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Carvalho T, Landim MG, Lima MLD, Bittar C, Faria BCDAO, Rahal P, de Lima MCF, Junior VFDV, Joanitti GA, Calmon MF. Synthesis of copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) oil nanoemulsion and the potential against Zika virus: An in vitro study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283817. [PMID: 37676868 PMCID: PMC10484457 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has spread all over the world since its major outbreak in 2015. This infection has been recognized as a major global health issue due to the neurological complications related to ZIKV infection, such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome and Zika virus Congenital Syndrome. Currently, there are no vaccines or specific treatments for ZIKV infection, which makes the development of specific therapies for its treatment very important. Several studies have been developed to analyze the potential of compounds against ZIKV, with the aim of finding new promising treatments. Herein, we evaluate the ability of a copaiba (Copaifera officinalis) oil nanoemulsion (CNE) to inhibit ZIKV. First, the highest non-cytotoxic concentration of 180 μg/mL was chosen since this concentration maintains 80% cell viability up to 96h after treatment with CNE in VERO cells resulted from MTT assay. The intracellular uptake assay was performed, and confirmed the internalization of the nanoemulsion in cells at all times analyzed. VERO cells were infected with ZIKV and simultaneously treated with CNE and the nanoformulation without oil (ENE) at the highest non-toxic concentration. The results evaluated by plaque assay revealed a viral inhibition of 80% for CNE and 70% for ENE. A dose-dependence assay revealed that the CNE treatment demonstrated a dose-dependent response in the viral RNA levels, whereas all ENE tested concentrations exhibited a similar degree of reduction. Taken together, our results suggest CNE as a promising nano-sized platform to be further studied for antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Carvalho
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcela Guimarães Landim
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LBCNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário – Centro Metropolitano, Ceilândia Sul, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria Letícia Duarte Lima
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Bittar
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Carvalho de Araújo Oliveira Faria
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LBCNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário – Centro Metropolitano, Ceilândia Sul, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Paula Rahal
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | | | | | - Graziella Anselmo Joanitti
- Laboratory of Bioactive Compounds and Nanobiotechnology (LBCNano), University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário – Centro Metropolitano, Ceilândia Sul, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Nanoscience and Nanobiotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasilia, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marilia Freitas Calmon
- Department of Biology, São Paulo State University—UNESP, Rua Cristóvão Colombo, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
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da Cruz CBL, Sousa Filho LF, Lima DA, de Gois JI, de Oliveira ED. Effect of Phonophoresis and Copaiba Oil on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers after Skeletal Muscle Injury in Rats. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2021; 47:2657-2663. [PMID: 34243989 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2021.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of phonophoresis with copaiba oil gel, in comparison to therapeutic pulsed ultrasound alone or topical application of copaiba oil gel, on oxidative stress after a traumatic muscle injury. Forty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: control, muscle injury, therapeutic pulsed ultrasound (TPU), copaiba oil gel (CO) and TPU plus CO. TPU and CO application occurred at 2, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h after injury. The gastrocnemius muscle was injured by mechanical trauma. Malondialdehyde (a lipoperoxidation marker) and superoxide dismutase and catalase (antioxidant enzymes) were assessed 98 h after muscle injury. All were elevated in the muscle injury group. There was a significant difference among treatment groups favoring TPU plus CO for reducing malondialdehyde levels, but all treatments reduced superoxide dismutase and catalase activity, with no between-groups difference. In conclusion, phonophoresis-the application of TPU plus CO-was superior to TPU or CO alone for reducing lipoperoxidation. Phonophoresis, TPU alone and CO were all effective in decreasing antioxidant enzyme activity after a traumatic skeletal muscle injury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Fernando Sousa Filho
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil; Graduate Program in Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Diego Alves Lima
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
| | - Joyce Izabel de Gois
- Department of Physiotherapy, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristovão, Brazil
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Methanolic Crude Extract of Hagenia abyssinica Possesses Significant Antidiarrheal Effect: Evidence for In Vivo Antidiarrheal Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:9944629. [PMID: 34055027 PMCID: PMC8143890 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9944629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Hagenia abyssinica is one of the most commonly used medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhea in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the antidiarrheal effect of methanol crude extract of H. abyssinica leaves in mice. Methods Acute toxicity testing was conducted using Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development guidelines. The antidiarrheal activity of the crude extract of H. abyssinica was investigated using three animal models such as small intestine transit, enteropooling, and castor oil-induced diarrhea models. The extract was administered at three different doses (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg) to the test groups, while the positive control group received 3 mg/kg of loperamide and the negative control group received 10 ml/kg of vehicle (distilled water). Results The crude extract of H. abyssinica did not exhibit death at the limit dose (2 g/kg) throughout the observation period. In the castor oil-induced model, the crude extract at a dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg exhibited a significant (P < 0.05) antimotility effect as compared to the negative control. The crude extract revealed a significant reduction in the volume and weight of intestinal contents at 200 and 400 mg/kg doses of the extract. Moreover, the highest antidiarrheal index (ADI) was obtained with the dose of 400 mg/kg of crude extract, which was comparable to the standard drug. Conclusion The crude extract of Hagenia abyssinica possesses antidiarrheal activity and supports the traditional use of H. abyssinica for the management of diarrhea.
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Ahmad MH, Zezi AU, Anafi SB, Alhassan Z, Mohammed M, Danraka RN. Mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum diels (combretaceae): Involvement of opioidergic and (α 1 and β)-adrenergic pathways. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 269:113750. [PMID: 33359856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The plant Combretum hypopilinum Diels (Combretaceae) is used in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea and other diseases in Africa. Previously, the antidiarrhoeal activity of its methanol leaf extract was reported. However, the mechanism(s) responsible for this activity is yet to be evaluated. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to elucidate the possible mechanism(s) of antidiarrhoeal activity of methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum (MECH) in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS Phytochemical screening and acute toxicity study were conducted according to standard methods. Adult mice were orally (p.o) administered distilled water (10 ml/kg), MECH (1000 mg/kg) and loperamide (5 mg/kg). The probable mechanisms of antidiarrhoeal activity of MECH were investigated following pretreatment with naloxone (2 mg/kg, subcutaneously), prazosin (1 mg/kg, s.c), yohimbine (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), propranolol (1 mg/kg, i.p), pilocarpine (1 mg/kg, s.c) and isosorbide dinitrate (150 mg/kg, p.o) 30 min before administration of MECH (1000 mg/kg). The mice were then subjected to castor oil-induced intestinal motility test. RESULTS The oral median lethal dose (LD50) of MECH was found to be higher than 5000 mg/kg. There were significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the charcoal movement in the mice treated with the MECH (1000 mg/kg) and loperamide (5 mg/kg). The pretreatment of the mice with naloxone, prazosin and propranolol each significantly (p<0.05) reversed the antidiarrhoeal activity produced by MECH. CONCLUSION The results obtained in this study suggest the probable involvement of opioidergic and (α1 and β)-adrenergic systems in the antidiarrhoeal activity of the methanol leaf extract of Combretum hypopilinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubarak Hussaini Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmacy Technician, Aminu Dabo College of Health Sciences and Technology, Kano State, Nigeria.
| | - Abdulkadir Umar Zezi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Sherifat Bola Anafi
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Zakariyya Alhassan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
| | - Mustapha Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains, 11800, Pulau Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Rabi'u Nuhu Danraka
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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Alves JA, Abrão F, da Silva Moraes T, Damasceno JL, dos Santos Moraes MF, Sola Veneziani RC, Ambrósio SR, Bastos JK, Dantas Miranda ML, Gomes Martins CH. Investigation of Copaifera genus as a new source of antimycobaterial agents. Future Sci OA 2020; 6:FSO587. [PMID: 32802394 PMCID: PMC7421775 DOI: 10.2144/fsoa-2020-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This paper reports on the antimycobacterial activity of the oleoresins and extracts obtained from Copaifera spp. MATERIALS & METHODS The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and fractional inhibitory concentration index techniques helped to evaluate the effect of these oleoresins and extracts against six strains of mycobacteria that cause tuberculosis. RESULTS & CONCLUSION Among the assayed oleoresins and plant extracts, the Copaifera langsdorffii, Copaifera duckei, Copaifera reticulata and Copaifera trapezifolia oleoresins provided the lowest MIC values against some of the tested strains. The combination of Copaifera spp. samples with isoniazid did not evidence any synergistic action. Some Copaifera spp. oleoresins may represent a future source for the discovery of new antimycobacterial drugs due to their low MIC values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fariza Abrão
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Thaís da Silva Moraes
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Henrique Gomes Martins
- Research Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, University of Franca, Franca, SP, Brazil
- Laboratory of Research on Antimicrobial Trials (LaPEA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences – ICBIM, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Becker G, Brusco I, Casoti R, Marchiori MCL, Cruz L, Trevisan G, Oliveira SM. Copaiba oleoresin has topical antinociceptive activity in a UVB radiation-induced skin-burn model in mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 250:112476. [PMID: 31838179 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaiba oleoresin, extracted from Copaifera L., is used as a wound healing, analgesic, antimicrobial and, mainly, anti-inflammatory agent. Thus, in this study we investigated the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of a topical formulation containing Copaiba oleoresin (3%) in a UVB radiation-induced skin burn model (0.75 J/cm2) in mice and performed a cream-formulation stability study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The chemical composition of Copaiba oleoresin was analyzed using gas chromatography (GC-MS). The topical antinociceptive (evaluated through mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia) and the anti-inflammatory (dermal thickness and inflammatory cell infiltration) effects of treatments were assessed. The cream-formulation stability study was performed after two months, and organoleptic characteristics, pH, spreadability and rheological characteristics were analyzed. RESULTS Copaiba oleoresin cream was able to prevent UVB radiation-induced mechanical allodynia on the 2nd, 3rd and 4th day after UVB radiation exposure with a maximum inhibition (Imax) of 64.6 ± 7% observed on the 2nd day; it also reduced the thermal hyperalgesia on the 1st and 2nd days post UVB radiation, with a Imax of 100% observed on the 2nd day. Moreover, topical treatment with Copaiba oleoresin cream inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration, but did not reduce the dermal thickness. Such effects can be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of biological components, such as β-caryophyllene and other sesquiterpenes identified by GC-MS. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate that the topical formulation containing Copaiba oleoresin presented antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in mice subjected to a UVB radiation and that the cream-formulation was stable for two months. Thus, use of Copaiba oleoresin is a promising strategy for the treatment of inflammatory pain associated with sunburn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Becker
- Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
| | - Indiara Brusco
- Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rosana Casoti
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto - University of São Paulo (FCFRP-USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marila Crivellaro Lay Marchiori
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia Cruz
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Trevisan
- Graduate Program in Pharmacology, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Sara Marchesan Oliveira
- Neurotoxicity and Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Graduate Program in Biological Sciences: Biochemistry Toxicology, Center of Natural and Exact Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Pfeifer Barbosa AL, Wenzel-Storjohann A, Barbosa JD, Zidorn C, Peifer C, Tasdemir D, Çiçek SS. Antimicrobial and cytotoxic effects of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and its main diterpene acids. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 233:94-100. [PMID: 30472403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The oleoresin of Brazilian Copaifera reticulata is a traditional remedy used for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections, respiratory diseases, rheumatism, ulcer and tumours; thus, playing an important role in the primary health care of the indigenous population. AIM As most previous pharmacological tests used the crude oleoresin and only a few studies so far dealt with enriched fractions or pure chemically defined compounds, the aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of the Copaifera reticulata oleoresin and to assign traditional uses to specific secondary metabolites. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oleoresin, as well as its neutral and acidic fractions were tested for their activity against six cancer cell lines, two clinically relevant bacterial strains, and two dermatophytes. Both fractions were analysed by GC-MS and UHPLC-ELSD, respectively. The antibacterial acidic phase was further fractionated by preparative chromatography to purify and characterize the compounds responsible for the observed pharmacological effect. RESULTS Whereas no cytotoxic activity was detected, the crude oleoresin and its acidic fraction showed antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium (IC50 values 4.2 and 4.8 µg/mL, respectively) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, IC50 values 5.3 and 7.2 µg/mL, respectively). Purification of the acidic fraction of the C. reticulata oleoresin yielded two dicarboxylic diterpene acids and the four main diterpene acids, comprising three different diterpene scaffolds. Interestingly, the activity was not restricted to a particular diterpene-type but rather depended on the compounds' lipophilicity, with the most active constituent showing IC50 values of 1.6 (E. faecium) and 2.5 µg/mL (MRSA), respectively. Furthermore, ent-polyalthic acid, the major diterpenoid, was significantly active against dermatophytes with IC50 values of 6.8 µg/mL (Trichophyton rubrum) and 4.3 µg/mL against (T. mentagrophytes). CONCLUSION The present study proved the antimicrobial effects of the C. reticulata oleoresin and its diterpenoid constituents, confirming its wide use in folk medicine for the treatment of skin and urinary tract infections. The inhibitory activity of copaiba diterpenoids against dermatophytic fungi as well as the gram-positive bacteria E. faecium and MRSA is being reported for the first time, providing potential lead structures for the treatment of these clinically relevant bacterial strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Laís Pfeifer Barbosa
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Arlette Wenzel-Storjohann
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany.
| | - José Diomedes Barbosa
- Central de Diagnóstico Veterinário, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Pará, Campus Castanhal, Rua Maximino Porpino da Silva, 1000, 68710-080 Castanhal, PA, Brazil.
| | - Christian Zidorn
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Peifer
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische und Medizinische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Deniz Tasdemir
- GEOMAR Centre for Marine Biotechnology, Research Unit Marine Natural Products Chemistry, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Am Kiel-Kanal 44, 24106 Kiel, Germany; Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Serhat Sezai Çiçek
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany.
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Ribeiro VP, Arruda C, da Silva JJM, Aldana Mejia JA, Furtado NAJC, Bastos JK. Use of spinning band distillation equipment for fractionation of volatile compounds of Copaifera
oleoresins for developing a validated gas chromatographic method and evaluating antimicrobial activity. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 33:e4412. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victor Pena Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | - Caroline Arruda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto; University of São Paulo; Ribeirão Preto Brazil
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Arruda C, Aldana Mejía JA, Ribeiro VP, Gambeta Borges CH, Martins CHG, Sola Veneziani RC, Ambrósio SR, Bastos JK. Occurrence, chemical composition, biological activities and analytical methods on Copaifera genus-A review. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:1-20. [PMID: 30396065 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaifera is a genus of large trees found in Brazil, mainly in Amazon forest, but also in Atlantic forest and cerrado biomes. It has also been found in other countries in South America. In Africa, it is found mainly in Congo, Cameroon, Guinea and Angola. Its oleoresin has been used in folk medicine in the treatment of numerous healthy disorders, such as urinary, respiratory, skin and inflammatory diseases, for which there are several studies corroborating its ethnopharmacological uses. It is also extensively employed in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries in the development of ointments, pills, soaps, perfumes, among others. Copaifera oleoresin contains mainly diterpenes, such as: kaurenoic acid, kaurenol, copalic acid, agathic acid, hardwiickic acid, polyalthic acid, and sesquiterpenes, comprising β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-copaene, α-humulene, γ-muurolene and β-bisabolol, among other compounds. On the other hand, Copaifera leaves contain mainly phenolic compounds, such as flavonoids and methylated galloylquinic acid derivatives. Therefore, considering the economic importance of Copaifera oleoresin, its ethnopharmacological uses, the need to develop new pharmaceuticals for the treatment of many diseases, as well as the pharmacological potential of the compounds found in Copaifera spp., it was undertaken a review covering mostly the last two decades on the distribution, chemistry, pharmacology, quality control and safety of Copaifera species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Arruda
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Jennyfer Andrea Aldana Mejía
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | - Victor Pena Ribeiro
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. Café s/n, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-903, Brazil.
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Furtado RA, de Oliveira PF, Senedese JM, Ozelin SD, de Souza LDR, Leandro LF, de Oliveira WL, da Silva JJM, Oliveira LC, Rogez H, Ambrósio SR, Veneziani RCS, Bastos JK, Tavares DC. Assessment of genotoxic activity of oleoresins and leaves extracts of six Copaifera species for prediction of potential human risks. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 221:119-125. [PMID: 29625274 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaifera species are used in folk medicine for a wide variety of pharmacological properties. This paper reports the cytotoxic and genotoxic analyses of oleoresins and leaves extracts of Copaifera species: C. duckei, C. multijuga, C. paupera, C. pubiflora, C. reticulata and C. trapezifolia. MATERIALS AND METHODS In vitro assays were performed using Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79 cells). The clonogenic efficiency and cytokinesis-block micronucleus assays were employed for the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment, respectively. The mouse bone marrow micronucleus test was used for in vivo studies. RESULTS The cytotoxicity results using the clonogenic efficiency assay showed IC50 values ranging from 9.8 to 99.2 µg/mL for oleoresins and 66.4-721.5 for leaves extracts. However, no cytotoxic effect was observed in the in vivo studies. Additionally, the treatments with oleoresins and leaves extracts did not significantly increase the frequency of micronuclei in both in vitro and in vivo mammalian cells. The UPLC-MS/MS and CG/MS analyses of Copaifera oleoresins allowed the identification of 10 acid diterpenes and 11 major volatile sesquiterpenes. Leaves are rich in phenolic compounds including two flavonoid heterosides and 16 galloylquinic acid derivatives. CONCLUSIONS The oleoresins and leaves extracts of studied Copaifera species were not cytotoxic in vivo, as well as not genotoxic in both in vitro and vivo assays, under the experimental conditions used. Therefore, the obtained results should be sufficient to demonstrate the absence of significant genotoxic risk of these Copaifera products for human use in the evaluated concentrations range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Andrade Furtado
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Juliana Marques Senedese
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Saulo Duarte Ozelin
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Fernando Leandro
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wendel Luiz de Oliveira
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Larissa Costa Oliveira
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hervé Rogez
- School of Food Engineering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, 66095-780, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida Café s/n, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Denise Crispim Tavares
- University of Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira 201, 14404-600 Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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11
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Da Silva BJM, Hage AAP, Silva EO, Rodrigues APD. Medicinal plants from the Brazilian Amazonian region and their antileishmanial activity: a review. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2018; 16:211-222. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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12
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Quiñones OG, Hossy BH, Padua TA, Miguel NCDO, Rosas EC, Ramos MFDS, Pierre MBR. Copaiba oil enhances in vitro/in vivo cutaneous permeability and in vivo anti-inflammatory effect of celecoxib. J Pharm Pharmacol 2018; 70:964-975. [PMID: 29600536 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this article was to use copaiba oil (C.O) to improve skin permeability and topical anti-inflammatory activity of celecoxib (Cxb). METHODS Formulations containing C.O (1-50%) were associated with Cxb (2%). In vitro skin permeability studies were conducted using porcine ear skin. Histological analysis of the hairless mice skin samples after application of formulations was achieved with the routine haematoxylin/eosin technique. The anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using the AA-induced ear oedema mice model. KEY FINDINGS The formulation containing 25% C.O promoted the highest levels of in vitro Cxb permeation through pig ear skin, retention in the stratum corneum (SC) and epidermis/dermis of pig ear skin in vitro (~5-fold) and hairless mice skin in vivo (~2.0-fold), as compared with the control formulation. At 25%, C.O caused SC disorganization and increased cell infiltration and induced angiogenesis without clear signs of skin irritation. The formulation added to 25% C.O as adjuvant inhibited ear oedema and protein extravasation by 77.51 and 89.7%, respectively, and that it was, respectively, 2.0- and 3.4-fold more efficient than the commercial diethylammonium diclofenac cream gel to suppress these inflammatory parameters. CONCLUSIONS 25% C.O is a potential penetration enhancer for lipophilic drugs like Cxb that can improve cutaneous drug penetration and its anti-inflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bryan Hudson Hossy
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Elaine Cruz Rosas
- Laboratory of Applied Pharmacology, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Diefenbach AL, Muniz FWMG, Oballe HJR, Rösing CK. Antimicrobial activity of copaiba oil (Copaifera ssp.) on oral pathogens: Systematic review. Phytother Res 2017; 32:586-596. [PMID: 29193389 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Copaifera ssp. produces an oil-resin that presents antiinflammatory, antitumor, antiseptic, germicidal, antifungal, and antibacterial activity. This systematic review aimed to analyze the antimicrobial action of Copaiba oil against oral pathogens, when compared to that of control substances. A search on Medline/PubMed, LILACS, SciELO, EMBASE, and SCOPUS databases were performed up to March 2017. To be included, the studies needed to perform any antimicrobial activity essay, using copaiba oil and a control substance. The antimicrobial effect of each substance, in each study, was extracted. Eleven studies were included, and several copaiba species were used. All studies showed that copaiba oil, regardless of its species, presented a bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic effect in in vitro analyzes. Only one study showed that the antimicrobial effect of the Copaifera officinalis was similar to the one found in chlorhexidine. A higher risk of bias was detected in most of the included studies. The studies demonstrated that the antimicrobial activity of copaiba oil, in most cases, is lower than chlorhexidine, which is considered the gold standard. However, there is great potential against oral bacteria. Further high quality studies are warranted in order to assess the efficacy of copaiba oil on oral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lúcia Diefenbach
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Harry Juan Rivera Oballe
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Cassiano Kuchenbecker Rösing
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2492, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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14
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Amorim JL, Figueiredo JDB, Amaral ACF, Barros EGDO, Palmero C, MPalantinos MA, Ramos ADS, Ferreira JLP, Silva JRDA, Benjamim CF, Basso SL, Nasciutti LE, Fernandes PD. Wound healing properties of Copaifera paupera in diabetic mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0187380. [PMID: 29088304 PMCID: PMC5663518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0187380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaifera oleoresin is one of the most used natural products in popular medicine all over the world. Among other effects (i.e., anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, microbicidal) one of the most well-known is its wound healing capacity. However, the mechanism by which the oleoresin presents its effect is still not clear. In this study, our aim was to evaluate the wound healing capacity of oleoresin obtained from Copaifera paupera, its mechanism of action and identify its major components. For these purposes, diabetic Swiss Webster mice were topically treated with oleoresin (100, 150 or 200 mg/kg) for 14 consecutive days after an excision was performed in the back of the mice. Cytokines, wound retraction and histological evaluation were conducted at 3, 7 and 10 days (for cytokines); 0, 3, 7, 10 and 14 days (for wound retraction); and 7 and 14 days (for histological evaluation). Our data indicate that oleoresin significantly reduced production of MCP-1 and TNF-α at days 7 and 10 post-excision and increased IL-10 production at both days. All treatments demonstrated an effect similar or higher to that in collagenase-treated mice. Histological evaluations demonstrated that higher dose treatment resulted in better resolution and closure of the wound and higher levels of collagen deposition and indexes of re-epithelialization even when compared with the collagenase-treated group. The treatment with oleoresin from Copaifera paupera demonstrated that it is even better than an ointment routinely used for improvement of wound healing, suggesting this oleoresin as an option for use in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Luis Amorim
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | - Eliane Gouvêa de Oliveira Barros
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Célia Palmero
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - Claudia Farias Benjamim
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Silvia Luciane Basso
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Química, Laboratório de Cromatografia, Manaus, Brasil
| | - Luiz Eurico Nasciutti
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Interações Celulares, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
| | - Patricia Dias Fernandes
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Laboratório de Farmacologia da Dor e da Inflamação, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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15
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Wong YF, Uekane TM, Rezende CM, Bizzo HR, Marriott PJ. Qualitative analysis of Copaifera oleoresin using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography and gas chromatography with classical and cold electron ionisation mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1477:91-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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16
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Sahoo HB, Sagar R, Kumar A, Bhaiji A, Bhattamishra SK. Antidiarrhoeal investigation of Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) by modulation of Na +K +ATPase, nitrous oxide and intestinal transit in rats. Biomed J 2016; 39:376-381. [PMID: 28043416 PMCID: PMC6138502 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apium leptophyllum (Pers.) is an annual herb with traditional appreciation for various pharmacological properties; however, the scientific information on this herb is insufficient. The aim of the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate flavonoidal fraction of A. leptophyllum fruit (FFALF) against diarrhoea on albino rats. METHODS The antidiarrhoeal study was conducted by castor oil induce diarrhoea, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced enteropooling and intestinal transit by charcoal meal test. The rats were divided into five groups (six/group). Group I served as control and received orally 2% acacia suspension; Group II served as standard and received orally loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine sulphate (5 mg/kg); Group III, IV and V served as test groups and received the FFALF at doses of 5, 10 and 20 mg/kg orally, respectively. RESULTS In castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model, the FFALF significantly (p < 0.001) reduced the frequency of diarrhoea, defecation and weight of faeces as well as increased the sodium-potassium ATPase (Na+K+ATPase) activity and decreased nitric oxide (NO) content in the small intestine. In prostaglandin induced enteropooling model, it significantly (p < 0.01) and dose dependently slowed the intestinal fluid accumulation by decreasing the masses and volumes of intestinal fluid where as in charcoal meal test, it decreased charcoal meal transit in gastrointestinal tract as compared with control. CONCLUSIONS The study reveals that the FFALF possess anti-diarrhoeal properties mediated through inhibition of hyper secretion and gastrointestinal motility which support the traditional use of the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Biology, Vedica College of Pharmacy, RKDF University, India.
| | - Rakesh Sagar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, RKDF University, India
| | - Anjan Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
| | - Amrita Bhaiji
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Roland Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, India
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Akter K, Barnes EC, Loa-Kum-Cheung WL, Yin P, Kichu M, Brophy JJ, Barrow RA, Imchen I, Vemulpad SR, Jamie JF. Antimicrobial and antioxidant activity and chemical characterisation of Erythrina stricta Roxb. (Fabaceae). JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 185:171-181. [PMID: 26969405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The bark of Erythrina stricta Roxb. (Fabaceae) has been used in Indian indigenous systems as a remedy for rheumatism, stomach-ache, asthma, dysentery, contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections. However, there have been limited phytochemical or biological studies on the bark of E. stricta and there are no studies that align with its traditional medicinal uses. AIM OF THE STUDY The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of the stem bark of E. stricta to support its topical use in the treatment of contact dermatitis, eczema and skin infections and to isolate and identify any bioactive compounds. MATERIALS AND METHODS MTT microdilution and disc diffusion assays were used to determine the antimicrobial activities of n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water extracts of the bark of E. stricta. Column and preparative thin layer chromatography were used for the purification of the dichloromethane extract. The structures of the compounds isolated were elucidated by extensive 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques and comparison with published data. The antioxidant activities of the extracts were determined by DPPH free radical scavenging and FRAP assays and the antioxidant activity of the pure compounds by dot-blot and DPPH staining methods. RESULTS The dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and n-hexane extracts showed the most significant activity with MIC values of 7.8µg/mL, 125µg/mL, and 125µg/mL against a sensitive strain of Staphylococcus aureus. The dichloromethane and ethyl acetate extracts also showed significant activity against Candida albicans with MIC values of 125µg/mL and 1mg/mL respectively. GC-MS analysis of the n-hexane extract showed the presence of the antibacterial and antifungal compounds β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, α-selinene, β-selinene, selin-11-en-4-α-ol, α-copaene and δ-cadenine. Phytochemical studies of the dichloromethane extract led to the isolation of the novel compound erynone (1), together with six known compounds; wighteone (2), alpinum isoflavone (3), luteone (4), obovatin (5), erythrinassinate B (6) and isovanillin (7). Luteone (4) exhibited the most significant antibacterial activity with minimum inhibitory quantity (MIQ) values of 1.88µg, 1.88µg and 3.75µg, respectively, against sensitive (MSSA) and resistant strains (MRSA and MDRSA) of S. aureus using a TLC bioautography assay. Erynone (1) exhibited the greatest DPPH free radical scavenging activity. CONCLUSIONS Seven compounds, including a new chromanone, were isolated from the antimicrobial dichloromethane extract of the stem bark of E. stricta. Six of the seven compounds showed antibacterial and/or antioxidant activities. These findings provide support for the customary (traditional and contemporary) use of E. stricta bark for the treatment of skin and wound infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisarun Akter
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Emma C Barnes
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Wendy L Loa-Kum-Cheung
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Ping Yin
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Meyanungsang Kichu
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Joseph J Brophy
- School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Russell A Barrow
- Research School of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601, Australia
| | - Imchawati Imchen
- Chungtia Senso Mokokchung Town, Mokokchung, Nagaland 798601, India
| | - Subramanyam R Vemulpad
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia
| | - Joanne F Jamie
- Indigenous Bioresources Research Group, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, North Ryde, Sydney 2109, Australia.
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Salako OA, Akindele AJ, Shitta OM, Elegunde OO, Adeyemi OO. Antidiarrhoeal activity of aqueous leaf extract of Caladium bicolor (Araceae) and its possible mechanisms of action. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 176:225-231. [PMID: 26514064 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Caladium bicolor (Araceae) is a horticulture plant also used by some traditional medicine practitioners in the treatment of diarrhoea and other gastrointestinal disorders. This study was conducted to evaluate the antidiarrhoeal activity of the aqueous leaf extract of C. bicolor and its possible mechanisms of action in rodents. MATERIALS AND METHODS Normal and castor oil-induced intestinal transit and castor oil-induced diarrhoea tests were carried out in mice while gastric emptying and enteropooling tests were conducted in rats following the administration of distilled water (10 ml/kg, p.o.), C. bicolor extract (1-50mg/kg, p.o.) and loperamide (5mg/kg, p.o.). The probable mechanisms of action of C. bicolor was investigated following pre-treatment with yohimbine (10mg/kg, s.c.; α2-adrenoceptor antagonist), pilocarpine (1mg/kg, s.c.; non-selective muscarinic receptor agonist), prazosin (1mg/kg, s.c.; α1-adrenoceptor antagonist) and propranolol (1mg/kg, i.p.; non-selective β-adrenoceptor antagonist) 15 min prior to administration of C. bicolor extract (50mg/kg, p.o.). After 30 min of pre-treatment with these drugs, the mice were subjected to the castor oil-induced intestinal transit test. RESULTS C. bicolor extract did not produce significant (p>0.05) effect on normal intestinal transit unlike loperamide which caused significant (p<0.001) inhibition (61.57%). The extract caused significant (p<0.001) dose-dependent inhibition of castor oil-induced intestinal transit with peak effect, 100% inhibition, elicited at the dose of 50mg/kg compared to 86.97% inhibition for loperamide. Yohimbine and pilocarpine most significantly (p<0.001) reversed this effect of the extract. In the castor oil-induced diarrhoea test, the extract (1mg/kg) and loperamide significantly (p<0.05, 0.01) delayed the onset of diarrhoea. For diarrhoea score, the extract (1 and 50mg/kg) inhibited diarrhoea development (47.53% and 43.83% inhibition, respectively) like loperamide (5mg/kg; 54.94%). The in vivo antidiarrhoeal index of the extract at 1 and 50mg/kg was 50.07% and 42.81% respectively compared to 58.15% for loperamide. CONCLUSIONS The results obtained in this study suggest that the aqueous leaf extract of C. bicolor possess antidiarrhoeal activity due to its anti-motility effect possibly via antagonist action on intestinal muscarinic receptors and agonist action on intestinal α2-adrenoceptors. This justifies the use of the extract in traditional medicine for the treatment of diarrhoea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olanrewaju A Salako
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Campus, P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Abidemi J Akindele
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Campus, P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria.
| | - Omotoyosi M Shitta
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Campus, P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olajumoke O Elegunde
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Campus, P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Olufunmilayo O Adeyemi
- Department of Pharmacology, Therapeutics & Toxicology (PTT), Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Lagos, Idi-Araba Campus, P.M.B. 12003 Lagos, Nigeria.
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de S Vargas F, D O de Almeida P, Aranha ESP, de A Boleti AP, Newton P, de Vasconcellos MC, Junior VFV, Lima ES. Biological activities and cytotoxicity of diterpenes from Copaifera spp. Oleoresins. Molecules 2015; 20:6194-210. [PMID: 25859778 PMCID: PMC6272497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaifera spp. are Amazonian species widely studied and whose oleoresins are used by local people for various medicinal purposes. However, a detailed study of the activity of the main phytochemical components of these oleoresins remains to be done. Here, we studied the cytotoxicity and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of six diterpene acids: copalic, 3-hydroxy-copalic, 3-acetoxy-copalic, hardwickiic, kolavic-15-metyl ester, and kaurenoic, isolated from the oleoresins of Copaifera spp. The diterpenes did not show cytotoxicity in normal cell lines, nor did they show significant changes in viability of tumoral line cells. The 3-hydroxy-copalic was able to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase (64% ± 1.5%) at 250 µM. The kolavic-15-metyl ester at 200 µM showed high inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase (89.5% ± 1.2%). Among the diterpenes tested, only kaurenoic and copalic acids showed significant hemolytic activities with 61.7% and 38.4% at 100 µM, respectively. In addition, it was observed that only the copalic acid (98.5% ± 1.3%) and hardwickiic acid (92.7% ± 4.9%) at 100 mM inhibited nitric oxide production in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. In this assay, the diterpenes did not inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α production. The acids inhibited the production of IL-6, 3-acetoxy-copalic (23.8% ± 8.2%), kaurenoic (11.2% ± 5.7%), kolavic-15-methyl ester (17.3% ± 4.2%), and copalic (4.2% ± 1.8%), respectively, at 25 µM. The kaurenoic, 3-acetoxy-copalic and copalic acids increased IL-10 production. This study may provide a basis for future studies on the therapeutic role of diterpenic acids in treating acute injuries such as inflammation or skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano de S Vargas
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia D O de Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Elenn Suzany P Aranha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de A Boleti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Peter Newton
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Marne C de Vasconcellos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Valdir F Veiga Junior
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Emerson S Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
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20
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Santiago KB, Conti BJ, Murbach Teles Andrade BF, Mangabeira da Silva JJ, Rogez HLG, Crevelin EJ, Beraldo de Moraes LA, Veneziani R, Ambrósio SR, Bastos JK, Sforcin JM. Immunomodulatory action of Copaifera spp oleoresins on cytokine production by human monocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2015; 70:12-8. [PMID: 25776472 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2014.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaifera spp oleoresins have been used in folk medicine for centuries; nevertheless, its immunomodulatory action has not been investigated. Thus, the goal of this study was to characterize different oleoresins and to verify their action on human monocytes regarding pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production (TNF-α and IL-10, respectively). The chemical composition of Brazilian Copaifera reticulata, Copaifera duckey and Copaifera multijuga oleoresins was analyzed by HPLC-MS. Cell viability was assessed by MTT method after incubation of cells with Copaifera spp. Noncytotoxic concentrations of oleoresins were incubated with human monocytes from healthy donors, and cytokine production was determined by ELISA. HPLC-MS analysis for terpenes allowed the identification of six diterpene acids and one sesquiterpene acid. Oleoresins exerted no cytotoxic effects on human monocytes. All oleoresins had a similar profile: LPS-induced TNF-α production was maintained by oleoresins, while a significant inhibitory action on IL-10 production was seen. Copaifera oleoresins seemed to exert an activator profile on human monocytes without affecting cell viability. Such effect may be due to the presence of either diterpene or sesquiterpene acids; however, further studies are necessary to determine the involvement of such compounds in Copaifera immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Basso Santiago
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno José Conti
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Jonas Joaquim Mangabeira da Silva
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Hervé Louis Ghislain Rogez
- School of Food Engeneering, Institute of Technology, Federal University of Pará, 66095-780, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Eduardo José Crevelin
- Chemistry Department, School of Phylosophy, Sciences and Languages, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Alberto Beraldo de Moraes
- Chemistry Department, School of Phylosophy, Sciences and Languages, University of São Paulo, 14040-901, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Veneziani
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Ricardo Ambrósio
- University of Franca, Av. Dr. Armando Salles Oliveira, 201-Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, SP, Brazil
| | - Jairo Kenupp Bastos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - José Maurício Sforcin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Biosciences Institute, UNESP, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Dharmalingam SR, Madhappan R, Ramamurthy S, Chidambaram K, Srikanth MV, Shanmugham S, Senthil Kumar KL. Investigation on antidiarrhoeal activity of Aristolochia indica Linn. Root extracts in mice. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL, COMPLEMENTARY, AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINES 2014; 11:292-4. [PMID: 25435611 DOI: 10.4314/ajtcam.v11i2.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study aimed at investigating the effect of ethanolic extract (EtAI), and aqueous extract (AqAI) of Aristolochia indica Linn roots on castor oil-induced diarrhoea and study on small intestinal transit. Phytochemical analysis of extracts was performed as per standard procedure. MATERIALS AND METHODS The oral toxicity study using Swiss albino mice was performed in accordance with OECD guidelines. The EtAI and AqAI extracts of Aristolochia indica Linn were studied for antidiarrhoeal property using castor oil-induced diarrhoeal model and charcoal-induced gastrointestinal motility test in Swiss albino mice. RESULTS Among the tested doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight, the extracts reduced the frequency and severity of diarrhoea in test animals throughout the study period. At the same doses, the extract delayed the intestinal transit of charcoal meal in test animals as compared to the control and the results were statistically significant. CONCLUSION Experimental findings showed that ethanol extract of Aristolochia indica Linn root possess significant antidiarrheal activity and may be a potent source of anti-diarrhoeal drug in future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajkumar Madhappan
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Padmavathi College of Pharmacy and Research Institute, India
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kumarappan Chidambaram
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Meka Venkata Srikanth
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Suresh Shanmugham
- School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Bukit Jalil, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - K L Senthil Kumar
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Padmavathi College of Pharmacy and Research Institute, India
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Copaiba oil suppresses inflammatory cytokines in splenocytes of C57Bl/6 mice induced with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Molecules 2014; 19:12814-26. [PMID: 25153880 PMCID: PMC6271072 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a murine autoimmune disease used to study multiple sclerosis. We have investigated the immunomodulatory effects of copaiba oil (100, 50 and 25 µg/mL) on NO, H2O2, TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-17 production in cultured cells from EAE-mice. Copaiba oil (100 µg/mL) inhibited H2O2, NO, IFN-γ TNF-α and IL-17 production spontaneously or after ConA and MOG35–55 stimulation. It is suggested that copaiba oil acts on the mechanism of development of EAE by IFN-γ, IL-17 and TNF-α inhibition, modulating the immune response on both Th1 and Th17 cells.
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Sahoo HB, Sahoo SK, Sarangi SP, Sagar R, Kori ML. Anti-diarrhoeal investigation from aqueous extract of Cuminum cyminum Linn. Seed in Albino rats. Pharmacognosy Res 2014; 6:204-9. [PMID: 25002800 PMCID: PMC4080500 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.132596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cuminum cyminum Linn. (Umbelliferae), commonly known as Jeera. It is native from mediterranean region, but today widely cultivated in Asian countries. It has been reported to possess various medicinal properties and an important food ingredient. The seed of the plant are claimed for treatment of diarrhoea by various traditional practitioners. Objectives: Hence, the present investigation was undertaken to evaluate aq. extract of C. cyminum seeds (ACCS) against diarrhoea on albino rats. Materials and Methods: The animals were divided into five groups and the control group was applied with 2% acacia suspension, the standard group with loperamide (3 mg/kg) or atropine sulphate (5mg/kg) and three test groups administered orally with 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg of ACCS. The antidiarrhoeal effect was investigated by castor oil induce diarrhoea model, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) induced enteropooling model, intestinal transit by charcoal meal test. Results: The ACCS showed significant (P < 0.001) inhibition in frequency of diarrhoea, defecation time delaying, secretion of intestinal fluid as well as intestinal propulsion as compared to control and the graded doses of tested extract followed dose dependent protection against diarrhoea. Conclusions: The study reveals that the ACCS is a potent antidiarrhoeal drug which supports the traditional claim.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Bhusan Sahoo
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Biology, Vedica College of Pharmacy, RKDF University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Sri Sivani College of Pharmacy, Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Sarada Prasad Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jayamukhi Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Warangal, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Sagar
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Sri Satya Sai Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Mohan Lal Kori
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Vedica College of Pharmacy, RKDF University, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, India
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de Oliveira Marreiro R, Bandeira MFCL, de Souza TP, de Almeida MC, Bendaham K, Venâncio GN, Rodrigues IC, Coelho CN, Milério PSLL, de Oliveira GP, de Oliveira Conde NC. Evaluation of the stability and antimicrobial activity of an ethanolic extract of Libidibia ferrea. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6:9-13. [PMID: 24501546 PMCID: PMC3912047 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s54319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilm is a dense, whitish, noncalcified aggregate of bacteria, with desquamated epithelial cells and food debris creating conditions for an imbalance of resident oral microflora and favoring the destruction of hard and soft tissues by development of caries and gingivitis. The aim of this study was to obtain and characterize an extract of Libidibia ferrea, ex Caesalpinia ferrea L. and to evaluate its feasibility for formulation as a mouthwash, according to current legislation. For this purpose, pH, sedimentation, density, and stability were evaluated, along with microbiological testing of the extract. The microbiological test was used to verify the presence of Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, fungi, yeasts, coliforms, and minimum inhibitory concentrations of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus oralis strains. Characterization, microbiological evaluation, and minimum inhibitory concentration results were tabulated and described using descriptive statistics. The L. ferrea extract showed stable characteristics, product quality, and antibacterial activity against the microorganisms tested irrespective of experimental time intervals. According to these results, it can be concluded that formulation of a mouthwash containing L. ferrea extract to control biofilm is feasible, but further studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katiana Bendaham
- School of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
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Dey SK, Hira A, Howlader MSI, Ahmed A, Hossain H, Jahan IA. Antioxidant and antidiarrheal activities of ethanol extract of Ardisia elliptica fruits. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2014; 52:213-220. [PMID: 24093716 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.826245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Ardisia elliptica Thunb Lam. (Myrsinaceae) is widely used traditionally in the treatment of diarrhea related health disorders in Bangladesh. OBJECTIVE The crude ethanol extract of Ardisia elliptica fruits (EFA) was evaluated for its antioxidant and antidiarrhoeal activities. MATERIALS AND METHODS DPPH radical scavenging, nitric oxide scavenging, reducing power and Fe(++) ion chelating ability were used for determining antioxidant activities and animal models were used for antidiarrheal activities such as the castor oil and magnesium sulfate-induced diarrhea, enteropooling induced by the administration of castor oil and magnesium sulfate at the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. RESULTS The extract possessed a significant DPPH free radical scavenging activity with an IC50 value of 30.75 μg/ml compared to ascorbic acid (IC50: 7.89 μg/ml). The IC50 values of the extract and ascorbic acid were 51.72 and 38.68 μg/ml, respectively, in nitric oxide scavenging assay. The IC50 value of the extract for Fe(++) ion chelating ability (41.30 μg/ml) was also found to be significant compared to the IC50 value of EDTA (22.57 μg/ml). The EFA also showed a significant protection (p < 0.001) against experimentally induced diarrhea by castor oil and magnesium sulfate as evidenced by a decrease in the number of defecation with respect to control. The diarrhea induced by castor oil and magnesium sulfate enteropooling was prevented by all the tested doses. CONCLUSION Therefore, the obtained results confirm the antioxidant and antidiarrheal activity of EFA and thus support the traditional uses of this plant as a modality for antioxidant and antidiarrheal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shubhra Kanti Dey
- Pharmacy Discipline, Life Science School, Khulna University , Khulna , Bangladesh
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Dias-da-Silva MA, Pereira AC, Marin MC, Salgado MA. The influence of topic and systemic administration of copaiba oil on the alveolar wound healing after tooth extraction in rats. J Clin Exp Dent 2013; 5:e169-73. [PMID: 24455075 PMCID: PMC3892244 DOI: 10.4317/jced.51104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Copaiba oil has been used as an auxiliary treatment of inflammations, skin disorders and stomach ulcers, however, in dentistry, this “alternative” medicine has not been investigated yet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of topic and systemic administration of copaiba oil on the alveolar wound healing after tooth extraction. Twenty-eight wistar male rats had their lower first molar teeth extracted. Subsequently, they were divided in four groups, according to the treatment performed: (a) alveolar socket irrigation with copaiba oil; (b) alveolar socket irrigation with physiological serum; (c) daily gavage with copaiba oil or (d) daily gavage with physiological serum. After the sacrifice, the mandibles were removed and processed in order to obtain decalcified histological sections. The results demonstrated high level of epithelial migration, small number of inflammatory cells and vascular enhancement in the animals which received systemic administration of copaiba oil. The rats treated with topic administration of copaiba oil presented ulcerations and large number of inflammatory cells. An increased bone neoformation was observed in both groups treated with copaiba oil when compared with placebo group. It could be concluded that topic or systemic administration of copaiba oil leads to a better alveolar bone healing, however the topic application on connective tissue should be carefully considered, regarding the whole socket wound healing.
Key words:Alveolar wound healing, oil-resin, copaiba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Dias-da-Silva
- Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos-PB, Brazil
| | - Andresa C Pereira
- Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos-PB, Brazil
| | - Miguel Cc Marin
- University of Vale do Paraiba (UNIVAP), São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
| | - Miguel Ac Salgado
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, São José dos Campos Dental School, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São José dos Campos-SP, Brazil
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Effect of the Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. Leaf Extract on the Ethylene Glycol-Induced Nephrolithiasis in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:131372. [PMID: 24027592 PMCID: PMC3762082 DOI: 10.1155/2013/131372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The potential of the Copaifera langsdorffii leaves extract to prevent stone formation was analyzed by means of an ethylene glycol (EG) animal model of nephrolithiasis and an in vitro crystallization assay. Different doses of the C. langsdorffii leaves extract were administered to rats treated with EG. Urine biochemical parameters were quantified. CaOx deposits count and analysis of osteopontin expression were conducted on kidneys fixed in formalin. The in vitro assay was performed by turbidimetry. Phytochemical analyses of the extract were accomplished by HPLC-UV-DAD, and several compounds were isolated. C. langsdorffii leaf extract was able to avoid stone formation. The number of deposits was 50.30 ± 31.29 at the higher extract dose, compared to the value of 179.5 ± 45.96 achieved with the EG control. Significantly lower oxalate levels and OPN expression and increased citrate levels were observed after extract administration. In the in vitro assay, the extract diluted the formed crystals. Phytochemical analyses showed that the extract is rich in phenolic compounds that are capable of preventing stone formation. Thus, on the basis of our results, we suggest that the C. langsdorffii leaf extract has potential application in the prevention of kidney stone formation.
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Phytochemical Fingerprints of Copaiba Oils (Copaifera multijugaHayne) Determined by Multivariate Analysis. Chem Biodivers 2013; 10:1350-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201200356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Siani AC, Souza MC, Henriques MGMO, Ramos MFS. Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2013; 51:881-887. [PMID: 23577801 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2013.768675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Despite the many biological activities reported for essential oils, their anti-inflammatory ability is relatively underexplored considering the wide variation in plant sources and in their volatile composition. Oils from Syzygium cumini Skells (SC) and Psidium guajava L. (PG) (Myrtaceae) have been described as having diverse pharmacological activities. OBJECTIVE The current study seeks to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils from the leaves of SC and PG, as well as some of their terpene-enriched fractions (+V = more volatile and -V = less volatile) obtained by vacuum distillation. Both the pharmacological responses and chemical compositions were correlated. MATERIALS AND METHODS The relative contents of the oils and their fractions were evaluated by gas chromatography. Individual constituents in the oils were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anti-inflammatory activity was accessed in the lipopolysaccharide-induced pleurisy model, by measuring the inhibition of total leukocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil migration in the mice pleural lavage, after oil treatment with the oils at 100 mg/kg. RESULTS Eosinophil migration was inhibited by SC (67%), SC (+V) (63%), PG (76%), PG (+V) (67%) and PG (-V) (74%). This efficacy was correlated with the presence of β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in the oils, a result that was reinforced by evaluating both these pure components (38 and 50% inhibition, respectively). Synergistic effects associated with the presence of α-pinene were speculated. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Essential oils from SC and PG may be useful to treat inflammatory diseases by mechanisms that include the inhibition of eosinophil migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio C Siani
- Departamento de Produtos Naturais, Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Gelmini F, Beretta G, Anselmi C, Centini M, Magni P, Ruscica M, Cavalchini A, Maffei Facino R. GC–MS profiling of the phytochemical constituents of the oleoresin from Copaifera langsdorffii Desf. and a preliminary in vivo evaluation of its antipsoriatic effect. Int J Pharm 2013; 440:170-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Read I. A triumphant decline?: Tetanus among slaves and freeborn in Brazil. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2012; 19 Suppl 1:107-132. [PMID: 23370102 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702012000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Tetanus and other widespread endemic diseases of Brazil's early national period speak to intimate details of common life and give clues to big, vexing questions, such as why Brazil's population expanded dramatically at the turn of the twentieth century. Tetanus was for a long time one of Brazil's deadliest afflictions, especially among infants, but historians know very little about it. Using archival sources from across the Empire and early Republic, this article argues tetanus disproportionately killed the enslaved population, but gradually diminished in virulence for nearly all groups across the country by the second half of the 1800s. This decline should be attributed only partially to medical knowledge. Rather, indirect demographic and technological changes were more important factors in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Read
- Soka University of America, Aliso Viejo, CA, EUA,
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Almeida MR, Darin JDC, Hernandes LC, de Souza Ramos MF, Antunes LMG, de Freitas O. Genotoxicity assessment of Copaiba oil and its fractions in Swiss mice. Genet Mol Biol 2012; 35:664-72. [PMID: 23055807 PMCID: PMC3459418 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572012005000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaiba oil-resin, extracted from the trunk of Copaifera, and traditionally used in folk medicine in the treatment of various disorders, has been shown to be an effective antiinflamatory, antitumor, antitetanus, antiseptic and anti-blenorrhagea agent. As, there are few studies evaluating its genotoxicity, this aspect of the commercial oil-resin, and its volatile and resinous fractions, were evaluated in mice by comet assay and micronucleus (MN) test. A single dose of oil resin, volatile or resin fractions (500; 1,000 or 2,000 mg/kg b.w.) was administered by gavage. The chemical compositions of Copaiba oil resin and its fractions was analyzed by gas chromatography. According to comet assaying, treatment with either one did not increase DNA damage, and as to MN testing, there was no alteration in the incidence of micronucleated polychromatic erythrocytes. Chromatographic analysis of the oil-resin itself revealed sesquiterpenes, diterpenic carboxylic acid methyl esters and high levels of β-caryophyllene. Thus, it can be assumed that the oil resin and volatile and resinous fractions from the commercial product are not genotoxic or mutagenic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Ribeiro Almeida
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Alves JM, Munari CC, de Azevedo Bentes Monteiro Neto M, Furtado RA, Senedese JM, Bastos JK, Tavares DC. In vivo protective effect of Copaifera langsdorffii hydroalcoholic extract on micronuclei induction by doxorubicin. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:854-60. [PMID: 22611044 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2012] [Revised: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Copaifera lansdorffii Desf. is known as 'copaíba', 'copaiva' or 'paú-de-óleo', and is found in part of Brazil. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the genotoxic potential of C. langsdorffii leaf hydroalcoholic extract (CLE) and its influence on the genotoxicity induced by the chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin (DXR) using the Swiss mouse peripheral blood micronucleus test. HPLC analysis of CLE using two monolithic columns linked in series allowed quantification of two major flavonoid heterosides, quercitrin and afzelin. Animals were treated with CLE by gavage at doses of 10, 20, 40 and 80 mg kg(-1) body weight per day, each for 20 days. Peripheral blood samples were collected at 24 and 48 h, and 7, 15 and 21 days after the beginning of the treatment. For the antigenotoxicity evaluation, the animals treated with different concentrations of CLE received DXR (15 mg kg(-1) body weight, intraperitoneal) at day 20. The peripheral blood samples were collected 24 and 48 h after the treatment with DXR. The results demonstrated that CLE itself was not genotoxic in the mouse micronucleus assay. In animals treated with CLE and DXR, the number of micronucleus was significantly decreased compared with animals receiving DXR alone. The putative antioxidant activity of one or more of the active compounds of CLE may explain the effect of this plant on DXR genotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Morais Alves
- Universidade de Franca, Avenida Dr. Armando Salles de Oliveira, 201 Parque Universitário, 14404-600, Franca, São Paulo, Brazil
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Optimization of headspace solid-phase microextraction for analysis of β-caryophyllene in a nanoemulsion dosage form prepared with copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) oil. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 721:79-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Leandro LM, de Sousa Vargas F, Barbosa PCS, Neves JKO, da Silva JA, da Veiga-Junior VF. Chemistry and biological activities of terpenoids from copaiba (Copaifera spp.) oleoresins. Molecules 2012; 17:3866-89. [PMID: 22466849 PMCID: PMC6269112 DOI: 10.3390/molecules17043866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2011] [Revised: 03/18/2012] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaiba oleoresins are exuded from the trunks of trees of the Copaifera species (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae). This oleoresin is a solution of diterpenoids, especially, mono- and di-acids, solubilized by sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. The sesquiterpenes and diterpenes (labdane, clerodane and kaurane skeletons) are different for each Copaifera species and have been linked to several reported biological activities, ranging from anti-tumoral to embriotoxic effects. This review presents all the substances already described in this oleoresin, together with structures and activities of its main terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidiam Maia Leandro
- Chemistry Department, Amazonas Federal University, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Fabiano de Sousa Vargas
- Chemistry Department, Amazonas Federal University, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Paula Cristina Souza Barbosa
- Chemistry Department, Amazonas Federal University, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM, 69080-900, Brazil
| | - Jamilly Kelly Oliveira Neves
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paraíba State University, Rua Baraúnas, 351, Bairro Universitário, Campina Grande-PB, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - José Alexsandro da Silva
- Graduate Program on Pharmaceutical Sciences, Paraíba State University, Rua Baraúnas, 351, Bairro Universitário, Campina Grande-PB, 58429-500, Brazil
| | - Valdir Florêncio da Veiga-Junior
- Chemistry Department, Amazonas Federal University, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM, 69080-900, Brazil
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +55-92-9903-6771
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Qnais EY, Abdulla FA, Kaddumi EG, Abdalla SS. Antidiarrheal Activity ofLaurus nobilisL. Leaf Extract in Rats. J Med Food 2012; 15:51-7. [DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2011.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Esam Y. Qnais
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan
| | - Fuad A. Abdulla
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Professions, Behavioral and Life Sciences, New York Institute of Technology, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eziden G. Kaddumi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Health, Hashemite University, Zarka, Jordan
| | - Shtaywy S. Abdalla
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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Garcia L, Cristiane S, Wilson M, Soraya M, Lopes RA, Mônica R, de Freitas O. Biocompatibility assessment of pastes containing Copaiba oilresin, propolis, and calcium hydroxide in the subcutaneous tissue of rats. J Conserv Dent 2011; 14:108-12. [PMID: 21814347 PMCID: PMC3146098 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.82601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Revised: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the biocompatibility of two endodontic pastes based on calcium hydroxide and propolis, using two vehicles — non-fractionated Copaiba-oilresin (A) and volatile fraction of Copaiba-oilresin (B), in the connective tissue of rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rats had four polyethylene tubes implanted in their backs; each pair of tubes contained one of the pastes. The tube side was considered the control. After 7, 21, and 42 days, the animals were euthanized. Results: The inflammatory reaction was moderate at seven days for A and severe for B. At 21 days, it was slight for A and moderate for B; and at 42 days, it was slight for A and B. Tissue reaction ranged from slight (7 / 21 days) to no inflammation (42 days) for the control group. Statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis test, P < 0.01) demonstrated no significant difference between the pastes and control group (P > 0.01). Conclusion: Both pastes presented satisfactory tissue reaction in the connective tissue of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Garcia
- Department of Dental Materials and Prosthodontics, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil
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Marques AA, Sponchiado EC, Garcia LF, Garrido AD, França SC, Lia RC. Morphological analysis of tissue reaction caused by a new endodontic paste in subcutaneous tissue of rats. J Conserv Dent 2011; 14:309-13. [PMID: 22025840 PMCID: PMC3198566 DOI: 10.4103/0972-0707.85823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 02/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the biocompatibility of an experimental endodontic paste based on the ethyl acetate fraction of Pothomorphe umbellata + calcium hydroxide, using propylene glycol as vehicle, in connective tissue of rats. Materials and Methods: Fifteen rats had four polyethylene tubes implanted in their backs, with each one containing the experimental paste. The tube side was considered the control group. After 7, 21, and 42 days, animals were euthanized. Results: Intense inflammatory reaction was noticed after 7 days for experimental paste and it was moderate for control group. At 21 days, the inflammatory reaction was moderate for experimental paste and discrete for control group; and at 42 days, it was discrete for experimental paste and control group. Statistical analysis (Dunn's test, P < 0.01) demonstrated significant difference between the fibrous capsule area at 7 and 42 days (P > 0.01) for experimental paste. Conclusions: Experimental endodontic paste presented satisfactory tissue reaction in the connective tissue of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Af Marques
- Department of Endodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, AM, Brazil
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Brito NMB, Brito MVH, Carvalho RDKV, Matos LTDMB, Lobato RC, Correa SC, Brito RB. The effect of copaiba balsam on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into the vagina and uterine cervix of female rats. Acta Cir Bras 2011; 25:176-80. [PMID: 20305885 DOI: 10.1590/s0102-86502010000200010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To verify the copaiba balsam (Copaifera officinalis) effect on Walker 256 carcinoma inoculated into vagina and uterine cervix of rats. METHODS Eighteen female Wistar rats weighing between 180-250g were used, distributed into 2 groups (GCop, GC). On the 1st day of the experiment, 0.3 ml of Walker 256 carcinoma (2x10(6) concentration) was inoculated in both groups; on the 3rd day of the experiment, it was given 4.8 ml/kg of distilled water to the GC group, and 4.8 ml/kg of copaiba balsam to the GCop group. On the 12th day, euthanasia was performed and the tumor was grafted, being weighted and verified its volume. The data were submitted to statistical analysis with ANOVA test. RESULTS It was observed that copaiba balsam presented a negative inhibitory potential of 70%. CONCLUSION The copaiba balsam stimulated the tumor growth.
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Lima CS, de Medeiros BJL, Favacho HAS, dos Santos KC, de Oliveira BR, Taglialegna JC, da Costa EVM, de Campos KJ, Carvalho JCT. Pre-clinical validation of a vaginal cream containing copaiba oil (reproductive toxicology study). PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 18:1013-1023. [PMID: 21665449 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2010] [Revised: 02/07/2011] [Accepted: 05/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The aims of this study was to evaluate the effects of oil-resin of Copaiba (Copaifera duckei Dwyer), aired in vaginal cream on the reproductive performance of female rats (Rattus norvegicus). To determine the components of the C. duckei oleoresin, gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (CG-MS) was used, and considering the trans-caryophyllene sesquiterpene as a phytochemical marker in the oleoresin. Due to the extensive use of copaiba oleoresin in the suppository form for gynecological infections, an evaluation was carried out on the effects of copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera duckei Dwyer), delivered in a vaginal cream, on the reproductive performance of female Wistar rats. For this purpose, three groups (n=5-6/group) of female rats were treated as follows: 1--vaginal cream of copaiba oleoresin (28.6 mg/kg), 2--base vaginal cream and 3--control (physiological saline 0.9%), administered intravaginally, for 30 days before pregnancy, and from day zero to day 20 during pregnancy. Laparotomy was performed on the 21st day of pregnancy, followed by the determination of reproductive variables: number of live and dead fetuses, mass of the fetuses and placentas, number of implantations and resorptions, number of corpora lutea, pre- and post-implantation loss, and analyses of the fetuses with regard to external and internal anomalies and/or malformations (skeletal and visceral). The trans-caryophyllene present in the sample is suggested as a phytochemical marker and the results of this study demonstrate an absence of maternal toxicity and foetotoxicity embryofoetotoxicity at the dose administered, corresponding to ten times the recommended dose for use in humans. Accordingly, no significant statistical difference was observed between the treated and control groups, for the variables analyzed. Thus, it is concluded that the vaginal cream containing 2.5% copaiba oleoresin is safe during gestation, in female rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lima
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Tropical, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fármacos, Universidade Federal do Amapá, Rod. JK, km 02, CEP 68902-330, Macapá, Amapá, Brazil
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Maniyar Y, Bhixavatimath P, Agashikar NV. Antidiarrheal activity of flowers of Ixora Coccinea Linn. in rats. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2010; 1:287-91. [PMID: 21731376 PMCID: PMC3117321 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.74422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 09/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ixora coccinea Linn (Rubiaceae), a small shrub cultivated throughout India, has been reported to possess a number of medicinal properties. It has traditionally been used for the treatment of diarrhea and dysentery. However the claims of Ayurveda have to be validated by suitable experimental models. The present study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the effect of aqueous extract of I. coccinea for its antidiarrheal potential against several experimental models of diarrhea in albino Wistar rats. Here, we report the effects of aqueous extracts of flowers of I. coccinea in the castor oil induced diarrhea model. The gastrointestinal transit rate was expressed as the percentage of the longest distance traversed by charcoal divided by the total length of the small intestine. Weight and volume of intestinal content induced by castor oil were studied by the enteropooling method. Loperamide was used as a positive control. The plant-extract showed significant (P<0.001) inhibitor activity against castor oil induced diarrhea and castor oil induced enteropooling in rats at the dose of 400 mg/kg. There was also significant reduction in gastrointestinal motility in the charcoal meal test. Results obtained in this study substantiate the antidiarrheal effect of the aqueous extract and its use by traditional practitioners in the treatment of diarrhea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen Maniyar
- Department of Pharmacology, S. Nijalingappa Medical College and H.S.K Hospital and Research Centre, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhu Bhixavatimath
- Department of Pharmacology, S. Nijalingappa Medical College and H.S.K Hospital and Research Centre, Navanagar, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - N. V. Agashikar
- Department of Pharmacology, Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belgaum, India
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Gomes NDM, de Rezende CM, Fontes SP, Matheus ME, Pinto ADC, Fernandes PD. Characterization of the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of fractions obtained from Copaifera multijuga Hayne. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 128:177-183. [PMID: 20064592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Revised: 12/22/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaifera multijuga Hayne (Leguminosae) is a tree that produces an oleoresin, which is extensively commercialized in Brazil as capsules or crude oil for the treatment of several disorders. Ethnopharmacological studies show a diversity of indications such as anti-inflammatory and epidermal wound cicatrization. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present work three fractions obtained from Copaifera multijuga oleoresin (hexane (HF), chloroform (CF), and methanol (MF) from a KOH impregnated silica gel column chromatography, representing the three main classes of compounds in the Copaifera genus (hydrocarbon sesquiterpenes, oxygenated sesquiterpenes and acidic diterpenes), were evaluated using antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory models. MATERIALS AND METHODS HF, CF, and MF (doses ranging between 1 and 150 mg/kg, depending on the model used), Copaifera multijuga oleoresin (CMO, 100mg/kg, p.o.) and the reference drug morphine (5mg/kg, p.o.) were evaluated using models for analgesia (acetic acid-induced contortions and tail flick) or inflammation (rat paw oedema and increase in vascular permeability). To elucidate the mechanism of action from the fractions, animals were pre-treated with naloxone (opioid receptor antagonist, 5mg/kg, i.p.). RESULTS Fractions significantly inhibited (in a concentration-dependant way) the number of contortions induced by acetic acid and the second phase of formalin-induced licking response. Similar results were observed in the tail flick model. The central antinociceptive effect for HF and CF at the doses of 50 and 100mg/kg was higher than the one observed for morphine (1mg/kg). Administration of naloxone inhibited the antinociceptive effect of fractions indicating that HF, CF, and MF may be acting on opioid receptors. All three fractions also inhibited rat paw oedema and the increase in vascular permeability induced by several phlogistic agents (carrageenan, histamine, and serotonin). CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that fractions obtained from Copaifera multijuga Hayne demonstrate an antinociceptive effect probably mediated by opioid receptors, and anti-inflammatory activity through inhibition of histaminergic and serotoninergic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niele de Matos Gomes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia da Inflamação e do Oxido Nítrico, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Veiga VF, Zunino L, Patitucci ML, Pinto AC, Calixto JB. The inhibition of paw oedema formation caused by the oil of Copaifera multijuga Hayne and its fractions. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2006.tb01659.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Two oils exuded from a Copaifera multijuga Hayne tree (Leguminosae-Caesalpinoideae), collected from the same plant, but in different periods of the year, and the hexanic, dichloromethanic and methanolic fractions of one of these oils were analysed by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and HRGC coupled with mass spectrometry (HRGC-MS). In addition, the in-vivo preliminary anti-oedematogenic actions of the oil and some fractions of it were assessed against carrageenan- and bradykinin-induced oedema formation in the rat paw. Twenty-seven sesquiterpenes and six diterpenes were identified, β-caryophyllene, α-copaene and copalic acid being the main components. The dichloromethanic and methanolic fractions obtained from C. multijuga oil given by the intraperitoneal route caused a significant inhibition of paw oedema caused by carrageenan with inhibition of 49 ± 13% and 64 ± 9 %, respectively. Likewise, dexamethasone (the positive control drug) also greatly inhibited carrageenan-induced paw oedema formation (60 ± 4% at 2 h). The hexanic fraction also significantly inhibited (50 ± 6%) the paw oedema formation caused by bradykinin. These results suggest the presence of still non-identified active terpene compounds in the oil of C. multijuga that exhibit anti-oedematogenic properties. Of note, the yield of these compounds and the pharmacological actions of the oil, exhibited great seasonal variations, a relevant aspect that should be carefully observed for the correct medicinal use of this plant by the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valdir F Veiga
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, 69077-000, Manaus, AM, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Luciano Zunino
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900-Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Patitucci
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Angelo C Pinto
- Instituto de Química, Centro de Tecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, 21945-970, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - João B Calixto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, 88040-900-Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Desmarchelier C. Neotropics and natural ingredients for pharmaceuticals: why isn't South American biodiversity on the crest of the wave? Phytother Res 2010; 24:791-9. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Curio M, Jacone H, Perrut J, Pinto ÂC, Filho VFV, Silva RCB. Acute effect of Copaifera reticulata Ducke copaiba oil in rats tested in the elevated plus-maze: an ethological analysis. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.08.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Copaiba oil oleoresin exuded from Copaifera reticulata Ducke (CRD) is commonly used in anti-inflammatory, healing and anti-tumoral folk medicines. The purpose of this study was to investigate the putative anxiolytic effect of acute administration of CRD.
Methods
CRD was administered (100, 400 and 800 mg/kg, p.o.) to male Wistar rats submitted to the elevated plus-maze model of anxiety using an ethopharmacological analysis.
Key findings
In comparison with control rats, CRD increased the percentage of entries in the open arms over the entire dose range tested (vehicle, 33.6 ± 4.5; CRD 100 mg/kg, 44.67 ± 3.68; CRD 400 mg/kg, 47.2 ± 2.3; CRD 800 mg/kg, 50.7 ± 2.2) and the percentage of time spent in the open arms of the elevated plus-maze at the highest dose (800 mg/kg) (vehicle, 26.4 ± 5.7; CRD 800 mg/kg, 52.0 ± 2.7). A standard anxiolytic, diazepam (3 mg/kg, p.o.), was used as a positive control. In a similar way, diazepam increased the percentage of entries and time spent in the open arms when compared with vehicle (% open entries: vehicle, 45.4 ± 1.3; diazepam, 50.7 ± 1.9; % time spent in open arms: vehicle, 28.2 ± 0.9; diazepam, 38.9 ± 1.2). Regarding ethological measures, CRD at the highest dose (800 mg/kg) reduced peeping out (anxiety-related behaviour) (vehicle, 3.1 ± 0.6; CRD, 0.9 ± 0.2) and increased end-arm activity (vehicle, 0.2 ± 0.2; CRD, 2.0 ± 0.4), indicating an enhanced tendency of the rats to explore actively the potentially dangerous areas of the maze. Diazepam decreased peeping out (vehicle, 3.3 ± 0.3; diazepam, 1.0 ± 0.2) and flat-back approach (vehicle, 0.8 ± 0.2; diazepam, 0.2 ± 0.1) and increased end-arm activity (vehicle, 0.3 ± 0.1; diazepam, 2.5 ± 0.3) and head-dipping (vehicle, 8.2 ± 0.4; diazepam, 12.0 ± 0.5).
Conclusions
These data showed, for the first time, that acute treatment with CRD copaiba oil produced a dose-dependent anxiolytic-like effect over the dose range tested, on conventional and ethological parameters, without adversely affecting general activity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Curio
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Hellena Jacone
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jaime Perrut
- Laboratório de Psicologia Comparada, Departamento de Psicologia e Educação, Universidade Estácio de Sá, Nova Friburgo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Âengelo C Pinto
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Valdir F Veiga Filho
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Cidade Universitária, Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
| | - Regina C B Silva
- Laboratório de Psicologia Experimental, Departamento de Biociências, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
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Santos AO, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Veiga Junior VF, Pinto AC, Nakamura CV. Effect of Brazilian copaiba oils on Leishmania amazonensis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2008; 120:204-208. [PMID: 18775772 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2008.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Revised: 08/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Copaiba oil has been used in folk medicine since the 19th century. The use of copaiba oils to treat leishmaniasis is cited in several ethnopharmacological studies. Nevertheless, the potential antileishmania of copaiba oils had not been studied. AIM OF THE STUDY Eight different kinds of Brazilian copaiba oils were screened for antileishmanial activity. MATERIALS AND METHODS The antiproliferative effect of copaiba oil on promastigote and amastigote axenic were determined. To determine the survival index peritoneal macrophage were infected with promastigotes of Leishmania amazonensis and treated with copaiba oil. The cytotoxic effect of copaiba oil was assessed on macrophage strain J774G8 by assay of sulforhodamine B. RESULTS Copaiba oils showed variable levels of activity against promastigote forms with IC(50) values in the range between 5 and 22microg/mL. The most active oil was that from Copaifera reticulata (collected in Pará State, Brazil) with IC(50) values of 5, 15, and 20microg/mL for promastigote, axenic amastigote and intracellular amastigote forms, respectively. Amphotericin B showed IC(50) of 0.058 and 0.231microg/mL against promastigote and amastigote forms, respectively. Cytotoxicity assay showed that this copaiba oil obtained from Copaifera reticulata showed low cytotoxicity against J774G8 macrophages. CONCLUSION Copaiba oils showed significant activity against the parasite Leishmania amazonensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana O Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid s/n, 86051-990 Londrina-PR, Brazil
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Santos AOD, Ueda-Nakamura T, Dias Filho BP, Veiga Junior VF, Pinto AC, Nakamura CV. Antimicrobial activity of Brazilian copaiba oils obtained from different species of the Copaifera genus. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2008; 103:277-81. [PMID: 18545856 DOI: 10.1590/s0074-02762008005000015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2008] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antimicrobial activity of copaiba oils was tested against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, and dermatophytes. Oils obtained from Copaifera martii, Copaifera officinalis, and Copaifera reticulata (collected in the state of Acre) were active against Gram-positive species (Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis, and Enterococcus faecalis) with minimum inhibitory concentrations ranging from 31.3-62.5 microg/ml. The oils showed bactericidal activity, decreasing the viability of these Gram-positive bacteria within 3 h. Moderate activity was observed against dermatophyte fungi (Trichophyton rubrum and Microsporum canis). The oils showed no activity against Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. Scannning electron microscopy of S. aureus treated with resin oil from C. martii revealed lysis of the bacteria, causing cellular agglomerates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed disruption and damage to the cell wall, resulting in the release of cytoplasmic compounds, alterations in morphology, and a decrease in cell volume, indicating that copaiba oil may affect the cell wall.
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Gonçalves JF, Santos Jr. UM, Nina Jr. AR, Chevreuil LR. Energetic flux and performance index in copaiba (Copaifera multijuga Hayne) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla King) seedlings grown under two irradiance environments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1677-04202007000300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Plant adaptation under conditions of limited irradiance can be investigated by their efficiency while using the available energy with a minimal thermodynamic energy loss. For this reason, we compared the energetic fluxes and the performance index (PI ABS) in copaiba (Copaifera multijuga) and mahogany (Swietenia macrophyla) seedlings under both sunlight and shade. The experiment was carried out in Manaus (3º8'S, 59º52'W), Amazonas State, Brazil. The fluorescence transients were obtained in intact and healthy leaves using a Plant Efficiency Analyser (PEA) between 1200 h and 1300 h. Using the O-J-I-P test, the following parameters were calculated: 1) density of reaction centers per cross section (RC/CS), 2) maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry of photosystem II (sigmaPo), and 3) probability of energy excitation (psio) or that of an absorbed photon (sigmaEo) to move an electron further than quinone A, and 4) the performance index (PI ABS). The highest PI ABS was found in seedlings under shade for both species. Mahogany seedlings exhibited values of PI ABS about three-fold and 14-fold higher than copaiba seedlings under shade and sunlight, respectively. For RC/CS, reaction centers were inactive under sunlight, 58% for mahogany and 78% for copaiba. The high irradiance induced a decrease of sigmaPo in mahogany (36%) and in copaiba (69%) when compared to shaded seedlings. This likely was a result of need for excess energy dissipation under sunlight. In addition, it was verified that seedlings under sunlight presented a severe decrease in sigmaEo, particularly in copaiba (23-fold), when compared to mahogany (9fold). Therefore, mahogany seedlings showed the highest performance in energy use under low and high irradiance, thus it may be proposed that mahogany presented lower entropy than copaiba seedlings, as demonstrated by the higher plasticity in the use of energy.
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Veiga Junior VF, Rosas EC, Carvalho MV, Henriques MGMO, Pinto AC. Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of copaiba oils from Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke, Copaifera reticulata Ducke and Copaifera multijuga Hayne--a comparative study. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 112:248-54. [PMID: 17446019 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Revised: 02/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Copaiba oil is an oleoresin obtained from the Copaifera L. genus (Leguminoseae) commonly featured in anti-inflammatory recipe prescribed by Amazonian traditional medical practitioners and featured in Europe and North America pharmacopeias of the past. Chemical and anti-inflammatory activity investigations from the copaiba oils obtained from Copaifera multijuga Hayne, Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke and Copaifera reticulata Ducke species have proved that, although similar, these oleoresins possess varied composition and anti-inflammatory activity. Chromatographic studies showed that the main compound among sesquiterpenes was beta-caryophyllene (57.5, 19.7 and 40.9%, respectively), followed by alpha-humulene, alpha-copaene, alpha-bergamotene, delta-cadinene, with different amounts in each oleoresin. Among the diterpenes, copalic acid was the main component from Copaifera multijuga Hayne (6.2%) and was found in all the oleoresins studied. In Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke, clorechinic (11.3%) and hardwickiic acids (6.2%) were the major diterpenes while kaurenoic (3.9%) and kolavenic acids (3.4%) predominated in Copaifera reticulata Ducke. The pharmacologic effects of the three oleoresins were evaluated in vitro by measuring the NO production by murine macrophages and in vivo using the zymosan induced pleurisy model in mice. The Copaiba Oil from Copaifera multijuga Hayne (100 mg/kg) was the most potent, inhibiting both NO production and the pleurisy induced by zymosan. The oleoresins from Copaifera cearensis Huber ex Ducke and Copaifera reticulata Ducke were also able to inhibit NO production and the pleurisy but with less intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V F Veiga Junior
- Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio Jordão Ramos 3000, Japiim, 69077-000 Manaus, Brazil.
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Gomes NM, Rezende CM, Fontes SP, Matheus ME, Fernandes PD. Antinociceptive activity of Amazonian Copaiba oils. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 109:486-92. [PMID: 17029841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 08/04/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Copaiba oil resins are extensively commercialized in Brazil as capsules or crude oil and used as anti-inflammatory and anti-septic. Comparative pharmacological studies between different species of Copaiba oils are scarce. In the present work we compared the antinociceptive activity of two Amazonian Copaiba oils (Copaifera multijuga Hayne and Copaifera reticulata Ducke, Fabaceae) administered by oral route using peripheral (acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing and formalin), spinal (tail flick) and supra-spinal (hot plate) models. Results demonstrated that the Copaiba oils did not develop toxic effects. Doses ranging from 30 to 150 mg/kg were enough to significantly develop peripheral antinociceptive effect. All Copaiba oils demonstrate central activity but with less effect on supra-spinal regions of the brain. Administration of the opioid receptor antagonist, naloxone completely inhibited the antinociceptive effect induced by both Copaiba oils. Our results indicate that Copaiba oils demonstrate peripheral and central antinociceptive effect. This new comprobate effect may be useful in the treatment of algesic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niele Matos Gomes
- Departamento de Farmacologia Básica e Clínica, ICB, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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