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Salvador GHM, Pinto ÊKR, Ortolani PL, Fortes-Dias CL, Cavalcante WLG, Soares AM, Lomonte B, Lewin MR, Fontes MRM. Structural basis of the myotoxic inhibition of the Bothrops pirajai PrTX-I by the synthetic varespladib. Biochimie 2023; 207:1-10. [PMID: 36403756 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Varespladib (LY315920) is a potent inhibitor of human group IIA phospholipase A2 (PLA2) originally developed to control inflammatory cascades of diseases associated with high or dysregulated levels of endogenous PLA2. Recently, varespladib was also found to inhibit snake venom PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins. Herein, ex vivo neuromuscular blocking activity assays were used to test the inhibitory activity of varespladib. The binding affinity between varespladib and a PLA2-like toxin was quantified and compared with other potential inhibitors for this class of proteins. Crystallographic and bioinformatic studies showed that varespladib binds to PrTX-I and BthTX-I into their hydrophobic channels, similarly to other previously characterized PLA2-like myotoxins. However, a new finding is that an additional varespladib binds to the MDiS region, a particular site that is related to muscle cell disruption by these toxins. The present results further advance the characterization of the molecular interactions of varespladib with PLA2-like myotoxins and provide additional evidence for this compound as a promising inhibitor candidate for different PLA2 and PLA2-like toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme H M Salvador
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Êmylle K R Pinto
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Paula L Ortolani
- Centro de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, Fundação Ezequiel Dias (FUNED), Brazil
| | | | - Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departmento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil
| | - Andreimar M Soares
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia de Proteínas e Compostos Bioativos Aplicados à Saúde, LABIOPROT, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, unidade Rondônia e Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Epidemiologia da Amazônia Ocidental, INCT EPIAMO, Porto Velho, RO, Brazil
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Matthew R Lewin
- Ophirex, Inc. Corte Madera, CA, 94925, USA; Center for Exploration and Travel Health, California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, CA, 94118, USA
| | - Marcos R M Fontes
- Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
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Lomonte B. Lys49 myotoxins, secreted phospholipase A 2-like proteins of viperid venoms: A comprehensive review. Toxicon 2023; 224:107024. [PMID: 36632869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Muscle necrosis is a potential clinical complication of snakebite envenomings, which in severe cases can lead to functional or physical sequelae such as disability or amputation. Snake venom proteins with the ability to directly damage skeletal muscle fibers are collectively referred to as myotoxins, and include three main types: cytolysins of the "three-finger toxin" protein family expressed in many elapid venoms, the so-called "small" myotoxins found in a number of rattlesnake venoms, and the widespread secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2) molecules. Among the latter, protein variants that conserve the sPLA2 structure, but lack such enzymatic activity, have been increasingly found in the venoms of many viperid species. Intriguingly, these sPLA2-like proteins are able to induce muscle necrosis by a mechanism independent of phospholipid hydrolysis. They are commonly referred to as "Lys49 myotoxins" since they most often present, among other substitutions, the replacement of the otherwise invariant residue Asp49 of sPLA2s by Lys. This work comprehensively reviews the historical developments and current knowledge towards deciphering the mechanism of action of Lys49 sPLA2-like myotoxins, and points out main gaps to be filled for a better understanding of these multifaceted snake venom proteins, to hopefully lead to improved treatments for snakebites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiología, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, 11501, Costa Rica.
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3
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Sousa LF, Freitas AP, Cardoso BL, Del-rei THM, Mendes VA, Oréfice DP, Rocha MMT, Prezoto BC, Moura-da-silva AM. Diversity of Phospholipases A2 from Bothrops atrox Snake Venom: Adaptive Advantages for Snakes Compromising Treatments for Snakebite Patients. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:543. [PMID: 36006204 PMCID: PMC9414272 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14080543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolution of snake venoms resulted in multigene toxin families that code for structurally similar isoforms eventually harboring distinct functions. PLA2s are dominant toxins in viper venoms, and little is known about the impact of their diversity on human envenomings and neutralization by antivenoms. Here, we show the isolation of three distinct PLA2s from B. atrox venom. FA1 is a Lys-49 homologue, and FA3 and FA4 are catalytic Asp-49 PLA2s. FA1 and FA3 are basic myotoxic proteins, while FA4 is an acid non-myotoxic PLA2. FA3 was the most potent toxin, inducing higher levels of edema, inflammatory nociception, indirect hemolysis, and anticoagulant activity on human, rat, and chicken plasmas. FA4 presented lower anticoagulant activity, and FA1 had only a slight effect on human and rat plasmas. PLA2s presented differential reactivities with antivenoms, with an emphasis on FA3, which was not recognized or neutralized by the antivenoms used in this study. Our findings reveal the functional and antigenic diversity among PLA2s from B. atrox venom, highlighting the importance of assessing venom variability for understanding human envenomations and treatment with antivenoms, particularly evident here as the antivenom fails to recognize FA3, the most active multifunctional toxin described.
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Frihling BEF, Boleti APDA, de Oliveira CFR, Sanches SC, Cardoso PHDO, Verbisck N, Macedo MLR, Rita PHS, Carvalho CME, Migliolo L. Purification, Characterization and Evaluation of the Antitumoral Activity of a Phospholipase A2 from the Snake Bothrops moojeni. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15060724. [PMID: 35745643 PMCID: PMC9230114 DOI: 10.3390/ph15060724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nature presents a wide range of biomolecules with pharmacological potential, including venomous animal proteins. Among the protein components from snake venoms, phospholipases (PLA2) are of great importance for the development of new anticancer compounds. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the PLA2 anticancer properties from Bothrops moojeni venom. The crude venom was purified through three chromatographic steps, monitored by enzymatic activity and SDS-PAGE (12%). The purified PLA2 denominated BmPLA2 had its molecular mass and N-terminal sequence identified by mass spectrometry and Edman degradation, respectively. BmPLA2 was assayed against human epithelial colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2), human rhabdomyosarcoma cells (RD) and mucoepidermoid carcinoma of the lung (NCI-H292), using human fibroblast cells (MRC-5) and microglia cells (BV-2) as a cytotoxicity control. BmPLA2 presented 13,836 Da and a 24 amino acid-residue homologue with snake PLA2, which showed a 90% similarity with other Bothrops moojeni PLA2. BmPLA2 displayed an IC50 of 0.6 µM against Caco-2, and demonstrated a selectivity index of 1.85 (compared to MRC-5) and 6.33 (compared to BV-2), supporting its selectivity for cancer cells. In conclusion, we describe a new acidic phospholipase, which showed antitumor activity and is a potential candidate in the development of new biotechnological tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breno Emanuel Farias Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ana Paula de Araújo Boleti
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79603-011, MS, Brazil; (C.F.R.d.O.); (M.L.R.M.)
| | - Simone Camargo Sanches
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Pedro Henrique de Oliveira Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Alimentos e Nutrição (FACFAN), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul (UFMS), Campo Grande 79603-011, MS, Brazil; (C.F.R.d.O.); (M.L.R.M.)
| | - Paula Helena Santa Rita
- Biotério e Serpentário, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Cristiano Marcelo Espinola Carvalho
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande 79117-900, MS, Brazil; (B.E.F.F.); (A.P.d.A.B.); (S.C.S.); (P.H.d.O.C.); (C.M.E.C.)
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Borges RJ, Salvador GHM, Campanelli HB, Pimenta DC, de Oliveira Neto M, Usón I, Fontes MRM. BthTX-II from Bothrops jararacussu venom has variants with different oligomeric assemblies: An example of snake venom phospholipases A 2 versatility. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 191:255-66. [PMID: 34547312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.09.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A2 (PLA2s) are found in almost every venomous snake family. In snakebites, some PLA2s can quickly cause local myonecrosis, which may lead to permanent sequelae if antivenom is administered belatedly. They hydrolyse phospholipids in membranes through a catalytic calcium ions-dependent mechanism. BthTX-II is a basic PLA2 and the second major component in the venom of Bothrops jararacussu. Herein, using the software SEQUENCE SLIDER, which integrates crystallographic, mass spectrometry and genetic data, we characterized the primary, tertiary and quaternary structure of two BthTX-II variants (called a and b), which diverge in 7 residues. Crystallographic structure BthTX-IIa is in a Tense-state with its distorted calcium binding loop buried in the dimer interface, contrarily, the novel BthTX-IIb structure is a monomer in a Relax-state with a fatty acid in the hydrophobic channel. Structural data in solution reveals that both variants are monomeric in neutral physiological conditions and mostly dimeric in an acidic environment, being catalytic active in both situations. Therefore, we propose two myotoxic mechanisms for BthTX-II, a catalytic one associated with the monomeric assembly, whereas the other has a calcium independent activity related to its C-terminal region, adopting a dimeric conformation similar to PLA2-like proteins.
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Deka A, Sharma M, Sharma M, Mukhopadhyay R, Doley R. Purification and partial characterization of an anticoagulant PLA 2 from the venom of Indian Daboia russelii that induces inflammation through upregulation of proinflammatory mediators. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2017; 31. [PMID: 28608598 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study describes the purification and partial characterization of a basic anticoagulant PLA2 enzyme named as Rv(i) PLA2 from the venom of Indian Daboia russelii. The molecular mass of the protein was found to be 13,659.65 Da, and peptide mass fingerprinting revealed that it belongs to group II PLA2 family. The peptide sequence showed similarity to uncharacterized basic PLA2 enzyme having an accession no. of P86368 reported from Sri Lankan D. russelii. Rv(i) PLA2 exhibited strong phospholipase A2 and anticoagulant activity. It also induced expression of COX-2 and TNF-α mRNA in a dose-dependent manner in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate differentiated THP-1 cells, which play a crucial role during inflammation. Chemical modification of His residue in Rv(i) PLA2 with p-bromophenacyl bromide abolished the enzymatic, anticoagulant, and inflammatory activities. The result indicates that the catalytic site of Rv(i) PLA2 might play a vital role in inducing inflammation at the bite site during D. russelii envenomation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Deka
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Maitreyee Sharma
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Manoj Sharma
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Rupak Mukhopadhyay
- Cellular, Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
| | - Robin Doley
- Molecular Toxinology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur, India
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Schezaro-ramos R, Collaço RDCO, Randazzo-moura P, Rocha T, Cogo JC, Rodrigues-simioni L. Influence of phospholipasic inhibition on neuromuscular activity of Bothrops fonsecai snake venom. Toxicon 2017; 130:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Sudarshan S, Dhananjaya BL. Antibacterial activity of an acidic phospholipase A2 (NN-XIb-PLA2) from the venom of Naja naja (Indian cobra). Springerplus 2016; 5:112. [PMID: 26885465 PMCID: PMC4740474 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-1690-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The resistance of bacteria against the use of conventional antibiotics has become a serious threat to public health and considering the associated side effect with antibiotics; new strategies to find and develop new molecules with novel modes of action has received grate attention in recent years. In this study, when the antibacterial potential of an acidic protein—NN-XIb-PLA2 (Naja naja venom phospholipase A2 fraction—XIb) of Naja naja venom was evaluated, it showed significant bactericidal action against the human pathogenic strains tested. It inhibited more effectively the gram positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, when compared to gram negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiell pneumoniae and Salmonella paratyphi. It inhibited the bacterial growth, with a MIC values ranging from 17 to 20 µg/ml. It was interesting to observe that NN-XIb-PLA2 showed comparable antibacterial activity to the used standards antibiotics. It was found that their was a strong correlation between PLA2 activities, hemolytic and antibacterial activity. Furthermore, it is found that in the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB), there is a significant decrease in enzymatic activity and associated antibacterial activities, suggesting that a strong association exists between catalytic activity and antimicrobial effects, which thereby destabilize the membrane bilayer.
These studies encourage further in dept study on molecular mechanisms of bactericidal properties of NN-XIb-PLA2 and thereby help in development of this protein into a possible therapeutic lead molecule for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudarshan
- Venom Research Unit, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Mandya, Karnataka 571 448 India
| | - B L Dhananjaya
- Venom Research Unit, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Mandya, Karnataka 571 448 India ; Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Jain Global Campus, Kanakapura Taluk, Ramanagara, Karnataka 562112 India
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Salvador GHM, Dreyer TR, Cavalcante WLG, Matioli FF, dos Santos JI, Velazquez-Campoy A, Gallacci M, Fontes MRM. Structural and functional evidence for membrane docking and disruption sites on phospholipase A2-like proteins revealed by complexation with the inhibitor suramin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 71:2066-78. [DOI: 10.1107/s1399004715014443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Local myonecrosis resulting from snakebite envenomation is not efficiently neutralized by regular antivenom administration. This limitation is considered to be a significant health problem by the World Health Organization. Phospholipase A2-like (PLA2-like) proteins are among the most important proteins related to the muscle damage resulting from several snake venoms. However, despite their conserved tertiary structure compared with PLA2s, their biological mechanism remains incompletely understood. Different oligomeric conformations and binding sites have been identified or proposed, leading to contradictory data in the literature. In the last few years, a comprehensive hypothesis has been proposed based on fatty-acid binding, allosteric changes and the presence of two different interaction sites. In the present study, a combination of techniques were used to fully understand the structural–functional characteristics of the interaction between suramin and MjTX-II (a PLA2-like toxin).In vitroneuromuscular studies were performed to characterize the biological effects of the protein–ligand interaction and demonstrated that suramin neutralizes the myotoxic activity of MjTX-II. The high-resolution structure of the complex identified the toxin–ligand interaction sites. Calorimetric assays showed two different binding events between the protein and the inhibitor. It is demonstrated for the first time that the inhibitor binds to the surface of the toxin, obstructing the sites involved in membrane docking and disruption according to the proposed myotoxic mechanism. Furthermore, higher-order oligomeric formation by interaction with interfacial suramins was observed, which may also aid the inhibitory process. These results further substantiate the current myotoxic mechanism and shed light on the search for efficient inhibitors of the local myonecrosis phenomenon.
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Sudarshan S, Dhananjaya BL. The Antimicrobial Activity of an Acidic Phospholipase A2 (NN-XIa-PLA2) from the Venom of Naja naja naja (Indian Cobra). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 176:2027-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1698-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sudharshan S, Dhananjaya BL. Antibacterial potential of a basic phospholipase A2 (VRV-PL-VIIIa) from Daboia russelii pulchella (Russell's viper) venom. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2015; 21:17. [PMID: 26042153 PMCID: PMC4453231 DOI: 10.1186/s40409-015-0014-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microbial/bacterial resistance against antibiotics poses a serious threat to public health. Furthermore, the side effects of these antibiotics have stimulated tremendous interest in developing new molecules from diverse organisms as therapeutic agents. This study evaluates the antibacterial potential of a basic protein, Vipera russellii venom phospholipase A2 fraction VIIIa (VRV-PL-VIIIa), from Daboia russelii pulchella venom against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods The antibacterial potential of VRV-PL-VIIIa in the presence and absence of an inhibitor (p-bromophenacyl bromide) was tested against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and the minimum inhibitory concentration was determined by microdilution tests. Results VRV-PL-VIIIa demonstrated potent antibacterial activities against all the human pathogenic strains tested. It more effectively inhibited such gram-positive bacteria as Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, when compared to the gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Salmonella paratyphi. It inhibited bacterial growth at minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 11.1 to 19.2 μg/mL. The anti-bacterial potential of VRV-PL-VIIIa was comparable to the standards gentamycin, chlorophenicol and streptomycin. The PLA2’s hemolytic and antibacterial activities were strongly correlated. Furthermore, even in the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide, intense antibacterial activity was observed, suggesting a dissociation or partial overlapping of the bactericidal/antimicrobial domains. Conclusion VRV-PL-VIIIa demonstrated potent antibacterial activities against all the human pathogenic strains tested. The study shows that despite a strong correlation between enzymatic and antimicrobial activities of VRV-PL-VIIIa, it may possess additional properties that mimic the bactericidal/membrane permeability-increasing protein. This study encourages further in-depth studies on the molecular mechanisms of antibacterial properties of VRV-PL-VIIIa, which would thereby facilitate development of this protein into a possible therapeutic lead molecule for treating bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivalingaiah Sudharshan
- Toxinology Group, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka India
| | - Bhadrapura Lakkappa Dhananjaya
- Toxinology Group, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka India ; Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Center for Emerging Technologies (CET), Jain University, Jakksandra Post, Ramanagara, 562112 India
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Abstract
The use of sulfonyl fluoride probes in chemical biology is reviewed.
Sulfonyl fluoride electrophiles have found significant utility as reactive probes in chemical biology and molecular pharmacology. As warheads they possess the right balance of biocompatibility (including aqueous stability) and protein reactivity. Their functionality is privileged in this regard as they are known to modify not only reactive serines (resulting in their common use as protease inhibitors), but also context-specific threonine, lysine, tyrosine, cysteine and histidine residues. This review describes the application of sulfonyl fluoride probes across various areas of research and explores new approaches that could further enhance the chemical biology toolkit. We believe that sulfonyl fluoride probes will find greater utility in areas such as covalent enzyme inhibition, target identification and validation, and the mapping of enzyme binding sites, substrates and protein–protein interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Narayanan
- Chemical Biology Group , BioTherapeutics Chemistry , WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
| | - Lyn H Jones
- Chemical Biology Group , BioTherapeutics Chemistry , WorldWide Medicinal Chemistry , Pfizer , 610 Main Street , Cambridge , MA 02139 , USA .
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Fernandes CA, Borges RJ, Lomonte B, Fontes MR. A structure-based proposal for a comprehensive myotoxic mechanism of phospholipase A2-like proteins from viperid snake venoms. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2014; 1844:2265-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Sudarshan S, Dhananjaya BL. Antibacterial potential of a basic phospholipase A2 (VRV-PL-V) of Daboia russellii pulchella (Russell's Viper) venom. Biochemistry (Mosc) 2014; 79:1237-44. [PMID: 25540009 DOI: 10.1134/s000629791411011x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial/bacterial resistance against antibiotics is considered as a potentially serious threat to public health. Further, as these antibiotics elicit side effects, there is interest in developing new molecules with novel modes of action from diverse organisms. Along these lines, in this study the antibacterial potential of the basic protein VRV-PL-V (Vipera russellii venom phospholipase A2 fraction V) of Daboia russellii pulchella venom was evaluated. VRV-PL-V demonstrated a potent antibacterial activity against all the human pathogenic strains tested. It inhibited more effectively Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis when compared to Gram-negative bacteria like Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella paratyphi. It inhibited bacterial growth with MIC values ranging from 13 to 24 µg/ml. The antibacterial potential of VRV-PL-V was comparable to the standards used like gentamycin, chloramphenicol, and streptomycin. There was a strong correlation between PLA2 activities and hemolytic and antibacterial activity. It was found that even in the presence of p-bromophenacyl bromide (an inhibitor of PLA2 enzymatic activity), there was marked antibacterial activity, suggesting dissociation or partial overlapping of the bactericidal/antimicrobial domains. Therefore, this study shows that although there is a strong correlation between enzymatic and antimicrobial activities of VRV-PL-V, it may also possess other properties that mimic bactericidal/membrane permeability-increasing protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sudarshan
- Venom Research Unit, Adichunchanagiri Biotechnology and Cancer Research Institute (ABCRI), Balagangadharanatha Nagara, Mandya District, Karnataka, 571 448, India
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. PhTX-II a basic myotoxic phospholipase A₂ from Porthidium hyoprora snake venom, pharmacological characterization and amino acid sequence by mass spectrometry. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3077-97. [PMID: 25365526 PMCID: PMC4247251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A monomeric basic PLA₂ (PhTX-II) of 14149.08 Da molecular weight was purified to homogeneity from Porthidium hyoprora venom. Amino acid sequence by in tandem mass spectrometry revealed that PhTX-II belongs to Asp49 PLA₂ enzyme class and displays conserved domains as the catalytic network, Ca²⁺-binding loop and the hydrophobic channel of access to the catalytic site, reflected in the high catalytic activity displayed by the enzyme. Moreover, PhTX-II PLA₂ showed an allosteric behavior and its enzymatic activity was dependent on Ca²⁺. Examination of PhTX-II PLA₂ by CD spectroscopy indicated a high content of alpha-helical structures, similar to the known structure of secreted phospholipase IIA group suggesting a similar folding. PhTX-II PLA₂ causes neuromuscular blockade in avian neuromuscular preparations with a significant direct action on skeletal muscle function, as well as, induced local edema and myotoxicity, in mice. The treatment of PhTX-II by BPB resulted in complete loss of their catalytic activity that was accompanied by loss of their edematogenic effect. On the other hand, enzymatic activity of PhTX-II contributes to this neuromuscular blockade and local myotoxicity is dependent not only on enzymatic activity. These results show that PhTX-II is a myotoxic Asp49 PLA₂ that contributes with toxic actions caused by P. hyoprora venom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomón Huancahuire-Vega
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Luis Alberto Ponce-Soto
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Sergio Marangoni
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), P.O. Box 6109, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Mora-Obando D, Díaz C, Angulo Y, Gutiérrez JM, Lomonte B. Role of enzymatic activity in muscle damage and cytotoxicity induced by Bothrops asper Asp49 phospholipase A2 myotoxins: are there additional effector mechanisms involved? PeerJ 2014; 2:e569. [PMID: 25276503 PMCID: PMC4178460 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperid venoms often contain mixtures of Asp49 and Lys49 PLA2 myotoxin isoforms, relevant to development of myonecrosis. Given their difference in catalytic activity, mechanistic studies on each type require highly purified samples. Studies on Asp49 PLA2s have shown that enzyme inactivation using p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB) drastically affects toxicity. However, based on the variable levels of residual toxicity observed in some studies, it has been suggested that effector mechanisms independent of catalysis may additionally be involved in the toxicity of these enzymes, possibly resembling those of the enzymatically inactive Lys49 myotoxins. A possibility that Lys49 isoforms could be present in Asp49 PLA2 preparations exists and, if undetected in previous studies, could explain the variable residual toxicity. This question is here addressed by using an enzyme preparation ascertained to be free of Lys49 myotoxins. In agreement with previous reports, inactivation of the catalytic activity of an Asp49 myotoxin preparation led to major inhibition of toxic effects in vitro and in vivo. The very low residual levels of myotoxicity (7%) and cytotoxicity (4%) observed can be attributed to the low, although detectable, enzyme remaining active after p-BPB treatment (2.7%), and would be difficult to reconcile with the proposed existence of additional catalytic-independent toxic mechanisms. These findings favor the concept that the effector mechanism of toxicity of Asp49 PLA2 myotoxins from viperids fundamentally relies on their ability to hydrolyze phospholipids, arguing against the proposal that membrane disruption may also be caused by additional mechanisms that are independent of catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Mora-Obando
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Cecilia Díaz
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica ; Departamento de Bioquímica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Yamileth Angulo
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
| | - José María Gutiérrez
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
| | - Bruno Lomonte
- Instituto Clodomiro Picado, Facultad de Microbiologia, Universidad de Costa Rica , San José , Costa Rica
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Guimarães CL, Andrião-Escarso SH, Moreira-Dill LS, Carvalho BM, Marchi-Salvador DP, Santos-Filho NA, Fernandes CA, Fontes MR, Giglio JR, Barraviera B, Zuliani JP, Fernandes CF, Calderón LA, Stábeli RG, Albericio F, da Silva SL, Soares AM. Alkylation of histidine residues of Bothrops jararacussu venom proteins and isolated phospholipases A2: a biotechnological tool to improve the production of antibodies. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:981923. [PMID: 24901004 DOI: 10.1155/2014/981923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Crude venom of Bothrops jararacussu and isolated phospholipases A2 (PLA2) of this toxin (BthTX-I and BthTX-II) were chemically modified (alkylation) by p-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB) in order to study antibody production capacity in function of the structure-function relationship of these substances (crude venom and PLA2 native and alkylated). BthTX-II showed enzymatic activity, while BthTX-I did not. Alkylation reduced BthTX-II activity by 50% while this process abolished the catalytic and myotoxic activities of BthTX-I, while reducing its edema-inducing activity by about 50%. Antibody production against the native and alkylated forms of BthTX-I and -II and the cross-reactivity of antibodies to native and alkylated toxins did not show any apparent differences and these observations were reinforced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) data. Histopathological analysis of mouse gastrocnemius muscle sections after injection of PBS, BthTX-I, BthTX-II, or both myotoxins previously incubated with neutralizing antibody showed inhibition of the toxin-induced myotoxicity. These results reveal that the chemical modification of the phospholipases A2 (PLA2) diminished their toxicity but did not alter their antigenicity. This observation indicates that the modified PLA2 may provide a biotechnological tool to attenuate the toxicity of the crude venom, by improving the production of antibodies and decreasing the local toxic effects of this poisonous substance in animals used to produce antivenom.
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Gimenez GS, Coutinho-Neto A, Kayano AM, Simões-Silva R, Trindade F, de Almeida e Silva A, Marcussi S, da Silva SL, Fernandes CF, Zuliani JP, Calderon LA, Soares AM, Stábeli RG. Biochemical and functional characterization of Parawixia bistriata spider venom with potential proteolytic and larvicidal activities. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:950538. [PMID: 24895632 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Toxins purified from the venom of spiders have high potential to be studied pharmacologically and biochemically. These biomolecules may have biotechnological and therapeutic applications. This study aimed to evaluate the protein content of Parawixia bistriata venom and functionally characterize its proteins that have potential for biotechnological applications. The crude venom showed no phospholipase, hemorrhagic, or anti-Leishmania activities attesting to low genotoxicity and discrete antifungal activity for C. albicans. However the following activities were observed: anticoagulation, edema, myotoxicity and proteolysis on casein, azo-collagen, and fibrinogen. The chromatographic and electrophoretic profiles of the proteins revealed a predominance of acidic, neutral, and polar proteins, highlighting the presence of proteins with high molecular masses. Five fractions were collected using cation exchange chromatography, with the P4 fraction standing out as that of the highest purity. All fractions showed proteolytic activity. The crude venom and fractions P1, P2, and P3 showed larvicidal effects on A. aegypti. Fraction P4 showed the presence of a possible metalloprotease (60 kDa) that has high proteolytic activity on azo-collagen and was inhibited by EDTA. The results presented in this study demonstrate the presence of proteins in the venom of P. bistriata with potential for biotechnological applications.
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de Moura AA, Kayano AM, Oliveira GA, Setúbal SS, Ribeiro JG, Barros NB, Nicolete R, Moura LA, Fuly AL, Nomizo A, da Silva SL, Fernandes CF, Zuliani JP, Stábeli RG, Soares AM, Calderon LA. Purification and biochemical characterization of three myotoxins from Bothrops mattogrossensis snake venom with toxicity against Leishmania and tumor cells. Biomed Res Int 2014; 2014:195356. [PMID: 24724078 DOI: 10.1155/2014/195356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops mattogrossensis snake is widely distributed throughout eastern South America and is responsible for snakebites in this region. This paper reports the purification and biochemical characterization of three new phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), one of which is presumably an enzymatically active Asp49 and two are very likely enzymatically inactive Lys49 PLA2 homologues. The purification was obtained after two chromatographic steps on ion exchange and reverse phase column. The 2D SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that the proteins have pI values around 10, are each made of a single chain, and have molecular masses near 13 kDa, which was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The N-terminal similarity analysis of the sequences showed that the proteins are highly homologous with other Lys49 and Asp49 PLA2s from Bothrops species. The PLA2s isolated were named BmatTX-I (Lys49 PLA2-like), BmatTX-II (Lys49 PLA2-like), and BmatTX-III (Asp49 PLA2). The PLA2s induced cytokine release from mouse neutrophils and showed cytotoxicity towards JURKAT (leukemia T) and SK-BR-3 (breast adenocarcinoma) cell lines and promastigote forms of Leishmania amazonensis. The structural and functional elucidation of snake venoms components may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these proteins during envenomation and their potential pharmacological and therapeutic applications.
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Samy RP, Kandasamy M, Gopalakrishnakone P, Stiles BG, Rowan EG, Becker D, Shanmugam MK, Sethi G, Chow VTK. Wound healing activity and mechanisms of action of an antibacterial protein from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). PLoS One 2014; 9:e80199. [PMID: 24551028 PMCID: PMC3925076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Basic phospholipase A2 was identified from the venom of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. The Crotalus adamanteus toxin-II (CaTx-II) induced bactericidal effects (7.8 µg/ml) on Staphylococcus aureus, while on Burkholderia pseudomallei (KHW), and Enterobacter aerogenes were killed at 15.6 µg/ml. CaTx-II caused pore formation and membrane damaging effects on the bacterial cell wall. CaTx-II was not cytotoxic on lung (MRC-5), skin fibroblast (HEPK) cells and in mice. CaTx-II-treated mice showed significant wound closure and complete healing by 16 days as compared to untreated controls (**P<0.01). Histological examination revealed enhanced collagen synthesis and neovascularization after treatment with CaTx-II versus 2% Fusidic Acid ointment (FAO) treated controls. Measurement of tissue cytokines revealed that interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) expression in CaTx-II treated mice was significantly suppressed versus untreated controls. In contrast, cytokines involved in wound healing and cell migration i.e., monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), fibroblast growth factor-basic (FGF-b), chemokine (KC), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were significantly enhanced in CaTx-II treated mice, but not in the controls. CaTx-II also modulated nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activation during skin wound healing. The CaTx-II protein highlights distinct snake proteins as a potential source of novel antimicrobial agents with significant therapeutic application for bacterial skin infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramar Perumal Samy
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| | - Matheswaran Kandasamy
- Infection & Immunity Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ponnampalam Gopalakrishnakone
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bradley G. Stiles
- Integrated Toxicology Division, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Edward G. Rowan
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - David Becker
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Muthu K. Shanmugam
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department of Pharmacology, Clinical Research Centre, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vincent T. K. Chow
- Infectious Diseases Programme, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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De-simone SG, Napoleão-pego P, Teixeira-pinto LA, Santos JD, De-simone TS, Melgarejo AR, Aguiar AS, Marchi-salvador DP. Linear B-cell epitopes in BthTX-1, BthTX-II and BthA-1, phospholipase A2's from Bothrops jararacussu snake venom, recognized by therapeutically neutralizing commercial horse antivenom. Toxicon 2013; 72:90-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Salvador GH, Cavalcante WL, dos Santos JI, Gallacci M, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Structural and functional studies with mytoxin II from Bothrops moojeni reveal remarkable similarities and differences compared to other catalytically inactive phospholipases A2-like. Toxicon 2013; 72:52-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Huancahuire-Vega S, Corrêa DH, Hollanda LM, Lancellotti M, Ramos CH, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. Chemical modifications of PhTX-I myotoxin from Porthidium hyoprora snake venom: effects on structural, enzymatic, and pharmacological properties. Biomed Res Int 2013; 2013:103494. [PMID: 23484072 DOI: 10.1155/2013/103494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
We recently described the isolation of a basic PLA2 (PhTX-I) from Porthidium hyoprora snake venom. This toxin exhibits high catalytic activity, induces in vivo myotoxicity, moderates footpad edema, and causes in vitro neuromuscular blockade. Here, we describe the chemical modifications of specific amino acid residues (His, Tyr, Lys, and Trp), performed in PhTX-I, to study their effects on the structural, enzymatic, and pharmacological properties of this myotoxin. After chemical treatment, a single His, 4 Tyr, 7 Lys, and one Trp residues were modified. The secondary structure of the protein remained unchanged as measured by circular dichroism; however other results indicated the critical role played by Lys and Tyr residues in myotoxic, neurotoxic activities and mainly in the cytotoxicity displayed by PhTX-I. His residue and therefore catalytic activity of PhTX-I are relevant for edematogenic, neurotoxic, and myotoxic effects, but not for its cytotoxic activity. This dissociation observed between enzymatic activity and some pharmacological effects suggests that other molecular regions distinct from the catalytic site may also play a role in the toxic activities exerted by this myotoxin. Our observations supported the hypothesis that both the catalytic sites as the hypothetical pharmacological sites are relevant to the pharmacological profile of PhTX-I.
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Saikia D, Bordoloi NK, Chattopadhyay P, Choklingam S, Ghosh SS, Mukherjee AK. Differential mode of attack on membrane phospholipids by an acidic phospholipase A2 (RVVA-PLA2-I) from Daboia russelli venom. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2012; 1818:3149-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 07/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ximenes RM, Alves RS, Pereira TP, Araújo RM, Silveira ER, Rabello MM, Hernandes MZ, Soares VCG, Bristot D, Pires CL, Toyama DO, Gaeta HH, Monteiro HSA, Toyama MH. Harpalycin 2 inhibits the enzymatic and platelet aggregation activities of PrTX-III, a D49 phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pirajai venom. BMC Complement Altern Med 2012; 12:139. [PMID: 22925825 PMCID: PMC3520877 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-12-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Harpalycin 2 (HP-2) is an isoflavone isolated from the leaves of Harpalyce brasiliana Benth., a snakeroot found in northeast region of Brazil and used in folk medicine to treat snakebite. Its leaves are said to be anti-inflammatory. Secretory phospholipases A2 are important toxins found in snake venom and are structurally related to those found in inflammatory conditions in mammals, as in arthritis and atherosclerosis, and for this reason can be valuable tools for searching new anti-phospholipase A2 drugs. Methods HP-2 and piratoxin-III (PrTX-III) were purified through chromatographic techniques. The effect of HP-2 in the enzymatic activity of PrTX-III was carried out using 4-nitro-3-octanoyloxy-benzoic acid as the substrate. PrTX-III induced platelet aggregation was inhibited by HP-2 when compared to aristolochic acid and p-bromophenacyl bromide (p-BPB). In an attempt to elucidate how HP-2 interacts with PrTX-III, mass spectrometry, circular dichroism and intrinsic fluorescence analysis were performed. Docking scores of the ligands (HP-2, aristolochic acid and p-BPB) using PrTX-III as target were also calculated. Results HP-2 inhibited the enzymatic activity of PrTX-III (IC50 11.34 ± 0.28 μg/mL) although it did not form a stable chemical complex in the active site, since mass spectrometry measurements showed no difference between native (13,837.34 Da) and HP-2 treated PrTX-III (13,856.12 Da). A structural analysis of PrTX-III after treatment with HP-2 showed a decrease in dimerization and a slight protein unfolding. In the platelet aggregation assay, HP-2 previously incubated with PrTX-III inhibited the aggregation when compared with untreated protein. PrTX-III chemical treated with aristolochic acid and p-BPB, two standard PLA2 inhibitors, showed low inhibitory effects when compared with the HP-2 treatment. Docking scores corroborated these results, showing higher affinity of HP-2 for the PrTX-III target (PDB code: 1GMZ) than aristolochic acid and p-BPB. HP-2 previous incubated with the platelets inhibits the aggregation induced by untreated PrTX-III as well as arachidonic acid. Conclusion HP-2 changes the structure of PrTX-III, inhibiting the enzymatic activity of this enzyme. In addition, PrTX-III platelet aggregant activity was inhibited by treatment with HP-2, p-BPB and aristolochic acid, and these results were corroborated by docking scores.
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Saikia D, Thakur R, Mukherjee AK. An acidic phospholipase A(2) (RVVA-PLA(2)-I) purified from Daboia russelli venom exerts its anticoagulant activity by enzymatic hydrolysis of plasma phospholipids and by non-enzymatic inhibition of factor Xa in a phospholipids/Ca(2+) independent manner. Toxicon 2011; 57:841-50. [PMID: 21356226 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A homodimeric acidic PLA(2) (RVVA-PLA(2)-I) of 58.0 kDa molecular weight purified from Russell's viper (Daboia russelli) venom demonstrated dose-dependent catalytic, strong anticoagulant and indirect hemolytic activities and inhibited blood coagulation cascade in both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms. In in vitro condition, RVVA-PLA(2)-I showed preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine with a K(m) and V(max) values of 0.65 mM and 28.9 μmol min(-1), respectively. Biochemical study and GC-analysis of plasma phospholipids hydrolysis by PLA(2) revealed that anticoagulant activity of RVVA-PLA(2)-I was partly attributed by the enzymatic hydrolysis of pro-coagulant phospholipids PC, followed by PS. The spectrofluorometric and gel-filtration analyses documented binding of RVVA-PLA(2)-I with activated factor X and PC; however, it does not bind with factor Va, prothrombin and thrombin. Therefore, this anticoagulant PLA(2) inhibits the blood coagulation cascade non-enzymatically by binding with coagulation factor Xa, even in the absence of phospholipids and Ca(2+) and thus slows down the blood coagulation by partially inhibiting the prothrombin activation. Chemical modification of essential amino acids present in the active site, neutralization with Azadirachta indica leaves extract (AIPLAI) and heat-inactivation study reinforce the association of catalytic and anticoagulant activity of RVVA-PLA(2)-I and also throw a light on its non-enzymatic mechanism of anticoagulant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashree Saikia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
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Toyama DDO, Diz Filho EBDS, Cavada BS, da Rocha BAM, de Oliveira SCB, Cotrim CA, Soares VCG, Delatorre P, Marangoni S, Toyama MH. Umbelliferone induces changes in the structure and pharmacological activities of Bn IV, a phospholipase A2 isoform isolated from Bothrops neuwiedi. Toxicon 2011; 57:851-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 02/20/2011] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Shimabuku PS, Fernandes CAH, Magro AJ, Costa TR, Soares AM, Fontes MRM. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a Lys49-phospholipase A2 complexed with caffeic acid, a molecule with inhibitory properties against snake venoms. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2011; 67:249-52. [PMID: 21301098 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309110051407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 12/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) are one of the main components of bothropic venoms; in addition to their phospholipid hydrolysis action, they are involved in a wide spectrum of pharmacological activities, including neurotoxicity, myotoxicity and cardiotoxicity. Caffeic acid is an inhibitor that is present in several plants and is employed for the treatment of ophidian envenomations in the folk medicine of many developing countries; as bothropic snake bites are not efficiently neutralized by conventional serum therapy, it may be useful as an antivenom. In this work, the cocrystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the Lys49-PLA(2) piratoxin I from Bothrops pirajai venom in the presence of the inhibitor caffeic acid (CA) are reported. The crystals diffracted X-rays to 1.65 Å resolution and the structure was solved by molecular-replacement techniques. The electron-density map unambiguously indicated the presence of three CA molecules that interact with the C-terminus of the protein. This is the first time a ligand has been observed bound to this region and is in agreement with various experiments previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia S Shimabuku
- Departamento de Física e Biofísica, Instituto de Biociências, UNESP-Universidade Estadual Paulista, Botucatu-SP, Brazil
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Fagundes FHR, Oliveira M, Huancahuire-Vega S, Romero-Vargas FF, Ponce-Soto LA, Marangoni S. cDNA and deduced primary structure of basic phospholipase A2 with neurotoxic activity from the venom secretion of the Crotalus durissus collilineatus rattlesnake. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010; 43:262-70. [PMID: 20401434 DOI: 10.1590/s0100-879x2010007500009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To illustrate the construction of precursor complementary DNAs, we isolated mRNAs from whole venom samples. After reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we amplified the cDNA coding for a neurotoxic protein, phospholipase A2 D49 (PLA2 D49), from the venom of Crotalus durissus collilineatus (Cdc PLA2). The cDNA encoding Cdc PLA2 from whole venom was sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence of this cDNA has high overall sequence identity with the group II PLA2 protein family. Cdc PLA2 has 14 cysteine residues capable of forming seven disulfide bonds that characterize this group of PLA2 enzymes. Cdc PLA2 was isolated using conventional Sephadex G75 column chromatography and reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). The molecular mass was estimated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. We tested the neuromuscular blocking activities on chick biventer cervicis neuromuscular tissue. Phylogenetic analysis of Cdc PLA2 showed the existence of two lines of N6-PLA2, denominated F24 and S24. Apparently, the sequences of the New World's N6-F24-PLA2 are similar to those of the agkistrodotoxin from the Asian genus Gloydius. The sequences of N6-S24-PLA2 are similar to the sequence of trimucrotoxin from the genus Protobothrops, found in the Old World.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H R Fagundes
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brasil
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Antunes TC, Yamashita KM, Barbaro KC, Saiki M, Santoro ML. Comparative analysis of newborn and adult Bothrops jararaca snake venoms. Toxicon 2010; 56:1443-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Romero L, Marcussi S, Marchi-Salvador DP, Silva FP, Fuly AL, Stábeli RG, da Silva SL, González J, Monte AD, Soares AM. Enzymatic and structural characterization of a basic phospholipase A(2) from the sea anemone Condylactis gigantea. Biochimie 2010; 92:1063-71. [PMID: 20562011 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2010.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2010] [Accepted: 05/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This work aimed at the isolation and structural/functional characterization of a phospholipase A(2) (CgPLA(2)) from the extract of the anemone Condylactis gigantea. CgPLA(2) was isolated with a high purity level through three chromatographic steps, showing pI 8.6 and molecular weights of 14,500 and 29,000 for the monomer and dimer, respectively. CgPLA(2) showed a high catalytic activity upon fluorescent phospholipids inducing no direct hemolytic activity. This enzyme, which is Ca(2+)-dependent, showed a lower stability against temperature and pH variations when compared with snake venom enzymes. The enzymatic activity was significantly reduced or completely abolished after chemical modification of CgPLA(2) with BPB. Its cDNA was then obtained, with 357 base pairs which codified for a mature protein of 119 amino acid residues. A comparative analysis of the primary structure of CgPLA(2) revealed 84%, 61%, 43% and 42% similarity to the PLA(2)s from Adamsia carciniopados, Nematostella vectensis, Vipera russelli russelli and Bothrops jararacussu, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazara Romero
- Centro de Estudios de Proteínas, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Habana, Cuba
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Gallacci M, Cavalcante W. Understanding the in vitro neuromuscular activity of snake venom Lys49 phospholipase A2 homologues. Toxicon 2010; 55:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 10/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Marchi-Salvador DP, Fernandes CA, Silveira LB, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Crystal structure of a phospholipase A2 homolog complexed with p-bromophenacyl bromide reveals important structural changes associated with the inhibition of myotoxic activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Proteins and Proteomics 2009; 1794:1583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2009] [Revised: 07/07/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ferreira TL, Ward RJ. The interaction of bothropstoxin-I (Lys49-PLA2) with liposome membranes. Toxicon 2009; 54:525-530. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2009.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Ponce-Soto LA, Barros JC, Marangoni S, Hernandez S, Dal Belo CA, Corrado AP, Hyslop S, Rodrigues-Simioni L. Neuromuscular activity of BaTX, a presynaptic basic PLA2 isolated from Bothrops alternatus snake venom. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 150:291-7. [PMID: 19463969 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2009.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have previously isolated a Lys49 phospholipase A(2) homolog (BaTX) from Bothrops alternatus snake venom using a combination of molecular exclusion chromatography and reverse phase HPLC and shown its ability to cause neuromuscular blockade. In this work, we describe a one-step procedure for the purification of this toxin and provide further details of its neuromuscular activity. The toxin was purified by reverse phase HPLC and its purity and molecular mass were confirmed by SDS-PAGE, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, amino acid analysis and N-terminal sequencing. BaTX (0.007-1.4 microM) produced time-dependent, irreversible neuromuscular blockade in isolated mouse phrenic nerve-diaphragm and chick biventer cervicis preparations (time to 50% blockade with 0.35 microM toxin: 58+/-4 and 24+/-1 min, respectively; n=3-8; mean+/-S.E.) without significantly affecting the response to direct muscle stimulation. In chick preparations, contractures to exogenous acetylcholine (55 and 110 microM) or KCl (13.4 mM) were unaltered after complete blockade by all toxin concentrations. These results, which strongly suggested a presynaptic mechanism of action for this toxin, were reinforced by (1) the inability of BaTX to interfere with the carbachol-induced depolarization of the resting membrane, (2) a significant decrease in the frequency and amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials, and (3) a significant reduction (59+/-4%, n=12) in the quantal content of the end-plate potentials after a 60 min incubation with the toxin (1.4 microM). In addition, a decrease in the organ bath temperature from 37 degrees C to 24 degrees C and/or the replacement of calcium with strontium prevented the neuromuscular blockade, indicating a temperature-dependent effect possibly mediated by enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Ponce-Soto
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas , CP 6111, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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dos Santos JI, Soares AM, Fontes MR. Comparative structural studies on Lys49-phospholipases A2 from Bothrops genus reveal their myotoxic site. J Struct Biol 2009; 167:106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Zhou X, Tan TC, Valiyaveettil S, Go ML, Kini RM, Velazquez-Campoy A, Sivaraman J. Structural characterization of myotoxic ecarpholin S from Echis carinatus venom. Biophys J 2008; 95:3366-80. [PMID: 18586854 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.117747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)), a common toxic component of snake venom, has been implicated in various pharmacological effects. Ecarpholin S, isolated from the venom of the snake Echis carinatus sochureki, is a phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) belonging to the Ser(49)-PLA(2) subgroup. It has been characterized as having low enzymatic but potent myotoxic activities. The crystal structures of native ecarpholin S and its complexes with lauric acid, and its inhibitor suramin, were elucidated. This is the first report of the structure of a member of the Ser(49)-PLA(2) subgroup. We also examined interactions of ecarpholin S with phosphatidylglycerol and lauric acid, using surface plasmon resonance, and of suramin with isothermal titration calorimetry. Most Ca(2+)-dependent PLA(2) enzymes have Asp in position 49, which plays a crucial role in Ca(2+) binding. The three-dimensional structure of ecarpholin S reveals a unique conformation of the Ca(2+)-binding loop that is not favorable for Ca(2+) coordination. Furthermore, the endogenously bound fatty acid (lauric acid) in the hydrophobic channel may also interrupt the catalytic cycle. These two observations may account for the low enzymatic activity of ecarpholin S, despite full retention of the catalytic machinery. These observations may also be applicable to other non-Asp(49)-PLA(2) enzymes. The interaction of suramin in its complex with ecarpholin S is quite different from that reported for the Lys(49)-PLA(2)/suramin complex(,) where the interfacial recognition face (i-face), C-terminal region, and N-terminal region of ecarpholin S play important roles. This study provides significant structural and functional insights into the myotoxic activity of ecarpholin S and, in general, of non-Asp(49)-PLA(2) enzymes.
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Costa TR, Menaldo DL, Oliveira CZ, Santos-Filho NA, Teixeira SS, Nomizo A, Fuly AL, Monteiro MC, de Souza BM, Palma MS, Stábeli RG, Sampaio SV, Soares AM. Myotoxic phospholipases A(2) isolated from Bothrops brazili snake venom and synthetic peptides derived from their C-terminal region: cytotoxic effect on microorganism and tumor cells. Peptides 2008; 29:1645-56. [PMID: 18602430 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2008.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports the purification and biochemical/pharmacological characterization of two myotoxic phospholipases A(2) (PLA(2)s) from Bothrops brazili venom, a native snake from Brazil. Both myotoxins (MTX-I and II) were purified by a single chromatographic step on a CM-Sepharose ion-exchange column up to a high purity level, showing M(r) approximately 14,000 for the monomer and 28,000Da for the dimer. The N-terminal and internal peptide amino acid sequences showed similarity with other myotoxic PLA(2)s from snake venoms, MTX-I belonging to Asp49 PLA(2) class, enzymatically active, and MTX-II to Lys49 PLA(2)s, catalytically inactive. Treatment of MTX-I with BPB and EDTA reduced drastically its PLA(2) and anticoagulant activities, corroborating the importance of residue His48 and Ca(2+) ions for the enzymatic catalysis. Both PLA(2)s induced myotoxic activity and dose-time dependent edema similar to other isolated snake venom toxins from Bothrops and Crotalus genus. The results also demonstrated that MTXs and cationic synthetic peptides derived from their 115-129 C-terminal region displayed cytotoxic activity on human T-cell leukemia (JURKAT) lines and microbicidal effects against Escherichia coli, Candida albicans and Leishmania sp. Thus, these PLA(2) proteins and C-terminal synthetic peptides present multifunctional properties that might be of interest in the development of therapeutic strategies against parasites, bacteria and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tassia R Costa
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Universidade de São Paulo, FCFRP-USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Oliveira SC, Fonseca FV, Antunes E, Camargo EA, Morganti RP, Aparício R, Toyama DO, Beriam LO, Nunes EV, Cavada BS, Nagano CS, Sampaio AH, Nascimento KS, Toyama MH. Modulation of the pharmacological effects of enzymatically-active PLA2 by BTL-2, an isolectin isolated from the Bryothamnion triquetrum red alga. BMC Biochem 2008; 9:16. [PMID: 18534036 PMCID: PMC2443151 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2091-9-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background An interaction between lectins from marine algae and PLA2 from rattlesnake was suggested some years ago. We, herein, studied the effects elicited by a small isolectin (BTL-2), isolated from Bryothamnion triquetrum, on the pharmacological and biological activities of a PLA2 isolated from rattlesnake venom (Crotalus durissus cascavella), to better understand the enzymatic and pharmacological mechanisms of the PLA2 and its complex. Results This PLA2 consisted of 122 amino acids (approximate molecular mass of 14 kDa), its pI was estimated to be 8.3, and its amino acid sequence shared a high degree of similarity with that of other neurotoxic and enzymatically-active PLA2s. BTL-2 had a molecular mass estimated in approximately 9 kDa and was characterized as a basic protein. In addition, BTL-2 did not exhibit any enzymatic activity. The PLA2 and BTL-2 formed a stable heterodimer with a molecular mass of approximately 24–26 kDa, estimated by molecular exclusion HPLC. In the presence of BTL-2, we observed a significant increase in PLA2 activity, 23% higher than that of PLA2 alone. BTL-2 demonstrated an inhibition of 98% in the growth of the Gram-positive bacterial strain, Clavibacter michiganensis michiganensis (Cmm), but only 9.8% inhibition of the Gram-negative bacterial strain, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv passiflorae (Xap). PLA2 decreased bacterial growth by 27.3% and 98.5% for Xap and Cmm, respectively, while incubating these two proteins with PLA2-BTL-2 inhibited their growths by 36.2% for Xap and 98.5% for Cmm. PLA2 significantly induced platelet aggregation in washed platelets, whereas BTL-2 did not induce significant platelet aggregation in any assay. However, BTL-2 significantly inhibited platelet aggregation induced by PLA2. In addition, PLA2 exhibited strong oedematogenic activity, which was decreased in the presence of BTL-2. BTL-2 alone did not induce oedema and did not decrease or abolish the oedema induced by the 48/80 compound. Conclusion The unexpected results observed for the PLA2-BTL-2 complex strongly suggest that the pharmacological activity of this PLA2 is not solely dependent on the presence of enzymatic activity, and that other pharmacological regions may also be involved. In addition, we describe for the first time an interaction between two different molecules, which form a stable complex with significant changes in their original biological action. This opens new possibilities for understanding the function and action of crude venom, an extremely complex mixture of different molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Cb Oliveira
- Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Aparecida Aragão E, Chioato L, Ward RJ. Permeabilization of E. coli K12 inner and outer membranes by bothropstoxin-I, A LYS49 phospholipase A2 from Bothrops jararacussu. Toxicon 2008; 51:538-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 11/08/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Cavalcante WLG, Campos TO, Dal Pai-Silva M, Pereira PS, Oliveira CZ, Soares AM, Gallacci M. Neutralization of snake venom phospholipase A2 toxins by aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) in mouse neuromuscular preparation. J Ethnopharmacol 2007; 112:490-7. [PMID: 17540522 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Revised: 03/01/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous extract of Casearia sylvestris (Flacourtiaceae) has been shown to inhibit enzymatic and biological properties of some Bothrops and Crotalus venoms and their purified phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) toxins. In this work we evaluated the influence of C. sylvestris aqueous extract upon neuromuscular blocking and muscle damaging activities of some PLA(2)s (crotoxin from C. durissus terrificus, bothropstoxin-I from B. jararacussu, piratoxin-I from B. pirajai and myotoxin-II from B. moojeni) in mouse phrenic-diaphragm preparations. Crotoxin (0.5 microM) and all other PLA(2) toxins (1.0 microM) induced irreversible and time-dependent blockade of twitches. Except for crotoxin, all PLA(2) toxins induced significant muscle damage indices, assessed by microscopic analysis. Preincubation of bothropstoxin-I, piratoxin-I or myotoxin-II with C. sylvestris extract (1:5 (w/w), 30 min, 37 degrees C) significantly prevented the neuromuscular blockade of preparations exposed to the mixtures for 90 min; the extent of protection ranged from 93% to 97%. The vegetal extract also neutralized the muscle damage (protection of 80-95%). Higher concentration of the C. sylvestris extract (1:10, w/w) was necessary to neutralize by 90% the neuromuscular blockade induced by crotoxin. These findings expanded the spectrum of C. sylvestris antivenom activities, evidencing that it may be a good source of potentially useful PLA(2) inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L G Cavalcante
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista, UNESP, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Rodrigues RS, Izidoro LFM, Teixeira SS, Silveira LB, Hamaguchi A, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Giglio JR, Fuly AL, Soares AM, Rodrigues VM. Isolation and functional characterization of a new myotoxic acidic phospholipase A2 from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. Toxicon 2007; 50:153-65. [PMID: 17451767 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2006] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the purification procedure and the biochemical/functional characterization of Bp-PLA(2), a new myotoxic acidic phospholipase A(2) from Bothrops pauloensis snake venom. It was highly purified through three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on CM-Sepharose, hydrophobic chromatography on Phenyl-Sepharose and RP-HPLC on a C8 column). Bp-PLA(2) is a single-chain protein of 15.8kDa and pI 4.3. Its N-terminal sequence revealed a high homology with other Asp49 acidic PLA(2)s from snake venoms. Its specific activity was 585.3U/mg. It displayed a high indirect hemolytic activity and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen or ADP. It also induced in vivo edema and myotoxicity. Pretreatment of Bp-PLA(2) with BPB reduced the enzymatic activity, the inhibitory action on platelet aggregation and myotoxicity in vitro. Morphological analyses indicated that Bp-PLA(2) induced an intense edema, with visible leukocyte infiltrate and damaged muscle cells 24h after injection. Acidic myotoxic PLA(2)s from Bothrops snake venoms are still not extensively explored and knowledge of their structural and functional features will contribute for a better understanding of their action mechanism regarding enzymatic and toxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata S Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
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Murakami MT, Kuch U, Mebs D, Arni RK. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a novel Arg49 phospholipase A2 homologue from Zhaoermia mangshanensis venom. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2007; 63:605-7. [PMID: 17620723 PMCID: PMC2335147 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309107026073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 05/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Zhaoermiatoxin, an Arg49 phospholipase A2 homologue from Zhaoermia mangshanensis (formerly Trimeresurus mangshanensis, Ermia mangshanensis) venom is a novel member of the PLA2-homologue family that possesses an arginine residue at position 49, probably arising from a secondary Lys49-->Arg substitution that does not alter the catalytic inactivity towards phospholipids. Like other Lys49 PLA2 homologues, zhaoermiatoxin induces oedema and strong myonecrosis without detectable PLA2 catalytic activity. A single crystal with maximum dimensions of 0.2 x 0.2 x 0.5 mm was used for X-ray diffraction data collection to a resolution of 2.05 A using synchrotron radiation and the diffraction pattern was indexed in the hexagonal space group P6(4), with unit-cell parameters a = 72.9, b = 72.9, c = 93.9 A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário T. Murakami
- Department of Physics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Center for Applied Toxinology, CAT–CEPID, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Center for Genomics and Proteomics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
| | - Ulrich Kuch
- Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dietrich Mebs
- Zentrum der Rechtsmedizin, Klinikum der Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität, Kennedyallee 104, D-60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Raghuvir K. Arni
- Department of Physics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Center for Applied Toxinology, CAT–CEPID, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Advanced Center for Genomics and Proteomics, UNESP–State University of São Paulo, São José do Rio Preto 15054-000, Brazil
- Correspondence e-mail:
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Chioato L, Aragão EA, Lopes Ferreira T, Medeiros AID, Faccioli LH, Ward RJ. Mapping of the structural determinants of artificial and biological membrane damaging activities of a Lys49 phospholipase A2 by scanning alanine mutagenesis. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Biomembranes 2007; 1768:1247-57. [PMID: 17346668 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2007.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Revised: 01/22/2007] [Accepted: 01/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scanning alanine mutagenesis has been used to study the structural determinants of several activities of bothropstoxin-I (BthTx-I), a lysine 49 Phospholipases A(2) from the venom of Bothrops jararacussu. A total of 31 mutants were generated in the interfacial recognition site and C-terminal loop regions of the protein. The effects of mutagenesis on the in vivo myotoxic activity, the cytolytic activity against cultured C2C12 myoblasts, the bactericidal activity, and the Ca(2+)-independent membrane damaging activity against liposome membranes were compared. Residues 116-119 and 122-125 in the C-terminal loop region are structural determinants for these activities, indicating that membrane permeabilization by the BthTx-I is an important general property in all the measured effects. The structural determinants of myotoxicity and myoblast membrane permeabilization are highly correlated, demonstrating that cultured C2C12 myoblasts are a good model for the myotoxic effect. However, comparison of the structural determinants for all activities revealed several differences in the structural determinants between the effects against myoblast and bacterial membranes, and further differences when compared to the liposome membrane damaging effect. These membrane dependent effects are interpreted to be the consequence of differences in the activation of the membrane bound form of the protein on biological and artificial membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucimara Chioato
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
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Mukherjee AK. Correlation between the phospholipids domains of the target cell membrane and the extent of Naja kaouthia PLA2-induced membrane damage: Evidence of distinct catalytic and cytotoxic sites in PLA2 molecules. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2007; 1770:187-95. [PMID: 17127009 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2006.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 09/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes (NK-PLA(2)-A and NK-PLA(2)-B) were purified from the venom of the monocled cobra Naja kaouthia. The molecular weights of NK-PLA(2)-A and NK-PLA(2)-B, as estimated by mass spectrometry, were 13,619 and 13,303 Da respectively. Both phospholipases were highly thermostable, had maximum catalytic activity at basic pH, and showed preferential hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine. Intravenous injection of either PLA(2) up to a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight was non-toxic to mice and did not show neurotoxic symptoms. The N. kaouthia PLA(2)s displayed anticoagulant and cytotoxic activity, but poor hemolytic activity. Both the PLA(2)s were more toxic to Sf9 and Tn cells compared to VERO cells. NK-PLA(2) exhibited selective lysis of wild-type baculovirus-infected Sf9 cells compared to normal cells. Amino acid modification studies and heating experiments suggest that separate sites in the NK-PLA(2) molecules are responsible for their catalytic, anticoagulant and cytotoxic activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashis K Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur-784 028, Assam, India.
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46
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Makarova YV, Osipov AV, Tsetlin VI, Utkin YN. Influence of phospholipases A2 from snake venoms on survival and neurite outgrowth in pheochromocytoma cell line PC12. Biochemistry (Moscow) 2006; 71:678-84. [PMID: 16827660 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297906060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether the ability to induce neurite outgrowth in rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12 is characteristic of phospholipases of different types, we have studied the influence of phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) from cobra Naja kaouthia venom and two PLA2s from viper Vipera nikolskii venom on PC12 cells. Phospholipases from the viper venom are heterodimers in which only one of the subunits is enzymatically active, while PLA2 from the cobra venom is a monomer. It was found that all three PLA2s induce neurite outgrowth in PC12. The PLA2 from cobra venom exhibits this effect at higher concentrations as compared to the viper enzymes. We have not observed such an activity for isolated subunits of viper PLA2s, since the enzymatically active subunits have very high cytotoxicity, while the other subunits are not active at all. However, co-incubation of active and inactive subunits before addition to the cells leads to a marked decrease in cytotoxicity and to restoration of the neurite-inducing activity. It has also been shown that all enzymatically active PLA2s are cytotoxic, the PLA2 from cobra venom being the least active. Thus, for the first time we have shown that PLA2s from snake venoms can induce neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya V Makarova
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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Stábeli RG, Amui SF, Sant'Ana CD, Pires MG, Nomizo A, Monteiro MC, Romão PRT, Guerra-Sá R, Vieira CA, Giglio JR, Fontes MRM, Soares AM. Bothrops moojeni myotoxin-II, a Lys49-phospholipase A2 homologue: an example of function versatility of snake venom proteins. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2006; 142:371-381. [PMID: 16442348 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2005.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 11/22/2005] [Accepted: 11/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
MjTX-II, a myotoxic phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) homologue from Bothrops moojeni venom, was functionally and structurally characterized. The MjTX-II characterization included: (i) functional characterization (antitumoral, antimicrobial and antiparasitic effects); (ii) effects of structural modifications by 4-bromophenacyl bromide (BPB), cyanogen bromide (CNBr), acetic anhydride and 2-nitrobenzenesulphonyl fluoride (NBSF); (iii) enzymatic characterization: inhibition by low molecular weight heparin and EDTA; and (iv) molecular characterization: cDNA sequence and molecular structure prediction. The results demonstrated that MjTX-II displayed antimicrobial activity by growth inhibition against Escherichia coli and Candida albicans, antitumoral activity against Erlich ascitic tumor (EAT), human breast adenocarcinoma (SK-BR-3) and human T leukemia cells (JURKAT) and antiparasitic effects against Schistosoma mansoni and Leishmania spp., which makes MjTX-II a promising molecular model for future therapeutic applications, as well as other multifunctional homologous Lys49-PLA(2)s or even derived peptides. This work provides useful insights into the structural determinants of the action of Lys49-PLA(2) homologues and, together with additional strategies, supports the concept of the presence of others "bioactive sites" distinct from the catalytic site in snake venom myotoxic PLA(2)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo G Stábeli
- Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, IPEPATRO, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR-RO, Brazil
| | - Saulo F Amui
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Carolina D Sant'Ana
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus G Pires
- Instituto de Pesquisas em Patologias Tropicais, IPEPATRO, Universidade Federal de Rondonia, UNIR-RO, Brazil
| | - Auro Nomizo
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - Marta C Monteiro
- Universidade Estadual do Centro-Oeste/UNICENTRO, Guarapuava-PR, Brazil
| | - Pedro R T Romão
- Laboratório de Imunoparasitologia, UNISUL, Tubarão-SC, Brazil
| | - Renata Guerra-Sá
- Laboratório de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular-Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, UFOP, Ouro Preto-MG, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Vieira
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, FMRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | - José R Giglio
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, FMRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil
| | | | - Andreimar M Soares
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
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Banerjee S, Curto EV, Beckman M, Brown GB, Zhong J, Krishna NR. Expression of functional scorpion neurotoxin Lqq-V in E.coli. Peptides 2006; 27:49-54. [PMID: 16150514 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2005.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2005] [Revised: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 06/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
We report the results on the expression in Escherichia coli of a functional neurotoxin LqqV from the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus quinquestriatus. The gene for LqqV was synthesized using recursive PCR and expressed as a poly-histidine-tagged fusion protein in thioredoxin mutant E. coli strain [AD494(DE3)pLysS], thus permitting disulfide-bond formation. When cultured at 37 degrees C, about 50% of the expressed protein is contained as a monomer in the soluble fraction of the E. coli extract. The fusion protein from the soluble fraction was purified and the His-tag was cleaved by thrombin, resulting in a yield of about 1.5 mg/liter. The globular structure of the purified protein was confirmed by NMR and CD spectroscopy. Patch-clamp measurements using native sodium channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes reveal (1) a slowing of inactivation and (2) a decrease in peak current upon application of toxin, thus confirming the alpha-toxin activity of the purified recombinant protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, CH19-B31, 1530-3rd Ave. South, Birmingham, AL 35294-2041, USA
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49
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Barbosa PSF, Martins AMC, Havt A, Toyama DO, Evangelista JSAM, Ferreira DPP, Joazeiro PP, Beriam LOS, Toyama MH, Fonteles MC, Monteiro HSA. Renal and antibacterial effects induced by myotoxin I and II isolated from Bothrops jararacussu venom. Toxicon 2005; 46:376-86. [PMID: 16115661 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2005.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2004] [Revised: 04/19/2005] [Accepted: 04/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bothrops jararacussu myotoxin I (BthTx-I; Lys 49) and II (BthTX-II; Asp 49) were purified by ion-exchange chromatography and reverse phase HPLC. In this work we used the isolated perfused rat kidney method to evaluate the renal effects of B. jararacussu myotoxins I (Lys49 PLA2) and II (Asp49 PLA2) and their possible blockage by indomethacin. BthTX-I (5 microg/ml) and BthTX-II (5 microg/ml) increased perfusion pressure (PP; ct120=110.28+/-3.70 mmHg; BthTX I=171.28+/-6.30*mmHg; BthTX II=175.50+/-7.20*mmHg), renal vascular resistance (RVR; ct120=5.49+/-0.54 mmHg/ml.g(-1)min(-1); BthTX I=8.62+/-0.37*mmHg/ml g(-1)min(-1); BthTX II=8.9+/-0.36*mmHg/ml g(-1)min(-1)), urinary flow (UF; ct(120)=0.14+/-0.01ml g(-1)min(-1); BthTX I=0.32+/-0.05*ml g(-1)min(-1); BthTX II=0.37+/-0.01*ml g(-1)min(-1)) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR; ct120=0.72+/-0.10 ml g(-1)min(-1); BthTX I=0.85+/-0.13*ml g(-1)min(-1); BthTX II=1.22+/-0.28*ml g(-1)min(-1)). In contrast decreased the percent of sodium tubular transport (%TNa(+); ct(120)=79,76+/-0.56; BthTX I=62.23+/-4.12*; BthTX II=70.96+/-2.93*) and percent of potassium tubular transport (%TK(+);ct120=66.80+/-3.69; BthTX I=55.76+/-5.57*; BthTX II=50.86+/-6.16*). Indomethacin antagonized the vascular, glomerular and tubular effects promoted by BthTX I and it's partially blocked the effects of BthTX II. In this work also evaluated the antibacterial effects of BthTx-I and BthTx-II against Xanthomonas axonopodis. pv. passiflorae (Gram-negative bacteria) and we observed that both PLA2 showed antibacterial activity. Also we observed that proteins Also we observed that proteins chemically modified with 4-bromophenacyl bromide (rho-BPB) decrease significantly the antibacterial effect of both PLA2. In conclusion, BthTx I and BthTX II caused renal alteration and presented activity antimicrobial. The indomethacin was able to antagonize totally the renal effects induced by BthTx I and partially the effects promoted by BthTx II, suggesting involvement of inflammatory mediators in the renal effects caused by myotoxins. In the other hand, other effects could be independently of the enzymatic activity of the BthTX II and the C-terminal domain could be involved in both effects promoted for PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S F Barbosa
- Institute of Biomedicine and Clinical Research Unit, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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50
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Murakami MT, Arruda EZ, Melo PA, Martinez AB, Calil-Eliás S, Tomaz MA, Lomonte B, Gutiérrez JM, Arni RK. Inhibition of Myotoxic Activity of Bothrops asper Myotoxin II by the Anti-trypanosomal Drug Suramin. J Mol Biol 2005; 350:416-26. [PMID: 15961104 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2005.04.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2005] [Revised: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Suramin, a synthetic polysulfonated compound, developed initially for the treatment of African trypanosomiasis and onchocerciasis, is currently used for the treatment of several medically relevant disorders. Suramin, heparin, and other polyanions inhibit the myotoxic activity of Lys49 phospholipase A2 analogues both in vitro and in vivo, and are thus of potential importance as therapeutic agents in the treatment of viperid snake bites. Due to its conformational flexibility around the single bonds that link the central phenyl rings to the secondary amide backbone, the symmetrical suramin molecule binds by an induced-fit mechanism complementing the hydrophobic surfaces of the dimer and adopts a novel conformation that lacks C2 symmetry in the dimeric crystal structure of the suramin-Bothrops asper myotoxin II complex. The simultaneous binding of suramin at the surfaces of the two monomers partially restricts access to the nominal active sites and significantly changes the overall charge of the interfacial recognition face of the protein, resulting in the inhibition of myotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário T Murakami
- Departament of Physics, IBILCE/UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil
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