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Roberson JL, Neylan CJ, Judy R, Walker V, Tsao PS, Damrauer SM, Maguire LH. Critical genes in genitourinary embryogenesis are related to the development of adult hydrocele. Sci Rep 2024; 14:30314. [PMID: 39639036 PMCID: PMC11621517 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/25/2024] [Indexed: 12/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite being a common urologic disorder with potentially complicated sequela, the genetic background of adult hydrocele has not previously been described. We performed a multi-population genome-wide association study of 363,460 men in the United Kingdom BioBank and FinnGen cohorts. We identified 6,548 adult men with hydrocele. We analyzed common variants (minor allele frequency > 0.01) associated with hydrocele and set the threshold for genome-wide significance at p < 5 × 10- 8. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies identified 7 genome-wide significant loci which mapped to 24 genes. Multiple gene prioritization strategies highlighted PAX8, INHBB, AMHR2, and SHH, all known to be critical to genitourinary embryogenesis and associated with Mendelian genitourinary syndromes and model organism phenotypes. Identified loci affect gene expression in genitourinary structures and are associated with multiple markers of renal function. These common variants in genes critical for genitourinary embryogenesis are associated with adult hydrocele, suggesting these genes may maintain normal scrotal anatomy in adults. This large study of nearly 400,000 men is the first genomic study of idiopathic hydrocele and defines our current understanding of the genetic background of this common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Roberson
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Renae Judy
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Venexia Walker
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Philip S Tsao
- VA Palo Alto Epidemiology Research and Information Center for Genomics, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott M Damrauer
- Department of Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lillias H Maguire
- Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Memorial Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, 4 Silverstein, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
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2
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Shaw T, Barr FG, Üren A. The PAX Genes: Roles in Development, Cancer, and Other Diseases. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:1022. [PMID: 38473380 PMCID: PMC10931086 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16051022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Since their 1986 discovery in Drosophila, Paired box (PAX) genes have been shown to play major roles in the early development of the eye, muscle, skeleton, kidney, and other organs. Consistent with their roles as master regulators of tissue formation, the PAX family members are evolutionarily conserved, regulate large transcriptional networks, and in turn can be regulated by a variety of mechanisms. Losses or mutations in these genes can result in developmental disorders or cancers. The precise mechanisms by which PAX genes control disease pathogenesis are well understood in some cases, but much remains to be explored. A deeper understanding of the biology of these genes, therefore, has the potential to aid in the improvement of disease diagnosis and the development of new treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn Shaw
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
| | - Frederic G Barr
- Laboratory of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Aykut Üren
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20001, USA
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3
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Hii EPW, Ramanathan A, Pandarathodiyil AK, Wong GR, Sekhar EVS, Binti Talib R, Zaini ZM, Zain RB. Homeobox Genes in Odontogenic Lesions: A Scoping Review. Head Neck Pathol 2023; 17:218-232. [PMID: 36344906 PMCID: PMC10063701 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-022-01481-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homeobox genes play crucial roles in tooth morphogenesis and development and thus mutations in homeobox genes cause developmental disorders such as odontogenic lesions. The aim of this scoping review is to identify and compile available data from the literatures on the topic of homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions. METHOD An electronic search to collate all the information on studies on homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions was carried out in four databases (PubMed, EBSCO host, Web of Science and Cochrane Library) with selected keywords. All papers which reported expression of homeobox genes in odontogenic lesions were considered. RESULTS A total of eleven (11) papers describing expression of homeobox genes in odontogenic lesions were identified. Methods of studies included next generation sequencing, microarray analysis, RT-PCR, Western blotting, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. The homeobox reported in odontogenic lesions includes LHX8 and DLX3 in odontoma; PITX2, MSX1, MSX2, DLX, DLX2, DLX3, DLX4, DLX5, DLX6, ISL1, OCT4 and HOX C in ameloblastoma; OCT4 in adenomatoid odontogenic tumour; PITX2 and MSX2 in primordial odontogenic tumour; PAX9 and BARX1 in odontogenic keratocyst; PITX2, ZEB1 and MEIS2 in ameloblastic carcinoma while there is absence of DLX2, DLX3 and MSX2 in clear cell odontogenic carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS This paper summarized and reviews the possible link between homeobox gene expression in odontogenic lesions. Based on the current available data, there are insufficient evidence to support any definite role of homeobox gene in odontogenic lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Pey Wen Hii
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anand Ramanathan
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | | | - Gou Rean Wong
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - E V Soma Sekhar
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Zuraiza Mohamad Zaini
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rosnah Binti Zain
- Oral Cancer Research & Coordinating Centre, Faculty of Dentistry, Universiti Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Selangor, Malaysia
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4
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Wen T, Wang W, Chen X. Recent advances in esophageal squamous cell precancerous conditions: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e32192. [PMID: 36550838 PMCID: PMC9771210 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000032192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a common cancer in many developing countries in Asia and Africa, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 20%. Most cases are diagnosed at an advanced age when there is no effective treatment strategy. Esophageal precancerous conditions have a much better prognosis, with a 5-year survival rate of over 90% by endoscopic diagnosis and treatment. Nevertheless, limitations, contraindications, and lymph node metastasis incompetency of endoscopy. Thus, the diagnosis and treatment of esophageal precancerous lesions remain a significant challenge. Biomarker investigations provide opportunities for target detection and therapy. Additionally, drug development is ongoing. Changes in lifestyle habits, such as diet balance, smoking and alcohol cessation, are beneficial for the prognosis of esophageal precancerous lesions. Collectively, multiple and sequential diagnoses and treatments are essential for curing esophageal precancerous lesions and reducing the incidence and mortality of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Wen
- Pharmacy Department, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of clinical laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
| | - Xinran Chen
- Pharmacy Department, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
- * Correspondence: Xinran Chen, Pharmacy Department, the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, PR China (e-mail: )
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5
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Liu J, Zhou R, Deng M, Xue N, Li T, Guo Y, Gao L, Fan R, Zhao D. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Long non-coding RNA DIO3OS binds to microRNA-130b to restore radiosensitivity in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by upregulating PAX9. Cancer Gene Ther 2022; 29:870. [PMID: 34183777 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-021-00344-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Junqi Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Runze Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Ming Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Xue
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Tingxuan Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuexin Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Liang Gao
- Center of Experimental Orthopaedics, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Ruitai Fan
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.
| | - Di Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China.
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6
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Chen X, Li Y, Paiboonrungruang C, Li Y, Peters H, Kist R, Xiong Z. PAX9 in Cancer Development. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5589. [PMID: 35628401 PMCID: PMC9147292 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) is a transcription factor of the PAX family functioning as both a transcriptional activator and repressor. Its functional roles in the embryonic development of various tissues and organs have been well studied. However, its roles and molecular mechanisms in cancer development are largely unknown. Here, we review the current understanding of PAX9 expression, upstream regulation of PAX9, and PAX9 downstream events in cancer development. Promoter hypermethylation, promoter SNP, microRNA, and inhibition of upstream pathways (e.g., NOTCH) result in PAX9 silencing or downregulation, whereas gene amplification and an epigenetic axis upregulate PAX9 expression. PAX9 may contribute to carcinogenesis through dysregulation of its transcriptional targets and related molecular pathways. In summary, extensive studies on PAX9 in its cellular and tissue contexts are warranted in various cancers, in particular, HNSCC, ESCC, lung cancer, and cervical SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yahui Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Chorlada Paiboonrungruang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yong Li
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center, Cancer Hospital of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 17 Panjiayuan Nanli Road, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Heiko Peters
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
| | - Ralf Kist
- Newcastle University Biosciences Institute, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK;
- School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University Centre for Cancer, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4BW, UK
| | - Zhaohui Xiong
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA; (X.C.); (Y.L.); (C.P.); (Y.L.)
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7
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Bhol CS, Mishra SR, Patil S, Sahu SK, Kirtana R, Manna S, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. PAX9 reactivation by inhibiting DNA methyltransferase triggers antitumor effect in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2022; 1868:166428. [PMID: 35533906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2022.166428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant DNA hypermethylation is associated with oral carcinogenesis. Procaine, a local anesthetic, is a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) inhibitor that activates anticancer mechanisms. However, its effect on silenced tumor suppressor gene (TSG) activation and its biological role in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) remain unknown. Here, we report procaine inhibited DNA methylation by suppressing DNMT activity and increased the expression of PAX9, a differentiation gene in OSCC cells. Interestingly, the reactivation of PAX9 by procaine found to inhibit cell growth and trigger apoptosis in OSCC in vitro and in vivo. Likely, the enhanced PAX9 expression after exposure to procaine controls stemness and differentiation through the autophagy-dependent pathway in OSCC cells. PAX9 inhibition abrogated procaine-induced apoptosis, autophagy, and inhibition of stemness. In OSCC cells, procaine improved anticancer drug sensitivity through PAX9, and its deficiency significantly blunted the anticancer drug sensitivity mediated by procaine. Additionally, NRF2 activation by procaine facilitated the antitumor response of PAX9, and pharmacological inhibition of NRF2 by ML385 reduced death and prevented the decrease in the orosphere-forming potential of OSCC cells. Furthermore, procaine promoted antitumor activity in FaDu xenografts in athymic nude mice, and immunohistochemistry data showed that PAX9 expression was significantly enhanced in the procaine group compared to the vehicle control. In conclusion, PAX9 reactivation in response to DNMT inhibition could trigger a potent antitumor mechanism to provide a new therapeutic strategy for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sunil Kumar Sahu
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - R Kirtana
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumen Manna
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Muthu Kumaraswamy Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117600, Singapore
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Sundergarh 769008, Odisha, India.
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8
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Liu J, Wang YQ, Niu HB, Zhang CX. PAX9 functions as a tumor suppressor gene for cervical cancer via modulating cell proliferation and apoptosis. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2021; 38:357-366. [PMID: 34931758 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effect of PAX9 on the progression of cervical cancer (CC). PAX9 expression was quantified in CC tissues and adjacent normal tissues, as well as human CC cell lines and human cervical epithelial cells (HCerEpiC). PAX9-overexpression lentiviral vectors were transfected into CC cell lines, followed by the measurement of proliferation and apoptosis and the quantification of apoptosis-related proteins. In vivo, mice were subcutaneously injected with CaSki cells transfected with PAX9-overexpression lentiviral vectors and control vectors. Then, the volume and weight of tumors were measured followed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, and immunohistochemistry. PAX9 expression in the CC tissues was lower than that in the adjacent normal tissues, which was correlated with the FIGO stage, tumor size, infiltration depth, parametrium invasion, lympho-vascular space invasion tumor-positive lymph nodes, and prognosis. Furthermore, PAX9 in CC cell lines was also lower than in HCerEpiC. PAX9 inhibits the CC cell proliferation and promotes the apoptosis, with the up-regulations of caspase-3, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and Bax and the down-regulation of Bcl-2. In vivo experiments demonstrated that in the PAX9 group, the tumor weight and volume were lower than those in the vector group accompanying the decreased Ki-67, cleaved-caspase-3, and Bax expressions and the increased TUNEL and Bcl-2 expression. PAX9 was lowly expressed in the CC tissues and associated with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis. PAX9 could inhibit proliferation of CC cell lines and promote the apoptosis, thus suppressing the tumor growth in vivo, indicating its potential therapeutic role for CC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Department of Gynecology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Ya-Qi Wang
- Department of Gynecology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hai-Bo Niu
- Department of Gynecology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Chun-Xiao Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai, China
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9
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Wei L, Chen J, Song C, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Xu M, Feng C, Gao Y, Qian F, Wang Q, Shang D, Zhou X, Zhu J, Wang X, Jia Y, Liu J, Zhu Y, Li C. Cancer CRC: A Comprehensive Cancer Core Transcriptional Regulatory Circuit Resource and Analysis Platform. Front Oncol 2021; 11:761700. [PMID: 34712617 PMCID: PMC8546348 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.761700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A core transcriptional regulatory circuit (CRC) is a group of interconnected auto-regulating transcription factors (TFs) that form loops and can be identified by super-enhancers (SEs). Studies have indicated that CRCs play an important role in defining cellular identity and determining cellular fate. Additionally, core TFs in CRCs are regulators of cell-type-specific transcriptional regulation. However, a global view of CRC properties across various cancer types has not been generated. Thus, we integrated paired cancer ATAC-seq and H3K27ac ChIP-seq data for specific cell lines to develop the Cancer CRC (http://bio.liclab.net/Cancer_crc/index.html). This platform documented 94,108 cancer CRCs, including 325 core TFs. The cancer CRC also provided the “SE active core TFs analysis” and “TF enrichment analysis” tools to identify potentially key TFs in cancer. In addition, we performed a comprehensive analysis of core TFs in various cancer types to reveal conserved and cancer-specific TFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Wei
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Chao Song
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yuexin Zhang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yimeng Zhang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Mingcong Xu
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Chenchen Feng
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yu Gao
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Fengcui Qian
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Qiuyu Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,School of Computer, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Desi Shang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,School of Computer, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhou
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiang Zhu
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiaopeng Wang
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Yijie Jia
- School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,School of Computer, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Yanbing Zhu
- Experimental and Translational Research Center, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Clinical Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Chunquan Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,School of Medical Informatics, Daqing Campus, Harbin Medical University, Daqing, China.,Cardiovascular Lab of Big Data and Imaging Artificial Intelligence, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,School of Computer, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,Hunan Provincial Base for Scientific and Technological Innovation Cooperation, University of South China, Hengyang, China.,General Surgery Department, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Guangxi Key Laboratory of Diabetic Systems Medicine, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
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10
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Ren N, Li Y, Xiong Y, Li P, Ren Y, Huang Q. Functional Screenings Identify Regulatory Variants Associated with Breast Cancer Susceptibility. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2021; 43:1756-1777. [PMID: 34889888 PMCID: PMC8928974 DOI: 10.3390/cimb43030124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 2000 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with breast cancer susceptibility, most of which are located in the non-coding region. However, the causal SNPs functioning as gene regulatory elements still remain largely undisclosed. Here, we applied a Dinucleotide Parallel Reporter sequencing (DiR-seq) assay to evaluate 288 breast cancer risk SNPs in nine different breast cancer cell lines. Further multi-omics analysis with the ATAC-seq (Assay for Transposase-Accessible Chromatin using sequencing), DNase-seq (DNase I hypersensitive sites sequencing) and histone modification ChIP-seq (Chromatin Immunoprecipitation sequencing) nominated seven functional SNPs in breast cancer cells. Functional investigations show that rs4808611 affects breast cancer progression by altering the gene expression of NR2F6. For the other site, rs2236007, the alteration promotes the binding of the suppressive transcription factor EGR1 and results in the downregulation of PAX9 expression. The downregulated expression of PAX9 causes cancer malignancies and is associated with the poor prognosis of breast cancer patients. Our findings contribute to defining the functional risk SNPs and the related genes for breast cancer risk prediction.
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Ross JN, Ruigrok LC, Fennis WMM, Cune MS, Rosenberg AJWP, van Nunen AB, Créton MA, Ploos van Amstel HK, van den Boogaard MJJH. Gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with isolated oligodontia and a Wnt gene mutation. Oral Dis 2021; 29:300-307. [PMID: 34228861 PMCID: PMC10078688 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Since Wnt signaling plays an important role in both tooth agenesis and altered intestine homeostasis, the aim was to compare gastrointestinal symptoms in patients with isolated oligodontia caused by a Wnt pathway gene mutation and controls. METHODS A case-control study was designed to compare self-reported gastrointestinal symptoms among patients with isolated oligodontia, caused by a Wnt signaling gene mutation, and fully dentate controls. The Gastrointestinal Symptom Rating Scale (GSRS) was used to assess gastrointestinal symptoms. Prevalence and severity of gastrointestinal symptoms among patients and age- and gender-matched controls were evaluated. RESULTS Twenty patients with isolated oligodontia and a pathogenic variant in the wnt pathway genes WNT10A, LRP6, or PAX9 participated. The prevalence of gastrointestinal symptoms was higher in the oligodontia patients compared to their controls (Χ2 (1) = 87.33, p = .008). Mean GSRS total scores (p = .011) and domain scores for "abdominal pain" (p = .022), "reflux" (p = .003) and constipation (p = .030) were higher for these oligodontia patients compared to their controls. CONCLUSION Gastrointestinal symptoms are more prevalent and more severe in patients with isolated oligodontia and a deficiency in a Wnt pathway-related gene, when compared to controls without tooth agenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamila N Ross
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lisanne C Ruigrok
- Department of Fixed and Removable, Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Willem M M Fennis
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marco S Cune
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Fixed and Removable, Prosthodontics and Biomaterials, Center for Dentistry and Oral Hygiene, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, St. Antonius Hospital Nieuwegein, Nieuwegein, the Netherlands
| | - Antoine J W P Rosenberg
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Annick B van Nunen
- Department of Internal Medicine and Gastroenterology, Zuyderland Medical Center, Heerlen, the Netherlands
| | - Marijn A Créton
- Department of Oral-Maxillofacial Surgery, Prosthodontics and Special Dental Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.,Department of Dentistry, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Section of Orthodontics and Craniofacial Biology, Radboud university medical center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Talukdar FR, Soares Lima SC, Khoueiry R, Laskar RS, Cuenin C, Sorroche BP, Boisson AC, Abedi-Ardekani B, Carreira C, Menya D, Dzamalala CP, Assefa M, Aseffa A, Miranda-Gonçalves V, Jerónimo C, Henrique RM, Shakeri R, Malekzadeh R, Gasmelseed N, Ellaithi M, Gangane N, Middleton DRS, Le Calvez-Kelm F, Ghantous A, Roux ML, Schüz J, McCormack V, Parker MI, Pinto LFR, Herceg Z. Genome-Wide DNA Methylation Profiling of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma from Global High-Incidence Regions Identifies Crucial Genes and Potential Cancer Markers. Cancer Res 2021; 81:2612-2624. [PMID: 33741694 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic mechanisms such as aberrant DNA methylation (DNAme) are known to drive esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), yet they remain poorly understood. Here, we studied tumor-specific DNAme in ESCC cases from nine high-incidence countries of Africa, Asia, and South America. Infinium MethylationEPIC array was performed on 108 tumors and 51 normal tissues adjacent to the tumors (NAT) in the discovery phase, and targeted pyrosequencing was performed on 132 tumors and 36 NAT in the replication phase. Top genes for replication were prioritized by weighting methylation results using RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and GTEx and validated by qPCR. Methylome analysis comparing tumor and NAT identified 6,796 differentially methylated positions (DMP) and 866 differential methylated regions (DMR), with a 30% methylation (Δβ) difference. The majority of identified DMPs and DMRs were hypermethylated in tumors, particularly in promoters and gene-body regions of genes involved in transcription activation. The top three prioritized genes for replication, PAX9, SIM2, and THSD4, had similar methylation differences in the discovery and replication sets. These genes were exclusively expressed in normal esophageal tissues in GTEx and downregulated in tumors. The specificity and sensitivity of these DNAme events in discriminating tumors from NAT were assessed. Our study identified novel, robust, and crucial tumor-specific DNAme events in ESCC tumors across several high-incidence populations of the world. Methylome changes identified in this study may serve as potential targets for biomarker discovery and warrant further functional characterization. SIGNIFICANCE: This largest genome-wide DNA methylation study on ESCC from high-incidence populations of the world identifies functionally relevant and robust DNAme events that could serve as potential tumor-specific markers. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/10/2612/F1.large.jpg.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheila C Soares Lima
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rita Khoueiry
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Cyrille Cuenin
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Bruna Pereira Sorroche
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abraham Aseffa
- Armauer Hansen Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Vera Miranda-Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and Biomedical Sciences Institute of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Carmen Jerónimo
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and Biomedical Sciences Institute of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui M Henrique
- Department of Pathology and Cancer Biology and Epigenetics Group, Portuguese Oncology Institute of Porto and Biomedical Sciences Institute of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ramin Shakeri
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Malekzadeh
- Digestive Disease Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nagla Gasmelseed
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, University of Gezira, Gezira, Sudan
| | - Mona Ellaithi
- Department of Histopathology and Cytology, Al-Neelain University, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Nitin Gangane
- Mahatma Gandhi Institute of Medical Sciences, Sevagram, India
| | | | | | - Akram Ghantous
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | - M Iqbal Parker
- Integrative Biomedical Sciences and IDM, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Zdenko Herceg
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
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13
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Bhol CS, Patil S, Sahu BB, Patra SK, Bhutia SK. The clinical significance and correlative signaling pathways of paired box gene 9 in development and carcinogenesis. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1876:188561. [PMID: 33965511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Paired box 9 (PAX9) gene belongs to the PAX family, which encodes a family of metazoan transcription factors documented by a conserved DNA binding paired domain 128-amino-acids, critically essential for physiology and development. It is primarily expressed in embryonic tissues, such as the pharyngeal pouch endoderm, somites, neural crest-derived mesenchyme, and distal limb buds. PAX9 plays a vital role in craniofacial development by maintaining the odontogenic potential, mutations, and polymorphisms associated with the risk of tooth agenesis, hypodontia, and crown size in dentition. The loss-of-function of PAX9 in the murine model resulted in a short life span due to the arrest of cleft palate formation and skeletal abnormalities. According to recent studies, the PAX9 gene has a significant role in maintaining squamous cell differentiation, odontoblast differentiation of pluripotent stem cells, deregulation of which is associated with tumor initiation, and malignant transformation. Moreover, PAX9 contributes to promoter hypermethylation and alcohol- induced oro-esophageal squamous cell carcinoma mediated by downregulation of differentiation and apoptosis. Likewise, PAX9 activation is also reported to be associated with drug sensitivity. In summary, this current review aims to understand PAX9 function in the regulation of development, differentiation, and carcinogenesis, along with the underlying signaling pathways for possible cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Binod Bihari Sahu
- Plant Immunity Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Samir Kumar Patra
- Epigenetics and Cancer Research Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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14
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Thompson B, Davidson EA, Liu W, Nebert DW, Bruford EA, Zhao H, Dermitzakis ET, Thompson DC, Vasiliou V. Overview of PAX gene family: analysis of human tissue-specific variant expression and involvement in human disease. Hum Genet 2021; 140:381-400. [PMID: 32728807 PMCID: PMC7939107 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02212-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Paired-box (PAX) genes encode a family of highly conserved transcription factors found in vertebrates and invertebrates. PAX proteins are defined by the presence of a paired domain that is evolutionarily conserved across phylogenies. Inclusion of a homeodomain and/or an octapeptide linker subdivides PAX proteins into four groups. Often termed "master regulators", PAX proteins orchestrate tissue and organ development throughout cell differentiation and lineage determination, and are essential for tissue structure and function through maintenance of cell identity. Mutations in PAX genes are associated with myriad human diseases (e.g., microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma, hypothyroidism, acute lymphoblastic leukemia). Transcriptional regulation by PAX proteins is, in part, modulated by expression of alternatively spliced transcripts. Herein, we provide a genomics update on the nine human PAX family members and PAX homologs in 16 additional species. We also present a comprehensive summary of human tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression and describe potential functional significance of PAX isoforms. While the functional roles of PAX proteins in developmental diseases and cancer are well characterized, much remains to be understood regarding the functional roles of PAX isoforms in human health. We anticipate the analysis of tissue-specific PAX transcript variant expression presented herein can serve as a starting point for such research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Thompson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emily A Davidson
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Wei Liu
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Daniel W Nebert
- Department of Environmental Health and Center for Environmental Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
- Department of Pediatrics and Molecular and Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children's Research Center, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA
| | - Elspeth A Bruford
- HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, CB10 1SD, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, CB2 0AW, UK
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute for Genetics and Genomics in Geneva (iGE3), University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - David C Thompson
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vasilis Vasiliou
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, 60 College Street, New Haven, CT, 06510, USA.
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15
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Bonczek O, Krejci P, Izakovicova-Holla L, Cernochova P, Kiss I, Vojtesek B. Tooth agenesis: What do we know and is there a connection to cancer? Clin Genet 2021; 99:493-502. [PMID: 33249565 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Like all developmental processes, odontogenesis is highly complex and dynamically regulated, with hundreds of genes co-expressed in reciprocal networks. Tooth agenesis (missing one or more/all teeth) is a common human craniofacial anomaly and may be caused by genetic variations and/or environmental factors. Variants in PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, EDAR, and WNT10A genes are associated with tooth agenesis. Currently, variants in ATF1, DUSP10, CASC8, IRF6, KDF1, GREM2, LTBP3, and components and regulators of WNT signaling WNT10B, LRP6, DKK, and KREMEN1 are at the forefront of interest. Due to the interconnectedness of the signaling pathways of carcinogenesis and odontogenesis, tooth agenesis could be a suitable marker for early detection of cancer predisposition. Variants in genes associated with tooth agenesis could serve as prognostic or therapeutic targets in cancer. This review aims to summarize existing knowledge of development and clinical genetics of teeth. Concurrently, the review proposes possible approaches for future research in this area, with particular attention to roles in monitoring, early diagnosis and therapy of tumors associated with defective tooth development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Bonczek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Premysl Krejci
- Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Izakovicova-Holla
- Department of Stomatology, Institution shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Cernochova
- Department of Stomatology, Institution shared with St. Anne's University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Igor Kiss
- Clinic of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Borivoj Vojtesek
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Al-Muzian L, Almuzian M, Mohammed H, Ulhaq A, Keightley AJ. Are developmentally missing teeth a predictive risk marker of malignant diseases in non-syndromic individuals? A systematic review. J Orthod 2021; 48:221-230. [DOI: 10.1177/1465312520984166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background: Different genes and loci that are associated with non-syndromic developmental tooth agenesis (TA) have the same causation pathway in the development of tumours including breast cancer (BC), epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC), colorectal cancer (CRC) and lung cancer (LC). Objectives: To assess the link between TA and the development of cancer. Search sources: This registered review included a comprehensive search of electronic databases (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials [CENTRAL], LILACS, Scopus, Web of Science and Medline via Ovid) until 1 April 2020, supplemented by manual, grey literature and reference lists search. There was no restriction in term of date of publication, gender, race or type of hypodontia. Data selection: The primary outcome was the relationship between TA and cancer. The secondary outcome was to identify the genetic correlation between TA and cancer. Data extraction: Study selection, data extraction and risk of bias assessment were performed independently and induplicate by two reviewers, with disputes resolved by a third reviewer. Results: Eight studies with a moderate-high risk of bias were included in the final review, with a total of 5821 participants. Due to the heterogeneity among the included studies, the data were presented narratively. Limited studies reported a high prevalence of EOC (19.2%–20%) and CRC (82%–100%) in individuals with TA (depending on the study) compared to those without TA (3% for EOC and 0% for CRC). While others reported a weak correlation between EOC and CRC and TA ( P > 0.05). Weak evidence suggested a strong correlation between breast, cervical uterine and prostate cancers and TA ( P < 0.05). Conclusions: Though low-quality evidence suggests a link between TA and cancer, it was not possible to verify that TA can hold a predictive value as a marker for cancers. Further research is needed to confirm the association. Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42020139751).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubna Al-Muzian
- Edinburgh Dental Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Hisham Mohammed
- Edinburgh Dental Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Aman Ulhaq
- Edinburgh Dental Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Gokulnath P, Soriano AA, de Cristofaro T, Di Palma T, Zannini M. PAX8, an Emerging Player in Ovarian Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1330:95-112. [PMID: 34339032 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-73359-9_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian Cancer is one of the most lethal and widespread gynecological malignancies. It is the seventh leading cause of all cancer deaths worldwide. High-Grade Serous Cancer (HGSC), the most commonly occurring subtype, alone contributes to 70% of all ovarian cancer deaths. This is mainly attributed to the complete lack of symptoms during the early stages of the disease and absence of an early diagnostic marker.PAX8 is emerging as an important histological marker for most of the epithelial ovarian cancers, as it is expressed in about 90% of malignant ovarian cancers, specifically in HGSC. PAX8 is a member of the Paired-Box gene family (PAX1-9) of transcription factors whose expression is tightly controlled temporally and spatially. The PAX genes are well known for their role in embryonic development and their expression continues to persist in some adult tissues. PAX8 is required for the normal development of Müllerian duct that includes Fallopian tube, uterus, cervix, and upper part of vagina. In adults, it is expressed in the Fallopian tube and uterine epithelium and not in the ovarian epithelium. Considering the recent studies that predict the events preceding the tumorigenesis of HGSC from the Fallopian tube, PAX8 appears to have an important role in the development of ovarian cancer.In this chapter, we review some of the published findings to highlight the significance of PAX8 as an important marker and an emerging player in the pathogenesis of ovarian cancer. We also discuss regarding the future perspectives of PAX8 wherein it could contribute to the betterment of ovarian cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gokulnath
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' (IEOS) - CNR, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Amata Amy Soriano
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' (IEOS) - CNR, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana de Cristofaro
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' (IEOS) - CNR, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Tina Di Palma
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' (IEOS) - CNR, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariastella Zannini
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology 'G. Salvatore' (IEOS) - CNR, National Research Council, Naples, Italy.
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López JM, Morona R, Moreno N, Lozano D, Jiménez S, González A. Pax6 expression highlights regional organization in the adult brain of lungfishes, the closest living relatives of land vertebrates. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:135-159. [PMID: 31299095 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The Pax6 gene encodes a regulatory transcription factor that is key in brain development. The molecular structure of Pax6, the roles it plays and its patterns of expression in the brain have been highly conserved during vertebrate evolution. As neurodevelopment proceeds, the Pax6 expression changes from the mitotic germinal zone in the ventricular zone to become distributed in cell groups in the adult brain. Studies in various vertebrates, from fish to mammals, found that the Pax6 expression is maintained in adults in most regions that express it during development. Specifically, in amphibians, Pax6 is widely expressed in the adult brain and its distribution pattern serves to highlight regional organization of the brain. In the present study, we analyzed the detailed distribution of Pax6 cells in the adult central nervous system of lungfishes, the closest living relatives of all tetrapods. Immunohistochemistry performed using double labeling techniques with several neuronal markers of known distribution patterns served to evaluate the actual location of Pax6 cells. Our results show that the Pax6 expression is maintained in the adult brain of lungfishes, in distinct regions of the telencephalon (pallium and subpallium), diencephalon, mesencephalon, hindbrain, spinal cord, and retina. The pattern of Pax6 expression is largely shared with amphibians and helps to understand the primitive condition that would have characterized the common ancestors to all sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes and tetrapods), in which Pax6 would be needed to maintain specific entities of subpopulations of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús M López
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ruth Morona
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Nerea Moreno
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Daniel Lozano
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Jiménez
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín González
- Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Biology, University Complutense of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA. Neurolin expression in the optic nerve and immunoreactivity of Pax6-positive niches in the brain of rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss) after unilateral eye injury. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:156-171. [PMID: 30531090 PMCID: PMC6263006 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.243721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to astrocytes in mammals, fish astrocytes promote axon regeneration after brain injury and actively participate in the regeneration process. Neurolin, a regeneration-associated, Zn8-labeled protein, is involved in the repair of damaged optic nerve in goldfish. At 1 week after unilateral eye injury, the expression of neurolin in the optic nerve and chiasm, and the expression of Pax6 that influences nervous system development in various brain regions in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were detected. Immunohistochemical staining revealed that the number of Zn8+ cells in the optic nerve head and intraorbital segment was obviously increased, and the increase in Zn8+ cells was also observed in the proximal and distal parts of injured optic nerve. This suggests that Zn8+ astrocytes participate in optic nerve regeneration. ELISA results revealed that Pax6 protein increased obviously at 1 week post-injury. Immunohistochemical staining revealed the appearance of Pax6+ neurogenic niches and a larger number of neural precursor cells, which are mainly from Pax6+ radial glia cells, in the nuclei of the diencephalon and optic tectum of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Taken together, unilateral eye injury can cause optic nerve reaction, and the formation of neurogenic niches is likely a compensation phenomenon during the repair process of optic nerve injury in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya V Pushchina
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia; A.A. Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Anatoly A Varaksin
- National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Far Eastern Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok, Russia
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Pushchina EV, Varaksin AA, Obukhov DK. The Pax2 and Pax6 Transcription Factors in the Optic Nerve and Brain of Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss after a Mechanical Eye Injury. Russ J Dev Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062360418050041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Bridging the molecular divide: alcohol-induced downregulation of PAX9 and tumour development. J Pathol 2018; 244:386-388. [DOI: 10.1002/path.5041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Xiong Z, Ren S, Chen H, Liu Y, Huang C, Zhang YL, Odera JO, Chen T, Kist R, Peters H, Garman K, Sun Z, Chen X. PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. J Pathol 2018; 244:164-175. [PMID: 29055049 PMCID: PMC5842438 DOI: 10.1002/path.4998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PAX9 is a transcription factor of the PAX family characterized by a DNA-binding paired domain. Previous studies have suggested a potential role of PAX9 in squamous cell differentiation and carcinogenesis of the oro-oesophageal epithelium. However, its functional roles in differentiation and carcinogenesis remain unclear. In this study, Pax9 deficiency in mouse oesophagus promoted cell proliferation, delayed cell differentiation, and altered the global gene expression profile. Ethanol exposure downregulated PAX9 expression in human oesophageal epithelial cells in vitro and mouse forestomach and tongue in vivo. We further showed that PAX9 was downregulated in human oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (OESCC), and its downregulation was associated with alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation. Moreover, ad libitum feeding with a liquid diet containing ethanol for 40 weeks or Pax9 deficiency promoted N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine-induced squamous cell carcinogenesis in mouse tongue, oesophagus, and forestomach. In conclusion, PAX9 regulates squamous cell differentiation in the oro-oesophageal epithelium. Alcohol drinking and promoter hypermethylation are associated with PAX9 silencing in human OESCC. PAX9 downregulation may contribute to alcohol-associated oro-oesophageal squamous cell carcinogenesis. Copyright © 2017 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Xiong
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Shuang Ren
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Caizhi Huang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Yawan Lyvia Zhang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Joab Otieno Odera
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | - Tong Chen
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, 410 West 12 Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Ralf Kist
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Framlington Place, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE2 4BW, UK
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Katherine Garman
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Duke University, DUMC 3913, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Oral Medicine, Beijing Hospital for Stomatology, Capital Medical University, 4 Tian-Tan-Xi-Li, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Tan B, Wang J, Song Q, Wang N, Jia Y, Wang C, Yao B, Liu Z, Zhang X, Cheng Y. Prognostic value of PAX9 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and its prediction value to radiation sensitivity. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:806-816. [PMID: 28560390 PMCID: PMC5482201 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal paired box 9 (PAX9) expression is associated with tumorigenesis, cancer development, invasion and metastasis. The present study investigated the prognostic significance of PAX9 in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and its role in predicting radiation sensitivity. A total of 52.8% (121/229) ESCC tissues were positive for PAX9. The 1-, 3- and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 72.2, 35.2 and 5.6%, respectively, and the overall survival (OS) rates were and 86.1, 44.4, and 23.1%, respectively, in PAX9-positive tumors. In PAX9-negative tumors, the one-, three- and five-year DFS rates were 76.9, 47.9 and 24.0%, and the OS rates were 90.9, 57.9 and 38.8%, respectively. Univariate analysis revealed that PAX9, differentiation, T stage, lymph node metastasis, and tumor-node-metastasis stage were associated with OS. Multivariate analysis of DFS and OS revealed that the hazard ratios for PAX9 were 0.624 (95% CI: 0.472–0.869, P=0.004) and 0.673 (95% CI: 0.491–0.922, P=0.014), respectively. Patients that received adjuvant therapy exhibited significant differences in the 5-year DFS (P<0.001) and OS (P<0.001). PAX9-positive ESCC patients who received post-surgery radiotherapy had a significantly greater 5-year DFS (P=0.011) and OS (P=0.009) than patients who received surgery only. Thus, PAX9 may be an independent prognostic factor for the surgical treatment of ESCC and a possible predictor of radiation sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxu Tan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Jianbo Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Qingxu Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Nana Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yibin Jia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Bin Yao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Zhulong Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
| | - Yufeng Cheng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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Feederle R, Gerber JK, Middleton A, Northrup E, Kist R, Kremmer E, Peters H. Generation of Pax1/PAX1-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 35:259-262. [PMID: 27705080 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2016.0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pax genes encode an evolutionary conserved group of transcription factors with multiple roles during embryonic development and for cell type specification in normal and malignant tissues of the adult organism. In mice, Pax1 is required for the formation of specific skeletal structures as well as for the development of a fully functional thymus. In humans, the PAX1 locus has been linked to otofaciocervical syndrome, idiopathic scoliosis, and to a higher susceptibility for androgenic alopecia. In addition, the methylation status of PAX1 has recently emerged as a sensitive marker for predictive screening of cervical cancer. To provide a reagent for reproducible detection of Pax1 expression, we have generated rat monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the murine Pax1 protein. MAbs of one clone (clone 5A2) specifically detect mouse Pax1 protein in Western blot analyses. Moreover, the anti-Pax1 MAbs cross-react with human PAX1 protein and are applicable in immunohistochemical detection procedures using paraformaldehyde/formalin-fixed tissues embedded in paraffin. The anti-Pax1 MAbs provide a reliable reagent for reproducible Pax1/PAX1 protein expression analyses and, therefore, may help to improve diagnostic protocols in clinical settings involving deregulated expression of Pax1/PAX1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Feederle
- 1 Institute for Diabetes and Obesity , Monoclonal Antibody Core Facility and Research Group, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Munich, Germany
| | - Josef-Karl Gerber
- 2 Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Amy Middleton
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Northrup
- 4 Research Unit Comparative Medicine, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Ralf Kist
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom .,5 Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth Kremmer
- 6 Institute of Molecular Immunology, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, German Research Center for Environmental Health , Munich, Germany
| | - Heiko Peters
- 3 Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University , International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Feng J, Jing J, Sanchez-Lara PA, Bootwalla MS, Buckley J, Wu N, Yan Y, Chai Y. Generation and characterization of tamoxifen-inducible Pax9-CreER knock-in mice using CrispR/Cas9. Genesis 2016; 54:490-6. [PMID: 27381449 PMCID: PMC5021577 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Pax9 encodes a paired-box homeodomain (Pax) transcription factor and is critical for the development of multiple organs. Using CrispR/Cas9-mediated homologous directed repair (HDR), we generated a new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line in which the CreER(T2) fusion protein is produced after synthesis of endogenous Pax9 protein. We found that tdTomato reporter expression in Pax9-CreER;tdTomato reporter mice is detectable in a similar pattern to the endogenous Pax9 expression, faithfully recapitulating the Pax9 expression domains throughout the embryo and in the adult mouse. At early embryonic stages, the tdTomato reporter is expressed first in the pharyngeal pouch region and later in the craniofacial mesenchyme, somites, limbs, and lingual papillae in the adult tongue. These results demonstrate that this new Pax9-CreER knock-in mouse line can be used for lineage tracing and genetic targeting of Pax9-expressing cells and their progeny in a temporally and spatially controlled manner during development and organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jifan Feng
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Junjun Jing
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Pedro A Sanchez-Lara
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Pathology & Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Moiz S Bootwalla
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
| | - Jonathan Buckley
- Center for Personalized Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90027, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nancy Wu
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Youzhen Yan
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center Transgenic/Knockout Rodent Core Facility, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Yang Chai
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA.
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Iavazzo C, Papakiritsis M, Gkegkes ID. Hypodontia and ovarian cancer: A systematic review. J Turk Ger Gynecol Assoc 2016; 17:41-4. [PMID: 27026778 DOI: 10.5152/jtgga.2015.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypodontia can be defined as the non-formation of one or more teeth during the developmental period. Mutation in several genes related to tooth formation has previously been correlated with cancer. Regarding the ovarian cancer, there are few studies that associate the presence of hypodontia with ovarian cancer. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed and Scopus. In total, 385 patients were included in this study. Control group was present in 3 out of 4 studies (340 patients). Hypodontia was present in 56 out of 290 patients (incidence of 19.3%). Only in 2 out of 4 studies, the number of missing teeth was mentioned (47 teeth), while the majority of them were either maxillary second premolars or maxillary lateral incisors. Unilateral distribution of the missing teeth was present in 28 out of 46 patients, while bilateral distribution of the missing teeth was present in 18 out of 46 patients. The presence of ovarian cancer in the family medical history occurred in 12 out of 33 patients. Only 1 out of 4 studies examined the presence of genes with mutations in the included patients. Based on our findings, the lack of clinical studies was the principal obstacle to clarify the possible predictive value of hypodontia in the early prediction of patients with higher risk of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos Iavazzo
- Department of Gynaecological Oncology, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ioannis D Gkegkes
- Department of Surgery, General Hospital of Attica "KAT", Athens, Greece
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27
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Chen H, Beasley A, Hu Y, Chen X. A Zebrafish Model for Studies on Esophageal Epithelial Biology. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143878. [PMID: 26630178 PMCID: PMC4667901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian esophagus exhibits a remarkable change in epithelial structure during the transition from embryo to adult. However, the molecular mechanisms of esophageal epithelial development are not well understood. Zebrafish (Danio rerio), a common model organism for vertebrate development and gene function, has not previously been characterized as a model system for esophageal epithelial development. In this study, we characterized a piece of non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium similar to human esophageal epithelium in the upper digestive tract of developing zebrafish. Under the microscope, this piece was detectable at 5dpf and became stratified at 7dpf. Expression of esophageal epithelial marker genes (Krt5, P63, Sox2 and Pax9) was detected by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Knockdown of P63, a gene known to be critical for esophageal epithelium, disrupted the development of this epithelium. With this model system, we found that Pax9 knockdown resulted in loss or disorganization of the squamous epithelium, as well as down-regulation of the differentiation markers Krt4 and Krt5. In summary, we characterized a region of stratified squamous epithelium in the zebrafish upper digestive tract which can be used for functional studies of candidate genes involved in esophageal epithelial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Andrea Beasley
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Yuhui Hu
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, JLC-BBRI, North Carolina Central University, Durham, North Carolina, 27707, United States of America
- Center for Esophageal Diseases and Swallowing, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, United States of America
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28
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Expression of the Transcription Factor Pax6 in the Lobe of the Facial Nerve of the Carp Brain. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-015-9534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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29
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Franke FA, Schumann I, Hering L, Mayer G. Phylogenetic analysis and expression patterns of Pax genes in the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli reveal a novel bilaterian Pax subfamily. Evol Dev 2015; 17:3-20. [PMID: 25627710 DOI: 10.1111/ede.12110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Pax family genes encode a class of transcription factors that regulate various developmental processes. To shed light on the evolutionary history of these genes in Panarthropoda (Onychophora + Tardigrada + Arthropoda), we analyzed the Pax repertoire in the embryonic and adult transcriptomes of the onychophoran Euperipatoides rowelli. Our data revealed homologs of all five major bilaterian Pax subfamilies in this species, including Pax2/5/8, Pax4/6, Pox-neuro, Pax1/9/Pox-meso, and Pax3/7. In addition, we identified a new Pax member, pax-α, which does not fall into any other known Pax subfamily but instead clusters in the heterogenic Pax-α/β clade containing deuterostome, ecdysozoan, and lophotrochozoan gene sequences. These findings suggest that the last common bilaterian ancestor possessed six rather than five Pax genes, which have been retained in the panarthropod lineage. The expression data of Pax orthologs in the onychophoran embryo revealed distinctive patterns, some of which might be related to their ancestral roles in the last common panarthropod ancestor, whereas others might be specific to the onychophoran lineage. The derived roles include, for example, an involvement of pax2/5/8, pox-neuro, and pax3/7 in onychophoran nephridiogenesis, and an additional function of pax2/5/8 in the formation of the ventral and preventral organs. Furthermore, our transcriptomic analyses suggest that at least some Pax genes, including pax6 and pax-α, are expressed in the adult onychophoran head, although the corresponding functions remain to be clarified. The remarkable diversity of the Pax expression patterns highlights the functional and evolutionary plasticity of these genes in panarthropods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Anni Franke
- Animal Evolution & Development, , Institute of Biology, University of Leipzig, Talstraße 33, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
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30
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Šerý O, Bonczek O, Hloušková A, Černochová P, Vaněk J, Míšek I, Krejčí P, Izakovičová Hollá L. A screen of a large Czech cohort of oligodontia patients implicates a novel mutation in thePAX9gene. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:65-71. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Šerý
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Bonczek
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Alena Hloušková
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics; Department of Biochemistry; Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Černochová
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Vaněk
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Míšek
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology; Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
| | - Přemysl Krejčí
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry; Institute of Dentistry and Oral Sciences; Palacký University; Olomouc Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Izakovičová Hollá
- Clinic of Stomatology; Faculty of Medicine; Masaryk University and St. Anne's University Hospital; Brno Czech Republic
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Kist R, Watson M, Crosier M, Robinson M, Fuchs J, Reichelt J, Peters H. The formation of endoderm-derived taste sensory organs requires a Pax9-dependent expansion of embryonic taste bud progenitor cells. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004709. [PMID: 25299669 PMCID: PMC4191947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In mammals, taste buds develop in different regions of the oral cavity. Small epithelial protrusions form fungiform papillae on the ectoderm-derived dorsum of the tongue and contain one or few taste buds, while taste buds in the soft palate develop without distinct papilla structures. In contrast, the endoderm-derived circumvallate and foliate papillae located at the back of the tongue contain a large number of taste buds. These taste buds cluster in deep epithelial trenches, which are generated by intercalating a period of epithelial growth between initial placode formation and conversion of epithelial cells into sensory cells. How epithelial trench formation is genetically regulated during development is largely unknown. Here we show that Pax9 acts upstream of Pax1 and Sox9 in the expanding taste progenitor field of the mouse circumvallate papilla. While a reduced number of taste buds develop in a growth-retarded circumvallate papilla of Pax1 mutant mice, its development arrests completely in Pax9-deficient mice. In addition, the Pax9 mutant circumvallate papilla trenches lack expression of K8 and Prox1 in the taste bud progenitor cells, and gradually differentiate into an epidermal-like epithelium. We also demonstrate that taste placodes of the soft palate develop through a Pax9-dependent induction. Unexpectedly, Pax9 is dispensable for patterning, morphogenesis and maintenance of taste buds that develop in ectoderm-derived fungiform papillae. Collectively, our data reveal an endoderm-specific developmental program for the formation of taste buds and their associated papilla structures. In this pathway, Pax9 is essential to generate a pool of taste bud progenitors and to maintain their competence towards prosensory cell fate induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Watson
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Moira Crosier
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Max Robinson
- Centre for Oral Health Research, School of Dental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Fuchs
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Julia Reichelt
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Dermatological Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Immunohistochemical analysis of Pax6 and Pax7 expression in the CNS of adult Xenopus laevis. J Chem Neuroanat 2014; 57-58:24-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bandla S, Pennathur A, Luketich JD, Beer DG, Lin L, Bass AJ, Godfrey TE, Litle VR. Comparative genomics of esophageal adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma. Ann Thorac Surg 2012; 93:1101-1106. [PMID: 22450065 PMCID: PMC3401935 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2012.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2011] [Revised: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal cancer consists of two major histologic types: esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), predominant globally, and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), which has a higher incidence in westernized countries. Five-year overall survival is 15%. Clinical trials frequently combine histologic types although they are different diseases with distinct origins. In the evolving era of personalized medicine and targeted therapies, we hypothesized that ESCC and EAC have genomic differences important for developing new therapeutic strategies for esophageal cancer. METHODS We explored DNA copy number abnormalities in 70 ESCCs with publicly available array data and 189 EACs from our group. All data was from single nucleotide polymorphism arrays. Analysis was performed using a segmentation algorithm. Log ratio thresholds for copy number gain and loss were set at ±0.2 (approximately 2.3 and 1.7 copies, respectively). RESULTS The ESCC and EAC genomes showed some copy number abnormalities with similar frequencies (eg, CDKN2A, EGFR, KRAS, MYC, CDK6, MET) but also many copy number abnormalities with different frequencies between histologic types, most of which were amplification events. Some of these regions harbor genes for which targeted therapies are currently available (VEGFA, ERBB2) or for which agents are in clinical trials (PIK3CA, FGFR1). Other regions contain putative oncogenes that may be targeted in the future. CONCLUSIONS Using single nucleotide polymorphism arrays we compared genomic abnormalities in a large cohort of EACs and ESCCs. We report here the similar and different frequencies of copy number abnormalities in ESCC and EAC. These results may allow development of histology-specific therapeutic agents for esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santhoshi Bandla
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Arjun Pennathur
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart, Lung and Esophageal Surgery Institute, and Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - James D. Luketich
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart, Lung and Esophageal Surgery Institute, and Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - David G. Beer
- Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Lin Lin
- Thoracic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Tony E. Godfrey
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
| | - Virginia R. Litle
- Department of Surgery, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY
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Abstract
PAX genes have been shown to be critically required for the development of specific tissues and organs during embryogenesis. In addition, PAX genes are expressed in a handful of adult tissues where they are thought to play important roles, usually different from those in embryogenesis. A common theme in adult tissues is a requirement for PAX gene expression in adult stem cell maintenance or tissue regeneration. The connections between adult stem cell PAX gene expression and cancer are intriguing, and the literature is replete with examples of PAX gene expression in either situation. Here we systematically review the literature and present an overview of postnatal PAX gene expression in normal and cancerous tissue. We discuss the potential link between PAX gene expression in adult tissue and cancer. In addition, we discuss whether persistent PAX gene expression in cancer is favorable or unfavorable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun G Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford, CA, USA
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Chen H, Fang Y, Tevebaugh W, Orlando RC, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Molecular mechanisms of Barrett's esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 2011; 56:3405-3420. [PMID: 21984436 PMCID: PMC3750118 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-011-1885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Barrett's esophagus (BE) is defined as the metaplastic conversion of esophageal squamous epithelium to intestinalized columnar epithelium. As a premalignant lesion of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), BE develops as a result of chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Many studies have been conducted to understand the molecular mechanisms of this disease. This review summarizes recent results involving squamous and intestinal transcription factors, signaling pathways, stromal factors, microRNAs, and other factors in the development of BE. A conceptual framework is proposed to guide future studies. We expect elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of BE to help in the development of improved management of GERD, BE, and EAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707, USA.
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Thompson JA, Ziman M. Pax genes during neural development and their potential role in neuroregeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:334-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Huang TH, Lai HC, Liu HW, Lin CJ, Wang KH, Ding DC, Chu TY. Quantitative analysis of methylation status of the PAX1 gene for detection of cervical cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2010; 20:513-9. [PMID: 20442585 DOI: 10.1111/igc.0b013e3181c7fe6e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although aided by high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA test, early detection of cervical cancer is still a challenge. Hypermethylation of the paired boxed gene 1 (PAX1) was recently reported as a characteristic of cervical cancer. This study designed a quantitative measure of PAX1 methylation and compared its efficacy to the currently available Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) HPV test in detection of cervical cancer. METHODS Using real-time quantitative methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction, we measured the percentage of PAX1 methylation in cervical scrapings obtained from a hospital-based cohort of women with cervical neoplasia of different severities and compared the efficacy of diagnosis of cervical cancer to that of the HC2 HPV test. RESULTS From 73 cervical scrapings, with diagnoses of normal (n = 17), cervical intraepithelial neoplasm 1 (CIN1; n = 10), CIN2 (n = 18), CIN3 (n = 14), and invasive cancer (n = 14), the percentage of PAX1 methylation was determined. The percent of methylated reference of invasive cancer (mean [SE], 56.7 [7.1]) was significantly higher than CIN3 (6.5 [2.3]) and the other milder lesions (1.0 [0.3]; P < 0.0001). At a cutoff percent of methylated reference value of 4.5, PAX1 methylation was found in 100% of invasive cancer tissue as compared with 0% of normal tissue, 10% of CIN1, 11% of CIN2, and 43% of CIN3 (P < 0.0001). As a comparison, the HC2 HPV test result was positive in 5.9% of normal tissue, 70% of CIN1, 55.6% of CIN2, 71.4% of CIN3, and 100% of invasive cancer. In addition to cancer tissue, methylation of PAX1 was also found in normal tissue adjacent to the cancer lesion (9/11, 82%) but much less in the remote normal tissues (2/5, 40%), indicating a field methylation. CONCLUSIONS In this hospital-based study, quantitative measurement of PAX1 hypermethylation in cervical scrapings is highly sensitive and is more specific than HC2 in detection of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tien-Hung Huang
- Department of Research, Center for Cervical Cancer Prevention, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Nakatomi M, Wang XP, Key D, Lund JJ, Turbe-Doan A, Kist R, Aw A, Chen Y, Maas RL, Peters H. Genetic interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 regulate lip development and several stages of tooth morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2010; 340:438-49. [PMID: 20123092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Developmental abnormalities of craniofacial structures and teeth often occur sporadically and the underlying genetic defects are not well understood, in part due to unknown gene-gene interactions. Pax9 and Msx1 are co-expressed during craniofacial development, and mice that are single homozygous mutant for either gene exhibit cleft palate and an early arrest of tooth formation. Whereas in vitro assays have demonstrated that protein-protein interactions between Pax9 and Msx1 can occur, it is unclear if Pax9 and Msx1 interact genetically in vivo during development. To address this question, we compounded the Pax9 and Msx1 mutations and observed that double homozygous mutants exhibit an incompletely penetrant cleft lip phenotype. Moreover, in double heterozygous mutants, the lower incisors were consistently missing and we find that transgenic BMP4 expression partly rescues this phenotype. Reduced expression of Shh and Bmp2 indicates that a smaller "incisor field" forms in Pax9(+/-);Msx1(+/-) mutants, and dental epithelial growth is substantially reduced after the bud to cap stage transition. This defect is preceded by drastically reduced mesenchymal expression of Fgf3 and Fgf10, two genes that encode known stimulators of epithelial growth during odontogenesis. Consistent with this result, cell proliferation is reduced in both the dental epithelium and mesenchyme of double heterozygous mutants. Furthermore, the developing incisors lack mesenchymal Notch1 expression at the bud stage and exhibit abnormal ameloblast differentiation on both labial and lingual surfaces. Thus, Msx1 and Pax9 interact synergistically throughout lower incisor development and affect multiple signaling pathways that influence incisor size and symmetry. The data also suggest that a combined reduction of PAX9 and MSX1 gene dosage in humans may increase the risk for orofacial clefting and oligodontia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsushiro Nakatomi
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 3BZ, UK
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Silencing of tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 by siRNA in EC109 cells affects cell proliferation and apoptosis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2009; 2009:760540. [PMID: 19826638 PMCID: PMC2760352 DOI: 10.1155/2009/760540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 07/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) is a membrane receptor able to bind TNF-α or TNF-β. TNFR1 can suppress apoptosis by activating the NF-κB or JNK/SAPK signal transduction pathway, or it can induce apoptosis through a series of caspase cascade reactions; the particular effect may depend on the cell line. In the present study, we first showed that TNFR1 is expressed at both the gene and protein levels in the esophageal carcinoma cell line EC109. Then, by applying a specific siRNA, we silenced the expression of TNFR1; this resulted in a significant time-dependent promotion of cell proliferation and downregulation of the apoptotic rate. These results suggest that TNFR1 is strongly expressed in the EC109 cell line and that it may play an apoptosis-mediating role, which may be suppressed by highly activated NF-κB.
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Wang J, Qin R, Ma Y, Wu H, Peters H, Tyska M, Shaheen NJ, Chen X. Differential gene expression in normal esophagus and Barrett's esophagus. J Gastroenterol 2009; 44:897-911. [PMID: 19468668 PMCID: PMC3811010 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-009-0082-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE As the premalignant lesion of human esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC), Barrett's esophagus (BE) is characterized by intestinal metaplasia in the normal esophagus (NE). Gene expression profiling with microarray and serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) may help us understand the potential molecular mechanism of human BE. METHODS We analyzed three microarray datasets (two cDNA arrays and one oligonucleotide array) and one SAGE dataset with statistical tools, significance analysis of microarrays (SAM) and SAGE(Poisson), to identify individual genes differentially expressed in BE. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to identify a priori defined sets of genes that were differentially expressed. These gene sets were grouped according to either certain signaling pathways (GSEA curated), or the presence of consensus binding sequences of known transcription factors (GSEA motif). Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used to validate differential gene expression. RESULTS Both SAM and SAGE(Poisson) identified 68 differentially expressed genes (55 BE genes and 13 NE genes) with an arbitrary cutoff ratio (> or =4-fold). With IHC on matched pairs of NE and BE tissues from 6 patients, these genes were grouped into 6 categories: category I (25 genes only expressed in BE), category II (5 genes only expressed in NE), category III (8 genes expressed more in BE than in NE), and category IV (2 genes expressed more in NE than in BE). Differential expression of the remaining genes was not confirmed by IHC either due to false discovery (category V), or lack of proper antibodies (category VI). Besides individual genes, the TGFbeta pathway and several transcription factors (CDX2, HNF1, and HNF4) were identified by GSEA as enriched pathways and motifs in BE. Apart from 9 target genes known to be up-regulated in BE, IHC staining confirmed up-regulation of 19 additional CDX1 and CDX2 target genes in BE. CONCLUSION Our data suggested an important role of CDX1 and CDX2 in the development of BE. The IHC-confirmed gene list will lead to future studies on the molecular mechanism of BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Wang
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Rong Qin
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707
| | - Yan Ma
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center/Biostatistics Shared Resource, Nashville, TN 37232-2158
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Central Parkway, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ, UK
| | - Matthew Tyska
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Nicholas J. Shaheen
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Xiaoxin Chen
- Cancer Research Program, Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/Biotechnology Research Institute, North Carolina Central University, 700 George Street, Durham, NC 27707
- Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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Kanteti R, Nallasura V, Loganathan S, Tretiakova M, Kroll T, Krishnaswamy S, Faoro L, Cagle P, Husain AN, Vokes EE, Lang D, Salgia R. PAX5 is expressed in small-cell lung cancer and positively regulates c-Met transcription. J Transl Med 2009; 89:301-14. [PMID: 19139719 PMCID: PMC2741690 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2008.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
PAX5 is a nuclear transcription factor required for B cell development, and its expression was evaluated in upper aerodigestive malignancies and pancreatic cancer by immunoblotting. The PAX5 protein expression was relatively strong in small-cell lung cancer (SCLC, 11/12); however, its expression was not detected in non-SCLC (NSCLC, n=13), mesothelioma (n=7), pancreatic (n=6), esophageal (n=6) and head and neck cancer cell lines (n=12). In comparison, PAX8 and PAX3 expressions were absent or non-detectable in SCLC cell lines; however, PAX8 was expressed in most of the tested NSCLC cell lines (13/13) and also frequently in all the other cell lines. We also detected frequent expressions of PAX2 and PAX9 protein in the various cell lines. Utilizing neuroendocrine tumor samples, we found that the frequency as well as the average intensity of the expression of PAX5 increased from pulmonary carcinoid (9%, moderate and strong PAX5 expression, n=44), to large-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma (LCNC, 27%, n=11) to SCLC (33%, n=76). FISH analysis revealed no translocations of the PAX5 gene, but polyploidy in some SCLC tumor tissues (6/37). We determined that PAX5 could regulate the transcription of c-Met using luciferase-coupled reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis. In addition, the phospho-c-Met (active form) and PAX5 were both localized to the same intra-nuclear compartment in hepatocyte growth factor treated SCLC cells and interacted with each other. Finally, we determined the therapeutic translational potential of PAX5 using PAX5 knockdown SCLC cells in conjunction with Topoisomerase 1 (SN38) and c-Met (SU11274) inhibitors. Loss of endogenous PAX5 significantly decreased the viability of SCLC cells, especially when combined with SN38 or SU11274, and maximum effect was seen when both inhibitors were used. Therefore, we propose that PAX5 could be an important regulator of c-Met transcription and a potential target for therapy in SCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Kanteti
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Vidya Nallasura
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Sivakumar Loganathan
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Maria Tretiakova
- Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Todd Kroll
- Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Soundararajan Krishnaswamy
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Leonardo Faoro
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Philip Cagle
- Department of Pathology, The Methodist Hospital,Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aliya N. Husain
- Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Everett E. Vokes
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Deborah Lang
- Dermatology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
| | - Ravi Salgia
- Hematology/Oncology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
- Dermatology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
- Pathology, University of Chicago Medical Center and University of Chicago Cancer Research Center, 5841 South Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL
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Lee JC, Sharma M, Lee YH, Lee NH, Kim SY, Yun JS, Nam SY, Hwang PH, Jhee EC, Yi HK. Pax9 mediated cell survival in oral squamous carcinoma cell enhanced by c-myb. Cell Biochem Funct 2009; 26:892-9. [PMID: 18979497 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Paired box gene 9 (Pax9) and c-myb are transcription factors that regulate the expression of the genes involved in mediating cell proliferation, resistance to apoptosis, and migration. However, the function of Pax9 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is virtually unknown. This study examined the anti-apoptotic roles of Pax9 and c-myb, and clarified interaction between the two genes in KB cells. Inhibition of Pax9 caused the induction of apoptosis with enhanced cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, accelerated Bax, and reduced Bcl-2 expression. Transducing c-myb cells with adenovirus c-myb (Ad/c-myb) were induced cell growth and inhibited apoptosis, but dominant-negative myb cells (Ad/DN-myb) were not affected. Pax9 was upregulated in the Ad/c-myb cells with simultaneous decrease in the Ad/DN-myb infection. However, c-myb remained unaffected in the Pax9 small interfering RNA (siRNA) transfected cells. Moreover, the Pax9 siRNA transfected cells and Ad/DN-myb infected cells were able to arrest the cell cycle at the G(0) phase. This suggests that Pax9 and c-myb expression in KB cells is essential for cell growth, and survival is enhanced by c-myb. Disrupting the function of c-myb and Pax9 could be a potential target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Chang Lee
- Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Oral-Bio Science, School of Dentistry, Chonbuk National University, Joenju, Korea
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43
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Blake JA, Thomas M, Thompson JA, White R, Ziman M. Perplexing Pax: From puzzle to paradigm. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:2791-803. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
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44
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Gene expression profile changes correlated with lymph node metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Odontology 2008; 96:38-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s10266-008-0084-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
The paired box genes are a family of nine developmental control genes, which in human beings (PAX) and mice (Pax) encode nuclear transcription factors. The temporal and spatial expressions of these highly conserved genes are tightly regulated during foetal development including organogenesis. PAY/Paxgenes are switched off during the terminal differentiation of most structures. Specific mutations within a number of PAX/Pax genes lead to developmental abnormalities in both human beings and mice. Mutation in PAX3 causes Waardenburg syndrome, and craniofacial-deafness-hand syndrome. The Splotch phenotype in mouse exhibits defects in neural crest derivatives such as, pigment cells, sympathetic ganglia and cardiac neural crest-derived structures. The PAX family also plays key roles in several human malignancies. In particular, PAX3 is involved in rhabdomyosarcoma and tumours of neural crest origin, including melanoma and neuroblastoma. This review critically evaluates the roles of PAX/Pax in oncogenesis. It especially highlights recent advances in knowledge of how their genetic alterations directly interfere in the transcriptional networks that regulate cell differentiation, proliferation, migration and survival and may contribute to oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyu Wang
- School of Biology, Chemistry and Health Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, and Department of Pathology Sciences, Christie Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom
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46
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic mutations that result in hypodontia also may be associated with abnormalities in other parts of the body. The authors conducted a study to establish the prevalence rates of hypodontia among subjects with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) and control subjects to explore possible genetic associations between these two phenotypes. METHODS The authors recruited 50 subjects with EOC and 100 control subjects who did not have EOC. The authors performed a dental examination on each subject to detect hypodontia, and they reviewed pertinent radiographs and dental histories. They also recorded any family history of cancer and hypodontia. RESULTS The prevalence of hypodontia was 20 percent for EOC subjects and 3 percent for control subjects. The difference between these two hypodontia rates was significant. This difference implied that women with EOC are 8.1 times more likely to have hypodontia than are women without EOC. The severity of hypodontia was similar between the two groups, with one to two teeth being affected. Maxillary lateral incisors followed by second premolars were the most frequently affected teeth. CONCLUSION The preliminary data suggest a statistical association between hypodontia of the permanent dentition and EOC. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS Genetic analysis of the genes of interest is necessary to explore similarities between hypodontia and EOC further. An association could allow hypodontia to serve as a potential risk marker for EOC.
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Abstract
Pax9 is required for the formation of a variety of organs during mouse development. The function of Pax9 at postnatal stages is unknown since homozygosity of the null allele (Pax9(lacZ)) causes neonatal lethality. Recently, we have generated a hypomorphic Pax9 allele, Pax9(neo), which contains a removable neomycin resistance cassette (neo) and loxP sites flanking the first two exons of Pax9. Here we show that FLP-mediated in vivo excision of neo generates phenotypically normal Pax9(flox) mice. Crossing Pax9(flox) mice to PGK-Cre mice leads to efficient recombination of loxP sites and neonatal lethality in the resulting Pax9(del/del) offspring. Inactivation of Pax9 using Wnt1-Cre mice causes cleft secondary palate and tooth agenesis and reveals that the Pax9 expressing mesenchymal cells of the nose, palate, and teeth are derived from neural crest cells. The conditional Pax9 allele will be a valuable tool to study Pax9 function in specific tissues of adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Kist
- Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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Lang D, Powell SK, Plummer RS, Young KP, Ruggeri BA. PAX genes: Roles in development, pathophysiology, and cancer. Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 73:1-14. [PMID: 16904651 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 06/12/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PAX proteins function as transcription factors and play an essential role in organogenesis during embryonic development in regulating cell proliferation and self-renewal, resistance to apoptosis, migration of embryonic precursor cells, and the coordination of specific differentiation programs. Recent studies have also discovered a role for PAX proteins in specific stem cell or progenitor cell populations, including melanocytes, muscle, and B-cells. The normal functions of the PAX proteins, including apoptosis resistance and repression of terminal differentiation, may be subverted during the progression of a number of specific malignancies. This is supported by the fact that expression of PAX proteins is dysregulated in several different types of tumors, although the precise roles for PAX proteins in cancer are not clearly understood. An emerging hypothesis is that PAX proteins play an essential role in maintaining tissue specific stem cells by inhibiting terminal differentiation and apoptosis and that these functional characteristics may facilitate the development and progression of specific cancers. In this review, we provide a general background to the PAX protein family and focus on specific cells and tissues and the role PAX proteins play within these tissues in terms of development, mature tissue maintenance, and expression in tumors. Understanding the normal developmental pathways regulated by PAX proteins may shed light on potentially parallel pathways shared in tumors, and ultimately result in defining new molecular targets and signaling pathways for the development of novel anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Lang
- University of Chicago, Department of Medicine, Section of Dermatology, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, Chicago, IL 60637, United States.
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Hu B, Nadiri A, Kuchler-Bopp S, Perrin-Schmitt F, Peters H, Lesot H. Tissue engineering of tooth crown, root, and periodontium. TISSUE ENGINEERING 2006; 12:2069-2075. [PMID: 16968149 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.2069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering of teeth requires the coordinated formation of correctly shaped crowns, roots, and periodontal ligament. Previous studies have shown that the dental mesenchyme controls crown morphogenesis and epithelial histogenesis during tooth development in vivo, but little is known about the inductive potential of dissociated mesenchymal cells used in ex vivo cultures. A 2-step method is described in which, by using different types of reassociations between epithelial and mesenchymal tissues and/or cells from mouse embryos, reassociations were cultured in vitro before in vivo implantation. In vitro, the reassociated tissues developed and resulted in tooth-like structures that exhibited normal epithelial histogenesis and allowed the functional differentiation of odontoblasts and ameloblasts. After implantation, the reassociations formed roots and periodontal ligament, the latter connected to developing bone. The shape of the crown, initially suspected to depend on the integrity of the mesenchyme, could be modulated by adjusting the number of dissociated mesenchymal cells reassociated with the epithelial compartment. Based on these results, we propose a refined strategy for tooth tissue engineering that may help to eventually generate morphologically defined teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hu
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR S595, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France.
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Abstract
Populations of self-renewing cells that arise during normal embryonic development harbour the potential for rapid proliferation, migration or transdifferentiation and, therefore, tumour generation. So, control mechanisms are essential to prevent rapidly expanding populations from malignant growth. Transcription factors have crucial roles in ensuring establishment of such regulation, with the Pax gene family prominent amongst these. This review examines the role of Pax family members during embryogenesis, and their contribution to tumorigenesis when subverted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewan J D Robson
- Department of Pathology, University of Otago, PO Box 913, Dunedin 9001, New Zealand
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