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Hesseling PB, Afungchwi GM, Njodzeka BW, Wharin P, Kouya FN, Kruger M. Burkitt lymphoma: The effect of age, sex and delay to diagnosis on treatment completion and outcome of treatment in 934 Patients in Cameroon. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299777. [PMID: 38466670 PMCID: PMC10927099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The role of age and sex in the presentation and outcome of endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) has not been studied recently. This study analysed these factors in 934 patients with BL who had received cyclophosphamide and intrathecal methotrexate as treatment. METHODS Records of 934 children diagnosed with BL from 2004 to 2015 were obtained from our Paediatric Oncology Networked Database (POND) cancer registry. Age at diagnosis, sex, disease stage, time to diagnosis, delay in diagnosis, completion of treatment, rate of abandonment, and one-year survival rates were recorded and statistically analysed. RESULTS The male to female ratio of 1.41 for the study population of 934. The median delay from onset of symptoms to diagnosis was 31 days. The St Jude stage distribution was I = 6.4%, II = 5.9%, III = 71.5% and IV = 16.2%. Significantly more patients presented with stage III disease in age groups 5-9 and 10-14 years than 0-4 years. The overall 1-year survival rate was 53.45%, respectively 77.1% for stage I, 67.9% for stage II, 55.1% for stage III and 32.4% for stage IV disease (p<0.001). There was no significant difference in survival by sex and age group. CONCLUSION Patients aged under 5 years presented with less-advanced disease, but survival was not affected by age. Sex did not influence delay to diagnosis and overall survival. The long delay between the onset of symptoms and diagnosis emphasises the need for interventions to achieve an earlier diagnosis and a better survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Bernard Hesseling
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Glenn Mbah Afungchwi
- Department of Nursing and Midwifery, The University of Bamenda, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | | | - Paul Wharin
- Beryl Thyer Memorial Africa Trust, Burton Latimer, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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Mjumbe CK, Kulimba DM, Numbi OL, Nkumuyaya M, Balimo DM, Diyoka CK, Ilunga BK. Financial costs of pediatric cancer management in Africa: systematic review. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1175560. [PMID: 37808990 PMCID: PMC10556248 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1175560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The high costs of cancer treatment and the lack of investment in health care are significant barriers to public health on the African continent. The objective of this study was to investigate the financial cost of children cancer treating in sub-Saharan Africa. We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies between March 2000 and December 2022. We selected articles that specifically addressed the US dollar financial costs of childhood cancer in African countries. Medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) were calculated. We also calculated the economic burden of childhood cancer at the individual level, by dividing the direct costs of cancer per patient by the GDP per capita, PPP of the country studied. The quality of economic studies was assessed using the CHEERS (2022) 28-point checklist. A total of 17 studies met our eligibility criteria. The median (IQR) of total childhood cancer costs by region was $909.5 ($455.3-$1,765) and ranged from $88803.10 for neuroblastoma to $163.80 for lymphoma. No significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed for comparisons of the direct cost of childhood cancer between the geopolitical zone of sub-Saharan Africa. Differences in the direct costs of childhood cancer were significant for different cancer types (p < 0.05). In the majority of 17 out of 54 countries on Africa the continent, the economic burden of childhood cancer exceeds 80% of GDP per capita, PPP, up to 345.38% of Nigeria's GDP for Rhabdomyosarcoma. The cost of treating childhood cancers is high in Africa is catastrophic, if not downright prohibitive for households in Sub-Saharan Africa. We believe that the data from our study will be able to help make different objective advocacy allowing it to be provided with funds based of the evidence that can strengthen this program in order to install cancerology structures in the countries and by following the system plan. Cost reduction in the treatment of childhood cancer in particular and in general all types of cancer. Systematic review registration Approval of the study was given by the ethics committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lubumbashi (UNILU/CEM/135/2018) and (UNILU/CEM/096/2019).
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Affiliation(s)
- Criss Koba Mjumbe
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Desiré Mashinda Kulimba
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Oscar Luboya Numbi
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Murielle Nkumuyaya
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | - Chadrack Kabeya Diyoka
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Benjamin Kabyla Ilunga
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of Congo
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3
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Garcia-Quintero X, Cleves D, Cuervo MI, McNeil M, Salek M, Robertson EG, Gomez W, Baker JN, Kaye EC. Communication of Early Integration of Palliative Care for Children With Cancer in Latin America: The Care as a Vessel Metaphor. JCO Glob Oncol 2023; 9:e2200281. [PMID: 36595733 PMCID: PMC10166418 DOI: 10.1200/go.22.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniela Cleves
- Department of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Michael McNeil
- Department of Global Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Marta Salek
- Department of Global Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Eden G Robertson
- Department of Global Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN.,Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health, School of Clinical Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wendy Gomez
- Oncology Unit, Dr Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Justin N Baker
- Department of Global Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Erica C Kaye
- Department of Global Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
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van Heerden J, Balagadde-Kambugu J, Angom R, Lusobya RC, Chantada G, Desjardins L, Fabian ID, Israels T, Paintsil V, Hessissen L, Diouf MN, Elayadi M, Turner SD, Kouya F, Geel JA. Evaluating the baseline survival outcomes of the "six Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer index cancers" in Africa. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2022; 40:203-223. [PMID: 36369884 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2022.2140860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Limited survival data for the six Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer (GICC) priority cancers are available in Africa. Management of pediatric malignancies in Africa is challenging due to lack of resources, setting-specific comorbidities, high rates of late presentation and treatment abandonment. Reporting of outcome data is problematic due to the lack of registries. With the aim of evaluating the feasibility of baseline outcomes for the six index cancers, we present a descriptive analysis of respective survival rates in Africa. The survival rates were between 18% (lower middle-income countries) to 82.3% (upper middle-income countries) for acute lymphoblastic leukemia, between 26.9% (low-income countries) to 77.9% (upper middle-income countries) for nephroblastoma, between 23% (low-income countries) to 100% (upper middle-income countries), for retinoblastoma, 45% (low-income countries) to 95% (upper middle-income countries) for Hodgkin lymphoma and 28% (low-income countries) to 76% (upper middle-income countries) for Burkitt lymphoma. Solutions to improve survival rates and reported outcomes include establishing and funding sustainable registries, training and to actively include all countries in consortia from different African regions.HighlightsContinental differences in childhood cancer management such lack of resources, setting-specific comorbidities, high rates of late presentation and treatment abandonment, present challenges to the achievement of Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer goals.The available data registries do not adequately inform on the true incidences and outcomes of childhood cancers in Africa.The pathophysiology of some childhood cancers in Africa are associated with high-risk prognostic factors.Outcomes can be improved by greater regional collaboration to manage childhood cancer based on local resources and tumor characteristics.Some individual countries have reached the Global Initiative for Childhood Cancer goals for single cancers and it should be possible for more African countries to follow suit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaques van Heerden
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium.,Pediatric hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Racheal Angom
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Rebecca Claire Lusobya
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Hospital Sant Joan de Deu, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ido Didi Fabian
- Goldschleger Eye Institute, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.,International Center for Eye Health London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Trijn Israels
- Department of Pediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Vivian Paintsil
- Department of Child Health, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Laila Hessissen
- Pediatric Hematology and Oncology Center, University Mohammed V Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
| | | | - Moatasem Elayadi
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, National Cancer Institute, Egypt & Children Cancer Hospital of Egypt (CCHE-57357), Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Francine Kouya
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Cameroon Baptist Convention Hospitals in Mutengene, Mbingo and Banso, Mutengene, Cameroon
| | - Jennifer A Geel
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, University of the Witwatersrand, Witwatersrand, South Africa
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5
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Ngwa W, Addai BW, Adewole I, Ainsworth V, Alaro J, Alatise OI, Ali Z, Anderson BO, Anorlu R, Avery S, Barango P, Bih N, Booth CM, Brawley OW, Dangou JM, Denny L, Dent J, Elmore SNC, Elzawawy A, Gashumba D, Geel J, Graef K, Gupta S, Gueye SM, Hammad N, Hessissen L, Ilbawi AM, Kambugu J, Kozlakidis Z, Manga S, Maree L, Mohammed SI, Msadabwe S, Mutebi M, Nakaganda A, Ndlovu N, Ndoh K, Ndumbalo J, Ngoma M, Ngoma T, Ntizimira C, Rebbeck TR, Renner L, Romanoff A, Rubagumya F, Sayed S, Sud S, Simonds H, Sullivan R, Swanson W, Vanderpuye V, Wiafe B, Kerr D. Cancer in sub-Saharan Africa: a Lancet Oncology Commission. Lancet Oncol 2022; 23:e251-e312. [PMID: 35550267 PMCID: PMC9393090 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), urgent action is needed to curb a growing crisis in cancer incidence and mortality. Without rapid interventions, data estimates show a major increase in cancer mortality from 520 348 in 2020 to about 1 million deaths per year by 2030. Here, we detail the state of cancer in SSA, recommend key actions on the basis of analysis, and highlight case studies and successful models that can be emulated, adapted, or improved across the region to reduce the growing cancer crises. Recommended actions begin with the need to develop or update national cancer control plans in each country. Plans must include childhood cancer plans, managing comorbidities such as HIV and malnutrition, a reliable and predictable supply of medication, and the provision of psychosocial, supportive, and palliative care. Plans should also engage traditional, complementary, and alternative medical practices employed by more than 80% of SSA populations and pathways to reduce missed diagnoses and late referrals. More substantial investment is needed in developing cancer registries and cancer diagnostics for core cancer tests. We show that investments in, and increased adoption of, some approaches used during the COVID-19 pandemic, such as hypofractionated radiotherapy and telehealth, can substantially increase access to cancer care in Africa, accelerate cancer prevention and control efforts, increase survival, and save billions of US dollars over the next decade. The involvement of African First Ladies in cancer prevention efforts represents one practical approach that should be amplified across SSA. Moreover, investments in workforce training are crucial to prevent millions of avoidable deaths by 2030. We present a framework that can be used to strategically plan cancer research enhancement in SSA, with investments in research that can produce a return on investment and help drive policy and effective collaborations. Expansion of universal health coverage to incorporate cancer into essential benefits packages is also vital. Implementation of the recommended actions in this Commission will be crucial for reducing the growing cancer crises in SSA and achieving political commitments to the UN Sustainable Development Goals to reduce premature mortality from non-communicable diseases by a third by 2030.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred Ngwa
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Information and Sciences, ICT University, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Beatrice W Addai
- Breast Care International, Peace and Love Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Isaac Adewole
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
| | - Victoria Ainsworth
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - James Alaro
- National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Zipporah Ali
- Kenya Hospices and Palliative Care Association, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Benjamin O Anderson
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Non-communicable Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rose Anorlu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Stephen Avery
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Prebo Barango
- WHO, Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo
| | - Noella Bih
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher M Booth
- Division of Cancer Care and Epidemiology, Cancer Research Institute, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Otis W Brawley
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Lynette Denny
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council, Gynaecological Cancer Research Centre, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | | | - Shekinah N C Elmore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ahmed Elzawawy
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | | | - Jennifer Geel
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Clinical Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Katy Graef
- BIO Ventures for Global Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Nazik Hammad
- Department of Oncology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Laila Hessissen
- Pediatric Oncology Department, Pediatric Teaching Hospital, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Andre M Ilbawi
- Department of Non-communicable Diseases, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Joyce Kambugu
- Department of Pediatrics, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Zisis Kozlakidis
- Laboratory Services and Biobank Group, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Simon Manga
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Lize Maree
- Department of Nursing Education, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Sulma I Mohammed
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Susan Msadabwe
- Department of Radiation Therapy, Cancer Diseases Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Miriam Mutebi
- Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Ntokozo Ndlovu
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Kingsley Ndoh
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mamsau Ngoma
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Twalib Ngoma
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | | | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lorna Renner
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Ghana School of Medicine and Dentistry, Accra, Ghana
| | - Anya Romanoff
- Department of Health System Design and Global Health, Icahn School of Medicine, The Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fidel Rubagumya
- Department of Oncology, Rwanda Military Hospital, Kigali, Rwanda; University of Global Health Equity, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Shahin Sayed
- Department of Pathology, Aga Khan University Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shivani Sud
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Hannah Simonds
- Division of Radiation Oncology, Tygerberg Hospital and University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - William Swanson
- Department of Physics and Applied Physics, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Verna Vanderpuye
- National Centre for Radiotherapy, Oncology, and Nuclear Medicine, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | | | - David Kerr
- Radcliffe Department of Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Mallon B, Kaboré R, Couitchere L, Akonde FB, Lukamba R, Dackono TA, Narison MLR, Khattab M, Pondy A, Fedhila Ben Ayed F, Budiongo A, Guedenon K, Oberlin O, Patte C. The development of an international childhood cancer hospital register database in 13 African countries. A project of the French African Pediatric Oncology Group (GFAOP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2022; 69:e29464. [PMID: 34913572 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.29464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM The establishment of an international hospital-based register (HBR) for the French African Pediatric Oncology Group (GFAOP) was a necessary step in the group's clinical research program. With help from the Sanofi Espoir Foundation's "My Child Matters" program, the GFAOP resolved to develop an international HBR network to collect quality data on children attending the Pediatric Oncology Units (POUs). METHODS All children entering POUs from January 2016 to December 2018 were registered using an online questionnaire. Data collection included information on diagnosis, disease stage, demographics, socioeconomic status, and outcome. An intensive training program was developed to improve both data quality and quantity. RESULTS Among the 3348 children registered, 3230 had a suspected cancer, 681 were not confirmed. A diagnosis was confirmed on radiological, clinical, or histological examination for 2549 children including Burkitt lymphoma (516: 20%)-the most frequent diagnosis, Wilms' tumor (459: 18%), retinoblastoma (357: 14%), and acute lymphoblastic leukemia (345: 13%). Of these, 2187 children were treated. Early deaths, abandonment, economic difficulties, and lack of equipment were some of the reasons offered to explain the numbers of undiagnosed and untreated children. Vital status is known for 1994 children: 1187 died and 807 were alive, 551 of these with a follow-up > 12 months. CONCLUSION This work has provided reliable data on children attending the POUs, especially clarifying reasons and occasions for care rupture. The data will help to identify material, human resources, and staff training needs, to evaluate progress, and to encourage consideration of pediatric cancer in national cancer plans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rolande Kaboré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Yalgado Ouédraogo, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | | | - Robert Lukamba
- Cliniques Universitaires de Lubumbashi (CUL) Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC)
| | | | | | | | - Angèle Pondy
- Centre Mère et Enfant de la Fondation Chantal Biya, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Koffi Guedenon
- Unité d'oncologie pédiatrique, CHU Sylvanus Olympio, Lomé, Togo
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Moleti ML, Testi AM, Foà R. Childhood aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma in low-middle-income countries. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:849-863. [PMID: 34866182 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In high-income countries (HICs) paediatric aggressive B-cell lymphomas are curable in about 90% of cases. Much worse results, with cure rates ranging from less than 30% to about 70%, are achieved in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 90% of paediatric non-Hodgkin lymphomas occur. Low socio-economic and cultural conditions, the lack of optimal diagnostic procedures, laboratory facilities and adequate supportive care exert a strong negative impact on compliance, treatment delivery, toxicity and, consequently, on the clinical outcome. Published data are scarce, generally originating from single institutions, and are difficult to compare. National and international cooperation projects have been undertaken to reduce the unacceptable gap between HICs and LMICs in the management of children with cancer, by promoting the sharing of knowledge and by implementing adequate local healthcare facilities, with initial promising results. In the present review, we will summarize the results so far obtained in the management of paediatric aggressive B-cell NHL in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Luisa Moleti
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Testi
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
| | - Robin Foà
- Hematology, Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, 'Sapienza' University, Rome, Italy
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Harif M, Mallon B, Patte C, Bey P, Chalvon-Demersay C, Omer-Decugis L, Hessissen L. Improving Care for Children With Cancer in Africa: Two Decades of Experience of the French African Pediatric Oncology Group. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 7:1509-1512. [PMID: 34678073 PMCID: PMC8547926 DOI: 10.1200/go.21.00239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mhamed Harif
- Groupe Franco-Africain d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Tanger, Faculté de médecine et de pharmacie, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Brenda Mallon
- Groupe Franco-Africain d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Villejuif, France
| | - Catherine Patte
- Groupe Franco-Africain d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Villejuif, France
| | - Pierre Bey
- Groupe Franco-Africain d’Oncologie Pédiatrique, Villejuif, France
| | | | | | - Laila Hessissen
- Groupe Franco-Africain d’Oncologie Pédiatrifque, Centre Hospitalier Ibn Sina, Faculté de Médecine et de pharmacie, Rabat, Morocco
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9
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van Heerden J, Zaghloul M, Neven A, de Rojas T, Geel J, Patte C, Balagadde-Kambugu J, Hesseling P, Tchintseme F, Bouffet E, Hessissen L. Pediatric Oncology Clinical Trials and Collaborative Research in Africa: Current Landscape and Future Perspectives. JCO Glob Oncol 2021; 6:1264-1275. [PMID: 32762563 PMCID: PMC7456323 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Adequate clinical services have yet to be established in the majority of African countries, where childhood cancer survival rates vary from 8.1% to 30.3%. The aim of this review is to describe the landscape of pediatric oncology trials in Africa, identify challenges, and offer future opportunities for research collaborations. METHODS The study includes data from the International Pediatric Oncology Society (SIOP) global mapping survey, meta-research identifying trials in Africa in ClinicalTrials.gov, and a literature overview of publications on the subject of pediatric oncology clinical research supported by expert opinions on the current situation and challenges. RESULTS The SIOP global mapping survey received responses from 47 of 54 African countries, of which 23 have active clinical research programs. A preliminary search of ClinicalTrials.gov showed that only 105 (12.1%) of 868 African oncology studies included children and adolescents. Of these, 53 (50.5%) were interventional trials according to the registry’s classification. The small number of African trials for children and adolescents included palliative care and leukemia trials. In African oncology journals and international pediatric oncology journals, < 1% of the pediatric oncology publications come from Africa. Services and research were strengthened by international collaboration. National studies focused on clinical needs, local challenges, or interventional priorities. Both the literature review and the expert opinions highlight the need to expand clinical research in Africa, despite ongoing regional instability and lack of resources. CONCLUSION While a low number of pediatric clinical treatment trials are open to African children and adolescents, clinical research of high quality is being done in Africa. Several initiatives are stimulating the development of the research capacity across the continent, which should increase the publication output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaques van Heerden
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Pediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Mohamed Zaghloul
- Radiation Oncology Department, National Cancer Institute, Cairo University and Children's Cancer Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Anouk Neven
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Statistics Department, European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer Headquarters, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Teresa de Rojas
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Uganda Cancer Institute, Kampala, Uganda.,Pediatric OncoGenomics Unit, Pediatric Oncology-Hematology Department, Children's University Hospital Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jennifer Geel
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Division of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, University of the Witwatersrand, Charlotte Maxeke Johannesburg Academic Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Catherine Patte
- Franco-African Pediatric Oncology Group and Gustave Roussy Institute, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Peter Hesseling
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Childrens' Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | | | - Eric Bouffet
- Pediatric Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laila Hessissen
- Pediatric Haematology and Oncology Center, University Mohamed V. Rabat, Rabat, Morocco
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10
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Afungchwi GM, Kruger M, Kouya F, Tih P, McCormick P, Pondy-Ongotsoyi AH, Hesseling PB. Two decades of childhood cancer care in Cameroon: 2000-2020. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2021; 68:e28997. [PMID: 33719184 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Before the year 2000, there was no dedicated childhood cancer service in Cameroon. The aim of this study was to investigate the progress made with pediatric oncology care in Cameroon from 2000 to 2020. METHOD A literature search was conducted for published articles on childhood cancer in Cameroon and relevant documents, and conference abstracts were reviewed. The articles were analyzed under the themes: awareness, diagnosis, epidemiology, treatment, outcome, advocacy, partnerships, traditional and complementary medicine, palliative care, and capacity building. RESULTS Low awareness on childhood cancer was addressed with education activities targeting the general population and health care professionals. Cancer diagnosis was achieved with cytology, histology, and simple imaging. Management for common and curable cancers was implemented with use of modified treatment regimens for low- and middle-income settings. Nutritional support was shown to mitigate the effects of malnutrition on treatment toxicity, and support was provided for transportation and accommodation. There was good collaboration between the pediatric oncology professionals nationally and twinning with international partners. Capacity building activities led to the availability of three pediatric oncologists and pediatric oncology-trained nurses. Advocacy nationally led to the support of the Ministry of Health with pediatric oncology-specific priority actions in the latest national cancer control plan. CONCLUSION Childhood cancer should receive the necessary attention of health care policymakers in Cameroon. With continued commitment of government, nongovernmental organizations, charities, childhood cancer specialists, patient and parent groups, there should be an improved future for children with cancer in Cameroon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Mbah Afungchwi
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Bamenda, Cameroon.,Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mariana Kruger
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francine Kouya
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | - Pius Tih
- Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Services, Bamenda, Cameroon
| | | | - Angele-Hermine Pondy-Ongotsoyi
- Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Mother and Child Center, Chantal Biya Foundation, Yaounde, Cameroon.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Yaounde, Yaounde, Cameroon
| | - Peter B Hesseling
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University and Tygerberg Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa
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11
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Five decades of low intensity and low survival: adapting intensified regimens to cure pediatric Burkitt lymphoma in Africa. Blood Adv 2021; 4:4007-4019. [PMID: 32841337 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020002178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term cure of childhood Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in sub-Saharan Africa after treatment with single-agent cyclophosphamide has been documented for more than half of a century. Contemporary cure rates for the highest-risk patients with BL in high-income countries exceed 90% using intensive multiagent chemotherapy. By contrast, the majority of African children with BL still die. Data spanning 5 decades in Africa have repeatedly shown that the children most likely to achieve cure with limited cyclophosphamide regimens are those with lower-stage disease isolated to the jaw. Attempts to intensify the cyclophosphamide monotherapy backbone with the addition of vincristine, low-dose methotrexate, prednisone, doxorubicin, and/or low-dose cytarabine have not yielded significant improvement. High-dose methotrexate is a critical component in the treatment of childhood BL worldwide. Although initial efforts in Africa to incorporate high-dose methotrexate resulted in high treatment-related mortality, more recent collaborative experiences from North and West Africa, as well as Central America, demonstrate that it can be administered safely and effectively, despite limitations in supportive care resources. Recognizing the unacceptable disparity in curative outcomes for BL between the United States/Europe and equatorial Africa, there is a critical need to safely adapt contemporary treatment regimens to optimize curative outcomes amid the resource limitations in regions where BL is endemic. Here, we critically review reports of BL treatment outcomes from low- and middle-income countries, in addition to data from high-income countries that predated modern intensified regimens, to identify potential strategies to improve the therapeutic approach for children suffering from BL in sub-Saharan Africa.
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12
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Couitchéré L, Coze C, Atiméré YN, Ouattara J, N'doumy M, Akoun C, Yao GC, Cissé L. [Impact of an early diagnosis program for childhood cancer in Abidjan?]. Bull Cancer 2021; 108:242-249. [PMID: 33648719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bulcan.2020.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION To promote the early diagnosis of pediatric cancers in Ivory Coast, we have initiated a program to train local physicians in the warning signs and to raise public awareness. The aim of this work was to compare the times, stages and survival of patients before and three years after the initiation of the program. METHODS This retrospective study involved children 0-17 years of age admitted from January to December 2014 and from May 2018 to April 2019. The Mann-Whitney non-parametric test and the Fisher's exact test were used to compare time limits, stages and survival. RESULTS One hundred and fifty-nine doctors were trained and 1020 people were sensitized. The median age of the 216 children included was 7 years, sex ratio 1.4. For both periods, the median consultation times were 75 and 30 days (P=0.003) and the median diagnostic times were 120 and 105 days (P=0.033). High-risk lymphomas accounted for 60.5% and 58.5% (P=0.99) respectively and nephroblastoma 46.1% and 56.2% (P=0.51). The overall survival was 31% and 30.2% (P=0.92). DISCUSSION The early diagnosis program had no impact. The diagnosis times and the proportion of cancer classified as high risk are comparable to the data reported in sub-Saharan Africa, which vary respectively from 7 to 15.8 weeks and from 60 to 71%. This program must be intensified, extended to all health workers and include improving access to care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Couitchéré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire.
| | - Carole Coze
- Hôpital Enfants de la Timone, service d'oncologie et hématologie pédiatrique, 264, rue Saint-Pierre, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Yao Nicaise Atiméré
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service d'Hématologie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Joseph Ouattara
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Max N'doumy
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Charles Akoun
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Guy Constant Yao
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Lacina Cissé
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Treichville, Service de Pédiatrie, 01 BP V3 Abidjan 01, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
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13
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Maillie L, Masalu N, Mafwimbo J, Maxmilian M, Schroeder K. Delays Experienced by Patients With Pediatric Cancer During the Health Facility Referral Process: A Study in Northern Tanzania. JCO Glob Oncol 2020; 6:1757-1765. [PMID: 33201744 PMCID: PMC7713565 DOI: 10.1200/go.20.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE It is estimated that 50%-80% of patients with pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa present at an advanced stage. Delays can occur at any time during the care-seeking process from symptom onset to treatment initiation. Referral delay, the time from first presentation at a health facility to oncologist evaluation, is a key component of total delay that has not been evaluated in sub-Saharan Africa. METHODS Over a 3-month period, caregivers of children diagnosed with cancer at a regional cancer center (Bugando Medical Centre [BMC]) in Tanzania were consecutively surveyed to determine the number and type of health facilities visited before presentation, interventions received, and transportation used to reach each facility. RESULTS Forty-nine caregivers were consented and included in the review. A total of 124 facilities were visited before BMC, with 31% of visits (n = 38) resulting in a referral. The median referral delay was 89 days (mean, 122 days), with a median of two facilities (mean, 2.5 facilities) visited before presentation to BMC. Visiting a traditional healer first significantly increased the time taken to reach BMC compared with starting at a health center/dispensary (103 v 236 days; P = .02). Facility visits in which a patient received a referral to a higher-level facility led to significantly decreased time to reach BMC (P < .0001). Only 36% of visits to district hospitals and 20.6% of visits to health centers/dispensaries yielded a referral, however. CONCLUSION The majority of patients were delayed during the referral process, but receipt of a referral to a higher-level facility significantly shortened delay time. Referral delay for pediatric patients with cancer could be decreased by raising awareness of cancer and strengthening the referral process from lower-level to higher-level facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Maillie
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Nestory Masalu
- Department of Oncology, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | - Judy Mafwimbo
- Department of Oncology, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania
| | | | - Kristin Schroeder
- Department of Oncology, Bugando Medical Centre, Mwanza, Tanzania.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology and Duke Global Cancer Program, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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14
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Srinivasan S, Roy Moulik N, Kc A, Narula G, Sankaran H, Prasad M, Dhamne C, Cheriyalinkal Parambil B, Shah S, Shet T, Sridhar E, Gujral S, Banavali S. Increased toxicities in children with Burkitt lymphoma treated with rituximab: Experience from a tertiary cancer center in India. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28682. [PMID: 32865865 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though rituximab has emerged as standard of care for the management of high-risk pediatric Burkitt lymphoma (BL), its safety in children from the low-middle-income countries (LMICs) remains to be proven. We herein report our experience of using rituximab in children with BL. METHODS All patients diagnosed with BL between January 2015 and December 2017 were treated in a risk-stratified manner with either the modified MCP-842 or modified LMB protocol. Patients with poor response to MCP-842 were switched to the LMB-salvage regimen. In addition, rituximab was given to selected high-risk patients. RESULT Forty-two (49.4%) of 85 patients with BL received rituximab. The incidence of febrile neutropenia (90.5% vs 67.4%; P = 0.02), pneumonia (38.1% vs 11.6%; P = 0.005), intensive care unit admissions (54.5% vs 17.6%; P = 0.002), and toxic deaths (26.2% vs 9.3%; P = 0.04) was higher among BL patients who received rituximab. Pneumonia was fatal in 11 of 16 (69%) patients who received rituximab. On multivariate analysis, rituximab continued to be significantly associated with toxic deaths ( OR: 11.45 [95% CI: 1.87-70.07; P = 0.008]). The addition of rituximab to intensive chemotherapy resulted in an inferior one-year event-free survival (49.4% ± 8.1% vs 79.3% ± 6.5%; P = 0.025) and one-year overall survival (63.1% ± 8.5% vs 91.8% ± 4.5%; P = 0.007) with no improvement in one-year relapse-free survival (78.3% ± 7.3% vs 83.9% ± 6.0%; P = 0.817). CONCLUSION Rituximab was associated with increased toxicities and toxic deaths in our patients. The potential immunomodulatory effect of rituximab and increased susceptibility to infections in patients from LMICs have to be carefully considered while choosing this drug in the treatment of BL in resource-constrained settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shyam Srinivasan
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Nirmalya Roy Moulik
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Anand Kc
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Gaurav Narula
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Hari Sankaran
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Maya Prasad
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Chetan Dhamne
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Badira Cheriyalinkal Parambil
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sneha Shah
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Tanuja Shet
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Epari Sridhar
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Sumeet Gujral
- Department of Pathology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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15
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Revon-Rivière G, Banavali S, Heississen L, Gomez Garcia W, Abdolkarimi B, Vaithilingum M, Li CK, Leung PC, Malik P, Pasquier E, Epelman S, Chantada G, André N. Metronomic Chemotherapy for Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Survey of Current Practices and Opinions of Pediatric Oncologists. J Glob Oncol 2020; 5:1-8. [PMID: 31260397 PMCID: PMC6613668 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.18.00244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) experience the burden of 80% of new childhood cancer cases worldwide, with cure rates as low as 10% in some countries. Metronomics combines frequent administrations of low-dose chemotherapy with drug repurposing, which consists of using already-approved drugs for new medical applications. With wide availability, limited costs, and little infrastructure needs, metronomics can be part of constraint-adapted regimens in these resource-limited settings—with the understanding that metronomics shall not be a substitute for standard treatments when available and doable. Our study aims to describe the experience, practices, opinions, and needs in metronomics of physicians working in LMICs. METHODS An online questionnaire was sent to more than 1,200 physicians in pediatric oncology networks in LMICs. Items included the type of center, physician’s demographics, experience in pediatric oncology, and experience with current knowledge of metronomics. Opinions and perspectives were explored using multiple-answer and open questions. RESULTS Of physicians, 17% responded. Of respondents, 54.9% declared that they had already used a metronomic regimen. The most frequently cited repositioned drugs were celecoxib (44%) followed by propranolol and valproic acid (17%). Respondents highlighted the advantages of outpatient use (20%) and expected low toxicity (24%). In considering the drawbacks of metronomics, 47% of responses highlighted the lack of scientific evidence or guidelines, 33% the availability or affordability of drugs, and 18% the problem of acceptance or compliance. Of physicians, 79% believed that use of metronomics will spread in LMICs in the near future and 98% of them were willing to participate in international metronomic protocols or registries. CONCLUSION Metronomics is already used in LMICs and is a potential answer to unmet needs in pediatric oncology. There is room for improvement in the availability of drugs and a necessity to develop collaborative protocols and research to generate level A evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.,Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | - Laila Heississen
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Rabat Children Hospital, University Mohamed V, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Wendy Gomez Garcia
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Dr Robert Reid Cabral Children's Hospital, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Babak Abdolkarimi
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Lorestan University of Medical Science, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Manickavallie Vaithilingum
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Netcare Parklands Hospital, Durban, South Africa
| | - Chi-Kong Li
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Prince of Wales Hospital, Chines University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Chung Leung
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, People's Republic of China
| | - Prabhat Malik
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Eddy Pasquier
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Sidnei Epelman
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Santa Marcelina Hospital, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Hospital JP Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nicolas André
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, La Timone Hospital, Marseille, France.,Metronomics Global Health Initiative, Marseille, France.,Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Aix-Marseille Université, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Marseille, France
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16
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Bouda GC, Traoré F, Couitchere L, Raquin MA, Guedenon KM, Pondy A, Moreira C, Rakotomahefa M, Harif M, Patte C. Advanced Burkitt Lymphoma in Sub-Saharan Africa Pediatric Units: Results of the Third Prospective Multicenter Study of the Groupe Franco-Africain d'Oncologie Pédiatrique. J Glob Oncol 2020; 5:1-9. [PMID: 31794283 PMCID: PMC6939747 DOI: 10.1200/jgo.19.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the results of an intensive polychemotherapy regimen for Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in sub-Saharan African pediatric centers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Children with advanced-stage BL (stages II bulky, III, and IV) treated with the GFAOP–Lymphomes Malins B (GFALMB) 2009 protocol in 7 centers between April 2009 and September 2015 were prospectively registered. Treatment regimen contained a prephase with cyclophosphamide followed by 2 induction courses (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, prednisone, high-dose methotrexate [HDMTX]), 2 consolidation courses (cytarabine, HDMTX), and a maintenance phase only for stage IV. HDMTX was given at the dose of 3 g/m2. RESULTS Four hundred patients were analyzed: 7% had stage II bulky, 76% stage III, and 17% stage IV disease. Median age was 7.3 years, and sex ratio was 1.9:1 (male:female). A total of 221 patients received the whole protocol treatment and 195 achieved complete remission (CR), 11 of them after a second-line treatment. Treatment abandonment rate was 22%. One hundred twenty-five patients died, of whom 49 deaths were related to treatment toxicity. A total of 275 patients are alive, including 25 despite treatment abandonment, but only 110 are known to be in CR with a follow-up > 1 year, indicating a high rate of loss to follow-up. Twelve-month overall survival (OS) was 60% (95% CI, 54% to 66%) and 63%, 60%, and 31%, respectively, for stage II bulky, III, and IV. Patients with stage III disease who started second induction course within 34 days had OS of 76%, versus 57% (P = .0062) beyond 34 days. CONCLUSION The GFA-LMB2009 protocol improved patients’ survival. Early dose intensity of treatment is a strong prognostic factor. Improving supportive care and decreasing loss to follow-up are crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Marie-Anne Raquin
- Gustave Roussy Hospital and GFAOP Database Center, Villejuif, France
| | | | - Angele Pondy
- Centre Mère-Enfant, Fondation Chantal Biya, Yaoundé, Cameroun
| | | | | | | | - Catherine Patte
- Gustave Roussy Hospital and GFAOP Database Center, Villejuif, France
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17
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Atun R, Bhakta N, Denburg A, Frazier AL, Friedrich P, Gupta S, Lam CG, Ward ZJ, Yeh JM, Allemani C, Coleman MP, Di Carlo V, Loucaides E, Fitchett E, Girardi F, Horton SE, Bray F, Steliarova-Foucher E, Sullivan R, Aitken JF, Banavali S, Binagwaho A, Alcasabas P, Antillon F, Arora RS, Barr RD, Bouffet E, Challinor J, Fuentes-Alabi S, Gross T, Hagander L, Hoffman RI, Herrera C, Kutluk T, Marcus KJ, Moreira C, Pritchard-Jones K, Ramirez O, Renner L, Robison LL, Shalkow J, Sung L, Yeoh A, Rodriguez-Galindo C. Sustainable care for children with cancer: a Lancet Oncology Commission. Lancet Oncol 2020; 21:e185-e224. [PMID: 32240612 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(20)30022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We estimate that there will be 13·7 million new cases of childhood cancer globally between 2020 and 2050. At current levels of health system performance (including access and referral), 6·1 million (44·9%) of these children will be undiagnosed. Between 2020 and 2050, 11·1 million children will die from cancer if no additional investments are made to improve access to health-care services or childhood cancer treatment. Of this total, 9·3 million children (84·1%) will be in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. This burden could be vastly reduced with new funding to scale up cost-effective interventions. Simultaneous comprehensive scale-up of interventions could avert 6·2 million deaths in children with cancer in this period, more than half (56·1%) of the total number of deaths otherwise projected. Taking excess mortality risk into consideration, this reduction in the number of deaths is projected to produce a gain of 318 million life-years. In addition, the global lifetime productivity gains of US$2580 billion in 2020-50 would be four times greater than the cumulative treatment costs of $594 billion, producing a net benefit of $1986 billion on the global investment: a net return of $3 for every $1 invested. In sum, the burden of childhood cancer, which has been grossly underestimated in the past, can be effectively diminished to realise massive health and economic benefits and to avert millions of needless deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rifat Atun
- Department of Global health and Population, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA; Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA.
| | - Nickhill Bhakta
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Avram Denburg
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Lindsay Frazier
- Dana-Farber and Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paola Friedrich
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Catherine G Lam
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Zachary J Ward
- Center for Health Decision Science, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA
| | - Jennifer M Yeh
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA; Division of General Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claudia Allemani
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Michel P Coleman
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Veronica Di Carlo
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | | | - Elizabeth Fitchett
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Fabio Girardi
- Cancer Survival Group, Department of Non-communicable Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Susan E Horton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Freddie Bray
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Eva Steliarova-Foucher
- Section of Cancer Surveillance, International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO, Lyon, France
| | - Richard Sullivan
- Institute of Cancer Policy, Conflict and Health Research Group, School of Cancer Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; School of Public Health, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Shripad Banavali
- Department of Medical and Pediatric Oncology, Tata Memorial Center, Mumbai, India; Homi Bhabha National Institute, Mumbai, India
| | | | - Patricia Alcasabas
- Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
| | - Federico Antillon
- Unidad Nacional de Oncología Pediátrica and the School of Medicine, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala City, Guatemala
| | - Ramandeep S Arora
- Department of Medical Oncology, Max Super-Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Ronald D Barr
- Departments of Pediatrics, Pathology and Medicine, Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Julia Challinor
- School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Gross
- Center for Global Health, US National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lars Hagander
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Pediatric Surgery, WHO Collaborating Centre for Surgery and Public Health, Lund University Faculty of Medicine, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ruth I Hoffman
- American Childhood Cancer Organization, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Cristian Herrera
- Health Division, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, France; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Tezer Kutluk
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey; Cancer Institute, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Karen J Marcus
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston MA, USA; Division of Radiation Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Claude Moreira
- Institut Jean Lemerle, African Paediatric Oncology Formation, Dakar, Senegal; Hôpital Aristide Le Dantec, Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar, Dakar, Senegal
| | - Kathy Pritchard-Jones
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oscar Ramirez
- Department of Pediatric Haematology and Oncology, Centro Médico Imbanaco de Cali, Cali, Colombia; Cali Cancer Population-based Registry, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia
| | - Lorna Renner
- Department of Child Health, University of Ghana Medical School Accra, Ghana; Paediatric Oncology Unit, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra, Ghana
| | - Leslie L Robison
- Department of Epidemiology and Cancer Control, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Jaime Shalkow
- Department of Pediatric Surgical Oncology, National Institute of Pediatrics, Mexico City, Mexico; School of Medicine, Anahuac University, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lillian Sung
- Division of Haematology and Oncology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Health Policy, Management, and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allen Yeoh
- Division of Paediatric Haematology and Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Carlos Rodriguez-Galindo
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA; Department of Oncology, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
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18
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Fung A, Horton S, Zabih V, Denburg A, Gupta S. Cost and cost-effectiveness of childhood cancer treatment in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review. BMJ Glob Health 2019; 4:e001825. [PMID: 31749998 PMCID: PMC6830048 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A major barrier to improving childhood cancer survival is the perception that paediatric oncology services are too costly for low-income and middle-income country (LMIC) health systems. We conducted a systematic review to synthesise existing evidence on the costs and cost-effectiveness of treating childhood cancers in LMICs. METHODS We searched multiple databases from their inception to March 2019. All studies reporting costs or cost-effectiveness of treating any childhood cancer in an LMIC were included. We appraised included articles using the Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS) checklist. Where possible, we extracted or calculated the cost per disability-adjusted life year (DALY) averted using reported survival and country-specific life expectancy. Cost/DALY averted was compared with per capita gross domestic product (GDP) as per WHO-Choosing Interventions that are Cost-Effective guidelines to determine cost-effectiveness. RESULTS Of 2802 studies identified, 30 met inclusion criteria. Studies represented 22 countries and nine different malignancies. The most commonly studied cancers were acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n=10), Burkitt lymphoma (n=4) and Wilms tumour (n=3). The median CHEERS checklist score was 18 of 24. Many studies omitted key cost inputs. Notably, only 11 studies included healthcare worker salaries. Cost/DALY averted was extracted or calculated for 12 studies and ranged from US$22 to US$4475, although the lower-end costs were primarily from studies that omitted key cost components. In all 12, cost/DALY averted through treatment was substantially less than country per capita GDP, and therefore considered very cost-effective. CONCLUSION Many included studies did not account for key cost inputs, thus underestimating true treatment costs. Costs/DALY averted were nonetheless substantially lower than per capita GDP, suggesting that even if all relevant inputs are included, LMIC childhood cancer treatment is consistently very cost-effective. While additional rigorous economic evaluations are required, our results can inform the development of LMIC national childhood cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Fung
- Pediatrics and Child Health, Winnipeg Children's Hospital, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Susan Horton
- School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Veda Zabih
- Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Avram Denburg
- Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sumit Gupta
- Child Health and Evaluative Sciences, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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19
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Lam CG, Howard SC, Bouffet E, Pritchard-Jones K. Science and health for all children with cancer. Science 2019; 363:1182-1186. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw4892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Each year ~429,000 children and adolescents aged 0 to 19 years are expected to develop cancer. Five-year survival rates exceed 80% for the 45,000 children with cancer in high-income countries (HICs) but are less than 30% for the 384,000 children in lower-middle-income countries (LMICs). Improved survival rates in HICs have been achieved through multidisciplinary care and research, with treatment regimens using mostly generic medicines and optimized risk stratification. Children’s outcomes in LMICs can be improved through global collaborative partnerships that help local leaders adapt effective treatments to local resources and clinical needs, as well as address common problems such as delayed diagnosis and treatment abandonment. Together, these approaches may bring within reach the global survival target recently set by the World Health Organization: 60% survival for all children with cancer by 2030.
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20
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Chantada G, Lam CG, Howard SC. Optimizing outcomes for children with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma in low‐ and middle‐income countries by early correct diagnosis, reducing toxic death and preventing abandonment. Br J Haematol 2019; 185:1125-1135. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.15785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Catherine G. Lam
- Department of Global Pediatric Medicine St. Jude Children's Research Hospital Memphis TNUSA
| | - Scott C. Howard
- University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis TN USA
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21
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Togo B, Togo P, Koné O, Traore F, Doumbia AK, Touré A, Diakité AA, Coulibaly O, Diall H, Maïga B, Sacko K, Dembelé A, Coulibaly YA, Konaté D, Cissé ME, Ba AA, Diakité FL, Sidibé LN, Doumbia A, Konaré H, Maïga LB, Traoré CB. Non Hodgkin Lymphomas (NHL) in the Pediatric Oncology Unit of the Gabriel Touré Teaching Hospital, Bamako Mali. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/ojped.2019.94030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Hesseling PB, Tamannai M, Ladas E, Afungchwi G, Katayi E, Kouya F. Burkitt lymphoma – Nutritional support during induction treatment: Effect on anthropometric parameters and morbidity of treatment. SOUTH AFRICAN JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.4102/sajo.v2i0.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is common in children diagnosed with cancer in Africa, and it adds to the morbidity and mortality of treatment. Nutritional support is known to reduce morbidity and mortality of treatment.Aim: The aim of this study was to record changes in anthropometric parameters, morbidity and mortality in patients admitted with Burkitt lymphoma (BL) whose diet was supplemented with protein, vitamins and minerals during induction chemotherapy.Methods: Seventy consecutive newly diagnosed BL patients were enrolled. The diet was supplemented with a daily egg, 200 mL F-75 formula and vitamins. Guardians received 3 cups of dry rice and $1 daily to buy and prepare meals for the patient and themselves whilst in the hospital. Height, weight, triceps skinfold (TSF) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) were recorded on days 1 and 28. Co-morbidities at diagnosis were treated, and neutropenia and febrile episodes managed with a standard protocol. Two patients who died within 24 h after admission were excluded from the anthropometric analyses.Results: The mean age was 8 (range 2–16) years and the male:female ratio was 42:28. The St Jude stage distribution was as follows: Stage I = 6%, II = 4%, III = 69%, IV = 21%. Weight for age was < 10th centile at diagnosis in 18% (but influenced by tumour mass). Weight was unchanged or increased by ≥ 5% in 66% of patients on Day 28. The TSF was < 3rd centile in 47% of patients and increased by ≥ 0.5 cm in 57%. The MUAC was < 3rd centile in 16% of patients at diagnosis and in 10% of patients on Day 28. Febrile episodes in 60% and neutropenia in 18% of patients were successfully treated. Two patients died from presumed renal failure. The overall death rate (including the two deaths within 24 h after admission before chemotherapy was started) was 5.5% (n = 4).Conclusion: The TSF improved in the majority and the MUAC improved in some patients. Febrile neutropenia and febrile episodes could be successfully managed. The death rate during induction was lower than in our previously published results with the same chemotherapy protocol. Dietary supplementation should be a standard component of treatment in paediatric patients with cancer.
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23
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How I treat Burkitt lymphoma in children, adolescents, and young adults in sub-Saharan Africa. Blood 2018; 132:254-263. [PMID: 29769263 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-04-844472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is the most common pediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), and also occurs frequently among adolescents and young adults (AYAs), often associated with HIV. Treating BL in SSA poses particular challenges. Although highly effective, high-intensity cytotoxic treatments used in resource-rich settings are usually not feasible, and lower-intensity continuous infusion approaches are impractical. In this article, based on evidence from the region, we review management strategies for SSA focused on diagnosis and use of prephase and definitive treatment. Additionally, potentially better approaches for risk stratification and individualized therapy are elaborated. Compared with historical very low-intensity approaches, the relative safety, feasibility, and outcomes of regimens incorporating anthracyclines and/or high-dose systemic methotrexate for this population are discussed, along with requirements to administer such regimens safely. Finally, research priorities for BL in SSA are outlined including novel therapies, to reduce the unacceptable gap in outcomes for patients in SSA vs high-income countries (HICs). Sustained commitment to incremental advances and innovation, as in cooperative pediatric oncology groups in HICs, is required to transform care and outcomes for BL in SSA through international collaboration.
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24
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Howard SC, Zaidi A, Cao X, Weil O, Bey P, Patte C, Samudio A, Haddad L, Lam CG, Moreira C, Pereira A, Harif M, Hessissen L, Choudhury S, Fu L, Caniza MA, Lecciones J, Traore F, Ribeiro RC, Gagnepain-Lacheteau A. The My Child Matters programme: effect of public–private partnerships on paediatric cancer care in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet Oncol 2018; 19:e252-e266. [DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(18)30123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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25
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Howard SC, Davidson A, Luna-Fineman S, Israels T, Chantada G, Lam CG, Hunger SP, Bailey S, Ribeiro RC, Arora RS, Pedrosa F, Harif M, Metzger ML. A framework to develop adapted treatment regimens to manage pediatric cancer in low- and middle-income countries: The Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries (PODC) Committee of the International Pediatric Oncology Society (SIOP). Pediatr Blood Cancer 2017; 64 Suppl 5. [PMID: 29297619 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many children with cancer in low- and middle-income countries are treated in hospitals lacking key infrastructure, including diagnostic capabilities, imaging modalities, treatment components, supportive care, and personnel. Childhood cancer treatment regimens adapted to local conditions provide an opportunity to cure as many children as possible with the available resources, while working to improve services and supportive care. This paper from the Adapted Treatment Regimens Working Group of the Pediatric Oncology in Developing Countries committee of the International Society of Pediatric Oncology outlines the design, development, implementation, and evaluation of adapted regimens and specifies levels of services needed to deliver them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott C Howard
- University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Alan Davidson
- Haematology-Oncology Service, Red Cross Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sandra Luna-Fineman
- Hematology/Oncology/SCT, Center for Global Health, Children, Children's Hospital Colorado, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Trijn Israels
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guillermo Chantada
- CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Hospitals JP Garrahan and Austral, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Hemato-Oncology Service, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Catherine G Lam
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Stephen P Hunger
- Department of Pediatrics and the Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and The Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Simon Bailey
- Paediatric Neuro-Oncology and Paediatric Oncology, Sir James Spence Institute of Child Health, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Raul C Ribeiro
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ramandeep S Arora
- Department of Medical Oncology, Max Super-Specialty Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Mhamed Harif
- Department of Hematology, Hôpital 20 août, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Monika L Metzger
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
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26
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El-Mallawany NK, Wasswa P, Mtete I, Mutai M, Stanley CC, Mtunda M, Chasela M, Mpasa A, Wachepa S, Kamiyango W, Villiera J, Kazembe PN, Mehta PS. Identifying opportunities to bridge disparity gaps in curing childhood cancer in Malawi: Malignancies with excellent curative potential account for the majority of diagnoses. Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2017; 34:261-274. [PMID: 29190181 DOI: 10.1080/08880018.2017.1395934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The majority of African children with cancer die without access to resources. We describe efforts to build a public treatment program with curative intent for childhood cancer in Lilongwe, Malawi despite severe limitations in diagnostic and therapeutic resources. We retrospectively analyzed a cohort of childhood cancer patients at Kamuzu Central Hospital from 12/2011-6/2013. Consistently available chemotherapeutic agents were limited to cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, bleomycin, methotrexate, and prednisone. Of 258 newly diagnosed childhood malignancies, 17 patients with retinoblastoma were excluded from clinical analyses due to insufficient clinical data. Among the remainder of the cohort (n = 241), 42% were female with median age 8.4 years (range 0.6-17.9). Forty-six (19%) were HIV-infected (42 Kaposi sarcoma, 3 Burkitt lymphoma, 1 Hodgkin lymphoma). The most common clinical presentations were palpable abdominal mass (41%), peripheral lymphadenopathy (33%), and jaw mass (17%). Nearly two-thirds of total diagnoses were accounted for by Burkitt lymphoma (n = 74), Kaposi sarcoma (n = 52), Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 21), and Wilms tumor (n = 19). Twelve-month overall survival for these 4 most common diagnoses was 54% (95% confidence interval 46-61) versus 19% (95% confidence interval 11-30) for all other diagnoses (median follow-up 19 months). Treatment-related mortality was highest in patients with non-Wilms solid tumors of the abdomen (48% versus 10% for the overall cohort, p < 0.001), while treatment abandonment was highest in patients with bone and soft-tissue sarcomas (29% versus 14% overall, p = 0.05). Childhood cancers with excellent curative potential accounted for the majority of patients, establishing an opportunity to build treatment programs with curative intent despite severe limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Kim El-Mallawany
- a Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers , Houston , Texas , USA
| | - Peter Wasswa
- b Department of Pediatrics , Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers , Houston , Texas , USA.,c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Idah Mtete
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Mercy Mutai
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | | | - Mary Mtunda
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Mary Chasela
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Atupele Mpasa
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Stella Wachepa
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - William Kamiyango
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Jimmy Villiera
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Peter N Kazembe
- c Department of Pediatrics , Kamuzu Central Hospital , Lilongwe , Malawi.,d Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi , Lilongwe , Malawi
| | - Parth S Mehta
- a Department of Pediatrics , Baylor College of Medicine , Houston , Texas , USA.,b Department of Pediatrics , Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers , Houston , Texas , USA
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27
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Abstract
Satish Gopal discusses the challenges of deliverable cancer care and cancer trials in sub-Saharan Africa as well as a potential framework for overcoming these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satish Gopal
- Malawi Cancer Consortium, Lilongwe, Malawi
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Institute for Global Health and Infectious Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
- University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
- * E-mail:
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28
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El-Mallawany NK, Mutai M, Mtete I, Gopal S, Stanley CC, Wasswa P, Mtunda M, Chasela M, Kamiyango W, Villiera J, Fedoriw Y, Montgomery ND, Liomba GN, Kampani C, Krysiak R, Westmoreland KD, Kim MH, Slone JS, Scheurer ME, Allen CE, Mehta PS, Kazembe PN. Beyond Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma: Navigating Challenges of Differentiating Childhood Lymphoma Diagnoses Amid Limitations in Pathology Resources in Lilongwe, Malawi. Glob Pediatr Health 2017; 4:2333794X17715831. [PMID: 28680947 PMCID: PMC5484428 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x17715831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Although Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is the most common childhood lymphoma in sub-Saharan Africa, Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and other non-Hodgkin lymphomas occur. Diagnosing non-jaw mass presentations is challenging with limited pathology resources. Procedure. We retrospectively analyzed 114 pediatric lymphomas in Lilongwe, Malawi, from December 2011 to June 2013 and compared clinical versus pathology-based diagnoses over two time periods. Access to pathology resources became more consistent in 2013 compared with 2011-2012; pathology interpretations were based on morphology only. Results. Median age was 8.4 years (2.1-16.3). The most common anatomical sites of presentation were palpable abdominal mass 51%, peripheral lymphadenopathy 35%, and jaw mass 34%. There were 51% jaw masses among clinical diagnoses versus 11% in the pathology-based group (P < .01), whereas 62% of pathology diagnoses involved peripheral lymphadenopathy versus 16% in the clinical group (P < .01). The breakdown of clinical diagnoses included BL 85%, lymphoblastic lymphoma (LBL) 9%, HL 4%, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) 1%, whereas pathology-based diagnoses included HL 38%, BL 36%, LBL 15%, and DLBCL 11% (P < .01). Lymphoma diagnosis was pathology confirmed in 19/66 patients (29%) in 2011-2012 and 28/48 (60%) in 2013 (P < .01). The percentage of non-BL diagnoses was consistent across time periods (35%); however, 14/23 (61%) non-BL diagnoses were pathology confirmed in 2011-2012 versus 16/17 (94%) in 2013. Conclusions. Lymphomas other than Burkitt accounted for 35% of childhood lymphoma diagnoses. Over-reliance on clinical diagnosis for BL was a limitation, but confidence in non-BL diagnoses improved with time as pathology confirmation became standard. Increased awareness of non-BL lymphomas in equatorial Africa is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Kim El-Mallawany
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mercy Mutai
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Idah Mtete
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Satish Gopal
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Peter Wasswa
- Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mary Mtunda
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mary Chasela
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - William Kamiyango
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Jimmy Villiera
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,Kamuzu Central Hospital, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Yuri Fedoriw
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria H Kim
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Jeremy S Slone
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carl E Allen
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parth S Mehta
- Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Peter N Kazembe
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
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29
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Molyneux E, Schwalbe E, Chagaluka G, Banda K, Israels T, Depani S, Mittermayer-Vassallo K, Windebank K, Mvula J, Njiram'madzi J, O'Brien S, Carey P, Bailey S. The use of anthracyclines in the treatment of endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2016; 177:984-990. [PMID: 27891583 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma is the most common malignancy in children in Malawi, the world's poorest country, where there is a long history of treating this disease using a 28-day cyclophosphamide-based protocol. Stage III/IV disease has had poor outcomes. In an attempt to improve the outcome for higher stage disease, anthracyclines were added to the existing protocol. The disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of 58 children with cytologically confirmed Burkitt lymphoma admitted during 2012-2014 and treated using this protocol were calculated. Six (10%) children had stage I disease, ten (17%) stage II and 42 stage III or IV (73%). Overall 12-month DFS (OS) was 68·5% (72·9%); for stage I disease 100% (100%), stage II 56·2% (60%), stage III/IV 66·3% (72·2%). The DFS was significantly improved from the previous protocol (P = 8 × 10-4 ). The addition of doxorubicin to stage III and IV disease resulted in a markedly improved DFS. Anthracyclines are deliverable in resource-poor settings and possibly improve the survival of children with Burkitt lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Molyneux
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Ed Schwalbe
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - George Chagaluka
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Kondwani Banda
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Trijn Israels
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarita Depani
- University College Hospital, Paediatric and Adolescent Oncology, London, UK
| | | | | | - Jessie Mvula
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Jenala Njiram'madzi
- Department of Paediatrics, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Stephen O'Brien
- Northern Institute of Cancer Research, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Peter Carey
- Department of Haematology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Simon Bailey
- Great North Childrens Hospital and University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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30
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Buckle G, Maranda L, Skiles J, Ong'echa JM, Foley J, Epstein M, Vik TA, Schroeder A, Lemberger J, Rosmarin A, Remick SC, Bailey JA, Vulule J, Otieno JA, Moormann AM. Factors influencing survival among Kenyan children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma between 2003 and 2011: A historical cohort study. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:1231-40. [PMID: 27136063 PMCID: PMC5489240 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Discovering how to improve survival and establishing clinical reference points for children diagnosed with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) in resource-constrained settings has recaptured international attention. Using multivariate analyses, we evaluated 428 children with eBL in Kenya for age, gender, tumor stage, nutritional status, hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Plasmodium falciparum prior to induction of chemotherapy (cyclophosphamide, vincristine, methotrexate and doxorubicin) to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers of survival. During this 10 year prospective study period, 22% died in-hospital and 78% completed six-courses of chemotherapy. Of those, 16% relapsed or died later; 31% achieved event-free-survival; and 31% were lost to follow-up; the overall one-year survival was 45%. After adjusting for covariates, low hemoglobin (<8 g/dL) and high LDH (>400 mU/ml) were associated with increased risk of death (adjusted Hazard Ratio (aHR) = 1.57 [0.97-2.41]) and aHR = 1.84, [0.91-3.69], respectively). Anemic children with malaria were 3.55 times more likely to die [1.10-11.44] compared to patients without anemia or malarial infection. EBV load did not differ by tumor stage nor was it associated with survival. System-level factors can also contribute to poor outcomes. Children were more likely to die when inadvertently overdosed by more than 115% of the correct dose of cyclophosphamide (a HR = 1.43 [0.84-2.43]) or doxorubicin (a HR = 1.25, [0.66-2.35]), compared with those receiving accurate doses of the respective agent in this setting. This study codifies risk factors associated with poor outcomes for eBL patients in Africa and provides a benchmark by which to assess improvements in survival for new chemotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Buckle
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Louise Maranda
- Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, ASC6.1063, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Jodi Skiles
- Pediatrics, Hemotology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Full address: 705 Riley Hospital Drive, RI 2629, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - John Michael Ong'echa
- Center for Global, Health Research Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Joslyn Foley
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation St. Biotech 2, Suite 318, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Mara Epstein
- Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 365 Plantation St. Biotech 1, Suite 100, Worcester, MA 01605
| | - Terry A. Vik
- Pediatrics, Hemotology/Oncology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Full address: 705 Riley Hospital Drive, ROC 4340, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | | | | | - Alan Rosmarin
- Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, H8-533, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - Scot C. Remick
- Physician Leader, Oncology and Senior Scientist, Maine Medical Center and Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Portland, ME 04074
| | - Jeffrey A. Bailey
- Medicine, Bioinformatics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, ASC4.1077, Worcester, MA 01655
| | - John Vulule
- Center for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, P. O. Box 1578-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Juliana A. Otieno
- Jaramogi Oginga Odinga Teaching and Referral Hospital, Kenya Ministry of Health, P.O. Box 849-40100, Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Ann M. Moormann
- Molecular Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, 373 Plantation Street, Biotech 2, Suite 318, Worcester MA, 01605 USA
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31
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Rees CA, Keating EM, Lukolyo H, Danysh HE, Scheurer ME, Mehta PS, Lubega J, Slone JS. Mapping the Epidemiology of Kaposi Sarcoma and Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma Among Children in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Review. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2016; 63:1325-31. [PMID: 27082516 PMCID: PMC7340190 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.26021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Children with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have an increased risk of developing Kaposi Sarcoma (KS) and non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) compared to HIV-negative children. We compiled currently published epidemiologic data on KS and NHL among children in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Among countries with available data, the median incidence of KS was 2.05/100,000 in the general pediatric population and 67.35/100,000 among HIV-infected children. The median incidence of NHL was 1.98/100,000 among the general pediatric population, while data on NHL incidence among HIV-infected children were lacking. Larger regional studies are needed to better address the dearth of epidemiologic information on pediatric KS and NHL in SSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris A Rees
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Keating
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather Lukolyo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Heather E. Danysh
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michael E Scheurer
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Parth S Mehta
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Lubega
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jeremy S Slone
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine and Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA,Texas Children’s Cancer and Hematology Centers, Houston, TX, USA
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32
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Cairo MS, Pinkerton R. Childhood, adolescent and young adult non-Hodgkin lymphoma: state of the science. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:507-30. [DOI: 10.1111/bjh.14035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell S. Cairo
- Department of Pediatrics, Medicine, Pathology, Microbiology & Immunology and Cell Biology & Anatomy; New York Medical College; Valhalla NY USA
| | - Ross Pinkerton
- Department of Oncology; Children's Health Queensland; Brisbane Australia
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33
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Arora RS, Bakhshi S. Indian Pediatric Oncology Group (InPOG) – Collaborative research in India comes of age. PEDIATRIC HEMATOLOGY ONCOLOGY JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phoj.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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34
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Stanley CC, Westmoreland KD, Heimlich BJ, El-Mallawany NK, Wasswa P, Mtete I, Butia M, Itimu S, Chasela M, Mtunda M, Chikasema M, Makwakwa V, Kaimila B, Kasonkanji E, Chimzimu F, Kampani C, Dhungel BM, Krysiak R, Montgomery ND, Fedoriw Y, Rosenberg NE, Liomba NG, Gopal S. Outcomes for paediatric Burkitt lymphoma treated with anthracycline-based therapy in Malawi. Br J Haematol 2016; 173:705-12. [PMID: 26914979 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Burkitt lymphoma (BL) is the most common paediatric cancer in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Anthracyline-based treatment is standard in resource-rich settings, but has not been described in SSA. Children ≤18 years of age with newly diagnosed BL were prospectively enrolled from June 2013 to May 2015 in Malawi. Staging and supportive care were standardized, as was treatment with CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone) for six cycles. Among 73 children with BL, median age was 9·2 years (interquartile range 7·7-11·8), 48 (66%) were male and two were positive for human immunodeficiency virus. Twelve (16%) had stage I/II disease, 36 (49%) stage III and 25 (34%) stage IV. Grade 3/4 neutropenia occurred in 17 (25%), and grade 3/4 anaemia in 29 (42%) of 69 evaluable children. Eighteen-month overall survival was 29% (95% confidence interval [CI] 18-41%) overall. Mortality was associated with age >9 years [hazard ratio [HR] 2·13, 95% CI 1·15-3·94], female gender (HR 2·12, 95% CI 1·12-4·03), stage (HR 1·52 per unit, 95% CI 1·07-2·17), lactate dehydrogenase (HR 1·03 per 100 iu/l, 95% CI 1·01-1·05), albumin (HR 0·96 per g/l, 95% CI 0·93-0·99) and performance status (HR 0·78 per 10-point increase, 95% CI 0·69-0·89). CHOP did not improve outcomes in paediatric BL compared to less intensive regimens in Malawi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Idah Mtete
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mercy Butia
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | - Mary Chasela
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | - Mary Mtunda
- Baylor College of Medicine Children's Foundation Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuri Fedoriw
- University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nora E Rosenberg
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | | | - Satish Gopal
- UNC Project-Malawi, Lilongwe, Malawi.,University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,University of Malawi College of Medicine, Blantyre, Malawi
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35
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Amato T, Abate F, Piccaluga P, Iacono M, Fallerini C, Renieri A, De Falco G, Ambrosio MR, Mourmouras V, Ogwang M, Calbi V, Rabadan R, Hummel M, Pileri S, Leoncini L, Bellan C. Clonality Analysis of Immunoglobulin Gene Rearrangement by Next-Generation Sequencing in Endemic Burkitt Lymphoma Suggests Antigen Drive Activation of BCR as Opposed to Sporadic Burkitt Lymphoma. Am J Clin Pathol 2016; 145:116-27. [PMID: 26712879 PMCID: PMC4778259 DOI: 10.1093/ajcp/aqv011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Recent studies using next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis disclosed the importance of the intrinsic activation of the B-cell receptor (BCR) pathway in the pathogenesis of sporadic Burkitt lymphoma (sBL) due to mutations of TCF3/ID3 genes. Since no definitive data are available on the genetic landscape of endemic Burkitt (eBL), we first assessed the mutation frequency of TCF3/ID3 in eBL compared with sBL and subsequently the somatic hypermutation status of the BCR to answer whether an extrinsic activation of BCR signaling could also be demonstrated in Burkitt lymphoma. Methods: We assessed the mutations of TCF3/ID3 by RNAseq and the BCR status by NGS analysis of the immunoglobulin genes (IGs). Results: We detected mutations of TCF3/ID3 in about 30% of the eBL cases. This rate is significantly lower than that detected in sBL (64%). The NGS analysis of IGs revealed intraclonal diversity, suggesting an active targeted somatic hypermutation process in eBL compared with sBL. Conclusions: These findings support the view that the antigenic pressure plays a key role in the pathogenetic pathways of eBL, which may be partially distinct from those driving sBL development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Amato
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Abate
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Pierpaolo Piccaluga
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Iacono
- Roche Tissue Diagnostic & Sequencing, Roche Diagnostic S.P.A. Monza (MB), Italy
| | - Chiara Fallerini
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Renieri
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giulia De Falco
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | - Vaselious Mourmouras
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Roul Rabadan
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Michael Hummel
- Institut Fur Pathologie, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Charitè, Universitatsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Hematopathology Section, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic, and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, Bologna University School of Medicine, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Leoncini
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Cristiana Bellan
- From the Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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36
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Depani S, Banda K, Bailey S, Israels T, Chagaluka G, Molyneux E. Outcome is unchanged by adding vincristine upfront to the Malawi 28-day protocol for endemic Burkitt lymphoma. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1929-34. [PMID: 26052841 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously reported a 28-day treatment protocol for children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) which included four doses of cyclophosphamide (CPM), intrathecal methotrexate and hydrocortisone (IT MTX/HC) at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Malawi which resulted in an Event-Free Survival (EFS) of 50% at 1 year. METHODS In an attempt to improve survival whilst maintaining acceptable toxicity, brevity, low-cost and a standard treatment for all patients, four doses of vincristine (VCR) at 1.5 mg/m(2) were added to the backbone of CPM 40 mg/kg on day 1 and 60 mg/kg on days 8,18 and 28 and IT MTX /HC 12.5 mg on days 1,8,18 and 28. RESULTS Seventy cytology confirmed cases of BL, 42 males and 28 females with a median age of 80 years, were treated with this protocol between January 2010 and April 2012. Four percent had St Jude Stage I disease; 29% Stage II; 30% Stage III and 37% Stage IV. Disease site in order of frequency was face (64%); abdomen (47%); CSF (26%) and paraspinal (17%). There were two on-treatment deaths. Sixty-three percent required antibiotics and 19% required blood transfusion. Eighty-one percent of patients achieved complete clinical remission at day 28. Overall predicted EFS at 1 year was 48%; 100% in Stage I, 83% in Stage II, 24% in Stage III and 32% in Stage IV disease. EFS was significantly worse in patients with Stage III/IV disease (P = 0.002) and paraplegia (P = 0.002). CONCLUSION The addition of vincristine to the Malawi 28 day BL treatment protocol did not improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Depani
- Department of Paediatric, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi.,Children and Young People's Cancer Service, University College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Kondwani Banda
- Department of Paediatric, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Simon Bailey
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Great North Childrens Hospital, Newcastle, UK
| | - Trijn Israels
- Department of Paediatric Oncology, Outreach Programme, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - George Chagaluka
- Department of Paediatric, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
| | - Elizabeth Molyneux
- Department of Paediatric, Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
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37
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Minard-Colin V, Brugières L, Reiter A, Cairo MS, Gross TG, Woessmann W, Burkhardt B, Sandlund JT, Williams D, Pillon M, Horibe K, Auperin A, Le Deley MC, Zimmerman M, Perkins SL, Raphael M, Lamant L, Klapper W, Mussolin L, Poirel HA, Macintyre E, Damm-Welk C, Rosolen A, Patte C. Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma in Children and Adolescents: Progress Through Effective Collaboration, Current Knowledge, and Challenges Ahead. J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:2963-74. [PMID: 26304908 PMCID: PMC4979194 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.59.5827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is the fourth most common malignancy in children, has an even higher incidence in adolescents, and is primarily represented by only a few histologic subtypes. Dramatic progress has been achieved, with survival rates exceeding 80%, in large part because of a better understanding of the biology of the different subtypes and national and international collaborations. Most patients with Burkitt lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma are cured with short intensive pulse chemotherapy containing cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, and high-dose methotrexate. The benefit of the addition of rituximab has not been established except in the case of primary mediastinal B-cell lymphoma. Lymphoblastic lymphoma is treated with intensive, semi-continuous, longer leukemia-derived protocols. Relapses in B-cell and lymphoblastic lymphomas are rare and infrequently curable, even with intensive approaches. Event-free survival rates of approximately 75% have been achieved in anaplastic large-cell lymphomas with various regimens that generally include a short intensive B-like regimen. Immunity seems to play an important role in prognosis and needs further exploration to determine its therapeutic application. ALK inhibitor therapeutic approaches are currently under investigation. For all pediatric lymphomas, the intensity of induction/consolidation therapy correlates with acute toxicities, but because of low cumulative doses of anthracyclines and alkylating agents, minimal or no long-term toxicity is expected. Challenges that remain include defining the value of prognostic factors, such as early response on positron emission tomography/computed tomography and minimal disseminated and residual disease, using new biologic technologies to improve risk stratification, and developing innovative therapies, both in the first-line setting and for relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Minard-Colin
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Laurence Brugières
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Alfred Reiter
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Mitchell S Cairo
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Thomas G Gross
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Wilhelm Woessmann
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Birgit Burkhardt
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - John T Sandlund
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Denise Williams
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Marta Pillon
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Keizo Horibe
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Anne Auperin
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Marie-Cécile Le Deley
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Martin Zimmerman
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Sherrie L Perkins
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Martine Raphael
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Laurence Lamant
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Wolfram Klapper
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Lara Mussolin
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Hélène A Poirel
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Elizabeth Macintyre
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Christine Damm-Welk
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Angelo Rosolen
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels
| | - Catherine Patte
- Véronique Minard-Colin, Laurence Brugières, Anne Auperin, Marie-Cécile Le Deley, and Catherine Patte, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif; Martine Raphael, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique UMR 8126, Université Paris Sud; Elizabeth Macintyre, Université Paris Descartes Sorbonne Cité, Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Institut National de Recherche Médicale U1151, and Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Necker Enfants-Malades, Paris; Laurence Lamant, Institut Universitaire du Cancer Toulouse Oncopole and Université Paul-Sabatier, Toulouse, France; Alfred Reiter, Wilhelm Woessmann, and Christine Damm-Welk, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen; Birgit Burkhardt, Children University Hospital, Münster; Martin Zimmerman, Medizinische Hochschule, Hannover; Wolfram Klapper, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany; Mitchell S. Cairo, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY; Thomas G. Gross, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD; John T. Sandlund, St Jude Children's Research Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Memphis, TN; Sherrie L. Perkins, University of Utah Health Sciences, Salt Lake City, UT; Denise Williams, Cambridge University Hospitals Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom; Marta Pillon and Angelo Rosolen, University of Padova, Padova; Lara Mussolin, Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrico-Fondazione Cittàdella Speranza and University of Padua, Padua, Italy; Keizo Horibe, National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya, Japan; and Hélène A. Poirel, Center for Human Genetics, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc-Université Catholique de Louvain, Belgium, Brussels.
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Harif M, Hessissen L, Patte C. [Realizations and challenges of childhood cancer in Africa: experiences of the Franco-African Group of Pediatric Oncology]. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:61-2. [PMID: 26112523 DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(15)30032-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Harif
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Mohammed VI, 6 Rue Ibn Sina, Amarchich, Marrakech, Maroc.
| | - L Hessissen
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Ibn Sina, Rabat, Maroc
| | - C Patte
- Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
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Le développement des compétences. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:63-4. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(15)30033-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Patte C, Traore F, El Kababri M, Bouda C, Leverger G, Raquin MA, Harif M. La guérison des lymphomes de Burkitt, de la France à l'Afrique. Arch Pediatr 2015; 22:65-6. [DOI: 10.1016/s0929-693x(15)30034-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kruger M, Hendricks M, Davidson A, Stefan CD, van Eyssen AL, Uys R, van Zyl A, Hesseling P. Childhood cancer in Africa. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:587-92. [PMID: 24214130 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The majority of children with cancer live in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) with little or no access to cancer treatment. The purpose of the paper is to describe the current status of childhood cancer treatment in Africa, as documented in publications, dedicated websites and information collected through surveys. Successful twinning programmes, like those in Malawi and Cameroon, as well as the collaborative clinical trial approach of the Franco-African Childhood Cancer Group (GFAOP), provide good models for childhood cancer treatment. The overview will hopefully influence health-care policies to facilitate access to cancer care for all children in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Kruger
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Tygerberg Hospital, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa
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Harif M, Traoré F, Hessissen L, Moreira C, Atteby JJ. Challenges for paediatric oncology in Africa. Lancet Oncol 2013; 14:279-81. [PMID: 23561740 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(12)70569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Hesseling P, Israels T, Harif M, Chantada G, Molyneux E. Practical recommendations for the management of children with endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in a resource limited setting. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2013. [PMID: 23192950 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.24407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Treatment recommendations for endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) in settings with only minimum requirements for curative treatment (PODC setting 1) are described. The reported cure rate for endemic BL is usually <50%. Facilities within setting 1 differ. Three treatment schedules are proposed based on: (1) when accurate staging is not possible, (2) when staging is possible and for (3) relapses and poor responders to primary therapy. A literature review and personal experience were used to formulate the recommendations. Recorded 1-year event free survival was 48% for treatment 1, 61% for treatment 2, and 35% for the rescue treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hesseling
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Stellenbosch, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Reduction of child mortality is one of the Millennium Development Goals; as low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) advance toward the achievement of this goal, initiatives aimed at reducing the burden of noncommunicable diseases, including childhood cancer, need to be developed. RECENT FINDINGS Approximately 200 000 children and adolescents are diagnosed with cancer every year worldwide; of those, 80% live in LMICs, which account for 90% of the deaths. Lack of quality population-based cancer registries in LMICs limits our knowledge of the epidemiology of pediatric cancer; however, available information showing variations in incidence may indicate unique interactions between environmental and genetic factors that could provide clues to cause. Outcome of children with cancer in LMICs is dictated by late presentation and underdiagnosis, high abandonment rates, high prevalence of malnutrition and other comorbidities, suboptimal supportive and palliative care, and limited access to curative therapies. Initiatives integrating program building with education of healthcare providers and research have proven to be successful in the development of regional capacity. Intensity-graduated treatments adjusted to the local capacity have been developed. SUMMARY Childhood cancer burden is shifted toward LMICs; global initiatives directed at pediatric cancer care and control are urgently needed. International partnerships facilitating stepwise processes that build capacity while incorporating epidemiology and health services research and implementing intensity-graduated treatments have been shown to be effective.
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Cunha KCCMS, Oliveira MCLA, Gomes ACS, de Castro LPF, Viana MB. Clinical course and prognostic factors of children with Burkitt's lymphoma in a developing country: the experience of a single centre in Brazil. Rev Bras Hematol Hemoter 2012; 34:361-6. [PMID: 23125545 PMCID: PMC3486827 DOI: 10.5581/1516-8484.20120093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Burkitt's lymphoma is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in children. The aim of this study was to characterize the clinical course and prognostic factors of children and adolescents with Burkitt's lymphoma treated in the Hematology Unit of Hospital das Clínicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Methods: A retrospective cohort study was made of 50 consecutive cases of children and adolescents aged 16 years or less with Burkitt's lymphoma admitted between January 1981 and December 2007. Prognostic factors associated with death were evaluated using the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the two-tailed log-rank test. Results: The median age at diagnosis was 4.7 years. Most patients had abdominal tumors (66.7%) and advanced disease (68.9%) at diagnosis. Thirty-eight patients (84.4%) achieved complete clinical remission and 33 (73.3%) were alive at the first remission. Twelve children (26.7%) died. The median follow-up was 35 months with the probability of overall survival being 73% (89.2% and 35.7% for patients with uric acid < 7 mg/dL and ≥ 7.0 mg/dL, respectively - p-value < 0.001). Uric acid was the only significant prognostic factor at diagnosis. Conclusion: Our findings confirm the favorable prognosis of children with Burkitt's lymphoma even when treated with intermediate doses of methotrexate (500 mg/m2). Survival was significantly lower for individuals with concentrations of uric acid > 7 mg/dL.
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Early mortality in children with advanced mature B-cell malignancies in a middle-income country. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2012; 34:e266-70. [PMID: 22858572 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e31826226b1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Scant information about the early toxicity of high-dose chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of mature B-cell malignancies (B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma) in developing countries is available, so we performed a retrospective evaluation of children with B-non-Hodgkin lymphoma treated with Berlin-Frankfurt-Muenster-based protocols in Argentina (1993 to 2007). In the second protocol, induction chemotherapy was modified introducing high-dose cytarabine and etoposide (block CC) instead of high-dose methotrexate (block AA). Forty-one patients with stage III and elevated lactate dehydrogenase or stage IV or B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia were included. Five patients (12.1%) had an early death at a median of 23 days after treatment initiation, caused by sepsis in 4 and by a Stevens Johnson syndrome in 1. Children that had an early death were significantly more likely to present with renal failure (P=0.04) and have significantly higher levels of phosphate and creatinine on admission (P=0.02 and 0.008). Eighty percent of children dying early had prior extensive abdominal surgery and positive blood cultures after the first cycle. Induction with AA block was associated with a higher frequency of severe orointestinal toxicity (P=0.04). We conclude that renal failure was associated to increased risk of mortality leading to a higher risk of sepsis, especially in patients that underwent abdominal surgery.
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Ngoma T, Adde M, Durosinmi M, Githang'a J, Aken'Ova Y, Kaijage J, Adeodou O, Rajab J, Brown BJ, Leoncini L, Naresh K, Raphael M, Hurwitz N, Scanlan P, Rohatiner A, Venzon D, Magrath I. Treatment of Burkitt lymphoma in equatorial Africa using a simple three-drug combination followed by a salvage regimen for patients with persistent or recurrent disease. Br J Haematol 2012; 158:749-62. [PMID: 22844968 PMCID: PMC3431556 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2012.09236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Prior to the introduction of the International Network for Cancer Treatment and Research (INCTR) protocol INCTR 03-06, survival of patients with Burkitt lymphoma at four tertiary care centres in equatorial Africa was probably no more than 10-20%. The results reported here for 356 patients have demonstrated marked improvement in survival through the use of a uniform treatment protocol consisting of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, vincristine, and intrathecal therapy, and the introduction of non-cross resistant second-line (salvage) therapy, consisting of ifosfamide, mesna, etoposide and cytarabine, when patients failed to achieve a complete response to first-line therapy or relapsed early. Overall survival rates of 67% and 62% were observed at 1 and 2 years (relapse is rare after 1 year of remission). Of interest was the small impact of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and bone marrow involvement on outcome. However, the presence or absence of abdominal involvement clearly defined two prognostic groups. An additional finding was the association between CSF pleocytosis and orbital tumours, suggesting that spread of tumour cells to the central nervous system may sometimes occur via direct involvement of cranial nerves in the orbit. Survival rates may be increased in patients with abdominal involvement by combining first- and second-line therapy, but verification will require a further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twalib Ngoma
- Ocean Road Cancer Institute, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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Kasamon YL, Brodsky RA, Borowitz MJ, Ambinder RF, Crilley PA, Cho SY, Tsai HL, Smith BD, Gladstone DE, Carraway HE, Huff CA, Matsui WH, Bolaños-Meade J, Jones RJ, Swinnen LJ. Brief intensive therapy for older adults with newly diagnosed Burkitt or atypical Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2012; 54:483-90. [PMID: 22835045 DOI: 10.3109/10428194.2012.715346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Older patients with Burkitt lymphoma/leukemia (BL) have inferior outcomes. Because cyclophosphamide is highly active in BL and can be dose-escalated without stem-cell rescue, we designed a short, cyclophosphamide-intensive regimen without anthracyclines for patients aged ≥ 30 with untreated, non-HIV-associated BL/atypical BL. Two cycles involving cyclophosphamide 1500 mg/m(2), vincristine, rituximab, prednisone, methotrexate 3 g/m(2), and intrathecal cytarabine were delivered 2 weeks apart, followed by intensification with high-dose cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg/day for 4 days) and rituximab. Of 21 patients, median age 53 (range, 34-75), 71% had stage IV, 95% were high-risk and 29% had performance status 3-4. Response occurred in all evaluable patients post-cycle 2 and in 76% post-intensification. Five non-relapse deaths occurred (four before intensification). The estimated 1-year and 3-year event-free survival was 52%; 1-year and 3-year overall survival was 57%. Seventeen (81%) received intensification (median 30 days to intensification). Brief, anthracycline-sparing, intensive cyclophosphamide (BASIC) therapy yields durable remissions in poorer-risk BL/atypical BL.
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Abstract
The care of children with malignant solid tumors in sub-Saharan Africa is compromised by resource deficiencies that range from inadequate healthcare budgets and a paucity of appropriately trained personnel, to scarce laboratory facilities and inconsistent drug supplies. Patients face difficulties accessing healthcare, affording investigational and treatment protocols, and attending follow-up. Children routinely present with advanced local and metastatic disease and many children cannot be offered any effective treatment. Additionally, multiple comorbidities, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV when added to acute on chronic malnutrition, compound treatment-related toxicities. Survival rates are poor. Pediatric surgical oncology is not yet regarded as a health care priority by governments struggling to achieve their millennium goals. The patterns of childhood solid malignant tumors in Africa are discussed, and the difficulties encountered in their management are highlighted. Three pediatric surgeons from different regions of Africa reflect on their experiences and review the available literature. The overall incidence of pediatric solid malignant tumor is difficult to estimate in Africa because of lack of vital hospital statistics and national cancer registries in most of countries. The reported incidences vary between 5% and 15.5% of all malignant tumors. Throughout the continent, patterns of malignant disease vary with an obvious increase in the prevalence of Burkitt lymphoma (BL) and Kaposi sarcoma in response-increased prevalence of HIV disease. In northern Africa, the most common malignant tumor is leukemia, followed by brain tumors and nephroblastoma or neuroblastoma. In sub-Saharan countries, BL is the commonest tumor followed by nephroblastoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and rhabdomyosarcoma. The overall 5-years survival varied between 5% (in Côte d'Ivoire before 2001) to 34% in Egypt and up to 70% in South Africa. In many reports, the survival rate of patients is not mentioned but is clearly very low in many sub-Saharan Africa countries (Sudan, Nigeria). Late presentation was observed for many tumors like nephroblastoma in Nigeria, 72% were stages III and IV or BL stages III and IV were observed in 40% and 30%, respectively. Africa bears a great burden of childhood cancer. Cancer is now curable in developed countries as survival rates approach 80%, but in Africa, >80% of children still die without access to adequate treatment. Sharpening the needlepoint of surgical expertise will, of itself, not compensate for the major infrastructural deficiencies, but must proceed in tandem with resource development and allow heath planners to realize that pediatric surgical oncology is a cost-effective service that can uplift regional services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G P Hadley
- Department of Paediatric Surgery, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.
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Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death and disability in sub-Saharan Africa and will eclipse infectious diseases within the next several decades if current trends continue. Hematologic malignancies, including non-Hodgkin lymphoma, leukemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, and multiple myeloma, account for nearly 10% of the overall cancer burden in the region, and the incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and Hodgkin lymphoma is rapidly increasing as a result of HIV. Despite an increasing burden, mechanisms for diagnosing, treating, and palliating malignant hematologic disorders are inadequate. In this review, we describe the scope of the problem, including the impact of endemic infections, such as HIV, Epstein-Barr virus, malaria, and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus. We additionally describe current limitations in hematopathology, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, and supportive care and palliation. We review contemporary treatment and outcomes of hematologic malignancies in the region and outline a clinical service and research agenda, which builds on recent global health successes combating HIV and other infectious diseases. Achieving similar progress against hematologic cancers in sub-Saharan Africa will require the sustained collaboration and advocacy of the entire global cancer community.
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