1
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Wang H, Lin G, Lin Y, Cui Y, Chen G, Peng Z. Developing excellent plantar pressure sensors for monitoring human motions by using highly compressible and resilient PMMA conductive iongels. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 668:142-153. [PMID: 38669992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.04.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Based on real-time detection of plantar pressure, gait recognition could provide important health information for rehabilitation administration, fatigue prevention, and sports training assessment. So far, such researches are extremely limited due to lacking of reliable, stable and comfortable plantar pressure sensors. Herein, a strategy for preparing high compression strength and resilience conductive iongels has been proposed by implanting physically entangled polymer chains with covalently cross-linked networks. The resulting iongels have excellent mechanical properties including nice compliance (young's modulus < 300 kPa), high compression strength (>10 MPa at a strain of 90 %), and good resilience (self-recovery within seconds). And capacitive pressure sensor composed by them possesses excellent sensitivity, good linear response even under very small stress (∼kPa), and long-term durability (cycles > 100,000) under high-stress conditions (133 kPa). Then, capacitive pressure sensor arrays have been prepared for high-precision detection of plantar pressure spatial distribution, which also exhibit excellent sensing performances and long-term stability. Further, an extremely sensitive and fast response plantar pressure monitoring system has been designed for monitoring plantar pressure of foot at different postures including upright, forward and backward. The system achieves real-time tracking and monitoring of changes of plantar pressure during different static and dynamic posture processes. And the characteristics of plantar pressure information can be digitally and photography displayed. Finally, we propose an intelligent framework for real-time detection of plantar pressure by combining electronic insoles with data analysis system, which presents excellent applications in sport trainings and safety precautions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifei Wang
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and NanoSensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Guanhua Lin
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou 350117, China.
| | - Yang Lin
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and NanoSensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Yang Cui
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and NanoSensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Strait Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE, Future Technologies), Fujian Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics, Fujian Normal University and Strait Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (SLoFE), Fuzhou 350117, China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Center for Stretchable Electronics and NanoSensors, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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2
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Teng Y, Wang X, Zhang Z, Mei S, Nan X, Zhao Y, Zhang X, Xue C, Gao L, Li J. Fully printed minimum port flexible interdigital electrode sensor arrays. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:7427-7436. [PMID: 38525943 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06664a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Screen-printed interdigital electrode-based flexible pressure sensor arrays play a crucial role in human-computer interaction and health monitoring due to their simplicity of fabrication. However, the long-standing challenge of how to reduce the number of electrical output ports of interdigital electrodes to facilitate integration with back-end circuits is still commonly ignored. Here, we propose a screen-printing strategy to avoid wire cross-planes for rapid fabrication of flexible pressure sensor arrays. By innovatively introducing an insulating ink to realize electrical insulation and three-dimensional interconnection of wire crossings, the improved sensor array (4 × 4) successfully reduces the number of output ports from 17 to 8. In addition, we further constructed microstructures on the laser-etched electrode surfaces and the sensitive layer, which enabled the sensor to achieve a sensitivity as high as 17 567.5 kPa-1 in the range of 0-50 kPa. Moreover, we integrated the sensors with back-end circuits for the precise detection of tactile and physiological information. This provides a reliable method for preparing high-performance flexible sensor arrays and large-scale integration of microsensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyue Teng
- School of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China.
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory, of Dynamic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Shixuan Mei
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Xikuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory, of Dynamic Measurement Technology, School of Instrument and Electronics, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Libo Gao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Junyang Li
- School of Electronic Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266000, China.
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3
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Lan R, Zhang J, Chen J, Tang W, Wu Q, Zhou X, Kang X, Wang J, Wang H, Li H. High-Sensitivity Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors Based on Biomimetic Hibiscus Flower Microstructures. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:13704-13713. [PMID: 38559999 PMCID: PMC10976407 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The integration of low-dimensional nanomaterials with microscale architectures in flexible pressure sensors has garnered significant interest due to their outstanding performance in healthcare monitoring. However, achieving high sensitivity across different magnitudes of external pressure remains a critical challenge. Herein, we present a high-performance flexible pressure sensor crafted from biomimetic hibiscus flower microstructures coated with silver nanowires. When compared with a flat electrode, these microstructures as electrodes display significantly enhanced sensitivity and an extended stimulus-response range. Furthermore, we utilized an ionic gel film as the dielectric layer, resulting in an enhancement of the overall performance of the flexible pressure sensor through an increase in interfacial capacitance. Consequently, the capacitive pressure sensor exhibits an extraordinary ultrahigh sensitivity of 48.57 [Kpa]-1 within the pressure range of 0-1 Kpa, 15.24 [Kpa]-1 within the pressure range of 1-30 Kpa, and 3.74 [Kpa]-1 within the pressure range of 30-120 Kpa, accompanied by a rapid response time (<58 ms). The exceptional performance of our flexible pressure sensor serves as a foundation for its numerous applications in healthcare monitoring. Notably, the flexible pressure sensor excels not only in detecting subtle physiological signals such as finger and wrist pulse signals, vocal cord vibrations, and breathing intensity but also demonstrates excellent performance in monitoring higher pressures, such as plantar pressure. We foresee that this flexible pressure sensor possesses significant potential in the field of wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronghua Lan
- College
of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology
University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen
Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyong Zhang
- College
of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology
University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Shenzhen
Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Tang
- Shenzhen
Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingyang Wu
- College
of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology
University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhou
- College
of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology
University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoyang Kang
- Institute
of AI and Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jue Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education,
School of Life Science and Technology, Institute of Health and Rehabilitation
Science, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hongbo Wang
- Institute
of AI and Robotics, Academy for Engineering and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hui Li
- College
of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology
University, Shenzhen 518118, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen
Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese
Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, Guangdong, China
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4
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An T, Zhang Y, Wen J, Dong Z, Du Q, Liu L, Wang Y, Xing G, Zhao X. Multi-Level Pyramidal Microstructure-Based Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and Wide Linear Range for Healthcare Monitoring. ACS Sens 2024; 9:726-735. [PMID: 38266628 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have garnered significant attention in the field of wearable healthcare due to their scalability and shape variability. However, a crucial challenge in their practical application for various healthcare scenarios is striking a balance between the sensitivity and sensing range. This limitation arises from the reduced compressibility of the microstructures on the surface of pressure-sensitive materials under high pressure, resulting in progressive saturation of the sensor's response and leading to a restricted and nonlinear pressure sensing range. In this study, we present a novel approach utilizing multi-level pyramidal microstructures in flexible pressure sensors to achieve both high sensitivity (8775 kPa-1) and linear response (R2 = 0.997) over a wide pressure range (up to 1000 kPa). The effectiveness of the proposed design stems from the compensatory behavior of the lower pyramidal microstructures, which counteracts the declining sensitivity associated with the gradual hardening of the higher pyramidal microstructures. Furthermore, the sensor demonstrates a fast response time of 11.6 ms and a fast relaxation time of 3.8 ms and can reliably detect pressures as low as 30.2 Pa. Our findings highlight the applicability of this flexible pressure sensor in diverse human body health detection tasks, ranging from weak pulses to finger flexion and plantar pressure distribution. Notably, the proposed sensor design eliminates the need for replacing flexible pressure sensors with varying ranges, thereby enhancing their practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongge An
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shangyu Institute of Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Jiahong Wen
- The College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Shangyu Institute of Science and Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, China
| | - Zhichao Dong
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qifeng Du
- Qiantang Science and Technology Innovation Center, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, China
| | - Long Liu
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yaxin Wang
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Guozhong Xing
- Institute of Microelectronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zhao
- College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou 310018, China
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5
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Gong S, Lu Y, Yin J, Levin A, Cheng W. Materials-Driven Soft Wearable Bioelectronics for Connected Healthcare. Chem Rev 2024; 124:455-553. [PMID: 38174868 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
In the era of Internet-of-things, many things can stay connected; however, biological systems, including those necessary for human health, remain unable to stay connected to the global Internet due to the lack of soft conformal biosensors. The fundamental challenge lies in the fact that electronics and biology are distinct and incompatible, as they are based on different materials via different functioning principles. In particular, the human body is soft and curvilinear, yet electronics are typically rigid and planar. Recent advances in materials and materials design have generated tremendous opportunities to design soft wearable bioelectronics, which may bridge the gap, enabling the ultimate dream of connected healthcare for anyone, anytime, and anywhere. We begin with a review of the historical development of healthcare, indicating the significant trend of connected healthcare. This is followed by the focal point of discussion about new materials and materials design, particularly low-dimensional nanomaterials. We summarize material types and their attributes for designing soft bioelectronic sensors; we also cover their synthesis and fabrication methods, including top-down, bottom-up, and their combined approaches. Next, we discuss the wearable energy challenges and progress made to date. In addition to front-end wearable devices, we also describe back-end machine learning algorithms, artificial intelligence, telecommunication, and software. Afterward, we describe the integration of soft wearable bioelectronic systems which have been applied in various testbeds in real-world settings, including laboratories that are preclinical and clinical environments. Finally, we narrate the remaining challenges and opportunities in conjunction with our perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Gong
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Yan Lu
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Arie Levin
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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6
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Lin R, Lei M, Ding S, Cheng Q, Ma Z, Wang L, Tang Z, Zhou B, Zhou Y. Applications of flexible electronics related to cardiocerebral vascular system. Mater Today Bio 2023; 23:100787. [PMID: 37766895 PMCID: PMC10519834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Ensuring accessible and high-quality healthcare worldwide requires field-deployable and affordable clinical diagnostic tools with high performance. In recent years, flexible electronics with wearable and implantable capabilities have garnered significant attention from researchers, which functioned as vital clinical diagnostic-assisted tools by real-time signal transmission from interested targets in vivo. As the most crucial and complex system of human body, cardiocerebral vascular system together with heart-brain network attracts researchers inputting profuse and indefatigable efforts on proper flexible electronics design and materials selection, trying to overcome the impassable gulf between vivid organisms and rigid inorganic units. This article reviews recent breakthroughs in flexible electronics specifically applied to cardiocerebral vascular system and heart-brain network. Relevant sensor types and working principles, electronics materials selection and treatment methods are expounded. Applications of flexible electronics related to these interested organs and systems are specially highlighted. Through precedent great working studies, we conclude their merits and point out some limitations in this emerging field, thus will help to pave the way for revolutionary flexible electronics and diagnosis assisted tools development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxing Lin
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ming Lei
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Sen Ding
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Quansheng Cheng
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Zhichao Ma
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, No.800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zikang Tang
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Bingpu Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
| | - Yinning Zhou
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau, 999078, China
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7
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Bijender, Kumar S, Soni A, Kumar A. Evaluation of blood pressure using a flexible and wearable capacitive pressure sensor. RSC Adv 2023; 13:35397-35407. [PMID: 38058557 PMCID: PMC10696412 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06447f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the high demand for flexible and wearable pressure sensors to monitor human health, particularly for patients afflicted with hypertension or high blood pressure (BP), has captured the keen interest of researchers. Capacitance-based flexible sensing devices offer real-time metrics regarding vital physiological parameters of the human body, such as BP and pulse rate (PR), thereby enabling the identification of cardiovascular complications. In this regard, we have developed a capacitive pressure sensor using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and deionized water (DIW) and improved its key parameters by adding baking powder to PDMS-DIW. The sensor demonstrated excellent performance in static pressure measurements with a sensitivity of 0.021 Pa-1, detection limit of 1 Pa, and response time of 100 ms. We further investigated its application in human BP monitoring. The sensor successfully captured the oscillometric waveform (OMW) for all 160 participants and demonstrated excellent performance in accurately measuring BP, meeting all criteria outlined as the universal standard when compared with the reference devices: OMRON BP device and the gold-standard mercury-based sphygmomanometer. Furthermore, the sensor accurately provided the PR and agreed well with the reference BP device. Therefore, the developed BP sensor can be a viable alternative to replace the pressure sensors in existing BP devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijender
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi-110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Shubham Kumar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi-110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Amit Soni
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi-110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- CSIR-National Physical Laboratory Dr K. S. Krishnan Marg New Delhi-110012 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad-201002 India
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8
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Zhang Y, Zhang X, Ning C, Dai K, Zheng G, Liu C, Shen C. Mushroom-mimetic 3D hierarchical architecture-based e-skin with high sensitivity and a wide sensing range for intelligent perception. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:5666-5676. [PMID: 37767809 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00679d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin) is one of the most important components of future wearable electronic devices, whose sensing performances can be improved by constructing micropatterns on its sensitive layer. However, in traditional e-skins it is difficult to balance sensitivity and the pressure sensing range, and most micropatterns are generally prepared by some complex technologies. Herein, mushroom-mimetic micropatterns with 3D hierarchical architecture and an interdigital electrode are facilely prepared. The micropatterned sensitive layer is further developed through spraying carbon nanotube (CNT) dispersion on the thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) film with mushroom-mimetic micropatterns (denoted as MMTC). Thanks to the "interlocking effect" between mushroom-mimetic micropatterns and the interdigital electrode in the as-prepared MMTC/interdigital electrode e-skin, the e-skin exhibits a high sensitivity (up to 600 kPa-1), a wide pressure sensing range (up to 150 kPa), a short response time (<20 ms) and excellent durability (15 000 cycles). The MMTC/interdigital electrode e-skin is capable of precisely monitoring health conditions via the as-acquired physiological parameters in real time. Moreover, such e-skins can be used to monitor gestures wirelessly, sense the trajectory of pressure stimuli and recognize Morse code under water. This study provides a cost-efficient, facile strategy to design e-skin for future-oriented wearable intelligent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Chuan Ning
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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9
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Sun K, Ma A, Yang P, Qi J, Lei Y, Zhang F, Duan W, Fan R. Flexible Copper Nanowire/Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membranous Composites with a Frequency-Independent Negative Permittivity. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4486. [PMID: 38231915 PMCID: PMC10708450 DOI: 10.3390/polym15234486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasing popularity of wearable devices, flexible electronics with a negative permittivity property have been widely applied to wearable devices, sensors, and energy storage. In particular, a low-frequency dispersion negative permittivity in a wide frequency range can effectively contribute to the stable working performance of devices. In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) was selected as the flexible matrix, and copper nanowires (CuNWs) were used as the conductive functional filler to prepare a flexible CuNWs/PVDF composite film with a low-frequency dispersion negative permittivity. As the content of CuNWs increased, the conductivity of the resulting composites increased sharply and presented a metal-like behavior. Moreover, the negative permittivity consistent with the Drude model was observed when CuNWs formed a percolative network. Meanwhile, the negative permittivity exhibited a low-frequency dispersion in the whole test frequency range, and the fluctuation of the permittivity spectra was relatively small (-760 to -584) at 20 kHz-1 MHz. The results revealed that the high electron mobility of CuNWs is reasonable for the low-frequency dispersion of negative permittivity. CuNWs/PVDF composite films with a frequency-independent negative permittivity provide a new idea for the development of flexible wearable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Runhua Fan
- College of Ocean Science and Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai 201306, China; (K.S.); (A.M.); (P.Y.); (J.Q.); (Y.L.); (F.Z.); (W.D.)
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10
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Zhang Y, Zhu P, Sun H, Sun X, Ye Y, Jiang F. Superelastic Cellulose Sub-Micron Fibers/Carbon Black Aerogel for Highly Sensitive Pressure Sensing. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2310038. [PMID: 37963847 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Superelastic aerogels with rapid response and recovery times, as well as exceptional shape recovery performance even from large deformation, are in high demand for wearable sensor applications. In this study, a novel conductive and superelastic cellulose-based aerogel is successfully developed. The aerogel incorporates networks of cellulose sub-micron fibers and carbon black (SMF/CB) nanoparticles, achieved through a combination of dual ice templating assembly and electrostatic assembly methods. The incorporation of assembled cellulose sub-micron fibers imparts remarkable superelasticity to the aerogel, enabling it to retain 94.6% of its original height even after undergoing 10 000 compression/recovery cycles. Furthermore, the electrostatically assembled CB nanoparticles contribute to exceptional electrical conductivity in the cellulose-based aerogel. This combination of electrical conductivity and superelasticity results in an impressive response time of 7.7 ms and a recovery time of 12.8 ms for the SMF/CB aerogel, surpassing many of the aerogel sensors reported in previous studies. As a proof of concept, the SMF/CB aerogel is utilized to construct a pressure sensor and a sensing array, which exhibit exceptional responsiveness to both minor and substantial human motions, indicating its significant potential for applications in human health monitoring and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Zhang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Penghui Zhu
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Hao Sun
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Xia Sun
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Yuhang Ye
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Feng Jiang
- Sustainable Functional Biomaterials Laboratory, Department of Wood Science, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Song Y, Ren W, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Peng Z, Wu X, Wang Z. Synergetic Monitoring of both Physiological Pressure and Epidermal Biopotential Based on a Simplified on-Skin-Printed Sensor Modality. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2303301. [PMID: 37423977 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202303301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Flexible electronic sensors show great potential for health monitoring but are usually limited to single sensing functionality. To enrich their functions, complicated device configurations, sophisticated material systems, and preparation processes are typically involved, obstructing their large-scale deployment and widespread application. Herein, to achieve a good balance between simplicity and multifunctionality, a new paradigm of sensor modality for both mechanical sensing and bioelectrical sensing is presented based on a single material system and a simple solution processing approach. The whole multifunctional sensors are constructed with a pair of highly conductive ultrathin electrodes (WPU/MXene-1) and an elastic micro-structured mechanical sensing layer (WPU/MXene-2), with the human skin serving as the substrate for the whole sensors. The resultant sensors show high pressure sensitivity and low skin-electrode interfacial impedance, enabling to synergetically monitor both physiological pressure (e.g., arterial pulse signals) and epidermal bioelectrical signals (including electrocardiograph and electromyography). The universality and extensibility of this methodology to construct multifunctional sensors with different material systems are also verified. This simplified sensor modality with enhanced multifunctionality provides a novel design concept to construct future smart wearables for health monitoring and medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Song
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wenjuan Ren
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xiaodong Wu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhuqing Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
- Med + X Center for Manufacturing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
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12
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Ji J, Zhao W, Wang Y, Li Q, Wang G. Templated Laser-Induced-Graphene-Based Tactile Sensors Enable Wearable Health Monitoring and Texture Recognition via Deep Neural Network. ACS NANO 2023; 17:20153-20166. [PMID: 37801407 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors show great potential for portable healthcare and environmental monitoring applications. However, challenges persist in scaling up the manufacturing of stable tactile sensors with real-time feedback. This work demonstrates a robust approach to fabricating templated laser-induced graphene (TLIG)-based tactile sensors via laser scribing, elastomer hot-pressing transfer, and 3D printing of the Ag electrode. With different mesh sandpapers as templates, TLIG sensors with adjustable sensing properties were achieved. The tactile sensor obtains excellent sensitivity (52260.2 kPa-1 at a range of 0-7 kPa), a broad detection range (up to 1000 kPa), a low limit of detection (65 Pa), a rapid response (response/recovery time of 12/46 ms), and excellent working stability (10000 cycles). Benefiting from TLIG's high performance and waterproofness, TLIG sensors can be used as health monitors and even in underwater scenarios. TLIG sensors can also be integrated into arrays acting as receptors of the soft robotic gripper. Furthermore, a deep neural network based on the convolutional neural network was employed for texture recognition via a soft TLIG tactile sensing array, achieving an overall classification rate of 94.51% on objects with varying surface roughness, thus offering high accuracy in real-time practical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Yuliang Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - Qiushi Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
| | - Gong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Space Manufacturing Technology, Technology and Engineering Center for Space Utilization, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100094, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
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13
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Liu M, Liu X, Yang F. Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors from Polydimethylsiloxane Films with Ridge-like Surface Structures. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1940. [PMID: 37893377 PMCID: PMC10608881 DOI: 10.3390/mi14101940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing flexible sensors and actuators is of paramount importance for wearable devices and systems. In this research, we developed a simple and facile technique to construct flexible piezoresistive sensors from polydimethylsiloxane films with ridge-like surface structures and laser-induced porous graphene. Using a replication strategy, we prepared the ridge-like surface structures from sandpapers. The piezoresistive sensors exhibit excellent sensitivity with a response time of less than 50 ms and long-term cyclic stability under mechanical loading. The smallest weight they can sense is ~96 mg. We demonstrated applications of the piezoresistive sensors in the sensing of bio-related activities, including muscle contraction, finger flexion, wrist flexion, elbow bending, knee bending, swallowing, respiration, sounds, and pulses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
| | - Xianchao Liu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Terahertz Functional Devices and Intelligent Sensing, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China;
- The Engineering Research Center for CAD/CAM of Fujian Universities, Putian University, Putian 351100, China
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fuqian Yang
- Materials Program, Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
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14
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Zhu B, Xu Z, Liu X, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Chen Q, Teh KS, Zheng J, Du X, Wu D. High-Linearity Flexible Pressure Sensor Based on the Gaussian-Curve-Shaped Microstructure for Human Physiological Signal Monitoring. ACS Sens 2023; 8:3127-3135. [PMID: 37471516 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high-performance show broad application prospects in health monitoring, wearable electronic devices, intelligent robot sensing, and other fields. Although flexible pressure sensors have made significant progress in sensitivity and detection range, most of them still exhibit strong nonlinearity, which leads to significant troubles in signal acquisition and thus limits their popularity in practical applications. It remains a serious challenge for the flexible pressure sensor to achieve high linearity while maintaining high sensitivity. Herein, a doped sensing membrane with a uniformly distributed Gaussian-curve-shaped micropattern array was developed using the micro-electromechanical systems (MEMS) process, and a flexible sensor structure with the doped film as the core was designed and constructed. The prototype sensor has a high sensitivity of 1.77 kPa-1 and a linearity of 0.99 in the full detection range of 20 Pa to 30 kPa. In addition, its excellent performance also includes fast response/recovery times (∼25/50 ms) and long-term endurance (>10,000 cycles at 15 kPa). The prototype sensor has been successfully demonstrated in human pulse monitoring, speech recognition, and gesture recognition. The 2 × 6 sensor array can detect the spatial pressure distribution. Thus, such a microstructure shape design will open a new way to fabricate a high-linearity pressure sensor for potential applications in health monitoring, human-machine interaction, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhenjin Xu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhongbao Wang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Qinnan Chen
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Kwok Siong Teh
- School of Engineering, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, United States
| | - Jianyi Zheng
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiaohui Du
- Sensor and network control center, Instrumentation Technology and Economy Institute, Beijing 100055, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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15
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Liu S, Song Z, Chen M, Li W, Ma Y, Liu Z, Bao Y, Mahmood A, Niu L. Modulus difference-induced embedding strategy to construct iontronic pressure sensor with high sensitivity and wide linear response range. iScience 2023; 26:107304. [PMID: 37539034 PMCID: PMC10393752 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity and linearity are two crucial indices to assess the sensing capability of pressure sensors; unfortunately, the two mutually exclusive parameters usually result in limited applications. Although a series of microengineering strategies including micropatterned, multilayered, and porous approach have been provided in detail, the conflict between the two parameters still continues. Here, we present an efficient strategy to resolve this contradiction via modulus difference-induced embedding deformation. Both the microscopic observation and finite element simulation results confirm the embedding deformation behavior ascribed to the elastic modulus difference between soft electrode and rigid microstructures. The iontronic pressure sensor with high sensitivity (35 kPa-1) and wide linear response range (0-250 kPa) is further fabricated and demonstrates the potential applications in monitoring of high-fidelity pulse waveforms and human motion. This work provides an alternative strategy to guide targeted design of all-around and comprehensive pressure sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengjie Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqian Song
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Minqi Chen
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Azhar Mahmood
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, c/o School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Photoelectric Sensing Materials and Devices, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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16
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Geng B, Zeng H, Luo H, Wu X. Construction of Wearable Touch Sensors by Mimicking the Properties of Materials and Structures in Nature. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:372. [PMID: 37622977 PMCID: PMC10452172 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable touch sensors, which can convert force or pressure signals into quantitative electronic signals, have emerged as essential smart sensing devices and play an important role in various cutting-edge fields, including wearable health monitoring, soft robots, electronic skin, artificial prosthetics, AR/VR, and the Internet of Things. Flexible touch sensors have made significant advancements, while the construction of novel touch sensors by mimicking the unique properties of biological materials and biogenetic structures always remains a hot research topic and significant technological pathway. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research status of wearable touch sensors constructed by imitating the material and structural characteristics in nature and summarizes the scientific challenges and development tendencies of this aspect. First, the research status for constructing flexible touch sensors based on biomimetic materials is summarized, including hydrogel materials, self-healing materials, and other bio-inspired or biomimetic materials with extraordinary properties. Then, the design and fabrication of flexible touch sensors based on bionic structures for performance enhancement are fully discussed. These bionic structures include special structures in plants, special structures in insects/animals, and special structures in the human body. Moreover, a summary of the current issues and future prospects for developing wearable sensors based on bio-inspired materials and structures is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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17
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Yu H, Li H, Sun X, Pan L. Biomimetic Flexible Sensors and Their Applications in Human Health Detection. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:293. [PMID: 37504181 PMCID: PMC10807369 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8030293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bionic flexible sensors are a new type of biosensor with high sensitivity, selectivity, stability, and reliability to achieve detection in complex natural and physiological environments. They provide efficient, energy-saving and convenient applications in medical monitoring and diagnosis, environmental monitoring, and detection and identification. Combining sensor devices with flexible substrates to imitate flexible structures in living organisms, thus enabling the detection of various physiological signals, has become a hot topic of interest. In the field of human health detection, the application of bionic flexible sensors is flourishing and will evolve into patient-centric diagnosis and treatment in the future of healthcare. In this review, we provide an up-to-date overview of bionic flexible devices for human health detection applications and a comprehensive summary of the research progress and potential of flexible sensors. First, we evaluate the working mechanisms of different classes of bionic flexible sensors, describing the selection and fabrication of bionic flexible materials and their excellent electrochemical properties; then, we introduce some interesting applications for monitoring physical, electrophysiological, chemical, and biological signals according to more segmented health fields (e.g., medical diagnosis, rehabilitation assistance, and sports monitoring). We conclude with a summary of the advantages of current results and the challenges and possible future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xidi Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Lijia Pan
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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18
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Ji Y, Zhang Y, Zhu J, Geng P, Halpert JE, Guo L. Splashing-Assisted Femtosecond Laser-Activated Metal Deposition for Mold- and Mask-Free Fabrication of Robust Microstructured Electrodes for Flexible Pressure Sensors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2207362. [PMID: 36896997 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202207362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play an indispensable role in flexible electronics. Microstructures on flexible electrodes have been proven to be effective in improving the sensitivity of pressure sensors. However, it remains a challenge to develop such microstructured flexible electrodes in a convenient way. Inspired by splashed particles from laser processing, herein, a method for customizing microstructured flexible electrodes by femtosecond laser-activated metal deposition is proposed. It takes advantage of the catalyzing particles scattered during femtosecond laser ablation and is particularly suitable for moldless, maskless, and low-cost fabrication of microstructured metal layers on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Robust bonding at the PDMS/Cu interface is evidenced by the scotch tape test and the duration test over 10 000 bending cycles. Benefiting from the firm interface, the developed flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured electrodes presents several conspicuous features, including a sensitivity (0.22 kPa-1 ) 73 times higher than the one using flat Cu electrodes, ultralow detection limit (<1 Pa), rapid response/recovery time (4.2/5.3 ms), and excellent stability. Moreover, the proposed method, inheriting the merits of laser direct writing, is capable of fabricating a pressure sensor array in a maskless manner for spatial pressure mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiang Ji
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Pai Geng
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jonathan E Halpert
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Liang Guo
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
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19
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Zhao X, Zhao S, Zhang X, Su Z. Recent progress in flexible pressure sensors based on multiple microstructures: from design to application. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:5111-5138. [PMID: 36852534 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr06084a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors (FPSs) have been widely studied in the fields of wearable medical monitoring and human-machine interaction due to their high flexibility, light weight, sensitivity, and easy integration. To better meet these application requirements, key sensing properties such as sensitivity, linear sensing range, pressure detection limits, response/recovery time, and durability need to be effectively improved. Therefore, researchers have extensively and profoundly researched and innovated on the structure of sensors, and various microstructures have been designed and applied to effectively improve the sensing performance of sensors. Compared with single microstructures, multiple microstructures (MMSs) (including hierarchical, multi-layered and hybrid microstructures) can improve the sensing performance of sensors to a greater extent. This paper reviews the recent research progress in the design and application of FPSs with MMSs and systematically summarizes the types, sensing mechanisms, and preparation methods of MMSs. In addition, we summarize the applications of FPSs with MMSs in the fields of human motion detection, health monitoring, and human-computer interaction. Finally, we provide an outlook on the prospects and challenges for the development of FPSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Shujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Su
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Polymer Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China.
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20
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Wang C, Gong D, Feng P, Cheng Y, Cheng X, Jiang Y, Zhang D, Cai J. Ultra-Sensitive and Wide Sensing-Range Flexible Pressure Sensors Based on the Carbon Nanotube Film/Stress-Induced Square Frustum Structure. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:8546-8554. [PMID: 36730121 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have attracted much attention due to their significant potentials in E-skin, artificial intelligence, and medical health monitoring. However, it still remains challenging to achieve high sensitivity and wide sensing range simultaneously, which greatly limit practical applications for flexible sensors. Inspired by the surface stress-induced structure of mimosa, we propose a novel flexible sensor based on the carbon nanotube paper film (CNTF) and stress-induced square frustum structure (SSFS) and demonstrated their excellent sensing performances. Based on interdigital electrodes and uniform CNTF consisting of fibers with large specific surface area, rich conductive paths are formed for enhanced resistance variation. Besides, both experiments and modeling are conducted to verify the synergistic effect of substrates with diverse stiffnesses and SSFS. The SSFS of polydimethylsiloxane transfer small pressure to the CNTF, resulting in sensitive responses with a broad resistance variation. The sensor achieves an ultrahigh sensitivity (2027.5 kPa-1) and a wide pressure range (0.0003-200 kPa). Therefore, it can not only detect human signals such as pulse, vocal cord vibration, wrist flexion, and foot pressure but also be integrated onto car tires to monitor vehicle statuses. These fascinating features endow the sensors with great potentials for future health monitoring, human-computer interaction, and virtual reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - De Gong
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | | | | | - Xiang Cheng
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jun Cai
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
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21
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Xu Z, Wu D, Chen Z, Wang Z, Cao C, Shao X, Zhou G, Zhang S, Wang L, Sun D. A flexible pressure sensor with highly customizable sensitivity and linearity via positive design of microhierarchical structures with a hyperelastic model. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 36620391 PMCID: PMC9810721 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00477-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The tactile pressure sensor is of great significance in flexible electronics, but sensitivity customization over the required working range with high linearity still remains a critical challenge. Despite numerous efforts to achieve high sensitivity and a wide working range, most sensitive microstructures tend to be obtained only by inverting naturally existing templates without rational design based on fundamental contact principles or models for piezoresistive pressure sensors. Here, a positive design strategy with a hyperelastic model and a Hertzian contact model for comparison was proposed to develop a flexible pressure sensor with highly customizable linear sensitivity and linearity, in which the microstructure distribution was precalculated according to the desired requirement prior to fabrication. As a proof of concept, three flexible pressure sensors exhibited sensitivities of 0.7, 1.0, and 1.3 kPa- 1 over a linear region of up to 200 kPa, with a low sensitivity error (<5%) and high linearity (~0.99), as expected. Based on the superior electromechanical performance of these sensors, potential applications in physiological signal recognition are demonstrated as well, and such a strategy could shed more light on demand-oriented scenarios, including designable working ranges and linear sensitivity for next-generation wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenjin Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Zhiwen Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Zhongbao Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Cong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Xiangyu Shao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Long-Life Technology of Precise Rotation and Transmission Mechanisms, Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Long-Life Technology of Precise Rotation and Transmission Mechanisms, Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100094 China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, 518057 China
| | - Daoheng Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 China
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Zhao Y, Li X, Yuan T, Huang S, Jiang R, Duan X, Li L, Li X, Zhang W. An ultra-thin flexible wearable sensor with multi-response capability prepared from ZIF-67 and conductive metal-organic framework composites for health signal monitoring. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4593-4602. [PMID: 36325953 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00921h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Simulation of somatosensory systems in human skin with electronic devices has broad applications in the development of intelligent robots and wearable electronic devices. Here, we give an account of a new biomimetic flexible dual-mode pressure sensor, which is based on the first developed sea dandelion-like conductive metal-organic framework (cZIF-67@Cu-CAT) and the self-synthesized mechanically luminescent zinc sulfide nanoparticles and cleverly combines the microdome structure of the lotus leaf. According to finite element simulation analysis (FEA), the deformation behavior and pressure distribution of the contact interface with dandelion-like nanostructures cause the contact area of the sensor to increase rapidly and steadily with the load. It is for this reason that the piezoresistive pressure sensor has a high sensitivity of 71.74 kPa-1 over a wide range of 0.5 to 80 kPa. More importantly, it can roughly perceive stress changes in the external environment through mechanoluminescence materials without a power supply. The ultra-thin flexible pressure sensor is suitable for sensitive monitoring of small vibrations, including wrist pulse and joint motion. Combined with Bluetooth data transmission, it is not difficult to see that the high-sensitivity ultra-thin sensor designed in this study has broad potential in the applications of bio-wearable electronics and will play an immeasurable role in various sports training and joint protection in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zhao
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Metrology Instrument and System, College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xiang Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Metrology Instrument and System, College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Tian Yuan
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Shuhong Huang
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Ronghui Jiang
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xuefei Duan
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Xiaoting Li
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Metrology Instrument and System, College of Quality and Technical Supervision, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
| | - Wenming Zhang
- Province-Ministry Co-construction Collaborative Innovation Center of Hebei Photovoltaic Technology, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China.
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Jiang S, Chen Y, Peng Y. Ginkgo Leaf Inspired Fabrication of Micro/Nanostructures and Demonstration of Flexible Enzyme-Free Glucose Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197507. [PMID: 36236606 PMCID: PMC9571730 DOI: 10.3390/s22197507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors have attracted widespread attention due to their importance and potential applications in clinical diagnosis, flexible wearable devices, and implanted devices in vivo. At present, there are still major problems in fabricating flexible enzyme-free glucose sensors with low detection limits, high stability, and high sensitivity at low cost, hindering their practical application. Here, we report a facile strategy for the fabrication of flexible non-enzymatic glucose sensors using ginkgo leaf as a template. NiO film and PEDOT:PSS composite film were deposited on the surface of the ginkgo leaf induced micro-nano hierarchical structure as a sensitive layer and a conductive layer, respectively. The as-prepared, flexible, enzyme-free glucose sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance toward glucose oxidation with a sensitivity of 0.7413 mA·mM-1/cm-2, an operating voltage of 0.55 V, a detection limit of 0.329 μM, and good anti-interference. Due to the simple fabrication process and performance reliability, the novel flexible enzyme-free glucose sensor is an attractive candidate for next generation wearable and implantable non-enzymatic glucose diagnostic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulan Jiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Electronic Information, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan), Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yueqi Chen
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Yong Peng
- Tribology Research Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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Research Progresses in Microstructure Designs of Flexible Pressure Sensors. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14173670. [PMID: 36080744 PMCID: PMC9460742 DOI: 10.3390/polym14173670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible electronic technology is one of the research hotspots, and numerous wearable devices have been widely used in our daily life. As an important part of wearable devices, flexible sensors can effectively detect various stimuli related to specific environments or biological species, having a very bright development prospect. Therefore, there has been lots of studies devoted to developing high-performance flexible pressure sensors. In addition to developing a variety of materials with excellent performances, the microstructure designs of materials can also effectively improve the performances of sensors, which has brought new ideas to scientists and attracted their attention increasingly. This paper will summarize the flexible pressure sensors based on material microstructure designs in recent years. The paper will mainly discuss the processing methods and characteristics of various sensors with different microstructures, and compare the advantages, disadvantages, and application scenarios of them. At the same time, the main application fields of flexible pressure sensors based on microstructure designs will be listed, and their future development and challenges will be discussed.
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25
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Bae K, Kim M, Kang Y, Sim S, Kim W, Pyo S, Kim J. Dual-Scale Porous Composite for Tactile Sensor with High Sensitivity over an Ultrawide Sensing Range. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203193. [PMID: 35971192 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous structures have been utilized in tactile sensors to improve sensitivity owing to their excellent deformability. Recently, tactile sensors using porous structures have been used in practical applications, such as bio-signal monitoring. However, highly sensitive responses are limited to the low-pressure range, and their sensitivity significantly decreases in a higher-pressure range. Several approaches for developing tactile sensors with high sensitivity overing a wide pressure range have been proposed; however, achieving high sensitivity and wide sensing range remains a crucial challenge. This report presents a carbon nanotube (CNT)-coated CNT-polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) composite having dual-scale pores for tactile sensors with high sensitivity over a wide pressure range. The porous polymer frame formed with dense pores of dual sizes facilitates the closure of large and small pores at low and high pressures, respectively. This results in an apparent increase in the number of contact points between the CNT-CNT at the pores even under a wide pressure range. Furthermore, the piezoresistivity of the CNT-PDMS composite contributes to achieving a high sensitivity of the tactile sensor over a wide pressure range. Based on these mechanisms, various human movements over a broad pressure spectrum are monitored to investigate the practical usefulness of the sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyubin Bae
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhyeong Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangjun Sim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Wondo Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonjae Pyo
- Department of Mechanical System Design Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Shen Z, Liu F, Huang S, Wang H, Yang C, Hang T, Tao J, Xia W, Xie X. Progress of flexible strain sensors for physiological signal monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 211:114298. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Bao L, Han C, Li G, Chen J, Wang W, Yang H, Huang X, Guo J, Wu H. Flexible Electronic Skin for Monitoring of Grasping State During Robotic Manipulation. Soft Robot 2022; 10:336-344. [PMID: 36037018 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skin for robotic tactile sensing has been studied extensively over the past years, yet practical applications of electronic skin for the grasping state monitoring during robotic manipulation are still limited. In this study, we present the fabrication and implementation of electronic skin sensor arrays for the detection of unstable grasping. The piezoresistive sensor arrays have the advantages of facile fabrication, fast response, and high reliability. With the tactile data from the sensor array, we propose two quantitative indicators, correlation coefficient and wavelet coefficient, to identify grasping with variable forces and slippage. Those two indicators reflect both time and frequency domain characteristics in the contact forces from the sensor array and can be obtained without large amount of calculation. We demonstrate the utility of this method under various conditions, the results indicate grasping with variable forces, and slippage can be distinguished by this method. The flexible sensor arrays are adopted for tactile sensing on a bionic hand, and the effectiveness of this method in detecting various grasping states has been verified. The electronic skin sensor array and the grasping state monitoring method are promising for applications in robotic dexterous manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lusheng Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Flexible Electronics Research Center, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Flexible Electronics Research Center, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Guolin Li
- Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center, Guangdong Midea Air-Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center, Guangdong Midea Air-Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Wenqiang Wang
- Intelligent Manufacturing Research Center, Guangdong Midea Air-Conditioning Equipment Co., Ltd, Foshan, China
| | - Hao Yang
- Media Group Wuhan Refrigeration Equipment Co., Ltd, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Flexible Electronics Research Center, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiajie Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Flexible Electronics Research Center, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, Flexible Electronics Research Center, School of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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Yu B, Luo Y, Li J, Ye H, Li KH. Interface Engineering in Chip-Scale GaN Optical Devices for Near-Hysteresis-Free Hydraulic Pressure Sensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:38351-38357. [PMID: 35951558 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c09291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a compact, near-hysteresis-free hydraulic pressure sensor is presented through interface engineering in a GaN chip-scale optical device. The sensor consists of a monolithic GaN-on-sapphire device responsible for light emission and detection and a multilevel microstructured polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) film prepared through a low-cost molding process using sandpaper as a template. The micro-patterned PDMS film functions as a pressure-sensing medium to effectively modulate the reflectance properties at the sapphire interface during pressure loading and unloading. The interface engineering endows the GaN optical device with near-hysteresis-free performance over a wide pressure range of up to 0-800 kPa. Verified by a series of experimental measurements on its dynamic responses, the tiny hydraulic sensor exhibits superior performance in hysteresis, stability, repeatability, and response time, indicating its considerable potential for a broad range of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binlu Yu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yumeng Luo
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jing Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Huaiyu Ye
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Kwai Hei Li
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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29
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Li J, Li N, Zheng Y, Lou D, Jiang Y, Jiang J, Xu Q, Yang J, Sun Y, Pan C, Wang J, Peng Z, Zheng Z, Liu W. Interfacially Locked Metal Aerogel Inside Porous Polymer Composite for Sensitive and Durable Flexible Piezoresistive Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201912. [PMID: 35748166 PMCID: PMC9376829 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors play significant roles in wearable devices, electronic skins, and human-machine interface (HMI). However, it remains challenging to develop flexible piezoresistive sensors with outstanding comprehensive performances, especially with excellent long-term durability. Herein, a facile "interfacial locking strategy" has been developed to fabricate metal aerogel-based pressure sensors with excellent sensitivity and prominent stability. The strategy broke the bottleneck of the intrinsically poor mechanical properties of metal aerogels by grafting them on highly elastic melamine sponge with the help of a thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer as the interface-reinforcing media. The hierarchically porous conductive structure of the ensemble offered the as-prepared flexible piezoresistive sensor with a sensitivity as high as 12 kPa-1 , a response time as fast as 85 ms, and a prominent durability over 23 000 compression cycles. The excellent comprehensive performance enables the successful application of the flexible piezoresistive sensor as two-dimensional (2D) array device as well as three-dimensional (3D) force-detecting device for real-time monitoring of HMI activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Li
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Dongyang Lou
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yue Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jiaxi Jiang
- Center for Advanced Mechanics and MaterialsApplied Mechanics LaboratoryDepartment of Engineering MechanicsTsinghua UniversityBeijing100084P. R. China
| | - Qunhui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Yujing Sun
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Chuxuan Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Jianlan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Zhengchun Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong ProvinceCollege of Physics and Optoelectronic EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060P. R. China
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of chemistrySun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Low‐Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong ProvinceKey Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationState Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and TechnologiesSchool of Materials Science and EngineeringSun Yat‐sen UniversityGuangzhou510006P. R. China
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30
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Ma Y, Li Z, Han J, Li L, Wang M, Tong Z, Suhr J, Xiao L, Jia S, Chen X. Vertical Graphene Canal Mesh for Strain Sensing with a Supereminent Resolution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32387-32394. [PMID: 35818991 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of microstrain sensors offers significant prospects in diverse applications, such as microrobots, intelligent human-computer interaction, health monitoring, and medical rehabilitation. Among strain sensor materials, vertical graphene (VG) has demonstrated considerable potential as a resistive material; however, VG-based strain sensors with high resolution are yet to be developed. In addition, the detection mechanism of VG has not been extensively investigated. Herein, we developed a VG canal mesh (VGCM) to fabricate a flexible strain sensor for ultralow strain sensing, achieving an accurate response to strains as low as 0.1‰ within a total strain range of 0%-4%. The detection of such low strains is due to the rigorous structural design and strain concentration effect of the three-dimensional micronano structure of the VGCM. Through experimental results and theoretical simulation, the evolution of microcracks in VG and the sensing mechanism of VG and VGCM are elaborated, and the unique advantages of VGCM are revealed. Finally, the VGCM-based strain sensors are proposed as portable breathing test equipment for rapid breathing detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zijian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jiemin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Linhan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhaomin Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jonghwan Suhr
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 16419 Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Liantuan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Suotang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Xuyuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Faculty of Technology, Natural Sciences and Maritime Sciences, Department of Microsystems, University of Southeast Norway, Borre N-3184, Norway
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31
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Park C, Choi M, Lee S, Kim H, Lee T, Billah MM, Jung B, Jang J. Highly Sensitive, Stretchable Pressure Sensor Using Blue Laser Annealed CNTs. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12132127. [PMID: 35807963 PMCID: PMC9268723 DOI: 10.3390/nano12132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A piezoresistive sensor is an essential component of wearable electronics that can detect resistance changes when pressure is applied. In general, microstructures of sensing layers have been adopted as an effective approach to enhance piezoresistive performance. However, the mold-casted microstructures typically have quite a thick layer with dozens of microscales. In this paper, a carbon microstructure is formed by blue laser annealing (BLA) on a carbon nanotube (CNT) layer, which changes the surface morphology of CNTs into carbonaceous protrusions and increases its thickness more than four times compared to the as-deposited layer. Then, the pressure sensor is fabricated using a spin-coating of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene (SEBS) elastomer on the BLA CNTs layer. A 1.32 µm-thick pressure sensor exhibits a high sensitivity of 6.87 × 105 kPa−1, a wide sensing range of 278 Pa~40 kPa and a fast response/recovery time of 20 ms, respectively. The stability of the pressure sensor is demonstrated by the repeated loading and unloading of 20 kPa for 4000 cycles. The stretchable pressure sensor was also demonstrated using lateral CNT electrodes on SEBS surface, exhibiting stable pressure performance, with up to 20% stretching.
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Oh D, Seo J, Kim HG, Ryu C, Bang SW, Park S, Kim HJ. Multi-height micropyramids based pressure sensor with tunable sensing properties for robotics and step tracking applications. MICRO AND NANO SYSTEMS LETTERS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40486-022-00149-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractPrecise sensing of pressure is essential for various mechanical and electrical systems. The recent emergence of flexible pressure sensors has enabled novel applications, such as human–machine interfaces, soft robotics, and wearable devices. Specifically, the piezoresistive sensing scheme is widely adapted for flexible pressure sensors as it is simple and exhibits outstanding measurement sensitivity and stability. The sensing properties of piezoresistive pressure sensors mainly depends on the materials and contact morphologies at the interface. This paper proposes a flexible pressure sensor based on multi-height microstructures in which the measurement sensitivity and detection range are tunable. Such tunability is due to the sequential contact of micropyramids with different heights. The multi-height micropyramid structured PDMS layer with stamp-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) acts as a conductive active layer and a gold interdigitated electrode (IDE) patterned polyimide (PI) layer works as the bottom electrode. The fabricated sensor exhibits a sensitivity of 0.19 kPa−1, a fast response speed of 20 ms, and a detection range of up to 100 kPa. The sensor is applied to a robotic gripper for object recognition and integrated into a shoe to track walking motions.
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Xu J, Zhang L, Lai X, Zeng X, Li H. Wearable RGO/MXene Piezoresistive Pressure Sensors with Hierarchical Microspines for Detecting Human Motion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27262-27273. [PMID: 35652498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c06574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Flexible piezoresistive pressure sensors may exhibit excellent sensing performances to be applied in wearable electronics, medical diagnosis, and electronic skin. Herein, we report a multi-layer and phased-responsive reduced graphene oxide/MXene-based piezoresistive pressure sensor with hierarchical microspines constructed by sandpaper as the template. Thanks to the multi-level and multi-layer structure, the obtained sensor realized phased response and showed wide detection range (up to 70 kPa), fast response (response/recovery time of 40/80 ms), and excellent working stability (1000 fatigue cycles). Furthermore, the sensor was successfully applied for detecting various human motions including pulse beats, cheek bulging, nodding, finger bending, speech recognition, handwriting, and other pressure signals. Besides, a 6 × 6 sensing matrix integrated by the sensors was able to sensitively perceive the distribution of plane pressure. The findings in this work conceivably stand out as a new strategy to fabricate high-performance piezoresistive pressure sensors in the fields of intelligent healthcare and medical diagnosis, wearable electronic devices, electronic skin, and human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhuang Xu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xuejun Lai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xingrong Zeng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Hongqiang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Guangdong Province for High Property and Functional Polymer Materials, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Hou Y, Wang L, Sun R, Zhang Y, Gu M, Zhu Y, Tong Y, Liu X, Wang Z, Xia J, Hu Y, Wei L, Yang C, Chen M. Crack-Across-Pore Enabled High-Performance Flexible Pressure Sensors for Deep Neural Network Enhanced Sensing and Human Action Recognition. ACS NANO 2022; 16:8358-8369. [PMID: 35485406 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c02609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity over a broad pressure range are highly desired, yet challenging to build to meet the requirements of practical applications in daily activities and more significant in some extreme environments. This work demonstrates a thin, lightweight, and high-performance pressure sensor based on flexible porous phenyl-silicone/functionalized carbon nanotube (PS/FCNT) film. The formed crack-across-pore endows the pressure sensor with high sensitivity of 19.77 kPa-1 and 1.6 kPa-1 in the linear range of 0-33 kPa and 0.2-2 MPa, respectively, as well as ultralow detection limit (∼1.3 Pa). Furthermore, the resulting pressure sensor possesses a low fatigue over 4000 loading/unloading cycles even under a high pressure of 2 MPa and excellent durability (>6000 cycles) after heating at high temperature (200 °C), attributed to the strong chemical bonding between PS and FCNT, excellent mechanical stability, and high temperature resistance of PS/FCNT film. These superior properties set a foundation for applying the single sensor device in detecting diverse stimuli from the very low to high pressure range, including weak airflow, sway, vibrations, biophysical signal monitoring, and even car pressure. Besides, a deep neural network based on transformer (TRM) has been engaged for human action recognition with an overall classification rate of 94.96% on six human actions, offering high accuracy in real-time practical scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Hou
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Sun
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanao Zhang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxi Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhao Zhu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Department of Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Tong
- School of Mathematics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Xunyu Liu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhixun Wang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Juan Xia
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611713, People's Republic of China
| | - Yougen Hu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Electronic Materials, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
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Banerjee AN. Green syntheses of graphene and its applications in internet of things (IoT)-a status review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:322003. [PMID: 35395654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending technological field that converts any physical object into a communicable smarter one by converging the physical world with the digital world. This innovative technology connects the device to the internet and provides a platform to collect real-time data, cloud storage, and analyze the collected data to trigger smart actions from a remote location via remote notifications, etc. Because of its wide-ranging applications, this technology can be integrated into almost all the industries. Another trending field with tremendous opportunities is Nanotechnology, which provides many benefits in several areas of life, and helps to improve many technological and industrial sectors. So, integration of IoT and Nanotechnology can bring about the very important field of Internet of Nanothings (IoNT), which can re-shape the communication industry. For that, data (collected from trillions of nanosensors, connected to billions of devices) would be the 'ultimate truth', which could be generated from highly efficient nanosensors, fabricated from various novel nanomaterials, one of which is graphene, the so-called 'wonder material' of the 21st century. Therefore, graphene-assisted IoT/IoNT platforms may revolutionize the communication technologies around the globe. In this article, a status review of the smart applications of graphene in the IoT sector is presented. Firstly, various green synthesis of graphene for sustainable development is elucidated, followed by its applications in various nanosensors, detectors, actuators, memory, and nano-communication devices. Also, the future market prospects are discussed to converge various emerging concepts like machine learning, fog/edge computing, artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, with the graphene-assisted IoT field to bring about the concept of 'all-round connectivity in every sphere possible'.
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Jia M, Yi C, Han Y, Wang L, Li X, Xu G, He K, Li N, Hou Y, Wang Z, Zhu Y, Zhang Y, Hu M, Sun R, Tong P, Yang J, Hu Y, Wang Z, Li W, Li W, Wei L, Yang C, Chen M. Hierarchical Network Enabled Flexible Textile Pressure Sensor with Ultrabroad Response Range and High-Temperature Resistance. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105738. [PMID: 35289123 PMCID: PMC9108605 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thin, lightweight, and flexible textile pressure sensors with the ability to detect the full range of faint pressure (<100 Pa), low pressure (≈KPa) and high pressure (≈MPa) are in significant demand to meet the requirements for applications in daily activities and more meaningfully in some harsh environments, such as high temperature and high pressure. However, it is still a significant challenge to fulfill these requirements simultaneously in a single pressure sensor. Herein, a high-performance pressure sensor enabled by polyimide fiber fabric with functionalized carbon-nanotube (PI/FCNT) is obtained via a facile electrophoretic deposition (EPD) approach. High-density FCNT is evenly wrapped and chemically bonded to the fiber surface during the EPD process, forming a conductive hierarchical fiber/FCNT matrix. Benefiting from the large compressible region of PI fiber fabric, abundant yet firm contacting points and high elastic modulus of both PI and CNT, the proposed pressure sensor can be customized and modulated to achieve both an ultra-broad sensing range, long-term stability and high-temperature resistance. Thanks to these merits, the proposed pressure sensor could monitor the human physiological information, detect tiny and extremely high pressure, can be integrated into an intelligent mechanical hand to detect the contact force under high-temperature.
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Meng K, Xiao X, Wei W, Chen G, Nashalian A, Shen S, Xiao X, Chen J. Wearable Pressure Sensors for Pulse Wave Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109357. [PMID: 35044014 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. The rapid development of flexible sensing technologies and wearable pressure sensors have attracted keen research interest and have been widely used for long-term and real-time cardiovascular status monitoring. Owing to compelling characteristics, including light weight, wearing comfort, and high sensitivity to pulse pressures, physiological pulse waveforms can be precisely and continuously monitored by flexible pressure sensors for wearable health monitoring. Herein, an overview of wearable pressure sensors for human pulse wave monitoring is presented, with a focus on the transduction mechanism, microengineering structures, and related applications in pulse wave monitoring and cardiovascular condition assessment. The conceptualizations and methods for the acquisition of physiological and pathological information related to the cardiovascular system are outlined. The biomechanics of arterial pulse waves and the working mechanism of various wearable pressure sensors, including triboelectric, piezoelectric, magnetoelastic, piezoresistive, capacitive, and optical sensors, are also subject to systematic debate. Exemple applications of pulse wave measurement based on microengineering structured devices are then summarized. Finally, a discussion of the opportunities and challenges that wearable pressure sensors face, as well as their potential as a wearable intelligent system for personalized healthcare is given in conclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyu Meng
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Human Health Status Identification and Function Enhancement, Changchun University, Changchun, 130022, China
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Wenxin Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110022, China
| | - Guorui Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Ardo Nashalian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Sophia Shen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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Flexible pressure sensors via engineering microstructures for wearable human-machine interaction and health monitoring applications. iScience 2022; 25:104148. [PMID: 35402860 PMCID: PMC8991382 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors capable of transducing pressure stimuli into electrical signals have drawn extensive attention owing to their potential applications for human-machine interaction and healthcare monitoring. To meet these application demands, engineering microstructures in the pressure sensors are an efficient way to improve key sensing performances, such as sensitivity, linear sensing range, response time, hysteresis, and durability. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in the fabrication and application of high-performance flexible pressure sensors via engineering microstructures. The implementation mechanisms and fabrication strategies of microstructures including micropatterned, porous, fiber-network, and multiple microstructures are systematically summarized. The applications of flexible pressure sensors with microstructures in the fields of wearable human-machine interaction, and ex vivo and in vivo healthcare monitoring are comprehensively discussed. Finally, the outlook and challenges in the future improvement of flexible pressure sensors toward practical applications are presented.
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Tai G, Wei D, Su M, Li P, Xie L, Yang J. Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072652. [PMID: 35408265 PMCID: PMC9002484 DOI: 10.3390/s22072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tai
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Min Su
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
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Lou C, Liu E, Cheng T, Li J, Song H, Fan G, Huang L, Dong B, Liu X. Highly Stretchable and Self-Adhesive Elastomers Based on Polymer Chain Rearrangement for High-Performance Strain Sensors. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:5825-5835. [PMID: 35224343 PMCID: PMC8867587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) has been widely used in many fields. However, the polymerization process of the siloxane chain is highly complex, and it is challenging to enhance the mechanical properties of PDMS elastomers significantly. We found that adding a small amount of polyoxyethylene lauryl ether (Brij-35) into siloxane polymers can result in B-PDMS elastomers with high tensile properties and strong adhesion. It is worth noting that this is the first study to improve the mechanical properties of PDMS using Brij-35. Here, we intensely studied a variety of process conditions that influence the cross-linking of PDMS, emphasizing the modification mechanism of the polymer chain. The hydroxyl groups in Brij-35 and the platinum catalyst in PDMS form a complex, which inhibits the cross-linking process of PDMS, not only forming a heterogeneous cross-linking network in the B-PDMS but also disentangling the strongly wound siloxane polymer chain, thereby rearranging the PDMS polymer chains. Furthermore, in order to prepare a strain sensor based on the B-PDMS elastomer under safe and convenient conditions, we prepared laser-scribed graphene powder (LSGP) by laser-scribing of graphene oxide (GO) films, and the LSGP and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) endowed the B-PDMS elastomers with excellent electrical properties. The sensor could firmly adhere to the skin and generate a high-quality response to a variety of human motions, and it could drive the robotic hand to grasp and lift objects accurately. The high-performance strain sensors based on B-PDMS have broad applications in medical sensing and biopotential measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cunguang Lou
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Enjie Liu
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Tong Cheng
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Jun Li
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Hongzan Song
- College
of Chemistry & Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Guangwei Fan
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department
of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University
of Massachusetts Medical School, Plantation Street, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, United States
| | - Bin Dong
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
- Affiliated
hospital of Hebei University, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Liu
- College
of Electronic Information Engineering & Hebei Key Laboratory of
Digital Medical Engineering, Hebei University, Baoding 071000, P. R. China
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Yu Z, Xu J, Gong H, Li Y, Li L, Wei Q, Tang D. Bioinspired Self-Powered Piezoresistive Sensors for Simultaneous Monitoring of Human Health and Outdoor UV Light Intensity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5101-5111. [PMID: 35050572 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The exact fabrication of precise three-dimensional structures for piezoresistive sensors necessitates superior manufacturing methods or tooling, which are accompanied by time-consuming processes and the potential for environmental harm. Herein, we demonstrated a method for in situ synthesis of zinc oxide nanorod (ZnO NR) arrays on graphene-treated cotton and paper substrates and constructed highly sensitive, flexible, wearable, and chemically stable strain sensors. Based on the structure of pine trees and needles in nature, the hybrid sensing layer consisted of graphene-attached cotton or paper fibers and ZnO NRs, and the results showed a high sensitivity of 0.389, 0.095, and 0.029 kPa-1 and an ultra-wide linear range of 0-100 kPa of this sensor under optimal conditions. Our study found that water absorption and swelling of graphene fibers and the associated reduction of pore size and growth of zinc oxide were detrimental to pressure sensor performance. A random line model was developed to examine the effects of different hydrothermal times on sensor performance. Meanwhile, pulse detection, respiration detection, speech recognition, and motion detection, including finger movements, walking, and throat movements, were used to show their practical application in human health activity monitoring. In addition, monolithically grown ZnO NRs on graphene cotton sheets had been integrated into a flexible sensing platform for outdoor UV photo-indication, which is, to our knowledge, the first successful case of an integrated UV photo-detector and motion sensor. Due to its excellent strain detection and UV detection abilities, these strategies are a step forward in developing wearable sensors that are cost-controllable and high-performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Yu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhui Xu
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Hexiang Gong
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Li
- The First Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, People's Republic of China
- Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaohua Wei
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
| | - Dianping Tang
- Key Laboratory for Analytical Science of Food Safety and Biology (MOE & Fujian Province), Department of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, People's Republic of China
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Carvalho AF, Kulyk B, Fernandes AJS, Fortunato E, Costa FM. A Review on the Applications of Graphene in Mechanical Transduction. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2101326. [PMID: 34288155 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202101326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A pressing need to develop low-cost, environmentally friendly, and sensitive sensors has arisen with the advent of the always-connected paradigm of the internet-of-things (IoT). In particular, mechanical sensors have been widely studied in recent years for applications ranging from health monitoring, through mechanical biosignals, to structure integrity analysis. On the other hand, innovative ways to implement mechanical actuation have also been the focus of intense research in an attempt to close the circle of human-machine interaction, and move toward applications in flexible electronics. Due to its potential scalability, disposability, and outstanding properties, graphene has been thoroughly studied in the field of mechanical transduction. The applications of graphene in mechanical transduction are reviewed here. An overview of sensor and actuator applications is provided, covering different transduction mechanisms such as piezoresistivity, capacitive sensing, optically interrogated displacement, piezoelectricity, triboelectricity, electrostatic actuation, chemomechanical and thermomechanical actuation, as well as thermoacoustic emission. A critical review of the main approaches is presented within the scope of a wider discussion on the future of this so-called wonder material in the field of mechanical transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre F Carvalho
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Bohdan Kulyk
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | | | - Elvira Fortunato
- I3N/CENIMAT, Materials Science Department, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa and CEMOP/UNINOVA, Caparica, 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Florinda M Costa
- I3N-Aveiro, Department of Physics, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Chen KY, Xu YT, Zhao Y, Li JK, Wang XP, Qu LT. Recent progress in graphene-based wearable piezoresistive sensors: From 1D to 3D device geometries. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhao Y, Shen T, Zhang M, Yin R, Zheng Y, Liu H, Sun H, Liu C, Shen C. Advancing the pressure sensing performance of conductive CNT/PDMS composite film by constructing a hierarchical-structured surface. NANO MATERIALS SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoms.2021.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Flexible mechanical metamaterials enabling soft tactile sensors with multiple sensitivities at multiple force sensing ranges. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24125. [PMID: 34916550 PMCID: PMC8677735 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of existing tactile sensors are designed to measure a particular range of force with a fixed sensitivity. However, some applications require tactile sensors with multiple task-relevant sensitivities at multiple ranges of force sensing. Inspired by the human tactile sensing capability, this paper proposes a novel soft tactile sensor based on mechanical metamaterials which exhibits multiple sensitivity regimes due to the step-by-step locking behaviour of its heterogenous multi-layered structure. By tuning the geometrical design parameters of the collapsible layers, each layer experiences locking behaviour under different ranges of force which provides different sensitivity of the sensor at different force magnitude. The integration of a magnetic-based transduction method with the proposed structure results in high design degrees of freedom for realising the desired contact force sensitivities and corresponding force sensing ranges. A systematic design procedure is proposed to select appropriate design parameters to produce the desired characteristics. Two example designs of the sensor structure were fabricated using widely available benchtop 3D printers and tested for their performance. The results showed the capability of the sensor in providing the desired characteristics in terms of sensitivity and force range and being realised in different shapes, sizes and number of layers in a single structure. The proposed multi-sensitivity soft tactile sensor has a great potential to be used in a wide variety of applications where different sensitivities of force measurement is required at different ranges of force magnitudes, from robotic manipulation and human–machine interaction to biomedical engineering and health-monitoring.
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Dai J, Li L, Shi B, Li Z. Recent progress of self-powered respiration monitoring systems. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 194:113609. [PMID: 34509719 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable medical devices are playing more and more key roles in disease diagnosis and health management. Various biosensors and systems have been used for respiration monitoring. Among them, self-powered sensors have some special characteristics such as low-cost, easy preparation, highly designable, and diversified. The respiratory airflow can drive the self-powered sensors directly to convert mechanical energy of the airflow into electricity. One of the major goals of the self-powered sensors and systems is realizing health monitoring and diagnosis. The relationship between the output signals and the models of respiratory diseases has not been studied deeply and clearly. Therefore, how to find an accurate relationship between them is a challenging and significant research topic. This review summarized the recent progress of the self-powered respiratory sensors and systems from aspects of device principle, output property, detecting index and so on. The challenges and perspectives have also been discussed for reference to the researchers who are interested in the field of self-powered sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieyu Dai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, China; Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101400, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, China; Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101400, Beijing, China
| | - Bojing Shi
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhou Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center on Nanoenergy Research, Guangxi University, 530004, Nanning, China; Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 101400, Beijing, China.
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Su X, Luo C, Yan W, Jiao J, Zhong D. Microdome-Tunable Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes Pressure Sensors Based on Polystyrene Array for Wearable Electronics. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237385. [PMID: 34885540 PMCID: PMC8658608 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Resistive pressure sensors are appealing due to having several advantages, such as simple reading mechanisms, simple construction, and quick dynamic response. Achieving a constantly changeable microstructure of sensing materials is critical for the flexible pressure sensor and remains a difficulty. Herein, a flexible, tunable resistive pressure sensors is developed via simple, low-cost microsphere self-assembly and graphene/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) solution drop coating. The sensor uses polystyrene (PS) microspheres to construct an interlocked dome microstructure with graphene/CNTs as a conductive filler. The results indicate that the interlocked microdome-type pressure sensor has better sensitivity than the single microdome-type and single planar-type without surface microstructure. The pressure sensor’s sensitivity can be adjusted by varying the diameter of PS microspheres. In addition, the resistance of the sensor is also tunable by adjusting the number of graphene/CNT conductive coating layers. The developed flexible pressure sensor effectively detected human finger bending, demonstrating tremendous potential in human motion monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingjie Su
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Chunli Luo
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.Z.)
| | - Weiguo Yan
- School of Science, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China;
| | - Junyi Jiao
- School of Control and Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin Chengjian University, Tianjin 300384, China; (X.S.); (J.J.)
| | - Dongzhou Zhong
- School of Information Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.Z.)
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Sim S, Jo E, Kang Y, Chung E, Kim J. Highly Sensitive Flexible Tactile Sensors in Wide Sensing Range Enabled by Hierarchical Topography of Biaxially Strained and Capillary-Densified Carbon Nanotube Bundles. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2105334. [PMID: 34786842 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flexible tactile sensors with high sensitivity have received considerable attention for their use in wearable electronics, human-machine interfaces, and health-monitoring devices. Although various micro/nanostructured materials are introduced for high-performance tactile sensors, simultaneously obtaining high sensitivity and a wide sensing range remains challenging. Here, a resistive tactile sensor is presented based on the hierarchical topography of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared by a low-cost and straightforward manufacturing process. The 3D hierarchical structure of the CNTs over large areas is formed by transferring vertically aligned CNT bundles to a prestrained elastomer substrate and subsequently densifying them through capillary forming, providing a monotonic increase in the contact area as applied pressure. The deformable and hierarchical structure of CNTs allows the sensor to exhibit a wide sensing range (0-100 kPa), high sensitivity (141.72 kPa-1 ), and low detection limit (10 Pa). Additionally, the capillary-formed CNT structure results in increased durability of the sensor over repeated pressures. Based on these advantages, meaningful applications of tactile sensors, such as object recognition gloves and multidirectional force perceptions, are successfully realized. Given the scalable fabrication method, 3D hierarchically structured CNTs provide an essential step toward next-generation wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangjun Sim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhwan Jo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Yunsung Kang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Euichul Chung
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbaeg Kim
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50-Yonsei Ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
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Wang X, Yang J, Feng Z, Zhang G, Qiu J, Wu Y, Yang J. Graded Microstructured Flexible Pressure Sensors with High Sensitivity and an Ultrabroad Pressure Range for Epidermal Pulse Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:55747-55755. [PMID: 34780689 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Precisely detecting epidermal pulse waves with pressure sensors is crucial for pulse-based personalized health-monitoring technologies. However, developing a pressure sensor that simultaneously demonstrates high sensitivity and an ultrabroad pressure range and a convenient fabrication process for large-scale production is a considerable challenge. Herein, by utilizing a commercial conductive fabric (CF) and a silica gel film, we develop a high-performance pressure sensor (HPPS) for the monitoring of human physiological signals. Based on convenient turnover formwork technology, the silica gel film was fabricated by replicating the microstructure of the sandpaper surface. This microstructure and the plain weave structure on the CF surface together provide a sharp increase in the contact-separation area and structural compressibility, which are beneficial for the enhancement of output performance. Made of these two materials, the graded microstructured HPPS holds high sensitivity (4.5 mV/Pa), an ultrabroad pressure range (0-30 kPa), a wide working frequency bandwidth (up to 35 Hz), decent stability (>50,000 cycles), and a simple fabrication process that is suitable for large-scale production. Given these noticeable features, the developed HPPS not only succeeds in precisely detecting subtle pulse waves on various positions of different people but can also objectively capture changes in cardiovascular parameters caused by exercise training at different intensities in real time. These findings exhibit the enormous potential application of HPPS in tracking an individual's health status and comprehensively evaluating exercise intensity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Laser Control & Precision Measurement, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Zhiping Feng
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Laser Control & Precision Measurement, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Gaoqiang Zhang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Laser Control & Precision Measurement, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
| | - Yufen Wu
- College of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China
| | - Jin Yang
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Technology and Systems Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Laser Control & Precision Measurement, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, P. R. China
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50
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Kong H, Song Z, Li W, Bao Y, Qu D, Ma Y, Liu Z, Wang W, Wang Z, Han D, Niu L. Skin-Inspired Hair-Epidermis-Dermis Hierarchical Structures for Electronic Skin Sensors with High Sensitivity over a Wide Linear Range. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16218-16227. [PMID: 34605628 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quest for both high sensitivity and a wide linear range in electronic skin design is perpetual; unfortunately, these two key parameters are generally mutually exclusive. Although limited success in attaining both high sensitivity and a wide linear range has been achieved via material-specific or complicated structure design, addressing the conflict between these parameters remains a critical challenge. Here, inspired by the human somatosensory system, we propose hair-epidermis-dermis hierarchical structures based on a reduced graphene oxide/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) aerogel to reconcile this contradiction between high sensitivity and a wide linear range. This hierarchical structure enables an electronic skin (e-skin) sensor linear sensing range up to 30 kPa without sacrificing the high sensitivity (137.7 kPa-1), revealing an effective strategy to overcome the above-mentioned conflict. In addition, the e-skin sensor also exhibits a low detection limit (1.1 Pa), fast responsiveness (∼80 ms), and excellent stability and reproducibility (over 10 000 cycles); as a result, the e-skin platform is capable of detecting small air flow and monitoring human pulse and even sound-induced vibrations. This structure may boost the ongoing research on the structural design and performance regulation of emerging flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqian Song
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yu Bao
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Dongyang Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Yingming Ma
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenbang Liu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Zhenxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, Jilin, P.R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Dongxue Han
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
| | - Li Niu
- Center for Advanced Analytical Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, P.R. China
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