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Scroccarello A, Álvarez-Diduk R, Della Pelle F, de Carvalho Castro E Silva C, Idili A, Parolo C, Compagnone D, Merkoçi A. One-Step Laser Nanostructuration of Reduced Graphene Oxide Films Embedding Metal Nanoparticles for Sensing Applications. ACS Sens 2023; 8:598-609. [PMID: 36734274 PMCID: PMC9972477 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The combination of two-dimensional materials and metal nanoparticles (MNPs) allows the fabrication of novel nanocomposites with unique physical/chemical properties exploitable in high-performance smart devices and biosensing strategies. Current methods to obtain graphene-based films decorated with noble MNPs are cumbersome, poorly reproducible, and difficult to scale up. Herein, we propose a straightforward, versatile, surfactant-free, and single-step technique to produce reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conductive films integrating "naked" noble MNPs. This method relies on the instantaneous laser-induced co-reduction of graphene oxide and metal cations, resulting in highly exfoliated rGO nanosheets embedding gold, silver, and platinum NPs. The production procedure has been optimized, and the obtained nanomaterials are fully characterized; the hybrid nanosheets have been easily transferred onto lab-made screen-printed electrodes preserving their nanoarchitecture. The Au@rGO-, Ag@rGO-, and Pt@rGO-based electrodes have been challenged to detect caffeic acid, nitrite, and hydrogen peroxide in model solutions and real samples. The sensors yielded quantitative responses (R2 ≥ 0.997) with sub-micromolar limits of detections (LODs ≤ 0.6 μM) for all the analytes, allowing accurate quantification in samples (recoveries ≥ 90%; RSD ≤ 14.8%, n = 3). This single-step protocol which requires low cost and minimal equipment will allow the fabrication of free-standing, MNP-embedded rGO films integrable into a variety of scalable smart devices and biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Scroccarello
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Flavio Della Pelle
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Cecilia de Carvalho Castro E Silva
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,MackGraphe─Mackenzie Institute for Research in Graphene and Nanotechnologies, Mackenzie Presbyterian University, Consolação Street 930, 01302-907 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andrea Idili
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Ricerca Scientifica snc, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Claudio Parolo
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Department of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, Campus "Aurelio Saliceti" Via R. Balzarini 1, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2) CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Cao Y, Sun Y, Yang H, Zhou L, Huang Q, Qi J, Guan P, Liu K, Wang R. Directional Migration and Rapid Coalescence of Au Nanoparticles on Anisotropic ReS 2. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1211-1218. [PMID: 36748951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Interfacial atomic configuration and its evolution play critical roles in the structural stability and functionality of mixed zero-dimensional (0D) metal nanoparticles (NPs) and two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors. In situ observation of the interface evolution at atomic resolution is a vital method. Herein, the directional migration and structural evolution of Au NPs on anisotropic ReS2 were investigated in situ by aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. Statistically, the migration of Au NPs with diameters below 3 nm on ReS2 takes priority with greater probability along the b-axis direction. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the lower diffusion energy barrier enables the directional migration. The coalescence kinetics of Au NPs is quantitatively described by the relation of neck radius (r) and time (t), expressed as r2=Kt. Our work provides an atomic-resolved dynamic analysis method to study the interfacial structural evolution of metal/2D materials, which is essential to the study of the stability of nanodevices based on mixed-dimensional nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadi Cao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinghui Sun
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Huanhuan Yang
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianming Huang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiajie Qi
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengfei Guan
- Beijing Computational Science Research Center, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaihui Liu
- School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongming Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magneto-Photoelectrical Composite and Interface Science, School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
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3
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Lee Y, Chang Y, Ryu H, Kim JH, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim M, Lee GH. Quasi-van der Waals Epitaxial Recrystallization of a Gold Thin Film into Crystallographically Aligned Single Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6092-6097. [PMID: 36577086 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Heterointerfaces between two-dimensional (2D) materials and bulk metals determine the electrical and optical properties of their heterostructures. Although deposition of various metals on 2D materials has been studied, there is still a lack of studies on the interaction at the van der Waals (vdW) heterointerface between 2D materials and metals. Here, we report quasi-van der Waals (qvdW) epitaxial recrystallization of a gold thin film into crystallographically aligned single crystals by encapsulation annealing of a gold thin film with hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). When a polycrystalline gold thin film passivated with hBN was annealed, it was recrystallized into single gold crystals with a planar shape and crystallographic alignment with hBN due to a strong interaction between the gold film and hBN at the heterointerface. This reflects that a weak vdW force at the heterointerface is sufficiently strong to induce epitaxial recrystallization. Using this method, we fabricated a gold nanocrystal array with the same crystalline orientation and smooth top surface. Our work demonstrates a new method for epitaxial recrystallization of bulk crystals and provides a deep understanding of the interaction at the vdW heterointerface of 2D materials and metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunah Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Yunyeong Chang
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Huije Ryu
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jong Hun Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute of Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Miyoung Kim
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Gwan-Hyoung Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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4
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Thomsen JD, Reidy K, Pham T, Klein J, Osherov A, Dana R, Ross FM. Suspended Graphene Membranes to Control Au Nucleation and Growth. ACS NANO 2022; 16:10364-10371. [PMID: 35849654 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Control of nucleation sites is an important goal in materials growth: nuclei in regular arrays may show emergent photonic or electronic behavior, and once the nuclei coalesce into thin films, the nucleation density influences parameters such as surface roughness, stress, and grain boundary structure. Tailoring substrate properties to control nucleation is therefore a powerful tool for designing functional thin films and nanomaterials. Here, we examine nucleation control for metals deposited on two-dimensional materials in a situation where substrate effects are absent and heterogeneous nucleation sites are minimized. Through quantification of faceted, epitaxial Au island nucleation on graphene, we show that ultralow nucleation densities with nuclei several micrometers apart can be achieved on suspended graphene under conditions where we measure 2-3 orders of magnitude higher nucleation density on the adjacent supported substrate. We estimate diffusion distances using nucleation theory and find a strong sensitivity of nucleation and diffusion to suspended graphene thickness. Finally, we discuss the role of surface roughness as the main factor determining nucleation density on clean free-standing graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Dahl Thomsen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kate Reidy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Thang Pham
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Julian Klein
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Anna Osherov
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Rami Dana
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Frances M Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
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5
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Li X, Zhang Y, Fu M, Tang Y, Yin S, Ma Z, Dai H, Li H, Gao H, Russell TP, An Q. Using a Graphene-Polyelectrolyte Complex Reducing Agent To Promote Cracking in Single-Crystalline Gold Nanoplates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:41602-41610. [PMID: 31609573 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It is a challenge to produce single-crystalline gold nanoparticles having regular size definition designed for controlled light absorbance and internal structural inhomogeneities to enhance electro-magnetic fields. Here, we report a synthetic strategy to generate large single-crystalline triangular or hexagonal gold nanoplates with multiple cracks within the plates using a graphene-polyelectrolyte complex as both a surface adsorbent and bulk reducing agent. Large-scale gold nanoplates can be synthesized within 48 h. First-principles calculations indicate that the nanoplates have a kinetically limited morphology resulting from prior growth of {111} facets confined by the graphene-polyelectrolyte multilayer. The nanocracks result from the inability of the bulk reducing agent to enter narrow defect spaces during growth that remained permanently. The nanoplates had extraordinary physical-chemical detection sensitivity when used for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA). The limit of rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) SERS detection is as low as 5 × 10-13 M. The gold nanoplates also showed a remarkable light-to-heat conversion efficiency (68.5%). The approach described may be applicable to other metals so that tunable nanostructures can be generated by the graphene-polyelectrolyte multilayer strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangming Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Technology , Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology , Maoming , 525000 , China
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yihe Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
| | - Meng Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
- College of Materials Sciences and Technology , Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology , Maoming , 525000 , China
| | - Yunhui Tang
- The Molecular Foundry , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Sheng Yin
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- School of Engineering , Brown University , Providence , Rhode Island 02912 , United States
| | - Zequn Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
| | - Han Dai
- Department of Materials, School of Technology , Yantai Nanshan University , Longkou , Shandong 265713 , China
| | - Haitao Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
| | - Hua Gao
- School of Science , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
| | - Thomas P Russell
- Materials Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Qi An
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Materials Utilization of Nonmetallic Minerals and Solid Wastes, National Laboratory of Mineral Materials, School of Materials Sciences and Technology , China University of Geosciences , Beijing , 100083 , China
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6
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Xin W, Severino J, De Rosa IM, Yu D, Mckay J, Ye P, Yin X, Yang JM, Carlson L, Kodambaka S. One-Step Synthesis of Tunable-Size Gold Nanoplates on Graphene Multilayers. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:1875-1881. [PMID: 29406754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b05173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoplates (quasi-two-dimensional single crystals) are most commonly synthesized using a mixture of Au precursors via approaches involving multiple processing steps and the use of seed crystals. Here, we report the synthesis of truncated-hexagonal {111}-oriented micrometer-scale Au nanoplates on graphene multilayers using only potassium tetrabromoaurate (KAuBr4) as the precursor. We demonstrate that the nanoplate sizes can be controllably varied from tens of nanometers up to a few micrometers by introducing desired concentrations of chloroauric acid (HAuCl4) to KAuBr4 and their thicknesses from ∼13 to ∼46 nm with the synthesis time. Through a series of experiments carried out as a function of synthesis time and precursor composition [mixtures of HAuCl4 and KAuBr4, KBr, or ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([Bmim]Br)], we identify the optimal HAuCl4 and KAuBr4 concentrations and synthesis times that yield the largest and the thinnest size nanoplates. We show that the nanoplates are kinetically limited morphologies resulting from preferential growth of {111} facets facilitated by bromide ions in KAuBr4 solutions; we suggest that the presence of chloride ions enhances the rate of Au deposition and the relative concentration of chloride and bromide ions determines the shape anisotropy of resulting crystals. Our results provide new insights into the kinetics of nanoplate formation and show that a single precursor containing both Au and Br is sufficient to crystallize nanoplates on graphitic layers, which serve as reducing agent while enabling the nucleation and growth of Au nanoplates. We suggest that a similar approach may be used for the synthesis of nanoplates of other metals on weakly interacting van der Waals layers for, potentially, a variety of new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Xunqian Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Shandong University of Science and Technology , 579 Qianwangang Road, Economic & Technological Development Zones , Qingdao , Shandong 26650 , China
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7
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8
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Ali MA, Singh C, Srivastava S, Admane P, Agrawal VV, Sumana G, John R, Panda A, Dong L, Malhotra BD. Graphene oxide–metal nanocomposites for cancer biomarker detection. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra05491b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a universal protocol for the in situ bioinspired green synthesis of metal nanoparticles on simultaneously reduced graphene oxide sheets using a black pepper extract for quantification of breast cancer biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- Department of Science & Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Chandan Singh
- Department of Science & Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Saurabh Srivastava
- Department of Science & Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Prasad Admane
- National Institute of Immunology
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Ved V. Agrawal
- Department of Science & Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Gajjala Sumana
- Department of Science & Technology Centre on Biomolecular Electronics
- Biomedical Instrumentation Section
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory
- New Delhi 110012
- India
| | - Renu John
- Department of Biomedical Engineering
- Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad
- Sangareddy
- India
| | - Amulya Panda
- National Institute of Immunology
- New Delhi 110067
- India
| | - Liang Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | - Bansi D. Malhotra
- Department of Biotechnology
- Delhi Technological University
- Delhi 110042
- India
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9
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Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV. Investigating Polymer-Metal Interfaces by Grazing Incidence Small-Angle X-Ray Scattering from Gradients to Real-Time Studies. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2016; 6:E239. [PMID: 28335367 PMCID: PMC5302712 DOI: 10.3390/nano6120239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the polymer-metal interface is crucial for advanced material design. Vacuum deposition methods for metal layer coating are widely used in industry and research. They allow for installing a variety of nanostructures, often making use of the selective interaction of the metal atoms with the underlying polymer thin film. The polymer thin film may eventually be nanostructured, too, in order to create a hierarchy in length scales. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering is an advanced method to characterize and investigate polymer-metal interfaces. Being non-destructive and yielding statistically relevant results, it allows for deducing the detailed polymer-metal interaction. We review the use of grazing incidence X-ray scattering to elucidate the polymer-metal interface, making use of the modern synchrotron radiation facilities, allowing for very local studies via in situ (so-called "stop-sputter") experiments as well as studies observing the nanostructured metal nanoparticle layer growth in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestraße 85, D-22607 Hamburg, Germany.
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden.
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10
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Zoberbier T, Chamberlain TW, Biskupek J, Suyetin M, Majouga AG, Besley E, Kaiser U, Khlobystov AN. Investigation of the Interactions and Bonding between Carbon and Group VIII Metals at the Atomic Scale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1649-57. [PMID: 26848826 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The nature and dynamics of bonding between Fe, Ru, Os, and single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is studied by aberration-corrected high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (AC-HRTEM). The metals catalyze a wide variety of different transformations ranging from ejection of carbon atoms from the nanotube sidewall to the formation of hollow carbon shells or metal carbide within the SWNT, depending on the nature of the metal. The electron beam of AC-HRTEM serves the dual purpose of providing energy to the specimen and simultaneously enabling imaging of chemical transformations. Careful control of the electron beam parameters, energy, flux, and dose allowed direct comparison between the metals, demonstrating that their chemical reactions with SWNTs are determined by a balance between the cohesive energy of the metal particles and the strength of the metal-carbon σ- or π-bonds. The pathways of transformations of a given metal can be drastically changed by applying different electron energies (80, 40, or 20 keV), thus demonstrating AC-HRTEM as a new tool to direct and study chemical reactions. The understanding of interactions and bonding between SWNT and metals revealed by AC-HRTEM at the atomic level has important implications for nanotube-based electronic devices and catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Zoberbier
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Thomas W Chamberlain
- Institute of Process Research and Development, School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Biskupek
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Mikhail Suyetin
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Elena Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility for Electron MicroscopyElectron Microscopy Group of Materials Science, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm, D-89081, Germany
| | - Andrei N Khlobystov
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
- National University of Science & Technology MISiS, Moscow, 119049, Russia
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11
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Li X, Zhu J, Wei B. Hybrid nanostructures of metal/two-dimensional nanomaterials for plasmon-enhanced applications. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:3145-87. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00195e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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12
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Monazami E, Bignardi L, Rudolf P, Reinke P. Strain Lattice Imprinting in Graphene by C60 Intercalation at the Graphene/Cu Interface. NANO LETTERS 2015; 15:7421-7430. [PMID: 26426671 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercalation of C60 molecules at the graphene-substrate interface by annealing leads to amorphous and crystalline structures. A comparison of topography and electronic structure with wrinkles and moiré patterns confirms intercalation. The intercalated molecules imprint a local strain/deformation on the graphene layer whose magnitude is controlled by the intermolecular distance. The crystalline intercalated structure exhibits a superlattice peak in the local density of states. This work provides control of local strain in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Monazami
- University of Virginia , 395 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400745, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4745, United States
| | - L Bignardi
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Rudolf
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen , Nijenborgh 4, NL-9747AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P Reinke
- University of Virginia , 395 McCormick Road, P.O. Box 400745, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4745, United States
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13
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Wang X, Liow C, Bisht A, Liu X, Sum TC, Chen X, Li S. Engineering interfacial photo-induced charge transfer based on nanobamboo array architecture for efficient solar-to-chemical energy conversion. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:2207-2214. [PMID: 25704499 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Engineering interfacial photo-induced charge transfer for highly synergistic photocatalysis is successfully realized based on nanobamboo array architecture. Programmable assemblies of various components and heterogeneous interfaces, and, in turn, engineering of the energy band structure along the charge transport pathways, play a critical role in generating excellent synergistic effects of multiple components for promoting photocatalytic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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14
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Two-dimensional hyper-branched gold nanoparticles synthesized on a two-dimensional oil/water interface. Sci Rep 2014; 4:6119. [PMID: 25156520 PMCID: PMC4143794 DOI: 10.1038/srep06119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) gold nanoparticles can possess novel physical and chemical properties, which will greatly expand the utility of gold nanoparticles in a wide variety of applications ranging from catalysis to biomedicine. However, colloidal synthesis of such particles generally requires sophisticated synthetic techniques to carefully guide anisotropic growth. Here we report that 2D hyper-branched gold nanoparticles in the lateral size range of about 50 ~ 120 nm can be synthesized selectively on a 2D immiscible oil/water interface in a few minutes at room temperature without structure-directing agents. An oleic acid/water interface can provide diffusion-controlled growth conditions, leading to the structural evolution of a smaller gold nucleus to 2D nanodendrimer and nanourchin at the interface. Simulations based on the phase field crystal model match well with experimental observations on the 2D branching of the nucleus, which occurs at the early stage of growth. Branching results in higher surface area and stronger near-field enhancement of 2D gold nanoparticles. This interfacial synthesis can be scaled up by creating an emulsion and the recovery of oleic acid is also achievable by centrifugation.
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Yadavalli NS, Korolkov D, Moulin JF, Krutyeva M, Santer S. Probing opto-mechanical stresses within azobenzene-containing photosensitive polymer films by a thin metal film placed above. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:11333-11340. [PMID: 24995460 DOI: 10.1021/am501870t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Azo-modified photosensitive polymers offer the interesting possibility to reshape bulk polymers and thin films by UV-irradiation while being in the solid glassy state. The polymer undergoes considerable mass transport under irradiation with a light interference pattern resulting in the formation of surface relief grating (SRG). The forces inscribing this SRG pattern into a thin film are hard to assess experimentally directly. In the current study, we are proposing a method to probe opto-mechanical stresses within polymer films by characterizing the mechanical response of thin metal films (10 nm) deposited on the photosensitive polymer. During irradiation, the metal film not only deforms along with the SRG formation but ruptures in a regular and complex manner. The morphology of the cracks differs strongly depending on the electrical field distribution in the interference pattern, even when the magnitude and the kinetics of the strain are kept constant. This implies a complex local distribution of the opto-mechanical stress along the topography grating. In addition, the neutron reflectivity measurements of the metal/polymer interface indicate the penetration of a metal layer within the polymer, resulting in a formation of a bonding layer that confirms the transduction of light-induced stresses in the polymer layer to a metal film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraja Sekhar Yadavalli
- Department of Experimental Physics, Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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Atomic-scale observation of migration and coalescence of Au nanoclusters on YSZ surface by aberration-corrected STEM. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5521. [PMID: 24980655 PMCID: PMC4076700 DOI: 10.1038/srep05521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unraveling structural dynamics of noble metal nanoclusters on oxide supports is critical to understanding reaction process and origin of catalytic activity in heterogeneous catalysts. Here, we show that aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy can provide direct atomic-resolution imaging of surface migration, coalescence, and atomic rearrangement of Au clusters on an Y:ZrO₂ (YSZ) support. The high resolution enables us to reveal migration and coalescence process of Au clusters at the atomic scale, and to demonstrate that the coalesced clusters undergo a cooperative atomic rearrangement, which transforms the coherent into incoherent Au/YSZ interface. This approach can help to elucidate atomistic mechanism of catalytic activities and to develop novel catalysts with enhanced functionality.
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Wang X, Liow C, Qi D, Zhu B, Leow WR, Wang H, Xue C, Chen X, Li S. Programmable photo-electrochemical hydrogen evolution based on multi-segmented CdS-Au nanorod arrays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:3506-12. [PMID: 24664589 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201306201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Programmable photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution have been fabricated based on multi-segmented CdS-Au nanorod arrays, which exhibited high-efficiency and programmability in hydrogen evolution as the photoanodes in the photoelectrochemical cell. Multiple different components each possess unique physical and chemical properties that provide these cascade nanostructures with multiformity, programmability, and adaptability. These advantages allow these nanostructures as promising candidates for high efficient harvesting and conversion of solar energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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Losurdo M, Yi C, Suvorova A, Rubanov S, Kim TH, Giangregorio MM, Jiao W, Bergmair I, Bruno G, Brown AS. Demonstrating the capability of the high-performance plasmonic gallium-graphene couple. ACS NANO 2014; 8:3031-41. [PMID: 24575951 DOI: 10.1021/nn500472r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticle (NP)-graphene multifunctional platforms are of great interest for exploring strong light-graphene interactions enhanced by plasmons and for improving performance of numerous applications, such as sensing and catalysis. These platforms can also be used to carry out fundamental studies on charge transfer, and the findings can lead to new strategies for doping graphene. There have been a large number of studies on noble metal Au-graphene and Ag-graphene platforms that have shown their potential for a number of applications. These studies have also highlighted some drawbacks that must be overcome to realize high performance. Here we demonstrate the promise of plasmonic gallium (Ga) nanoparticle (NP)-graphene hybrids as a means of modulating the graphene Fermi level, creating tunable localized surface plasmon resonances and, consequently, creating high-performance surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) platforms. Four prominent peculiarities of Ga, differentiating it from the commonly used noble (gold and silver) metals are (1) the ability to create tunable (from the UV to the visible) plasmonic platforms, (2) its chemical stability leading to long-lifetime plasmonic platforms, (3) its ability to n-type dope graphene, and (4) its weak chemical interaction with graphene, which preserves the integrity of the graphene lattice. As a result of these factors, a Ga NP-enhanced graphene Raman intensity effect has been observed. To further elucidate the roles of the electromagnetic enhancement (or plasmonic) mechanism in relation to electron transfer, we compare graphene-on-Ga NP and Ga NP-on-graphene SERS platforms using the cationic dye rhodamine B, a drug model biomolecule, as the analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Losurdo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Duke University , Durham, North Carolina 27705, United States
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Plant SR, Cao L, Yin F, Wang ZW, Palmer RE. Size-dependent propagation of Au nanoclusters through few-layer graphene. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:1258-63. [PMID: 24242001 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We report the size-dependent propagation of gold nanoclusters through few-layer graphene (FLG). We employ aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) to track the fate of Au55 and Au923 clusters that have been deposited, independently and isoenergetically, onto suspended FLG films using cluster beam deposition. We demonstrate that Au55 clusters penetrate through the FLG, whereas the monodisperse Au923 clusters reside at the surface. Our approach offers a route to the controlled incorporation of dopant nanoparticles and the generation of nanoscale defects in graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R Plant
- Nanoscale Physics Research Laboratory, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
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Lin X, Liu P, Wei Y, Li Q, Wang J, Wu Y, Feng C, Zhang L, Fan S, Jiang K. Development of an ultra-thin film comprised of a graphene membrane and carbon nanotube vein support. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2920. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Schwartzkopf M, Buffet A, Körstgens V, Metwalli E, Schlage K, Benecke G, Perlich J, Rawolle M, Rothkirch A, Heidmann B, Herzog G, Müller-Buschbaum P, Röhlsberger R, Gehrke R, Stribeck N, Roth SV. From atoms to layers: in situ gold cluster growth kinetics during sputter deposition. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:5053-5062. [PMID: 23640164 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr34216f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The adjustment of size-dependent catalytic, electrical and optical properties of gold cluster assemblies is a very significant issue in modern applied nanotechnology. We present a real-time investigation of the growth kinetics of gold nanostructures from small nuclei to a complete gold layer during magnetron sputter deposition with high time resolution by means of in situ microbeam grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (μGISAXS). We specify the four-stage growth including their thresholds with sub-monolayer resolution and identify phase transitions monitored in Yoneda intensity as a material-specific characteristic. An innovative and flexible geometrical model enables the extraction of morphological real space parameters, such as cluster size and shape, correlation distance, layer porosity and surface coverage, directly from reciprocal space scattering data. This approach enables a large variety of future investigations of the influence of different process parameters on the thin metal film morphology. Furthermore, our study allows for deducing the wetting behavior of gold cluster films on solid substrates and provides a better understanding of the growth kinetics in general, which is essential for optimization of manufacturing parameters, saving energy and resources.
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Metals on Graphene: Interactions, Growth Morphology, and Thermal Stability. CRYSTALS 2013. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst3010079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Scanning transmission electron microscopy: Albert Crewe's vision and beyond. Ultramicroscopy 2012; 123:90-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2012.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Van Tendeloo G, Bals S, Van Aert S, Verbeeck J, Van Dyck D. Advanced electron microscopy for advanced materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:5655-5675. [PMID: 22907862 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The idea of this Review is to introduce newly developed possibilities of advanced electron microscopy to the materials science community. Over the last decade, electron microscopy has evolved into a full analytical tool, able to provide atomic scale information on the position, nature, and even the valency atoms. This information is classically obtained in two dimensions (2D), but can now also be obtained in 3D. We show examples of applications in the field of nanoparticles and interfaces.
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Wu Y, Jiang W, Ren Y, Cai W, Lee WH, Li H, Piner RD, Pope CW, Hao Y, Ji H, Kang J, Ruoff RS. Tuning the doping type and level of graphene with different gold configurations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:3129-3136. [PMID: 22826024 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Au nanoparticles and films are deposited onto clean graphene surfaces to study the doping effect of different Au configurations. Micro-Raman spectra show that both the doping type and level of graphene can be tuned by fine control of the Au deposition. The morphological structures of Au on graphene are imaged by transmission electron microscopy, which indicate a size-dependent electrical characteristic: isolated Au nanoparticles produce n-type doping of graphene, while continuous Au films produce p-type doping. Accordingly, graphene field-effect transistors are fabricated, with the in situ measurements suggesting the tunable conductivity type and level by contacting with different Au configurations. For interpreting the experimental observations, the first-principles approach is used to simulate the interaction within graphene-Au systems. The results suggest that, different doping properties of Au-graphene systems are induced by the chemical interactions between graphene and the different Au configurations (isolated nanoparticle and continuous film).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Wu
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Yi C, Kim TH, Jiao W, Yang Y, Lazarides A, Hingerl K, Bruno G, Brown A, Losurdo M. Evidence of plasmonic coupling in gallium nanoparticles/graphene/SiC. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2012; 8:2721-2730. [PMID: 22674808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is emerging as a promising material for plasmonics applications due to its strong light-matter interactions, most of which are theoretically predicted but not yet experimentally realized. Therefore, the integration of plasmonic nanoparticles to create metal nanoparticle/graphene composites enables numerous phenomena important for a range of applications from photonics to catalysis. For these applications it is important to articulate the coupling of photon-based excitations such as the interaction between plasmons in each of the material components, as well as their charge-based interactions dependent upon the energy alignment at the metal/graphene interface. These coupled phenomena underpin an active application area in graphene-based composites due to nanoparticle-dependent surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of graphene phonon modes. This study reveals the coupling of a graphene/SiC support with Ga-nanoparticle-localized surface plasmon resonance, which is of particular interest due to its ability to be tuned across the UV into the near-IR region. This work is the first demonstration of the evolving plasmon resonance on graphene during the synthesis of surface-supported metal nanoparticles, thus providing evidence for the theoretically predicted screening revealed by a damped resonance with little energy shift. Therefore, the role of the graphene/substrate heterojunction in tailoring the plasmon resonance for nanoplasmonic applications is shown. Additionally, the coupled phenomena between the graphene-Ga plasmon properties, charge transfer, and SERS of graphene vibrational modes are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congwen Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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Ramasse QM, Zan R, Bangert U, Boukhvalov DW, Son YW, Novoselov KS. Direct experimental evidence of metal-mediated etching of suspended graphene. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4063-4071. [PMID: 22533553 DOI: 10.1021/nn300452y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomic resolution high angle annular dark field imaging of suspended, single-layer graphene, onto which the metals Cr, Ti, Pd, Ni, Al, and Au atoms had been deposited, was carried out in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope. In combination with electron energy loss spectroscopy, employed to identify individual impurity atoms, it was shown that nanoscale holes were etched into graphene, initiated at sites where single atoms of all the metal species except for gold come into close contact with the graphene. The e-beam scanning process is instrumental in promoting metal atoms from clusters formed during the original metal deposition process onto the clean graphene surface, where they initiate the hole-forming process. Our observations are discussed in the light of calculations in the literature, predicting a much lowered vacancy formation in graphene when metal ad-atoms are present. The requirement and importance of oxygen atoms in this process, although not predicted by such previous calculations, is also discussed, following our observations of hole formation in pristine graphene in the presence of Si-impurity atoms, supported by new calculations which predict a dramatic decrease of the vacancy formation energy, when SiO(x) molecules are present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin M Ramasse
- SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury Campus , Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom.
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Zan R, Bangert U, Ramasse Q, Novoselov KS. Interaction of Metals with Suspended Graphene Observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:953-958. [PMID: 26286426 DOI: 10.1021/jz201653g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this Perspective, we present an overview of how different metals interface with suspended graphene, providing a closer look into the metal-graphene interaction by employing high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, especially using high-angle dark field imaging. All studied metals favor sites on the omnipresent hydrocarbon surface contamination rather than on the clean graphene surface and present nonuniform distributions, which never result in continuous films but instead in clusters or nanocrystals, indicating a weak interaction between the metal and graphene. This behavior can be altered to some degree by surface pretreatment (hydrogenation) and high-temperature vacuum annealing. Graphene etching is observed in a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) under high vacuum and 60 kV electron beam acceleration voltage conditions for all metals, except for Au. This unusual metal-mediated etching sheds new light on the metal-graphene interaction; it might explain the observed higher frequency of cluster nucleation for certain transition metals and might have implications regarding controlled nanomanipulation, that is, for self-assembly and sculpturing of future graphene-based devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Quentin Ramasse
- §SuperSTEM Laboratory, STFC Daresbury, Daresbury WA4 4AD, United Kingdom
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Lim EK, Jang E, Kim J, Lee T, Kim E, Park HS, Suh JS, Huh YM, Haam S. Self-fabricated dextran-coated gold nanoparticles using pyrenyl dextran as a reducible stabilizer and their application as CT imaging agents for atherosclerosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32277c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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