1
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Detection of 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine in Urine by Magnetically Improved Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensing Strategy. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090711. [PMID: 36140096 PMCID: PMC9496583 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Abuse of illicit drugs has become a major issue of global concern. As a synthetic amphetamine analog, 3,4-Methylene Dioxy Amphetamine (MDA) causes serotonergic neurotoxicity, posing a serious risk to human health. In this work, a two-dimensional substrate of ITO/Au is fabricated by transferring Au nanoparticle film onto indium–tin oxide glass (ITO). By magnetic inducing assembly of Fe3O4@Au onto ITO/Au, a sandwich-based, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection strategy is designed. Through the use of an external magnet, the MDA is retained in the region of hot spots formed between Fe3O4@Au and ITO/Au; as a result, the SERS sensitivity for MDA is superior compared to other methods, lowering the limit of detection (LOD) to 0.0685 ng/mL and attaining a corresponding linear dynamic detection range of 5–105 ng/mL. As an actual application, this magnetically improved SERS sensing strategy is successfully applied to distinguish MDA in urine at trace level, which is beneficial to clinical and forensic monitors.
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2
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Chen S, Yun SN, Liu Y, Yu R, Tu Q, Wang J, Yuan MS. A highly selective and sensitive CdS fluorescent quantum dot for the simultaneous detection of multiple pesticides. Analyst 2022; 147:3258-3265. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We presented one-pot prepared CdS fluorescent quantum dots (QDs) which can sensitively and selectively detect three different organic pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Chen
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Na Yun
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Yujiao Liu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Ruijin Yu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Qin Tu
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Jinyi Wang
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
| | - Mao-Sen Yuan
- College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang L, Guo Y, Hao R, Shi Y, You H, Nan H, Dai Y, Liu D, Lei D, Fang J. Ultra-rapid and highly efficient enrichment of organic pollutants via magnetic mesoporous nanosponge for ultrasensitive nanosensors. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6849. [PMID: 34824226 PMCID: PMC8617178 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27100-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, owing to the single-molecule-level sensitivity and highly informative spectroscopic characteristics, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is regarded as the most direct and effective detection technique. However, SERS still faces several challenges in its practical applications, such as the complex matrix interferences, and low sensitivity to the molecules of intrinsic small cross-sections or weak affinity to the surface of metals. Here, we show an enrichment-typed sensing strategy with both excellent selectivity and ultrahigh detection sensitivity based on a powerful porous composite material, called mesoporous nanosponge. The nanosponge consists of porous β-cyclodextrin polymers immobilized with magnetic NPs, demonstrating remarkable capability of effective and fast removal of organic micropollutants, e.g., ~90% removal efficiency within ~1 min, and an enrichment factor up to ~103. By means of this current enrichment strategy, the limit of detection for typical organic pollutants can be significantly improved by 2~3 orders of magnitude. Consequently, the current enrichment strategy is proved to be applicable in a variety of fields for portable and fast detection, such as Raman and fluorescent sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Zhang
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yu Guo
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Rui Hao
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yafei Shi
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Hongjun You
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Hu Nan
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243School of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Yanzhu Dai
- grid.43169.390000 0001 0599 1243School of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049 China
| | - Danjun Liu
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong China
| | - Dangyuan Lei
- grid.35030.350000 0004 1792 6846Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, 999077 Hong Kong China
| | - Jixiang Fang
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Faculty of Electronic and Information Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China. .,Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China.
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4
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Su D, Li H, Yan X, Lin Y, Lu G. Biosensors based on fluorescence carbon nanomaterials for detection of pesticides. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.116126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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5
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Yang T, Qu Y, Hickey M, Wang W, Zhao B, Bi S, Zhang G, He L. Mapping of Pesticide Transmission on Biological Tissues by Surface Enhanced Raman Microscopy with a Gold Nanoparticle Mirror. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:44894-44904. [PMID: 31657898 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We presented an improved surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping technique for the imaging of pesticides on biological samples including tomato leaves, fruits, and mouse skin using a gold nanoparticle mirror as the SERS substrate. The gold nanoparticle mirror was fabricated using 50 nm commercial citrate-capped gold nanoparticles upon the interface of water and a mediating solvent that was prepared using acetonitrile and hexane. The properties of the gold nanoparticle mirror were compared with gold nanoparticles, and the mirror displayed higher sensitivity with a limit of detection of 0.07 μg/cm2 and better reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 5.48% for the SERS mapping of pesticide (ferbam) on biological samples. The gold mirror-based SERS mapping technique was also used to investigate pesticide transmission from tomato fruit surfaces to mouse skin after 1 mg/cm2 of pesticides was administered upon the fruit, and the results showed that about 23% of the pesticide was transmitted from the fruit to the mouse skin. We also found that pesticides on the contaminated hand could not be completely removed by routine rinsing with tap water for 2 min. This study provides an effective approach for the imaging of pesticides on biological tissues that would facilitate research on pesticide behaviors both on and in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Yanqi Qu
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Michael Hickey
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Weicang Wang
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Shuilian Bi
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science , University of Massachusetts , Amherst , Massachusetts 01003 , United States
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6
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Larrea A, Eguizabal A, Sebastián V. Gas-Directed Production of Noble Metal-Magnetic Heteronanostructures in Continuous Fashion: Application in Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:43520-43532. [PMID: 31664814 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complex nanomaterials produced by scale-up batch processes lack suitable control of shape, size distribution, chemical composition, and quality, because heat and mass transfer are seriously affected as the reactor volume increases. Here we use a novel continuous synthesis procedure, the active gas-liquid segmented flow, to produce noble metal-magnetic heteronanostructures with enormous interest in the fields of catalysis, biomedicine, environmental sensors, food monitoring, and chemical analysis. The microreactor technology proposed scales down the reaction volume to gain advantage of the large surface area to volume ratio with respect to conventional batch-type reactors, improving heat and mass transport and, consequently, promoting a uniform heating and mixing. The gas phase was introduced in the chemical reactor as gas slugs of nanoliter scale with a dual role: (1) passive mixing and (2) chemical directing agent to tune the crystallization of nanostructures in a continuous fashion. The shape, size, and magnetic properties of the resulting heteronanostructures, as well as the density, size, and composition of noble metal nanoparticles were tuned to show the versatility of the proposed approach in a timeline of 4 min. We demonstrated that the produced nanostructures provide excellent catalytic properties in the catalyzed hydrogenation of nitrophenols to aminophenols. Electron microscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry studies showed the remarkable catalytic performance of the produced heteronanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ane Larrea
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Adela Eguizabal
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
| | - Víctor Sebastián
- Institute of Nanoscience of Aragon and Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Zaragoza , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Networking Research Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , E-50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón, CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza , Pedro Cerbuna 12 , 50009 Zaragoza , Spain
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7
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Chen G, Zhang K, Luo B, Hong W, Chen J, Chen X. Plasmonic-3D photonic crystals microchip for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 143:111596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Song D, Yang R, Long F, Zhu A. Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of environmental pollutants. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 80:14-34. [PMID: 30952332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution, a major problem worldwide, poses considerable threat to human health and ecological environment. Efficient and reliable detection technologies, which focus on the appearance of emerging environmental and trace pollutants, are urgently needed. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has become an attractive analytical tool for sensing trace targets in environmental field because of its inherent molecular fingerprint specificity and high sensitivity. In this review, we focused on the recent developments in the integration of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) with SERS for facilitating sensitive detection of environmental pollutants. An overview and classification of different types of MNPs for SERS detection were initially provided, enabling us to categorize the huge amount of literature that was available in the interdisciplinary research field of MNPs based SERS technology. Then, the basic working principles and applications of MNPs in SERS detection were presented. Subsequently, the detection technologies integrating MNPs with SERS that eventually were used for the detection of various environmental pollutions were reviewed. Finally, the advantages of MNP-basedSERS detection technology for environmental pollutants were concluded, and the current challenges and future outlook of this technology in practical applications were highlighted. The application of the MNPs-basedSERS techniques for environmental analysis will be significantly advanced with the great progresses of the nanotechnologies, optics, and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Song
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Rong Yang
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China
| | - Feng Long
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China.
| | - Anna Zhu
- Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Academy of Military Sciences PLA China, Beijing 102205, China; State Key Laboratory of NBC Protection FOR Civilian, Beijing 102205, China.
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9
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Jiang L, Gu K, Liu R, Jin S, Wang H, Pan C. Rapid detection of pesticide residues in fruits by surface-enhanced Raman scattering based on modified QuEChERS pretreatment method with portable Raman instrument. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0619-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
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10
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Nelis JLD, Tsagkaris AS, Zhao Y, Lou-Franco J, Nolan P, Zhou H, Cao C, Rafferty K, Hajslova J, Elliott CT, Campbell K. The end user sensor tree: An end-user friendly sensor database. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 130:245-253. [PMID: 30769289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Detailed knowledge regarding sensor based technologies for the detection of food contamination often remains concealed within scientific journals or divided between numerous commercial kits which prevents optimal connectivity between companies and end-users. To overcome this barrier The End user Sensor Tree (TEST) has been developed. TEST is a comprehensive, interactive platform including over 900 sensor based methods, retrieved from the scientific literature and commercial market, for aquatic-toxins, mycotoxins, pesticides and microorganism detection. Key analytical parameters are recorded in excel files while a novel classification system is used which provides, tailor-made, experts' feedback using an online decision tree and database introduced here. Additionally, a critical comparison of reviewed sensors is presented alongside a global perspective on research pioneers and commercially available products. The lack of commercial uptake of the academically popular electrochemical and nanomaterial based sensors, as well as multiplexing platforms became very apparent and reasons for this anomaly are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L D Nelis
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - A S Tsagkaris
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Y Zhao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK; School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK
| | - J Lou-Franco
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - P Nolan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - H Zhou
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK; Department of Informatics, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - C Cao
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - K Rafferty
- School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Queen's University Belfast, Stranmillis Road, Belfast, UK
| | - J Hajslova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28 Prague 6 - Dejvice, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - C T Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK
| | - K Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University, David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road, Belfast BT9 5AG, UK.
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11
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Yang T, Doherty J, Guo H, Zhao B, Clark JM, Xing B, Hou R, He L. Real-Time Monitoring of Pesticide Translocation in Tomato Plants by Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2093-2099. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Jeffery Doherty
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Huiyuan Guo
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruyan Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, China
| | - Lili He
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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12
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Surface enhanced Raman detection of the colon cancer biomarker cytidine by using magnetized nanoparticles of the type Fe3O4/Au/Ag. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:195. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Yu S, Liu Z, Wang W, Jin L, Xu W, Wu Y. Disperse magnetic solid phase microextraction and surface enhanced Raman scattering (Dis-MSPME-SERS) for the rapid detection of trace illegally chemicals. Talanta 2018; 178:498-506. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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14
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Yang T, Doherty J, Zhao B, Kinchla AJ, Clark JM, He L. Effectiveness of Commercial and Homemade Washing Agents in Removing Pesticide Residues on and in Apples. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:9744-9752. [PMID: 29067814 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Removal of pesticide residues from fresh produce is important to reduce pesticide exposure to humans. This study investigated the effectiveness of commercial and homemade washing agents in the removal of surface and internalized pesticide residues from apples. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods were used to determine the effectiveness of different washing agents in removing pesticide residues. Surface pesticide residues were most effectively removed by sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) solution when compared to either tap water or Clorox bleach. Using a 10 mg/mL NaHCO3 washing solution, it took 12 and 15 min to completely remove thiabendazole or phosmet surface residues, respectively, following a 24 h exposure to these pesticides, which were applied at a concentration of 125 ng/cm2. LC-MS/MS results showed, however, that 20% of applied thiabendazole and 4.4% of applied phosmet had penetrated into the apples following the 24 h exposure. Thiabendazole, a systemic pesticide, penetrated 4-fold deeper into the apple peel than did phosmet, a non-systemic pesticide, which led to more thiabendazole residues inside the apples, which could not be washed away using the NaHCO3 washing solution. This study gives us the information that the standard postharvest washing method using Clorox bleach solution for 2 min is not an effective means to completely remove pesticide residues on the surface of apples. The NaHCO3 method is more effective in removing surface pesticide residues on apples. In the presence of NaHCO3, thiabendazole and phosmet can degrade, which assists the physical removal force of washing. However, the NaHCO3 method was not completely effective in removing residues that have penetrated into the apple peel. The overall effectiveness of the method to remove all pesticide residues diminished as pesticides penetrated deeper into the fruit. In practical application, washing apples with NaHCO3 solution can reduce pesticides mostly from the surface. Peeling is more effective to remove the penetrated pesticides; however, bioactive compounds in the peels will become lost too.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffery Doherty
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | | | | | - John M Clark
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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15
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Jeong C, Kim HM, Park SY, Cha MG, Park SJ, Kyeong S, Pham XH, Hahm E, Ha Y, Jeong DH, Jun BH, Lee YS. Highly Sensitive Magnetic-SERS Dual-Function Silica Nanoprobes for Effective On-Site Organic Chemical Detection. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E146. [PMID: 28608835 PMCID: PMC5485793 DOI: 10.3390/nano7060146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We report magnetic silver nanoshells (M-AgNSs) that have both magnetic and SERS properties for SERS-based detection. The M-AgNSs are composed of hundreds of Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles for rapid accumulation and bumpy silver shell for sensitive SERS detection by near-infrared laser excitation. The intensity of the SERS signal from the M-AgNSs was strong enough to provide single particle-level detection. We obtained much stronger SERS signal intensity from the aggregated M-AgNSs than from the non-aggregated AgNSs. 4-Fluorothiophenol was detected at concentrations as low as 1 nM, which corresponds to 0.16 ppb. The limit of detection for tetramethylthiuram disulfide was 10 μM, which corresponds to 3 ppm. The M-AgNSs can be used to detect trace amounts of organic molecules using a portable Raman system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheolhwan Jeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Hyung-Mo Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - So Yeon Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Myeong Geun Cha
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Sung-Jun Park
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - San Kyeong
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Xuan-Hung Pham
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Eunil Hahm
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Yuna Ha
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Dae Hong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry Education, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
| | - Bong-Hyun Jun
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea.
| | - Yoon-Sik Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea.
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16
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Yang T, Zhao B, Kinchla AJ, Clark JM, He L. Investigation of Pesticide Penetration and Persistence on Harvested and Live Basil Leaves Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:3541-3550. [PMID: 28393527 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding pesticide behavior in plants is important for effectively applying pesticides and in reducing pesticide exposures from ingestion. This study aimed to investigate the penetration and persistence of pesticides applied on harvested and live basil leaves. Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) mapping was applied for in situ and real-time tracking of pesticides over time using gold nanoparticles as probes. The results showed that, after surface exposure of 30 min to 48 h, pesticides (10 mg/L) penetrated more rapidly and deeply into the live leaves than the harvested leaves. The systemic pesticide thiabendazole and the nonsystemic pesticide ferbam can penetrate into the live leaves with depths of 225 and 130 μm, respectively, and the harvested leaves with depths of 180 and 18 μm, respectively, after 48 h of exposure. The effects of leaf integrity and age on thiabendazole penetration were also evaluated on live basil leaves after 24 h of exposure. Thiabendazole (10 mg/L) when applied onto intact leaves penetrated deeper (170 μm) than when applied onto damaged leaves (80 μm) prepared with 20 scrapes on the top surface of the leaves. Older leaves with a wet mass of 0.204 ± 0.019 g per leaf (45 days after leaf out) allowed more rapid and deeper penetration of pesticides (depth of 165 μm) than younger leaves with a wet mass of 0.053 ± 0.007 g per leaf (15 days after leaf out, depth of 95 μm). The degradation of thiabendazole on live leaves was detected after 1 week, whereas the apparent degradation of ferbam was detected after 2 weeks. In addition, the removal of pesticides from basil was more efficient when compared with other fresh produce possibly due to the specific gland structure of basil leaves. The information obtained here provides a better understanding of the behavior and biological fate of pesticides on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John M Clark
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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17
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Yang T, Zhao B, Hou R, Zhang Z, Kinchla AJ, Clark JM, He L. Evaluation of the Penetration of Multiple Classes of Pesticides in Fresh Produce Using Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping. J Food Sci 2016; 81:T2891-T2901. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- Dept. of Food Science Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Bin Zhao
- Dept. of Food Science Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
- State Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization Anhui Agricultural Univ Hefei Anhui 230036 P.R. China
| | - Ruyan Hou
- Dept. of Food Science Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Dept. of Food Science Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | | | - John M. Clark
- Dept. of Veterinary & Animal Sciences Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003 USA
| | - Lili He
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory Amherst MA 01003 USA
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18
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Sun Y, Xu L, Zhang F, Song Z, Hu Y, Ji Y, Shen J, Li B, Lu H, Yang H. A promising magnetic SERS immunosensor for sensitive detection of avian influenza virus. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 89:906-912. [PMID: 27818055 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Avian influenza viruses infect a great number of global populations every year and can lead to severe epidemics with high morbidity and mortality. Facile, rapid and sensitive detection of viruses is very crucial to control the viral spread at its early stage. In this work, we developed a novel magnetic immunosensor based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy to detect intact but inactivated influenza virus H3N2 (A/Shanghai/4084T/2012) by constructing a sandwich complex consisting of SERS tags, target influenza viruses and highly SERS-active magnetic supporting substrates. The procedure of sample pretreatment could be significantly simplified since the magnetic supporting substrates allowed the enrichment and separation of viruses from a complex matrix. With a portable Raman spectrometer, the immunosensor could detect H3N2 down to 102TCID50/mL (TCID50 refers to tissue culture infection dose at 50% end point), with a good linear relationship from 102 to 5×103 TCID50/mL. Considering its time efficiency, portability and sensitivity, the proposed SERS-based magnetic immunoassay is very promising for a point-of-care (POC) test in clinical and diagnostic praxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Sun
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China; Institute of Arthritis Research, Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai 200052, China; Shanghai TargetDrug Ltd., Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Li Xu
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China
| | - Fengdi Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Zhigang Song
- Department of Pathogen Diagnosis and Biosafety, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yunwen Hu
- Department of Pathogen Diagnosis and Biosafety, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Yongjia Ji
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Jiayin Shen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China
| | - Ben Li
- Shanghai TargetDrug Ltd., Shanghai 201202, China
| | - Hongzhou Lu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.
| | - Haifeng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, China.
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19
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Scaramuzza S, Badocco D, Pastore P, Coral DF, Fernández van Raap MB, Amendola V. Magnetically Assembled SERS Substrates Composed of Iron-Silver Nanoparticles Obtained by Laser Ablation in Liquid. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:1026-1034. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Badocco
- University of Padua; Department of Chemical Sciences; Padua Italy
| | - Paolo Pastore
- University of Padua; Department of Chemical Sciences; Padua Italy
| | - Diego F. Coral
- Physics Institute of La Plata (IFLP-CONICET); Physics Department; Faculty of Exact Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
| | - Marcela B. Fernández van Raap
- Physics Institute of La Plata (IFLP-CONICET); Physics Department; Faculty of Exact Sciences; National University of La Plata; La Plata Argentina
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20
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Liu Z, Wang Y, Deng R, Yang L, Yu S, Xu S, Xu W. Fe3O4@Graphene Oxide@Ag Particles for Surface Magnet Solid-Phase Extraction Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SMSPE-SERS): From Sample Pretreatment to Detection All-in-One. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:14160-14168. [PMID: 27191584 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional magnetic graphene surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate was fabricated successfully by the layer-by-layer assembly of silver and graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles (NPs) on the magnetic ferroferric oxide particles (Fe3O4@GO@Ag). This ternary particle possesses magnetic properties, SERS activity, and adsorption ability simultaneously. Owing to the multifunction of this Fe3O4@GO@Ag ternary complex, we put forward a new method called a surface magnetic solid-phase extraction (SMSPE) technique, for the SERS detections of pesticide residues on the fruit peels. SMSPE integrates many sample pretreatment procedures, such as surface extraction, separation sample, and detection, all-in-one. So this method shows great superiority in simplicity, rapidity, and high efficiency above other standard methods. The whole detection process can be finished within 20 min including the sample pretreatment and SERS detection. Owing to the high density of Ag NPs, the detection sensitivity is high enough that the lowest detectable concentrations are 0.48 and 40 ng/cm(2) for thiram and thiabendazole, which are much lower than the maximal residue limits in fruit prescribed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. This multifunctional ternary particle and its corresponding analytical method have been proven to be applicable for practical samples and also valuable for other surface analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhigang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology , Jilin 132022 China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
| | - Rong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
| | - Liyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
| | - Shihua Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology , Jilin 132022 China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
| | - Weiqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University , 2699 Qianjin Avenue, Changchun 130012 China
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21
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Yang T, Zhang Z, Zhao B, Hou R, Kinchla A, Clark JM, He L. Real-Time and in Situ Monitoring of Pesticide Penetration in Edible Leaves by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Mapping. Anal Chem 2016; 88:5243-50. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b00320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Zhiyun Zhang
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ruyan Hou
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- State
Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Biology and Utilization, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P. R. China
| | - Amanda Kinchla
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - John M. Clark
- Department of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Massachusetts Pesticide Analysis Laboratory, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lili He
- Department
of Food Science, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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22
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Shi X, Li HW, Ying YL, Liu C, Zhang L, Long YT. In situ monitoring of catalytic process variations in a single nanowire by dark-field-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:1044-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In this communication, we provide a new method for characterizing the kinetics of a catalytic process on multiple sites of a single nanowire by dark-field-assisted surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (DFSERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Hao-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Lun Ying
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- P. R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- P. R. China
| | - Yi-Tao Long
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- P. R. China
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23
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Ma CH, Zhang J, Hong YC, Wang YR, Chen X. Determination of carbendazim in tea using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Yang T, Guo X, Wang H, Fu S, wen Y, Yang H. Magnetically optimized SERS assay for rapid detection of trace drug-related biomarkers in saliva and fingerprints. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:350-357. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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25
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Wang J, Liu R, Zhang C, Han G, Zhao J, Liu B, Jiang C, Zhang Z. Synthesis of g-C3N4 nanosheet/Au@Ag nanoparticle hybrids as SERS probes for cancer cell diagnostics. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra16558j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A SERS-active detection platform based on ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheet/Au@AgNP hybrids (g-C3N4/Au@AgNPs) was developed for ultrasensitive Raman signal readout and cancer cell diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Renyong Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Guangmei Han
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Bianhua Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Changlong Jiang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
| | - Zhongping Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Hefei
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences
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26
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Yang T, Guo X, Wu Y, Wang H, Fu S, Wen Y, Yang H. Facile and label-free detection of lung cancer biomarker in urine by magnetically assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:20985-93. [PMID: 25393238 DOI: 10.1021/am5057536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine plays a crucial role in the regulation of physiological activity in various tissues and organs. As adenosine is a possible biomarker for cancer, the determination of its level presents a demanding task for deeply monitoring progress of diseases. Through the synthesis of Fe3O4/Au/Ag nanocomposites weaved and stabilized by phytic acid and its salt, we develop a magnetically assisted surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) protocol to determine trace level adenosine in urine samples from both lung cancer patients and health human. The magnetic properties of the nanocomposites enable to realize the simple separation of targeted molecules from a complex matrix and the Au/Ag nanoparticles moieties act as the SERS platform. This label-free Fe3O4/Au/Ag-nanocomposites-based SERS protocol shows a good stability, reproducibility, time efficiency (less than 20 min for one sample test), and huge sensitivity down to 1 × 10(-10) M. The protocol also has high selectivity because SERS signal of adenosine provides the molecular fingerprint information as well as an azo coupling pretreatment is performed to remove the interference of urea. Furthermore, a SERS array is designed for on-site screening adenosine in urine samples in a massive way using a portable Raman. Such a magnetically assisted SERS method as a powerful alternative can be expected as a smart and promising tool for effective assessment of healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianxi Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University , Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
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