1
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Bonavina G, Mamillapalli R, Krikun G, Zhou Y, Gawde N, Taylor HS. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes shuttle microRNAs to endometrial stromal fibroblasts that promote tissue proliferation /regeneration/ and inhibit differentiation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:129. [PMID: 38693588 PMCID: PMC11064399 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03716-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human bone marrow-derived stem cells (hBMDSCs) are well characterized mediators of tissue repair and regeneration. An increasing body of evidence indicates that these cells exert their therapeutic effects largely through their paracrine actions rather than clonal expansion and differentiation. Here we studied the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) present in extracellular vesicles (EVs) from hBMDSCs in tissue regeneration and cell differentiation targeting endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF). METHODS Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are isolated from hBMDSCs, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) techniques. Extracted total RNA from EVs was subjected to RNA seq analysis. Transfection and decidualization studies were carried out in endometrial stromal fibroblasts (eSF). Gene expression was analyzed by qRTPCR. Unpaired t-test with Welch's correction was used for data analysis between two groups. RESULTS We identified several microRNAs (miRNAs) that were highly expressed, including miR-21-5p, miR-100-5p, miR-143-3p and let7. MiR-21 is associated with several signaling pathways involved in tissue regeneration, quiescence, cellular senescence, and fibrosis. Both miR-100-5p and miR-143-3p promoted cell proliferation. MiR-100-5p specifically promoted regenerative processes by upregulating TGF-ß3, VEGFA, MMP7, and HGF. MiR-100-5p blocked differentiation or decidualization as evidenced by morphologic changes and downregulation of decidualization mediators including HOXA10, IGFBP1, PRL, PR-B, and PR. CONCLUSION EVs delivered to tissues by hBMDSCs contain specific miRNAs that prevent terminal differentiation and drive repair and regeneration. Delivery of microRNAs is a novel treatment paradigm with the potential to replace BMDSCs in cell-free regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bonavina
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yuping Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nimisha Gawde
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, 06510, New Haven, CT, USA
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2
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Li S, Yan B, Wu B, Su J, Lu J, Lam TW, Boheler KR, Poon ENY, Luo R. Integrated modeling framework reveals co-regulation of transcription factors, miRNAs and lncRNAs on cardiac developmental dynamics. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:247. [PMID: 37705079 PMCID: PMC10500942 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03442-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Dissecting complex interactions among transcription factors (TFs), microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are central for understanding heart development and function. Although computational approaches and platforms have been described to infer relationships among regulatory factors and genes, current approaches do not adequately account for how highly diverse, interacting regulators that include noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) control cardiac gene expression dynamics over time. METHODS To overcome this limitation, we devised an integrated framework, cardiac gene regulatory modeling (CGRM) that integrates LogicTRN and regulatory component analysis bioinformatics modeling platforms to infer complex regulatory mechanisms. We then used CGRM to identify and compare the TF-ncRNA gene regulatory networks that govern early- and late-stage cardiomyocytes (CMs) generated by in vitro differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) and ventricular and atrial CMs isolated during in vivo human cardiac development. RESULTS Comparisons of in vitro versus in vivo derived CMs revealed conserved regulatory networks among TFs and ncRNAs in early cells that significantly diverged in late staged cells. We report that cardiac genes ("heart targets") expressed in early-stage hPSC-CMs are primarily regulated by MESP1, miR-1, miR-23, lncRNAs NEAT1 and MALAT1, while GATA6, HAND2, miR-200c, NEAT1 and MALAT1 are critical for late hPSC-CMs. The inferred TF-miRNA-lncRNA networks regulating heart development and contraction were similar among early-stage CMs, among individual hPSC-CM datasets and between in vitro and in vivo samples. However, genes related to apoptosis, cell cycle and proliferation, and transmembrane transport showed a high degree of divergence between in vitro and in vivo derived late-stage CMs. Overall, late-, but not early-stage CMs diverged greatly in the expression of "heart target" transcripts and their regulatory mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, we find that hPSC-CMs are regulated in a cell autonomous manner during early development that diverges significantly as a function of time when compared to in vivo derived CMs. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of using CGRM to reveal dynamic and complex transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory interactions that underlie cell directed versus environment-dependent CM development. These results with in vitro versus in vivo derived CMs thus establish this approach for detailed analyses of heart disease and for the analysis of cell regulatory systems in other biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Li
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bin Yan
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China
| | - Junhao Su
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jianliang Lu
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tak-Wah Lam
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kenneth R Boheler
- The Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine and The Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Ellen Ngar-Yun Poon
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
- Centre for Cardiovascular Genomics and Medicine, Lui Che Woo Institute of Innovative Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong, China.
- Hong Kong Hub of Paediatric Excellence (HK HOPE), The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.
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3
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Ahmad FS, Jin Y, Grassam-Rowe A, Zhou Y, Yuan M, Fan X, Zhou R, Mu-u-min R, O'Shea C, Ibrahim AM, Hyder W, Aguib Y, Yacoub M, Pavlovic D, Zhang Y, Tan X, Lei M, Terrar DA. Generation of cardiomyocytes from human-induced pluripotent stem cells resembling atrial cells with ability to respond to adrenoceptor agonists. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220312. [PMID: 37122218 PMCID: PMC10150206 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common chronic arrhythmia presenting a heavy disease burden. We report a new approach for generating cardiomyocytes (CMs) resembling atrial cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) using a combination of Gremlin 2 and retinoic acid treatment. More than 40% of myocytes showed rod-shaped morphology, expression of CM proteins (including ryanodine receptor 2, α-actinin-2 and F-actin) and striated appearance, all of which were broadly similar to the characteristics of adult atrial myocytes (AMs). Isolated myocytes were electrically quiescent until stimulated to fire action potentials with an AM profile and an amplitude of approximately 100 mV, arising from a resting potential of approximately -70 mV. Single-cell RNA sequence analysis showed a high level of expression of several atrial-specific transcripts including NPPA, MYL7, HOXA3, SLN, KCNJ4, KCNJ5 and KCNA5. Amplitudes of calcium transients recorded from spontaneously beating cultures were increased by the stimulation of α-adrenoceptors (activated by phenylephrine and blocked by prazosin) or β-adrenoceptors (activated by isoproterenol and blocked by CGP20712A). Our new approach provides human AMs with mature characteristics from hiPSCs which will facilitate drug discovery by enabling the study of human atrial cell signalling pathways and AF. This article is part of the theme issue 'The heartbeat: its molecular basis and physiological mechanisms'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizzan S. Ahmad
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
- Cure8bio, Inc, 395 Fulton Street, Westbury, NY 11590, USA
| | - Yongcheng Jin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | | | - Yafei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 6400, People's Republic of China
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Xuehui Fan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 6400, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 6400, People's Republic of China
| | - Razik Mu-u-min
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Christopher O'Shea
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ayman M. Ibrahim
- Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan 1242770, Egypt
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Wajiha Hyder
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Yasmine Aguib
- Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan 1242770, Egypt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Middlesex SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Magdi Yacoub
- Aswan Heart Centre, Aswan 1242770, Egypt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Middlesex SW3 6LY, UK
| | - Davor Pavlovic
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medicine and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yanmin Zhang
- Shaanxi Institute for Pediatric Diseases, Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an 710003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqiu Tan
- Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology of the Ministry of Education and Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou 6400, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Derek A. Terrar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
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4
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Wang J, Zheng L, Hu C, Kong D, Zhou Z, Wu B, Wu S, Fei F, Shen Y. CircZFR promotes pancreatic cancer progression through a novel circRNA-miRNA-mRNA pathway and stabilizing epithelial-mesenchymal transition protein. Cell Signal 2023; 107:110661. [PMID: 36990335 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2023.110661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) ranks third in incidence and seventh in mortality among cancers worldwide. CircZFR has been implicated in various human cancers. Yet, how they affect PC progression is understudied. Herein, we demonstrated that circZFR was upregulated in PC tissues and cells, a feature that was correlated with the poor performance of patients with PC. Functional analyses elucidated that circZFR facilitated cell proliferation and enhanced tumorigenicity of PC. Moreover, we found that circZFR facilitated cell metastasis by differentially regulating the levels of proteins related to epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Mechanistic investigations revealed that circZFR sponged miR-375, thereby upregulating the downstream target gene, GREMLIN2 (GREM2). Additionally, circZFR knockdown resulted in attenuation of the JNK pathway, an effect that was reversed by GREM2 overexpression. Collectively, our findings implicate circZFR as a positive regulator of PC progression through the miR-375/GREM2/JNK axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liping Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chundong Hu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Demiao Kong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No. 83 EastZhongshan Road, Nanming District, Guiyang, Guizhou 550001, China
| | - Zhongcheng Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shaohan Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Famin Fei
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yiyu Shen
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, No. 1518, Huancheng North Road, Jiaxing 314000, Zhejiang, China.
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5
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Abstract
An ensemble of in vitro cardiac tissue models has been developed over the past several decades to aid our understanding of complex cardiovascular disorders using a reductionist approach. These approaches often rely on recapitulating single or multiple clinically relevant end points in a dish indicative of the cardiac pathophysiology. The possibility to generate disease-relevant and patient-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells has further leveraged the utility of the cardiac models as screening tools at a large scale. To elucidate biological mechanisms in the cardiac models, it is critical to integrate physiological cues in form of biochemical, biophysical, and electromechanical stimuli to achieve desired tissue-like maturity for a robust phenotyping. Here, we review the latest advances in the directed stem cell differentiation approaches to derive a wide gamut of cardiovascular cell types, to allow customization in cardiac model systems, and to study diseased states in multiple cell types. We also highlight the recent progress in the development of several cardiovascular models, such as cardiac organoids, microtissues, engineered heart tissues, and microphysiological systems. We further expand our discussion on defining the context of use for the selection of currently available cardiac tissue models. Last, we discuss the limitations and challenges with the current state-of-the-art cardiac models and highlight future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Thomas
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.)
| | - Suji Choi
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA (S.C., K.K.P.)
| | - Christina Alamana
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.)
| | - Kevin Kit Parker
- Disease Biophysics Group, John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, MA (S.C., K.K.P.).,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Boston, MA (K.K.P.)
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.).,Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA (D.T., C.A., J.C.W.).,Greenstone Biosciences, Palo Alto, CA (J.C.W.)
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6
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Feng W, Schriever H, Jiang S, Bais A, Wu H, Kostka D, Li G. Computational profiling of hiPSC-derived heart organoids reveals chamber defects associated with NKX2-5 deficiency. Commun Biol 2022; 5:399. [PMID: 35488063 PMCID: PMC9054831 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03346-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart organoids have the potential to generate primary heart-like anatomical structures and hold great promise as in vitro models for cardiac disease. However, their properties have not yet been fully studied, which hinders their wide spread application. Here we report the development of differentiation systems for ventricular and atrial heart organoids, enabling the study of heart diseases with chamber defects. We show that our systems generate chamber-specific organoids comprising of the major cardiac cell types, and we use single cell RNA sequencing together with sample multiplexing to characterize the cells we generate. To that end, we developed a machine learning label transfer approach leveraging cell type, chamber, and laterality annotations available for primary human fetal heart cells. We then used this model to analyze organoid cells from an isogeneic line carrying an Ebstein’s anomaly associated genetic variant in NKX2-5, and we successfully recapitulated the disease’s atrialized ventricular defects. In summary, we have established a workflow integrating heart organoids and computational analysis to model heart development in normal and disease states. A human cardiac organoid system, coupled with single cell RNA sequencing and machine learning for transcriptional phenotyping, was developed. This allowed investigation of a genetic variant associated with Ebstein’s Anomaly, a congenital heart disease with chamber defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Feng
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Hannah Schriever
- Joint Carnegie Mellon, University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Abha Bais
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haodi Wu
- Vascular Medicine Institute Division of Cardiology, University of Pittsburgh Department of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Dennis Kostka
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Joint Carnegie Mellon, University of Pittsburgh Ph.D. Program in Computational Biology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA. .,Department of Computational & Systems Biology and Pittsburgh Center for Evolutionary Biology and Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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7
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Gao F, Li C, Danopoulos S, Al Alam D, Peinado N, Webster S, Borok Z, Kohbodi GA, Bellusci S, Minoo P. Hedgehog-responsive PDGFRa(+) fibroblasts maintain a unique pool of alveolar epithelial progenitor cells during alveologenesis. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110608. [PMID: 35385750 PMCID: PMC9199394 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The lung alveolus is lined with alveolar type 1 (AT1) and type 2 (AT2) epithelial cells. During alveologenesis, increasing demand associated with expanding alveolar numbers is met by proliferating progenitor AT2s (pAT2). Little information exists regarding the identity of this population and their niche microenvironment. We show that during alveologenesis, Hedgehog-responsive PDGFRa(+) progenitors (also known as SCMFs) are a source of secreted trophic molecules that maintain a unique pAT2 population. SCMFs are in turn maintained by TGFβ signaling. Compound inactivation of Alk5 TβR2 in SCMFs reduced their numbers and depleted the pAT2 pool without impacting differentiation of daughter cells. In lungs of preterm infants who died with bronchopulmonary dysplasia, PDGFRa is reduced and the number of proliferative AT2s is diminished, indicating that an evolutionarily conserved mechanism governs pAT2 behavior during alveologenesis. SCMFs are a transient cell population, active only during alveologenesis, making them a unique stage-specific niche mesodermal cell type in mammalian organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Changgong Li
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Soula Danopoulos
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Denise Al Alam
- Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90502, USA
| | - Neil Peinado
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Sha Webster
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Zea Borok
- Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - GoleNaz Adeli Kohbodi
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Saverio Bellusci
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), 35390 Giessen, Germany
| | - Parviz Minoo
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, LAC+USC Medical Center and Childrens Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine of University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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8
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Mitrečić D, Hribljan V, Jagečić D, Isaković J, Lamberto F, Horánszky A, Zana M, Foldes G, Zavan B, Pivoriūnas A, Martinez S, Mazzini L, Radenovic L, Milasin J, Chachques JC, Buzanska L, Song MS, Dinnyés A. Regenerative Neurology and Regenerative Cardiology: Shared Hurdles and Achievements. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:855. [PMID: 35055039 PMCID: PMC8776151 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
From the first success in cultivation of cells in vitro, it became clear that developing cell and/or tissue specific cultures would open a myriad of new opportunities for medical research. Expertise in various in vitro models has been developing over decades, so nowadays we benefit from highly specific in vitro systems imitating every organ of the human body. Moreover, obtaining sufficient number of standardized cells allows for cell transplantation approach with the goal of improving the regeneration of injured/disease affected tissue. However, different cell types bring different needs and place various types of hurdles on the path of regenerative neurology and regenerative cardiology. In this review, written by European experts gathered in Cost European action dedicated to neurology and cardiology-Bioneca, we present the experience acquired by working on two rather different organs: the brain and the heart. When taken into account that diseases of these two organs, mostly ischemic in their nature (stroke and heart infarction), bring by far the largest burden of the medical systems around Europe, it is not surprising that in vitro models of nervous and heart muscle tissue were in the focus of biomedical research in the last decades. In this review we describe and discuss hurdles which still impair further progress of regenerative neurology and cardiology and we detect those ones which are common to both fields and some, which are field-specific. With the goal to elucidate strategies which might be shared between regenerative neurology and cardiology we discuss methodological solutions which can help each of the fields to accelerate their development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinko Mitrečić
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Valentina Hribljan
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Denis Jagečić
- Laboratory for Stem Cells, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Federica Lamberto
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Gordillo, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly Str. 1, 2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Alex Horánszky
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Gordillo, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly Str. 1, 2100 Godollo, Hungary
| | - Melinda Zana
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Gordillo, Hungary
| | - Gabor Foldes
- Heart and Vascular Center, Semmelweis University, 1122 Budapest, Hungary
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Barbara Zavan
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Augustas Pivoriūnas
- Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, LT-01102 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Salvador Martinez
- Instituto de Neurociencias UMH-CSIC, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain
| | - Letizia Mazzini
- ALS Center, Department of Neurology, Maggiore della Carità Hospital, University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Lidija Radenovic
- Center for Laser Microscopy, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Milasin
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, School of Dental Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Juan Carlos Chachques
- Laboratory of Biosurgical Research, Pompidou Hospital, University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Leonora Buzanska
- Department of Stem Cell Bioengineering, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute Polish Academy of Sciences, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Min Suk Song
- Omnion Research International Ltd., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Aulich Lajos Str. 26, 2100 Gordillo, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Animal Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly Str. 1, 2100 Godollo, Hungary
- HCEMM-USZ Stem Cell Research Group, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
- College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
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9
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Wu B, Zhao Q, Li Z, Min Z, Shi M, Nie X, He Q, Gui R. Environmental level bisphenol A accelerates alterations of the reno-cardiac axis by the MAPK cascades in male diabetic rats: An analysis based on transcriptomic profiling and bioinformatics. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 287:117671. [PMID: 34435562 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In humans and animal models, the kidneys and cardiovascular systems are negatively affected by BPA from the environment. It is considered that BPA have some potential estrogen-like and non-hormone-like properties. In this study, RNA-sequencing and its-related bioinformatics was used as the basic strategy to clarify the characteristic mechanisms of kidney-heart axis remodeling and dysfunction in diabetic male rats under BPA exposure. We found that continuous BPA exposure in diabetic rats aggravated renal impairment, and caused hemodynamic disorders and dysfunctions. There were 655 and 125 differentially expressed genes in the kidney and heart, respectively. For the kidneys, functional annotation and enrichment, and gene set enrichment analyses identified bile acid secretion related to lipid synthesis and transport, and MAPK cascade pathways. For the heart, these bioinformatics analyses clearly pointed to MAPKs pathways. A total of 12 genes and another total of 6 genes were identified from the kidney tissue and heart tissue, respectively. Western blotting showed that exposure to BPA activated MAPK cascades in both organs. In this study, the exacerbated remodeling of diabetic kidney-heart axis under BPA exposure and diabetes might occur through hemodynamics, metabolism disorders, and the immune-inflammatory response, as well as continuous estrogen-like stimulation, with focus on the MAPK cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Department of Physiology, Pathophysiology, Pharmacology and Toxicology (Laboratory of Physiological Science), Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zuoneng Li
- Institute of Environment Health and Food Safety, Wuhan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiteng Min
- Department of Occupational Health, Wuhan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China; Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control of Hubei Province, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengdie Shi
- Institute of Environment Health and Food Safety, Wuhan Center for Diseases Control and Prevention, Wuhan, China
| | - Xinmin Nie
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qingnan He
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Rong Gui
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
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10
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Gharanei M, Shafaattalab S, Sangha S, Gunawan M, Laksman Z, Hove-Madsen L, Tibbits GF. Atrial-specific hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes in drug discovery and disease modeling. Methods 2021; 203:364-377. [PMID: 34144175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2021.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery and application of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have been instrumental in the investigation of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular diseases. Patient-specific hiPSCs can now be generated, genome-edited, and subsequently differentiated into various cell types and used for regenerative medicine, disease modeling, drug testing, toxicity screening, and 3D tissue generation. Modulation of the retinoic acid signaling pathway has been shown to direct cardiomyocyte differentiation towards an atrial lineage. A variety of studies have successfully differentiated patient-specific atrial cardiac myocytes (hiPSC-aCM) and atrial engineered heart tissue (aEHT) that express atrial specific genes (e.g., sarcolipin and ANP) and exhibit atrial electrophysiological and contractility profiles. Identification of protocols to differentiate atrial cells from patients with atrial fibrillation and other inherited diseases or creating disease models using genetic mutation studies has shed light on the mechanisms of atrial-specific diseases and identified the efficacy of atrial-selective pharmacological compounds. hiPSC-aCMs and aEHTs can be used in drug discovery and drug screening studies to investigate the efficacy of atrial selective drugs on atrial fibrillation models. Furthermore, hiPSC-aCMs can be effective tools in studying the mechanism, pathophysiology and treatment options of atrial fibrillation and its genetic underpinnings. The main limitation of using hiPSC-CMs is their immature phenotype compared to adult CMs. A wide range of approaches and protocols are used by various laboratories to optimize and enhance CM maturation, including electrical stimulation, culture time, biophysical cues and changes in metabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayel Gharanei
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; hiPSC-CM Research Team, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sanam Shafaattalab
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; hiPSC-CM Research Team, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Sarabjit Sangha
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; hiPSC-CM Research Team, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Marvin Gunawan
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; hiPSC-CM Research Team, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Zachary Laksman
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leif Hove-Madsen
- Cardiac Rhythm and Contraction Group, IIBB-CSIC, CIBERCV, IIB Sant Pau, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Barcelona 08025, Spain
| | - Glen F Tibbits
- Molecular Cardiac Physiology Group, Departments of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology and Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6, Canada; hiPSC-CM Research Team, British Columbia Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada; School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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11
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Disease Modeling and Disease Gene Discovery in Cardiomyopathies: A Molecular Study of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Generated Cardiomyocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073311. [PMID: 33805011 PMCID: PMC8037452 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vitro modeling of cardiac development and cardiomyopathies in human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) provides opportunities to aid the discovery of genetic, molecular, and developmental changes that are causal to, or influence, cardiomyopathies and related diseases. To better understand the functional and disease modeling potential of iPSC-differentiated CMs and to provide a proof of principle for large, epidemiological-scale disease gene discovery approaches into cardiomyopathies, well-characterized CMs, generated from validated iPSCs of 12 individuals who belong to four sibships, and one of whom reported a major adverse cardiac event (MACE), were analyzed by genome-wide mRNA sequencing. The generated CMs expressed CM-specific genes and were highly concordant in their total expressed transcriptome across the 12 samples (correlation coefficient at 95% CI =0.92 ± 0.02). The functional annotation and enrichment analysis of the 2116 genes that were significantly upregulated in CMs suggest that generated CMs have a transcriptomic and functional profile of immature atrial-like CMs; however, the CMs-upregulated transcriptome also showed high overlap and significant enrichment in primary cardiomyocyte (p-value = 4.36 × 10−9), primary heart tissue (p-value = 1.37 × 10−41) and cardiomyopathy (p-value = 1.13 × 10−21) associated gene sets. Modeling the effect of MACE in the generated CMs-upregulated transcriptome identified gene expression phenotypes consistent with the predisposition of the MACE-affected sibship to arrhythmia, prothrombotic, and atherosclerosis risk.
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12
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Varshney A, Chahal G, Santos L, Stolper J, Hallab JC, Nim HT, Nikolov M, Yip A, Ramialison M. Human Cardiac Transcription Factor Networks. SYSTEMS MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.11597-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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13
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Bektik E, Cowan DB, Wang DZ. Long Non-Coding RNAs in Atrial Fibrillation: Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as a Model System. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155424. [PMID: 32751460 PMCID: PMC7432754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a type of sustained arrhythmia in humans often characterized by devastating alterations to the cardiac conduction system as well as the structure of the atria. AF can lead to decreased cardiac function, heart failure, and other complications. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, including AF; however, a large group of lncRNAs is not conserved between mouse and human. Furthermore, AF has complex networks showing variations in mechanisms in different species, making it challenging to utilize conventional animal models to investigate the functional roles and potential therapeutic benefits of lncRNAs for AF. Fortunately, pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-derived cardiomyocytes (CMs) offer a reliable platform to study lncRNA functions in AF because of certain electrophysiological and molecular similarities with native human CMs. In this review, we first summarize the broad aspects of lncRNAs in various heart disease settings, then focus on their potential roles in AF development and pathophysiology. We also discuss current uses of PSCs in AF research and describe how these studies could be developed into novel therapeutics for AF and other cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Bektik
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
| | - Douglas B. Cowan
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
| | - Da-Zhi Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood, Boston, MA 02115, USA; (E.B.); (D.B.C.)
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Correspondence:
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14
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van Gorp PRR, Trines SA, Pijnappels DA, de Vries AAF. Multicellular In vitro Models of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Focus on Atrial Fibrillation. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:43. [PMID: 32296716 PMCID: PMC7138102 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia in clinical practice with a large socioeconomic impact due to its associated morbidity, mortality, reduction in quality of life and health care costs. Currently, antiarrhythmic drug therapy is the first line of treatment for most symptomatic AF patients, despite its limited efficacy, the risk of inducing potentially life-threating ventricular tachyarrhythmias as well as other side effects. Alternative, in-hospital treatment modalities consisting of electrical cardioversion and invasive catheter ablation improve patients' symptoms, but often have to be repeated and are still associated with serious complications and only suitable for specific subgroups of AF patients. The development and progression of AF generally results from the interplay of multiple disease pathways and is accompanied by structural and functional (e.g., electrical) tissue remodeling. Rational development of novel treatment modalities for AF, with its many different etiologies, requires a comprehensive insight into the complex pathophysiological mechanisms. Monolayers of atrial cells represent a simplified surrogate of atrial tissue well-suited to investigate atrial arrhythmia mechanisms, since they can easily be used in a standardized, systematic and controllable manner to study the role of specific pathways and processes in the genesis, perpetuation and termination of atrial arrhythmias. In this review, we provide an overview of the currently available two- and three-dimensional multicellular in vitro systems for investigating the initiation, maintenance and termination of atrial arrhythmias and AF. This encompasses cultures of primary (animal-derived) atrial cardiomyocytes (CMs), pluripotent stem cell-derived atrial-like CMs and (conditionally) immortalized atrial CMs. The strengths and weaknesses of each of these model systems for studying atrial arrhythmias will be discussed as well as their implications for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Antoine A. F. de Vries
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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15
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Kawagishi-Hotta M, Hasegawa S, Igarashi T, Date Y, Ishii Y, Inoue Y, Hasebe Y, Yamada T, Arima M, Iwata Y, Kobayashi T, Nakata S, Sugiura K, Akamatsu H. Increase of gremlin 2 with age in human adipose-derived stromal/stem cells and its inhibitory effect on adipogenesis. Regen Ther 2019; 11:324-330. [PMID: 31709279 PMCID: PMC6831850 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) have attracted attention as a promising material for regenerative medicine. Previously, we reported an age-related decrease in the adipogenic potential of ASCs from human subjects and found that the individual difference in this potential increased with age, although the mechanisms remain unclear. Recently, other groups demonstrated that a secreted antagonist of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, Gremlin 2 (GREM2), inhibits the differentiation of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) into osteoblasts and the adipogenesis of 3T3-L1 cell. Here, we examined the effects of GREM2 on the differentiation of ASCs into adipocytes. Methods To examine changes in GREM2 expression levels with age, immunohistochemistry was performed on subcutaneous adipose tissues from subjects 12–97 years of age. Next, GREM2 gene expression levels in ASCs collected from subjects 5–90 years of age were examined by RT-PCR, and the change with age and correlation between the expression level and the adipogenic potential of ASCs were analyzed. In addition, to assess whether GREM2 affects adipogenesis, ASCs (purchased from a vendor) were cultured to induce adipogenesis with recombinant GREM2 protein, and siRNA-induced GREM2 knockdown experiment was also performed using aged ASCs. Results In adipose tissues, GREM2 expression was observed in cells, including ASCs, but not in mature adipocytes, and the expression level per cell increased with age. GREM2 expression levels in ASCs cultured in vitro also increased with age, and the individual differences in the level increased with age. Of note, partial correlation analysis controlled for age revealed that the adipogenic potential of ASCs and the GREM2 gene expression level were negatively correlated. Furthermore, based on a GREM2 addition experiment, GREM2 has inhibitory effects on the adipogenesis of ASCs through activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. On the other hand, GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs promoted adipogenesis. Conclusions The GREM2 expression level was confirmed to play a role in the age-related decrease in adipogenic potential observed in ASCs isolated from adipose tissues as well as in the enhancement of the individual difference, which increased with age. GREM2 in adipose tissues increased with age, which suggested that GREM2 functions as an inhibitory factor of adipogenesis in ASCs. GREM2 in human adipose tissues increase with age. GREM2 expression in adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs) increased with age. In ASCs, adipogenic potential and GREM2 expression showed a negative correlation. Recombinant GREM2 inhibited the adipogenesis of ASCs. GREM2 knockdown in aged ASCs restored adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika Kawagishi-Hotta
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Hasegawa
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshio Igarashi
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Yasushi Date
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yoshie Ishii
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yu Inoue
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yuichi Hasebe
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Nagoya University-MENARD Collaborative Research Chair, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamada
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan.,Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan.,Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Masaru Arima
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yohei Iwata
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Tsukane Kobayashi
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Satoru Nakata
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co., Ltd, Japan
| | - Kazumitsu Sugiura
- Department of Dermatology, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Akamatsu
- Department of Applied Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Japan
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16
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Devalla HD, Passier R. Cardiac differentiation of pluripotent stem cells and implications for modeling the heart in health and disease. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/435/eaah5457. [PMID: 29618562 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aah5457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cellular models comprising cardiac cell types derived from human pluripotent stem cells are valuable for studying heart development and disease. We discuss transcriptional differences that define cellular identity in the heart, current methods for generating different cardiomyocyte subtypes, and implications for disease modeling, tissue engineering, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harsha D Devalla
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands.
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZC Leiden, Netherlands. .,Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, Technical Medical Center, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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17
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Ran A, Guan L, Wang J, Wang Y. GREM2 maintains stem cell-like phenotypes in gastric cancer cells by regulating the JNK signaling pathway. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:2414-2431. [PMID: 31345097 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1646561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the major malignancies worldwide. This study was conducted to explore the mechanism by which GREM2 maintains biological properties of GC stem cells (GCSCs), and proved that GREM2 could potentially regulate the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, migration and tumorigenic ability of GCSCs through the regulation of the JNK signaling pathway. In silico analysis was utilized to retrieve expression microarray related to GC, and differential analysis was conducted. The cell line with the highest GREM2 expression was overexpressed with GREM2 mimic, silencing GREM2 by siRNA, or treated with activator or inhibitor of the JNK signaling pathway. Subsequently, expression of GREM2, JNK signaling pathway-, apoptosis- or migration and invasion-associated factors were determined. Proliferation, migration, invasion, apoptosis of GCSCs in vitro and tumorigenic ability and lymph node metastasis of GCSCs in vivo were determined. Based on the in silico analysis of GSE49051, GREM2 was determined to be overexpressed in GC and its expression was the highest in the MKN-45 cell line, which was selected for the subsequent experiments. Silencing of GREM2 or inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion, while promoting apoptosis of GCSCs in vitro as well as inhibiting tumorigenesis and lymph node metastasis in vivo. In conclusion, the aforementioned findings suggest that the silencing of GREM2 suppresses the activation of the JNK signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting tumor progression. Therefore, GREM2-mediated JNK signaling pathway was expected to be a new therapeutic strategy for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ao Ran
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Lin Guan
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Jiani Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang , P.R. China
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18
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Saint-Jean L, Barkas N, Harmelink C, Tompkins KL, Oakey RJ, Baldwin HS. Myocardial differentiation is dependent upon endocardial signaling during early cardiogenesis in vitro. Development 2019; 146:dev.172619. [PMID: 31023876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.172619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The endocardium interacts with the myocardium to promote proliferation and morphogenesis during the later stages of heart development. However, the role of the endocardium in early cardiac ontogeny remains under-explored. Given the shared origin, subsequent juxtaposition, and essential cell-cell interactions of endocardial and myocardial cells throughout heart development, we hypothesized that paracrine signaling from the endocardium to the myocardium is crucial for initiating early differentiation of myocardial cells. To test this, we generated an in vitro, endocardial-specific ablation model using the diphtheria toxin receptor under the regulatory elements of the Nfat c1 genomic locus (NFATc1-DTR). Early treatment of NFATc1-DTR mouse embryoid bodies with diphtheria toxin efficiently ablated endocardial cells, which significantly attenuated the percentage of beating EBs in culture and expression of early and late myocardial differentiation markers. The addition of Bmp2 during endocardial ablation partially rescued myocyte differentiation, maturation and function. Therefore, we conclude that early stages of myocardial differentiation rely on endocardial paracrine signaling mediated in part by Bmp2. Our findings provide novel insight into early endocardial-myocardial interactions that can be explored to promote early myocardial development and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leshana Saint-Jean
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Nikolaos Barkas
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - Cristina Harmelink
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Kevin L Tompkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca J Oakey
- Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT, UK
| | - H Scott Baldwin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA .,Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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19
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Ashtari K, Nazari H, Ko H, Tebon P, Akhshik M, Akbari M, Alhosseini SN, Mozafari M, Mehravi B, Soleimani M, Ardehali R, Ebrahimi Warkiani M, Ahadian S, Khademhosseini A. Electrically conductive nanomaterials for cardiac tissue engineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:162-179. [PMID: 31176755 PMCID: PMC6784829 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Patient deaths resulting from cardiovascular diseases are increasing across the globe, posing the greatest risk to patients in developed countries. Myocardial infarction, as a result of inadequate blood flow to the myocardium, results in irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes which can lead to heart failure. A sequela of myocardial infarction is scar formation that can alter the normal myocardial architecture and result in arrhythmias. Over the past decade, a myriad of tissue engineering approaches has been developed to fabricate engineered scaffolds for repairing cardiac tissue. This paper highlights the recent application of electrically conductive nanomaterials (carbon and gold-based nanomaterials, and electroactive polymers) to the development of scaffolds for cardiac tissue engineering. Moreover, this work summarizes the effects of these nanomaterials on cardiac cell behavior such as proliferation and migration, as well as cardiomyogenic differentiation in stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijeh Ashtari
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hojjatollah Nazari
- Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hyojin Ko
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peyton Tebon
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Masoud Akhshik
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Center for Biocomposites and Biomaterials Processing (CBBP), University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Shahdad Ronak Commercialization Company, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME), Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Center for Biomedical Research, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada; Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies, University of Victoria, Victoria, Canada
| | - Sanaz Naghavi Alhosseini
- Biomaterials Group, Department of Biomaterial Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Stem Cell Technology Research Center, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Lunenfeld Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Bita Mehravi
- Radiation Biology Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Soleimani
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Hematology and Cell Therapy, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, USA
| | - Majid Ebrahimi Warkiani
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia; Institute of Molecular Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA; Department of Radiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California - Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA.
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20
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Savoji H, Mohammadi MH, Rafatian N, Toroghi MK, Wang EY, Zhao Y, Korolj A, Ahadian S, Radisic M. Cardiovascular disease models: A game changing paradigm in drug discovery and screening. Biomaterials 2019; 198:3-26. [PMID: 30343824 PMCID: PMC6397087 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. Although investment in drug discovery and development has been sky-rocketing, the number of approved drugs has been declining. Cardiovascular toxicity due to therapeutic drug use claims the highest incidence and severity of adverse drug reactions in late-stage clinical development. Therefore, to address this issue, new, additional, replacement and combinatorial approaches are needed to fill the gap in effective drug discovery and screening. The motivation for developing accurate, predictive models is twofold: first, to study and discover new treatments for cardiac pathologies which are leading in worldwide morbidity and mortality rates; and second, to screen for adverse drug reactions on the heart, a primary risk in drug development. In addition to in vivo animal models, in vitro and in silico models have been recently proposed to mimic the physiological conditions of heart and vasculature. Here, we describe current in vitro, in vivo, and in silico platforms for modelling healthy and pathological cardiac tissues and their advantages and disadvantages for drug screening and discovery applications. We review the pathophysiology and the underlying pathways of different cardiac diseases, as well as the new tools being developed to facilitate their study. We finally suggest a roadmap for employing these non-animal platforms in assessing drug cardiotoxicity and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houman Savoji
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Mohammad Hossein Mohammadi
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Naimeh Rafatian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Masood Khaksar Toroghi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Erika Yan Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Yimu Zhao
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Anastasia Korolj
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 170 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E5, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, University of Toronto, 200 Elizabeth St, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2C4, Canada.
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21
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Addressing Variability and Heterogeneity of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1212:1-29. [DOI: 10.1007/5584_2019_350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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22
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Rikhtegar R, Pezeshkian M, Dolati S, Safaie N, Afrasiabi Rad A, Mahdipour M, Nouri M, Jodati AR, Yousefi M. Stem cells as therapy for heart disease: iPSCs, ESCs, CSCs, and skeletal myoblasts. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 109:304-313. [PMID: 30396088 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart Diseases are serious and global public health concern. In spite of remarkable therapeutic developments, the prediction of patients with Heart Failure (HF) is weak, and present therapeutic attitudes do not report the fundamental problem of the cardiac tissue loss. Innovative therapies are required to reduce mortality and limit or abolish the necessity for cardiac transplantation. Stem cell-based therapies applied to the treatment of heart disease is according to the understanding that natural self-renewing procedures are inherent to the myocardium, nonetheless may not be adequate to recover the infarcted heart muscle. Following the first account of cell therapy in heart diseases, examination has kept up to rapidity; besides, several animals and human clinical trials have been conducted to preserve the capacity of numerous stem cell population in advance cardiac function and decrease infarct size. The purpose of this study was to censoriously evaluate the works performed regarding the usage of four major subgroups of stem cells, including induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC), Embryonic Stem Cells (ESCs), Cardiac Stem Cells (CDC), and Skeletal Myoblasts, in heart diseases, at the preclinical and clinical studies. Moreover, it is aimed to argue the existing disagreements, unsolved problems, and prospect directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Rikhtegar
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Pezeshkian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sanam Dolati
- Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Naser Safaie
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abbas Afrasiabi Rad
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdi Mahdipour
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nouri
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Jodati
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tabriz University of Medical, Tabriz, Iran; Cardiovascular Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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23
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Nitsch S, Braun F, Ritter S, Scholz M, Schroeder IS. Functional video-based analysis of 3D cardiac structures generated from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cell Res 2018; 29:115-124. [PMID: 29655161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) differentiated into cardiomyocytes (CM) often develop into complex 3D structures that are composed of various cardiac cell types. Conventional methods to study the electrophysiology of cardiac cells are patch clamp and microelectrode array (MEAs) analyses. However, these methods are not suitable to investigate the contractile features of 3D cardiac clusters that detach from the surface of the culture dishes during differentiation. To overcome this problem, we developed a video-based motion detection software relying on the optical flow by Farnebäck that we call cBRA (cardiac beat rate analyzer). The beating characteristics of the differentiated cardiac clusters were calculated based on the local displacement between two subsequent images. Two differentiation protocols, which profoundly differ in the morphology of cardiac clusters generated and in the expression of cardiac markers, were used and the resulting CM were characterized. Despite these differences, beat rates and beating variabilities could be reliably determined using cBRA. Likewise, stimulation of β-adrenoreceptors by isoproterenol could easily be identified in the hESC-derived CM. Since even subtle changes in the beating features are detectable, this method is suitable for high throughput cardiotoxicity screenings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scarlett Nitsch
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Florian Braun
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sylvia Ritter
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Michael Scholz
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Insa S Schroeder
- GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research, Biophysics Department, Darmstadt, Germany.
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24
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An integrative method to decode regulatory logics in gene transcription. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1044. [PMID: 29051499 PMCID: PMC5715098 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01193-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) has been increasingly used to dissect the nature of gene regulation. Inference of regulatory relationships among transcription factors (TFs) and genes, especially among multiple TFs, is still challenging. In this study, we introduced an integrative method, LogicTRN, to decode TF–TF interactions that form TF logics in regulating target genes. By combining cis-regulatory logics and transcriptional kinetics into one single model framework, LogicTRN can naturally integrate dynamic gene expression data and TF-DNA-binding signals in order to identify the TF logics and to reconstruct the underlying TRNs. We evaluated the newly developed methodology using simulation, comparison and application studies, and the results not only show their consistence with existing knowledge, but also demonstrate its ability to accurately reconstruct TRNs in biological complex systems. Existing transcriptional regulatory networks models fall short of deciphering the cooperation between multiple transcription factors on dynamic gene expression. Here the authors develop an integrative method that combines gene expression and transcription factor-DNA binding data to decode transcription regulatory logics.
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25
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Kolanowski TJ, Antos CL, Guan K. Making human cardiomyocytes up to date: Derivation, maturation state and perspectives. Int J Cardiol 2017; 241:379-386. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.03.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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26
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Rapamycin efficiently promotes cardiac differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160552. [PMID: 28396518 PMCID: PMC5463265 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the effects of rapamycin on cardiac differentiation, murine embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were induced into cardiomyocytes by 10−4 M ascorbic acid (AA), 20 nM rapamycin alone or 0.01% solvent DMSO. We found that rapamycin alone was insufficient to initiate cardiomyogenesis. Then, the ESCs were treated with AA and rapamycin (20 nM) or AA and DMSO (0.01%) as a control. Compared with control, mouse ESCs (mESCs) treated with rapamycin (20 nM) and AA yielded a significantly higher percentage of cardiomyocytes, as confirmed by the percentage of beating embryonic bodies (EBs), the immunofluorescence and FACS analysis. Rapamycin significantly increased the expression of a panel of cardiac markers including Gata4, α-Mhc, β-Mhc, and Tnnt2. Additionally, rapamycin enhanced the expression of mesodermal and cardiac transcription factors such as Mesp1, Brachyury T, Eomes, Isl1, Gata4, Nkx2.5, Tbx5, and Mef2c. Mechanistic studies showed that rapamycin inhibits Wnt/β-catenin and Notch signaling but promotes the expression of fibroblast growth factor (Fgf8), Fgf10, and Nodal at early stage, and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (Bmp 2) at later stages. Sequential treatment of rapamycin showed that rapamycin promotes cardiac differentiation at the early and later stages. Interestingly, another mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitor Ku0063794 (1 µM) had similar effects on cardiomyogenesis. In conclusion, our results highlight a practical approach to generate cardiomyocytes from mESCs by rapamycin.
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27
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Skelton RJP, Kamp TJ, Elliott DA, Ardehali R. Biomarkers of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Lineages. Trends Mol Med 2017; 23:651-668. [PMID: 28576602 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) offer a practical source for the de novo generation of cardiac tissues and a unique opportunity to investigate cardiovascular lineage commitment. Numerous strategies have focused on the in vitro production of cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelium from hPSCs. However, these differentiation protocols often yield undesired cell types. Thus, establishing a set of stage-specific markers for pure cardiac subpopulations will assist in defining the hierarchy of cardiac differentiation, aid in the development of cellular therapy, and facilitate drug screening and disease modeling. The recent characterization of many such markers is enabling the isolation of major cardiac lineages and subpopulations from differentiating hPSCs. We provide here a comprehensive review detailing the suite of biomarkers used to differentiate cardiac lineages from mixed hPSC-derived populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys J P Skelton
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - David A Elliott
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Reza Ardehali
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Eli and Edythe Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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28
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Bylund JB, Trinh LT, Awgulewitsch CP, Paik DT, Jetter C, Jha R, Zhang J, Nolan K, Xu C, Thompson TB, Kamp TJ, Hatzopoulos AK. Coordinated Proliferation and Differentiation of Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiac Progenitor Cells Depend on Bone Morphogenetic Protein Signaling Regulation by GREMLIN 2. Stem Cells Dev 2017; 26:678-693. [PMID: 28125926 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2016.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart development depends on coordinated proliferation and differentiation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs), but how the two processes are synchronized is not well understood. Here, we show that the secreted Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) antagonist GREMLIN 2 (GREM2) is induced in CPCs shortly after cardiac mesoderm specification during differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. GREM2 expression follows cardiac lineage differentiation independently of the differentiation method used, or the origin of the pluripotent stem cells, suggesting that GREM2 is linked to cardiogenesis. Addition of GREM2 protein strongly increases cardiomyocyte output compared to established procardiogenic differentiation methods. Our data show that inhibition of canonical BMP signaling by GREM2 is necessary to promote proliferation of CPCs. However, canonical BMP signaling inhibition alone is not sufficient to induce cardiac differentiation, which depends on subsequent JNK pathway activation specifically by GREM2. These findings may have broader implications in the design of approaches to orchestrate growth and differentiation of pluripotent stem cell-derived lineages that depend on precise regulation of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery B Bylund
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,2 Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Linh T Trinh
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Cassandra P Awgulewitsch
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - David T Paik
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Christopher Jetter
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Rajneesh Jha
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kristof Nolan
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Chunhui Xu
- 4 Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine , Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- 6 Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Timothy J Kamp
- 5 Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health , Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- 1 Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center , Nashville, Tennessee.,3 Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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29
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Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Rankin SA, Read RJ, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Structure of Gremlin-2 in Complex with GDF5 Gives Insight into DAN-Family-Mediated BMP Antagonism. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2077-2086. [PMID: 27524626 PMCID: PMC5001929 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The DAN family, including Gremlin-1 and Gremlin-2 (Grem1 and Grem2), represents a large family of secreted BMP (bone morphogenetic protein) antagonists. However, how DAN proteins specifically inhibit BMP signaling has remained elusive. Here, we report the structure of Grem2 bound to GDF5 at 2.9-Å resolution. The structure reveals two Grem2 dimers binding perpendicularly to each GDF5 monomer, resembling an H-like structure. Comparison to the unbound Grem2 structure reveals a dynamic N terminus that undergoes significant transition upon complex formation, leading to simultaneous interaction with the type I and type II receptor motifs on GDF5. Binding studies show that DAN-family members can interact with BMP-type I receptor complexes, whereas Noggin outcompetes the type I receptor for ligand binding. Interestingly, Grem2-GDF5 forms a stable aggregate-like structure in vitro that is not clearly observed for other antagonists, including Noggin and Follistatin. These findings exemplify the structural and functional diversity across the various BMP antagonist families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Randy J Read
- Department of Haematology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, England
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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30
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Matsa E, Ahrens JH, Wu JC. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells as a Platform for Personalized and Precision Cardiovascular Medicine. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:1093-126. [PMID: 27335446 PMCID: PMC6345246 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00036.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have revolutionized the field of human disease modeling, with an enormous potential to serve as paradigm shifting platforms for preclinical trials, personalized clinical diagnosis, and drug treatment. In this review, we describe how hiPSCs could transition cardiac healthcare away from simple disease diagnosis to prediction and prevention, bridging the gap between basic and clinical research to bring the best science to every patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Matsa
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John H Ahrens
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Joseph C Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, and Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
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31
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Li W, Liu H, Liu P, Yin D, Zhang S, Zhao J. Sphingosylphosphorylcholine promotes the differentiation of resident Sca-1 positive cardiac stem cells to cardiomyocytes through lipid raft/JNK/STAT3 and β-catenin signaling pathways. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1579-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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32
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Sanders LN, Schoenhard JA, Saleh MA, Mukherjee A, Ryzhov S, McMaster WG, Nolan K, Gumina RJ, Thompson TB, Magnuson MA, Harrison DG, Hatzopoulos AK. BMP Antagonist Gremlin 2 Limits Inflammation After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2016; 119:434-49. [PMID: 27283840 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have recently shown that the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Gremlin 2 (Grem2) is required for early cardiac development and cardiomyocyte differentiation. Our initial studies discovered that Grem2 is strongly induced in the adult heart after experimental myocardial infarction (MI). However, the function of Grem2 and BMP-signaling inhibitors after cardiac injury is currently unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of Grem2 during cardiac repair and assess its potential to improve ventricular function after injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Our data show that Grem2 is transiently induced after MI in peri-infarct area cardiomyocytes during the inflammatory phase of cardiac tissue repair. By engineering loss- (Grem2(-/-)) and gain- (TG(Grem2)) of-Grem2-function mice, we discovered that Grem2 controls the magnitude of the inflammatory response and limits infiltration of inflammatory cells in peri-infarct ventricular tissue, improving cardiac function. Excessive inflammation in Grem2(-/-) mice after MI was because of overactivation of canonical BMP signaling, as proven by the rescue of the inflammatory phenotype through administration of the canonical BMP inhibitor, DMH1. Furthermore, intraperitoneal administration of Grem2 protein in wild-type mice was sufficient to reduce inflammation after MI. Cellular analyses showed that BMP2 acts with TNFα to induce expression of proinflammatory proteins in endothelial cells and promote adhesion of leukocytes, whereas Grem2 specifically inhibits the BMP2 effect. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that Grem2 provides a molecular barrier that controls the magnitude and extent of inflammatory cell infiltration by suppressing canonical BMP signaling, thereby providing a novel mechanism for limiting the adverse effects of excessive inflammation after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lehanna N Sanders
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - John A Schoenhard
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Mohamed A Saleh
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Amrita Mukherjee
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Sergey Ryzhov
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - William G McMaster
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Kristof Nolan
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Richard J Gumina
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Mark A Magnuson
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - David G Harrison
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.)
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- From the Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine (L.N.S., J.A.S., A.M., R.J.G., A.K.H.), Department of Cell and Developmental Biology (L.N.S., A.K.H.), Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine (M.A.S., W.G.M., D.G.H.), and Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery (W.G.M.), Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN; Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough (S.R.); Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, OH (K.N., T.B.T.); CentraCare Health, St. Cloud, MN (J.A.S.); Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, OH (A.M.); Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt (M.A.S.); and Center for Stem Cell Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN (M.A.M.).
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Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes as a Model for Heart Development and Congenital Heart Disease. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:710-27. [PMID: 26085192 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) remains a significant health problem, with a growing population of survivors with chronic disease. Despite intense efforts to understand the genetic basis of CHD in humans, the etiology of most CHD is unknown. Furthermore, new models of CHD are required to better understand the development of CHD and to explore novel therapies for this patient population. In this review, we highlight the role that human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes can serve to enhance our understanding of the development, pathophysiology and potential therapeutic targets for CHD. We highlight the use of hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes to model gene regulatory interactions, cell-cell interactions and tissue interactions contributing to CHD. We further emphasize the importance of using hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes as personalized research models. The use of hiPSCs presents an unprecedented opportunity to generate disease-specific cellular models, investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms of disease and uncover new therapeutic targets for CHD.
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Bylund JB, Hatzopoulos AK. Differentiation of Atrial Cardiomyocytes from Pluripotent Stem Cells Using the BMP Antagonist Grem2. J Vis Exp 2016:53919. [PMID: 27023256 PMCID: PMC4828231 DOI: 10.3791/53919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Protocols for generating populations of cardiomyocytes from pluripotent stem cells have been developed, but these generally yield cells of mixed phenotypes. Researchers interested in pursuing studies involving specific myocyte subtypes require a more directed differentiation approach. By treating mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells with Grem2, a secreted BMP antagonist that is necessary for atrial chamber formation in vivo, a large number of cardiac cells with an atrial phenotype can be generated. Use of the engineered Myh6-DSRed-Nuc pluripotent stem cell line allows for identification, selection, and purification of cardiomyocytes. In this protocol embryoid bodies are generated from Myh6-DSRed-Nuc cells using the hanging drop method and kept in suspension until differentiation day 4 (d4). At d4 cells are treated with Grem2 and plated onto gelatin coated plates. Between d8-d10 large contracting areas are observed in the cultures and continue to expand and mature through d14. Molecular, histological and electrophysiogical analyses indicate cells in Grem2-treated cells acquire atrial-like characteristics providing an in vitro model to study the biology of atrial cardiomyocytes and their response to various pharmacological agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery B Bylund
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University
| | - Antonis K Hatzopoulos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine;
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Mulloy B, Rider CC. The Bone Morphogenetic Proteins and Their Antagonists. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2015; 99:63-90. [PMID: 26279373 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and the growth and differentiation factors comprise a single family of some 20 homologous, dimeric cytokines which share the cystine-knot domain typical of the TGF-β superfamily. They control the differentiation and activity of a range of cell types, including many outside bone and cartilage. They serve as developmental morphogens, but are also important in chronic pathologies, including tissue fibrosis and cancer. One mechanism for enabling tight spatiotemporal control of their activities is through a number of antagonist proteins, including Noggin, Follistatin, Chordin, Twisted gastrulation (TSG), and the seven members of the Cerberus and Dan family. These antagonists are secreted proteins that bind selectively to particular BMPs with high affinity, thereby blocking receptor engagement and signaling. Most of these antagonists also possess a TGF-β cystine-knot domain. Here, we discuss current knowledge and understanding of the structures and activities of the BMPs and their antagonists, with a particular focus on the latter proteins. Recent advances in structural biology of BMP antagonists have begun the process of elucidating the molecular basis of their activity, displaying a surprising variety between the modes of action of these closely related proteins. We also discuss the interactions of the antagonists with the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate, which is found ubiquitously on cell surfaces and in the extracellular matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Mulloy
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Chris C Rider
- Centre for Biomedical Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, Surrey, United Kingdom.
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Brazil DP, Church RH, Surae S, Godson C, Martin F. BMP signalling: agony and antagony in the family. Trends Cell Biol 2015; 25:249-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2014.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Tratwal J, Mathiasen AB, Juhl M, Brorsen SK, Kastrup J, Ekblond A. Influence of vascular endothelial growth factor stimulation and serum deprivation on gene activation patterns of human adipose tissue-derived stromal cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2015; 6:62. [PMID: 25889587 PMCID: PMC4431456 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-015-0062-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Stimulation of mesenchymal stromal cells and adipose tissue-derived stromal cells (ASCs) with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been used in multiple animal studies and clinical trials for regenerative purposes. VEGF stimulation is believed to promote angiogenesis and VEGF stimulation is usually performed under serum deprivation. Potential regenerative molecular mechanisms are numerous and the role of contributing factors is uncertain. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of in vitro serum deprivation and VEGF stimulation on gene expression patterns of ASCs. Methods Gene expressions of ASCs cultured in complete medium, ASCs cultured in serum-deprived medium and ASCs stimulated with VEGF in serum-deprived medium were compared. ASC characteristics according to criteria set by the International Society of Cellular Therapy were confirmed by flow cytometry. Microarray gene expressions were obtained using the Affymetrix HT HG-U133+ GeneChip®. Gene set enrichment analysis was performed using the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and gene ontology terms. Transcription of selected genes of interest was confirmed by quantitative PCR. Results Compared to ASCs in complete medium, 190 and 108 genes were significantly altered by serum deprivation and serum deprivation combined with VEGF, respectively. No significant differences in gene expression patterns between serum-deprived ASCs and serum-deprived ASCs combined with VEGF stimulation were found. Genes most prominently and significantly upregulated by both conditions were growth factors (IGF1, BMP6, PDGFD, FGF9), adhesion molecule CLSTN2, extracellular matrix-related proteins such as matricellular proteins SMOC2, SPON1 and ADAMTS12, and inhibitors of proliferation (JAG1). The most significantly downregulated genes included matrix metalloproteinases (MMP3, MMP1), and proliferation markers (CDKN3) and GREM2 (a BMP6 antagonist). Conclusion The decisive factor for the observed change in ASC gene expression proves to be serum starvation rather than VEGF stimulation. Changes in expression of growth factors, matricellular proteins and matrix metalloproteinases in concert, diverge from direct pro-angiogenic paracrine mechanisms as a primary consequence of the used protocol. In vitro serum starvation (with or without VEGF present) appears to favour cardioprotection, extracellular matrix remodelling and blood vessel maturation relevant for the late maturation phase in infarct healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine Tratwal
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Anders Bruun Mathiasen
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Morten Juhl
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Sonja Kim Brorsen
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Jens Kastrup
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
| | - Annette Ekblond
- Cardiology Stem Cell Centre, The Heart Centre, Rigshospitalet, University Hospital Copenhagen, Juliane Maries Vej 20, dept. 9302, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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Molecular beacon-based detection and isolation of working-type cardiomyocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Biomaterials 2015; 50:176-85. [PMID: 25736507 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) provide a potential source of cells to repair injured ventricular myocardium. CM differentiation cultures contain non-cardiac cells and CMs of both nodal and working subtypes. Direct application of such cultures in clinical studies could induce arrhythmias; thus, further purification of working-type CMs from heterogeneous cultures is desirable. Here, we designed 10 molecular beacons (MBs) targeting NPPA mRNA, a marker associated with working-type CMs and highly up-regulated during differentiation. We examined these MBs by solution assays and established their specificity using NPPA-overexpressing CHO cells as well as hPSC-CMs. We selected one MB for subsequent CM subtype isolation using fluorescence-activated cell sorting because the signal-to-background ratio was the highest for this MB in solution assays and a linear correlation was observed between MB signals and the CM purity in differentiation cultures. Compared with cells with low MB signals, cells positively selected based on MB signal had higher expression levels of genes associated with working-type CMs and lower expression levels of genes associated with nodal-type CMs. Therefore, the MB-based method is capable of separating working-type CMs from nodal-type CMs with high specificity and throughput, potentially providing working-type CMs for biomedical applications.
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Nolan K, Kattamuri C, Luedeke DM, Angerman EB, Rankin SA, Stevens ML, Zorn AM, Thompson TB. Structure of neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1): insights for the functional variability across bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:4759-4771. [PMID: 25561725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.628412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are antagonized through the action of numerous extracellular protein antagonists, including members from the differential screening-selected gene aberrative in neuroblastoma (DAN) family. In vivo, misregulation of the balance between BMP signaling and DAN inhibition can lead to numerous disease states, including cancer, kidney nephropathy, and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Despite this importance, very little information is available describing how DAN family proteins effectively inhibit BMP ligands. Furthermore, our understanding for how differences in individual DAN family members arise, including affinity and specificity, remains underdeveloped. Here, we present the structure of the founding member of the DAN family, neuroblastoma suppressor of tumorigenicity 1 (NBL1). Comparing NBL1 to the structure of protein related to Dan and Cerberus (PRDC), a more potent BMP antagonist within the DAN family, a number of differences were identified. Through a mutagenesis-based approach, we were able to correlate the BMP binding epitope in NBL1 with that in PRDC, where introduction of specific PRDC amino acids in NBL1 (A58F and S67Y) correlated with a gain-of-function inhibition toward BMP2 and BMP7, but not GDF5. Although NBL1(S67Y) was able to antagonize BMP7 as effectively as PRDC, NBL1(S67Y) was still 32-fold weaker than PRDC against BMP2. Taken together, this data suggests that alterations in the BMP binding epitope can partially account for differences in the potency of BMP inhibition within the DAN family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristof Nolan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Chandramohan Kattamuri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - David M Luedeke
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Elizabeth B Angerman
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and
| | - Scott A Rankin
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Mariana L Stevens
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Aaron M Zorn
- Perinatal Institute, Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267 and.
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Gremlin-2 is a BMP antagonist that is regulated by the circadian clock. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5183. [PMID: 24897937 PMCID: PMC4046123 DOI: 10.1038/srep05183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendons are prominent members of the family of fibrous connective tissues (FCTs), which collectively are the most abundant tissues in vertebrates and have crucial roles in transmitting mechanical force and linking organs. Tendon diseases are among the most common arthropathy disorders; thus knowledge of tendon gene regulation is essential for a complete understanding of FCT biology. Here we show autonomous circadian rhythms in mouse tendon and primary human tenocytes, controlled by an intrinsic molecular circadian clock. Time-series microarrays identified the first circadian transcriptome of murine tendon, revealing that 4.6% of the transcripts (745 genes) are expressed in a circadian manner. One of these genes was Grem2, which oscillated in antiphase to BMP signaling. Moreover, recombinant human Gremlin-2 blocked BMP2-induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5 and osteogenic differentiation of human tenocytes in vitro. We observed dampened Grem2 expression, deregulated BMP signaling, and spontaneously calcifying tendons in young CLOCKΔ19 arrhythmic mice and aged wild-type mice. Thus, disruption of circadian control, through mutations or aging, of Grem2/BMP signaling becomes a new focus for the study of calcific tendinopathy, which affects 1-in-5 people over the age of 50 years.
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