodenum, the maltase exhibited a higher (P<0.05) activity in the HILM group while the intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) had a higher (P<0.05) activity in the SBM group. In the ileum, the maltase and saccarase had a higher activity in the HILM hens (P≤0.01) while the IAP and ɤ glutamil transferase had a higher activity in the SBM group (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). The HILM group showed a higher (P<0.05) villi height in the duodenum, while the opposite happened in the jejunum and the ileum. Only in the ileum the crypt depth resulted higher (P<0.05) in the HIML group than in the SBM. The higher production of acetate (P<0.05) and butyrate (P<0.01) affected the total production of volatile fatty acids of the HILM group. The coefficient of apparent digestibility of dry and organic matter as well as of crude protein was higher (P<0.05) in SBM group. The total replacement of SBM with HILM in laying hens diet from 24 to 45weeks of age resulted in a higher caecal production of butyric acid while the enzymatic activities of brush border membrane were partially reduced.

Intestinal Alkaline Phosphatase: Potential Roles in Promoting Gut Health in Weanling Piglets and Its Modulation by Feed Additives - A Review

The intestinal environment plays a critical role in maintaining swine health. Many factors such as diet, microbiota, and host intestinal immune response influence the intestinal environment. Intestinal alkaline phosphatase (IAP) is an important apical brush border enzyme that is influenced by these factors. IAP dephosphorylates bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), unmethylated cytosine-guanosine dinucleotides, and flagellin, reducing bacterial toxicity and consequently regulating toll-like receptors (TLRs) activation and inflammation. It also desphosphorylates extracellular nucleotides such as uridine diphosphate and adenosine triphosphate, consequently reducing inflammation, modulating, and preserving the homeostasis of the intestinal microbiota. The apical localization of IAP on the epithelial surface reveals its role on LPS (from luminal bacteria) detoxification. As the expression of IAP is reported to be downregulated in piglets at weaning, LPS from commensal and pathogenic gram-negative bacteria could increase inflammatory processes by TLR-4 activation, increasing diarrhea events during this phase. Although some studies had reported potential IAP roles to promote gut health, investigations about exogenous IAP effects or feed additives modulating IAP expression and activity yet are necessary. However, we discussed in this paper that the critical assessment reported can suggest that exogenous IAP or feed additives that could increase its expression could show beneficial effects to reduce diarrhea events during the post weaning phase. Therefore, the main goals of this review are to discuss IAP’s role in intestinal inflammatory processes and present feed additives used as growth promoters that may modulate IAP expression and activity to promote gut health in piglets.

Effects of Yerba Mate (IIex paraguariensis) on Histomorphometry, Biomechanics, and Densitometry on Bones in the Rat

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) is a xanthine-containing beverage, which is also rich in caffeine. Because caffeine has a negative impact on bone mineral density (BMD) mainly associated with low calcium (Ca) diets, there would be expected a negative effect of yerba mate on bone. In this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were used and randomly assigned into four groups (n = 6/group): Control + Ca 0.2 g %; Control + Ca 0.9 g %; Yerba + Ca 0.2 g %; Yerba + Ca 0.9 g %. At the end of the experiment, tibias and femurs were obtained for BMD, morphometric, histomorphometric, and biomechanical analyses. While there was no difference in bone parameters between rats with and without yerba mate consumption, a negative effect of low Ca diet was observed in BMD, morphometric, histomorphometric, and biomechanical results. Interaction between Ca content in the diet and yerba mate was only found in trabecular bone volume, which would indicate that the negative effect of low Ca intake on bone volume is reversed in part by yerba mate infusion. However, yerba mate was not able to reverse the negative effect of low Ca content on biomechanical properties and trabecular connectivity. In summary, at least in our study, yerba mate would not have a negative effect on bone and would be safe for the bone health of consumers.