1
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Du S, Wey M, Armstrong DW. d-Amino acids in biological systems. Chirality 2023; 35:508-534. [PMID: 37074214 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Investigations on the occurrence and biochemical roles of free D-amino acids and D-amino acid-containing peptides and proteins in living systems have increased in frequency and significance. Their occurrence and roles may vary substantially with progression from microbiotic to evermore advanced macrobiotic systems. We now understand many of the biosynthetic and regulatory pathways, which are outlined herein. Important uses for D-amino acids in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates are reviewed. Given its importance, a separate section on the occurrence and role of D-amino acids in human disease is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Michael Wey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel W Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, USA
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2
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Xu X, Han L, Zheng Z, Zhao R, Li L, Shao X, Li G. Composite Multidimensional Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry for Improved Differentiation of Stereochemical Modifications. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2221-2228. [PMID: 36635260 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Stereochemical modifications (SCMs), mostly present in the form of d-amino acid substitution, have been increasingly identified from a wide range of neuropeptides and disease-associated biomarker proteins. Traditional mass spectrometry-based SCM identification has been effectively enhanced with technological and strategic advancements in ion mobility spectrometry. With the additional separation provided by ion mobility, SCM-induced structural changes can be probed both in theory and in practice, although the structural resolution for low-abundance SCMs still requires further improvement to enable accurate quantification or unambiguous identification of stereoisomers. Herein, we present a multi-component-enabled multidimensional ion mobility-mass spectrometry (3M-IM-MS) analytical workflow, based upon the metal-enhanced chiral amplification strategy we proposed previously (Nat. Commun., 2019, 5038). Notably, the 3M-IM-MS strategy comprises and features the powerful mathematical tools of continuous wavelet transform and Gaussian fitting-enabled peak splitting. Consequently, the resolving capability of ion mobility spectrometry for SCM analysis has been significantly enhanced, providing mobility profiles with baseline separation and more than fivefold improvement in resolving power and overall resolution. This study represents an alternative toward ultrahigh-resolution structural interrogation of mixtures with very small differences, featuring an important and long-lasting topic in chemical measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li Han
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhen Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, United States
| | - Xueguang Shao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Gongyu Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Biosensing and Molecular Recognition, Research Center for Analytical Science, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.,Haihe Laboratory of Sustainable Chemical Transformations, Tianjin 300192, China
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3
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Ishii C, Takizawa N, Akita T, Mita M, Ide T, Konno R, Hamase K. Off-line two-dimensional LC-MS/MS determination of tryptophan enantiomers in mammalian urine and alteration of their amounts in d-amino acid oxidase deficient mice. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Yussif BM, Checco JW. Evaluation of endogenous peptide stereochemistry using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based spiking experiments. Methods Enzymol 2022; 663:205-234. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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5
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Yamagishi H, Sato H, Kawamura I. Vibrational circular dichroism of D-amino acid-containing peptide NdWFamide in the crystal form. Chirality 2021; 33:652-659. [PMID: 34313360 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Microcrystals of l-Asn-d-Trp-l-Phe-NH2 (NdWFamide), a tripeptide derived from Aplysia kurodai that exhibits invertebrate cardiac activity, were evaluated by vibrational circular dichroism (VCD). The chirality of the tryptophan residue at the second position in NdWFamide was associated with the conformation and biological characteristics. The VCD spectrum of NdWFamide was a mirror image of its enantiomer; however, it was significantly different from that of its diastereomer, NWFamide, which is its precursor. The obtained VCD signals of NdWFamide were in good agreement with the VCD signals that were calculated based on the optimized aggregates of NdWFamide, which formed a helical-like backbone conformation. The evaluation of the VCD results revealed the conformation of NdWFamide in the crystalline state and succeeded in distinguishing its stereoisomers. Therefore, this study demonstrates VCD as a useful method for the structural analysis of naturally occurring d-amino acid-containing peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Yamagishi
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Hisako Sato
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan
| | - Izuru Kawamura
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, Yokohama, Japan
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6
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Mast DH, Checco JW, Sweedler JV. Advancing d-amino acid-containing peptide discovery in the metazoan. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1869:140553. [PMID: 33002629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of enzyme-derived d-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) that have physiological importance in the metazoan challenges previous assumptions about the homochirality of animal proteins while simultaneously revealing new analytical challenges in the structural and functional characterization of peptides. Most known DAACPs have been identified though laborious activity-guided purification studies or by homology to previously identified DAACPs. Peptide characterization experiments are increasingly dominated by high throughput mass spectrometry-based peptidomics, with stereochemistry rarely considered due to the technical challenges of identifying l/d isomerization. This review discusses the prevalence of enzyme-derived DAACPs among animals and the physiological consequences of peptide isomerization. Also highlighted are the analytical methods that have been applied for structural characterization/discovery of DAACPs, including results of several recent studies using non-targeted discovery methods for revealing novel DAACPs, strongly suggesting that more DAACPs remain to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H Mast
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - James W Checco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, United States.
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States.
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7
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Jimenez EC. D-Amino Acids in Peptides from Animals, Including Human: Occurrence, Structure, Bioactivity and Pharmacology. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:622-637. [PMID: 32338216 DOI: 10.2174/1389203721666200426233758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
All life forms typically possess homochirality, with rare exceptions. In the case of peptides and proteins, only L-amino acids are known to be encoded by genes. Nevertheless, D-amino acids have been identified in a variety of peptides, synthesized by animal cells. They include neuroexcitatory and neuroprotective peptides, cardioexcitatory peptides, hyperglycemic hormones, opioid peptides, antimicrobial peptides, natriuretic and defensin-like peptides, and fibrinopeptides. This article is a review of their occurrence, structure and bioactivity. It further explores the pharmacology and potential medical applications of some of the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsie C Jimenez
- Department of Physical Sciences, College of Science, University of the Philippines Baguio, Baguio City 2600, Philippines
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8
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Separation of D-amino acid-containing peptide phenylseptin using 3,3'-phenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl-18-crown-6-ether columns. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2020; 1868:140429. [PMID: 32298805 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2020.140429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) with antimicrobial, cardio-excitatory, or neuronal activities have been found in several species. Here, we demonstrated the chiral separation of the antimicrobial peptide diastereomers, D-phenylseptin and L-phenylseptin using (S) and (R) 3,3'-phenyl-1,1'-binaphthyl-18-crown-6-ether columns (CR-I (+) and CR-I (-), respectively) and also investigated the underlying mechanism. First, using D-amino acid-containing tripeptide Phe-Phe-Phe-OH, we found that CR-I (+) could be used to recognize diastereomeric tripeptides containing an L-amino acid as the first residue. On the contrary, CR-I (-) enabled separation of a series of diastereomers with D-amino acid as the first residue. Therefore, we achieved separation of the stereoisomers using the chiral columns depending on the position of the D- amino acid in the peptide and demonstrated the orthogonality of separations of the chiral columns. Then, using CR-I (+), we separated amphibian antimicrobial peptide diastereomers, L- and D-phenylseptin, which have the sequences, L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Phe and L-Phe-D-Phe-L-Phe at their N-termini, respectively. In order to understand the host-guest interactions, we performed molecular dynamics simulations for L-Phe-L-Phe-L-Phe tripeptide-CR-I molecule complex systems. Three hydrogen bonds between the N-terminal amine group -NH3+ and the crown ether oxygens were the dominant interactions. The hydrophobic interactions between phenyl-rings in the chiral selector unit of CR-I (+) and the side chains of 2nd and 3rd residues of the peptide also contributed to the affinity. Our results show that the CR-I (+)-column can be applied for the separation of endogenous DAACPs generated by the post-translational modification.
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9
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Li G, Delafield DG, Li L. Improved structural elucidation of peptide isomers and their receptors using advanced ion mobility-mass spectrometry. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.05.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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10
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Mast DH, Checco JW, Sweedler JV. Differential Post-Translational Amino Acid Isomerization Found among Neuropeptides in Aplysia californica. ACS Chem Biol 2020; 15:272-281. [PMID: 31877009 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
d-Amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) make up a class of post-translationally modified peptides in animals that play important roles as cell-to-cell signaling molecules. Despite the functional importance of l- to d-residue isomerization, little is known about its prevalence, mostly due to difficulties associated with detecting differences in peptide stereochemistry. Prior efforts to discover DAACPs have been largely focused on pursuing peptides based on homology to known DAACPs or DAACP-encoding precursors. Here, we used a combination of enzymatic screening, mass spectrometry, and chromatographic analysis to identify novel DAACPs in the central nervous system (CNS) of Aplysia californica. We identified five new DAACPs from the pleurin precursor and three DAACPs from previously uncharacterized proteins. In addition, two peptides from the pleurin precursor, Plrn2 and Plrn3, exist as DAACPs with the d-residue found at position 2 or 3. These differentially modified forms of Plrn2 and Plrn3 are located in specific regions of the animal's CNS. Plrn2 and Plrn3 appear to be the first animal DAACPs in which the d-residue is found at more than one position, and this suggests that l- to d-residue isomerization may be a more variable/dynamic modification than previously thought. Overall, this study demonstrates the utility of nontargeted DAACP discovery approaches for identifying new DAACPs and demonstrates that isomerization is prevalent throughout the CNS of A. californica.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Mast
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - James W. Checco
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Checco JW, Zhang G, Yuan WD, Le ZW, Jing J, Sweedler JV. Aplysia allatotropin-related peptide and its newly identified d-amino acid-containing epimer both activate a receptor and a neuronal target. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16862-16873. [PMID: 30194283 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
l- to d-residue isomerization is a post-translational modification (PTM) present in neuropeptides, peptide hormones, and peptide toxins from several animals. In most cases, the d-residue is critical for the biological function of the resulting d-amino acid-containing peptide (DAACP). Here, we provide an example in native neuropeptides in which the DAACP and its all-l-amino acid epimer are both active at their newly identified receptor in vitro and at a neuronal target associated with feeding behavior. On the basis of sequence similarity to a known DAACP from cone snail venom, we hypothesized that allatotropin-related peptide (ATRP), a neuropeptide from the neuroscience model organism Aplysia californica, may form multiple diastereomers in the Aplysia central nervous system. We determined that ATRP exists as a d-amino acid-containing peptide (d2-ATRP) and identified a specific G protein-coupled receptor as an ATRP receptor. Interestingly, unlike many previously reported DAACPs and their all-l-residue analogs, both l-ATRP and d2-ATRP were potent agonists of this receptor and active in electrophysiological experiments. Finally, d2-ATRP was much more stable than its all-l-residue counterpart in Aplysia plasma, suggesting that in the case of ATRP, the primary role of the l- to d-residue isomerization may be to protect this peptide from aminopeptidase activity in the extracellular space. Our results indicate that l- to d-residue isomerization can occur even in an all-l-residue peptide with a known biological activity and that in some cases, this PTM may help modulate peptide signal lifetime in the extracellular space rather than activity at the cognate receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Checco
- From the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and
| | - Guo Zhang
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Wang-Ding Yuan
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Zi-Wei Le
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Jian Jing
- the State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Institute for Brain Sciences, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Jonathan V Sweedler
- From the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and .,the Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801 and
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12
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Nakagawa H, Sekii K, Maezawa T, Kitamura M, Miyashita S, Abukawa M, Matsumoto M, Kobayashi K. A comprehensive comparison of sex-inducing activity in asexual worms of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis: the crucial sex-inducing substance appears to be present in yolk glands in Tricladida. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:14. [PMID: 29942643 PMCID: PMC5996458 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Turbellarian species can post-embryonically produce germ line cells from pluripotent stem cells called neoblasts, which enables some of them to switch between an asexual and a sexual state in response to environmental changes. Certain low-molecular-weight compounds contained in sexually mature animals act as sex-inducing substances that trigger post-embryonic germ cell development in asexual worms of the freshwater planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis (Tricladida). These sex-inducing substances may provide clues to the molecular mechanism of this reproductive switch. However, limited information about these sex-inducing substances is available. RESULTS Our assay system based on feeding sex-inducing substances to asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis is useful for evaluating sex-inducing activity. We used the freshwater planarians D. ryukyuensis and Bdellocephala brunnea (Tricladida), land planarian Bipalium nobile (Tricladida), and marine flatworm Thysanozoon brocchii (Polycladida) as sources of the sex-inducing substances. Using an assay system, we showed that the three Tricladida species had sufficient sex-inducing activity to fully induce hermaphroditic reproductive organs in asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis. However, the sex-inducing activity of T. brocchii was sufficient only to induce a pair of ovaries. We found that yolk glands, which are found in Tricladida but not Polycladida, may contain the sex-inducing substance that can fully sexualize asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that within Tricladida, there are one or more common compounds or functional analogs capable of fully sexualizing asexual worms of D. ryukyuensis; namely, the crucial sex-inducing substance (hydrophilic and heat-stable, but not a peptide) produced in yolk glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Nakagawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Kiyono Sekii
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Takanobu Maezawa
- Advanced Science Course, Department of Integrated Science and Technology, National Institute of Technology, Tsuyama College, 624-1 Numa, Tsuyama, Okayama, 708-8509 Japan
| | - Makoto Kitamura
- Center for Integrated Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582 Japan
| | - Soichiro Miyashita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Marina Abukawa
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
| | - Midori Matsumoto
- Department of Biosciences and Informatics, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, 223-8522 Japan
| | - Kazuya Kobayashi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8561 Japan
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13
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Checco JW, Zhang G, Yuan WD, Yu K, Yin SY, Roberts-Galbraith RH, Yau PM, Romanova EV, Jing J, Sweedler JV. Molecular and Physiological Characterization of a Receptor for d-Amino Acid-Containing Neuropeptides. ACS Chem Biol 2018. [PMID: 29543428 PMCID: PMC5962930 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Neuropeptides
in several animals undergo an unusual post-translational
modification, the isomerization of an amino acid residue from the l-stereoisomer to the d-stereoisomer. The resulting d-amino acid-containing peptide (DAACP) often displays biological
activity higher than that of its all-l-residue analogue,
with the d-residue being critical for function in many cases.
However, little is known about the full physiological roles played
by DAACPs, and few studies have examined the interaction of DAACPs
with their cognate receptors. Here, we characterized the signaling
of several DAACPs derived from a single neuropeptide prohormone, the Aplysia californica achatin-like neuropeptide precursor
(apALNP), at their putative receptor, the achatin-like neuropeptide
receptor (apALNR). We first used quantitative polymerase chain reaction
and in situ hybridization experiments to demonstrate
receptor (apALNR) expression throughout the central
nervous system; on the basis of the expression pattern, we identified
novel physiological functions that may be mediated by apALNR. To gain
insight into ligand signaling through apALNR, we created a library
of native and non-native neuropeptide analogues derived from apALNP
(the neuropeptide prohormone) and evaluated them for activity in cells
co-transfected with apALNR and the promiscuous Gα
subunit Gα-16. Several of these neuropeptide
analogues were also evaluated for their ability to induce circuit
activity in a well-defined neural network associated with feeding
behavior in intact ganglia from Aplysia. Our results
reveal the specificity of apALNR and provide strong evidence that
this receptor mediates diverse physiological functions throughout
the central nervous system. Finally, we show that some native apALNP-derived
DAACPs exhibit enhanced stability toward endogenous proteases, suggesting
that the d-residues in these DAACPs may increase the peptide
lifetime, in addition to influencing receptor specificity, in the
nervous system. Ultimately, these studies provide insight into signaling
at one of the few known DAACP-specific receptors and advance our understanding
of the roles that l- to d-residue isomerization
play in neuropeptide signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Checco
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Guo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wang-ding Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Si-yuan Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rachel H. Roberts-Galbraith
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Peter M. Yau
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, Protein Sciences Facility, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Elena V. Romanova
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Fouque KJD, Garabedian A, Porter J, Baird M, Pang X, Williams TD, Li L, Shvartsburg A, Fernandez-Lima F. Fast and Effective Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry Separation of d-Amino-Acid-Containing Peptides. Anal Chem 2017; 89:11787-11794. [PMID: 28982001 PMCID: PMC5677546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite often minute concentrations in vivo, d-amino acid containing peptides (DAACPs) are crucial to many life processes. Standard proteomics protocols fail to detect them as d/l substitutions do not affect the peptide parent and fragment masses. The differences in fragment yields are often limited, obstructing the investigations of important but low abundance epimers in isomeric mixtures. Separation of d/l-peptides using ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) was impeded by small collision cross section differences (commonly ∼1%). Here, broad baseline separation of DAACPs with up to ∼30 residues employing trapped IMS with resolving power up to ∼340, followed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry is demonstrated. The d/l-pairs coeluting in one charge state were resolved in another, and epimers merged as protonated species were resolved upon metalation, effectively turning the charge state and cationization mode into extra separation dimensions. Linear quantification down to 0.25% proved the utility of high resolution IMS-MS for real samples with large interisomeric dynamic range. Very close relative mobilities found for DAACP pairs using traveling-wave IMS (TWIMS) with different ion sources and faster IMS separations showed the transferability of results across IMS platforms. Fragmentation of epimers can enhance their identification and further improve detection and quantification limits, and we demonstrate the advantages of online mobility separated collision-induced dissociation (CID) followed by high resolution mass spectrometry (TIMS-CID-MS) for epimer analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Jeanne Dit Fouque
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Alyssa Garabedian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Jacob Porter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Matthew Baird
- Department of Chemistry, Wichita State University, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Xueqin Pang
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Todd D. Williams
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy and Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | | | - Francisco Fernandez-Lima
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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15
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Jansson ET. Strategies for analysis of isomeric peptides. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:385-397. [PMID: 28922569 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review presents an overview and recent progress of strategies for detecting isomerism in peptides, with focus on d/l epimerization and the various isomers that the presence of an aspartic acid residue may yield in a protein or peptide. While mass spectrometry has become a majorly used method of choice within proteomics, isomerism is inherently difficult to analyze because it is a modification that does not yield any change in mass of the analyte. Here, several techniques used for analysis of peptide isomerism are discussed, including enzymatic assays, liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. Recent progress in method development using mass spectrometry is also discussed, including labeling strategies, fragmentation techniques, and ion-mobility spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik T Jansson
- Department of Chemistry-BMC, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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Ahn SJ, Martin R, Rao S, Choi MY. Neuropeptides predicted from the transcriptome analysis of the gray garden slug Deroceras reticulatum. Peptides 2017; 93:51-65. [PMID: 28502716 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The gray garden slug, Deroceras reticulatum (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), is one of the most common terrestrial molluscs. Research for this slug has focused mainly on its ecology, biology, and management due to the severe damage it causes on a wide range of vegetables and field crops. However, little is known about neuropeptides and hormonal signalings. This study, therefore, aimed to establish the transcriptome of D. reticulatum and to identify a comprehensive repertoire of neuropeptides in this slug. Illumina high-throughput sequencing of the whole body transcriptome of D. reticulatum generated a total of 5.9 billion raw paired-end reads. De novo assembly by Trinity resulted in 143,575 transcripts and further filtration selected 120,553 unigenes. Gene Ontology (GO) terms were assigned to 30,588 unigenes, composed of biological processes (36.9%), cellular components (30.2%) and molecular functions (32.9%). Functional annotation by BLASTx revealed 39,987 unigenes with hits, which were further categorized into important functional groups based on sequence abundance. Neuropeptides, ion channels, ribosomal proteins, G protein-coupled receptors, detoxification, immunity and cytoskeleton-related sequences were dominant among the transcripts. BLAST searches and PCR amplification were used to identify 65 putative neuropeptide precursor genes from the D. reticulatum transcriptome, which include achatin, AKH, allatostatin A, B and C, allatotropin, APGWamide, CCAP, cerebrin, conopressin, cysteine-knot protein hormones (bursicon alpha/beta and GPA2/GPB5), elevenin, FCAP, FFamide, FVamide (enterin, fulicin, MIP and PRQFVamide), GGNG, GnRH, insulin, NdWFamide, NKY, PKYMDT, PRXamide (myomodulin, pleurin and sCAP), RFamide (CCK/SK, FMRFamide, FxRIamide, LFRFamide, luqin and NPF), and tachykinin. Over 330 putative peptides were encoded by these precursors. Comparative analysis among different molluscan species clearly revealed that, while D. reticulatum neuropeptide sequences are conserved in Mollusca, there are also some unique features distinct from other members of this species. This is the first transcriptome-wide report of neuropeptides in terrestrial slugs. Our results provide comprehensive transcriptome data of the gray garden slug, with a more detailed focus on the rich repertoire of putative neuropeptide sequences, laying the foundation for molecular studies in this terrestrial slug pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Joon Ahn
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit,3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA; Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ruth Martin
- USDA-ARS Forage Seed and Cereal Research Unit, 3450 SW Campus Way, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Sujaya Rao
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Man-Yeon Choi
- USDA-ARS Horticultural Crops Research Unit,3420 NW Orchard Avenue, Corvallis, OR, 97330, USA.
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17
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The identification of ᴅ-tryptophan as a bioactive substance for postembryonic ovarian development in the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45175. [PMID: 28338057 PMCID: PMC5364533 DOI: 10.1038/srep45175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Many metazoans start germ cell development during embryogenesis, while some metazoans possessing pluripotent stem cells undergo postembryonic germ cell development. The latter reproduce asexually but develop germ cells from pluripotent stem cells or dormant primordial germ cells when they reproduce sexually. Sexual induction of the planarian Dugesia ryukyuensis is an important model for postembryonic germ cell development. In this experimental system, hermaphroditic reproductive organs are differentiated in presumptive gonadal regions by the administration of a crude extract from sexual planarians to asexual ones. However, the substances involved in the first event during postembryonic germ cell development, i.e., ovarian development, remain unknown. Here, we aimed to identify a bioactive compound associated with postembryonic ovarian development. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified ʟ-tryptophan (Trp) on the basis of electrospray ionization–mass spectrometry, circular dichroism, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Originally masked by a large amount of ʟ-Trp, ᴅ-Trp was detected by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The ovary-inducing activity of ᴅ-Trp was 500 times more potent than that of ʟ-Trp. This is the first report describing a role for an intrinsic ᴅ-amino acid in postembryonic germ cell development. Our findings provide a novel insight into the mechanisms of germ cell development regulated by low-molecular weight bioactive compounds.
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18
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Pang X, Jia C, Chen Z, Li L. Structural Characterization of Monomers and Oligomers of D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides Using T-Wave Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:110-118. [PMID: 27822705 PMCID: PMC5177490 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-016-1523-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The D-residues are crucial to biological function of D-amino acid containing peptides (DAACPs). Previous ion mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) studies revealing oligomerization patterns of amyloid cascade demonstrated conversion from native soluble unstructured assembly to fibril ß-sheet oligomers, which has been implicated in amyloid diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and type 2 diabetes. Although neuropeptides are typically present at very low concentrations in circulation, their local concentrations could be much higher in large dense core vesicles, forming dimers or oligomers. We studied the oligomerization of protonated and metal-adducted achatin I and dermorphin peptide isomers with IM-MS. Our results suggested that dimerization, oligomerization, and metal adduction augment the structural differences between D/L peptide isomers compared to protonated monomers. Dimers and oligomers enhanced the structural differences between D/L peptide isomers in both aqueous and organic solvent system. Furthermore, some oligomer forms were only observed for either D- or L-isomers, indicating the importance of chiral center in oligomerization process. The oligomerization patterns of D/L isomers appear to be similar. Potassium adducts were detected to enlarge the structural differences between D/L isomers. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Pang
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Chenxi Jia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- National Center for Protein Sciences-Beijing, Beijing Proteome Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China.
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19
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Livnat I, Tai HC, Jansson ET, Bai L, Romanova EV, Chen TT, Yu K, Chen SA, Zhang Y, Wang ZY, Liu DD, Weiss KR, Jing J, Sweedler JV. A d-Amino Acid-Containing Neuropeptide Discovery Funnel. Anal Chem 2016; 88:11868-11876. [PMID: 27788334 PMCID: PMC5144109 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
![]()
A receptor binding
class of d-amino acid-containing peptides
(DAACPs) is formed in animals from an enzymatically mediated post-translational
modification of ribosomally translated all-l-amino acid peptides.
Although this modification can be required for biological actions,
detecting it is challenging because DAACPs have the same mass as their
all-l-amino acid counterparts. We developed a suite of mass
spectrometry (MS) protocols for the nontargeted discovery of DAACPs
and validated their effectiveness using neurons from Aplysia
californica. The approach involves the following three steps,
with each confirming and refining the hits found in the prior step.
The first step is screening for peptides resistant to digestion by
aminopeptidase M. The second verifies the presence of a chiral amino
acid via acid hydrolysis in deuterium chloride, labeling with Marfey’s
reagent, and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to determine
the chirality of each amino acid. The third involves synthesizing
the putative DAACPs and comparing them to the endogenous standards.
Advantages of the method, the d-amino acid-containing neuropeptide
discovery funnel, are that it is capable of detecting the d-form of any common chiral amino acid, and the first two steps do
not require peptide standards. Using these protocols, we report that
two peptides from the Aplysia achatin-like neuropeptide
precursor exist as GdYFD and SdYADSKDEESNAALSDFA.
Interestingly, GdYFD was bioactive in the Aplysia feeding and locomotor circuits but SdYADSKDEESNAALSDFA
was not. The discovery funnel provides an effective means to characterize
DAACPs in the nervous systems of animals in a nontargeted manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Song-An Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China
| | - Klaudiusz R Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
| | - Jian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University , Nanjing, Jiangsu 210046, China.,Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, New York 10029, United States
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20
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Yang CY, Yu K, Wang Y, Chen SA, Liu DD, Wang ZY, Su YN, Yang SZ, Chen TT, Livnat I, Vilim FS, Cropper EC, Weiss KR, Sweedler JV, Jing J. Aplysia Locomotion: Network and Behavioral Actions of GdFFD, a D-Amino Acid-Containing Neuropeptide. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147335. [PMID: 26796097 PMCID: PMC4721866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
One emerging principle is that neuromodulators, such as neuropeptides, regulate multiple behaviors, particularly motivated behaviors, e.g., feeding and locomotion. However, how neuromodulators act on multiple neural networks to exert their actions remains poorly understood. These actions depend on the chemical form of the peptide, e.g., an alternation of L- to D- form of an amino acid can endow the peptide with bioactivity, as is the case for the Aplysia peptide GdFFD (where dF indicates D-phenylalanine). GdFFD has been shown to act as an extrinsic neuromodulator in the feeding network, while the all L-amino acid form, GFFD, was not bioactive. Given that both GdFFD/GFFD are also present in pedal neurons that mediate locomotion, we sought to determine whether they impact locomotion. We first examined effects of both peptides on isolated ganglia, and monitored fictive programs using the parapedal commissural nerve (PPCN). Indeed, GdFFD was bioactive and GFFD was not. GdFFD increased the frequency with which neural activity was observed in the PPCN. In part, there was an increase in bursting spiking activity that resembled fictive locomotion. Additionally, there was significant activity between bursts. To determine how the peptide-induced activity in the isolated CNS is translated into behavior, we recorded animal movements, and developed a computer program to automatically track the animal and calculate the path of movement and velocity of locomotion. We found that GdFFD significantly reduced locomotion and induced a foot curl. These data suggest that the increase in PPCN activity observed in the isolated CNS during GdFFD application corresponds to a reduction, rather than an increase, in locomotion. In contrast, GFFD had no effect. Thus, our study suggests that GdFFD may act as an intrinsic neuromodulator in the Aplysia locomotor network. More generally, our study indicates that physiological and behavioral analyses should be combined to evaluate peptide actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ke Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Song-An Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dan-Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zheng-Yang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan-Nan Su
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shao-Zhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Itamar Livnat
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Ferdinand S. Vilim
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth C. Cropper
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Klaudiusz R. Weiss
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jonathan V. Sweedler
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, Advanced Institute for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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21
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Zatylny-Gaudin C, Cornet V, Leduc A, Zanuttini B, Corre E, Le Corguillé G, Bernay B, Garderes J, Kraut A, Couté Y, Henry J. Neuropeptidome of the Cephalopod Sepia officinalis: Identification, Tissue Mapping, and Expression Pattern of Neuropeptides and Neurohormones during Egg Laying. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:48-67. [PMID: 26632866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cephalopods exhibit a wide variety of behaviors such as prey capture, communication, camouflage, and reproduction thanks to a complex central nervous system (CNS) divided into several functional lobes that express a wide range of neuropeptides involved in the modulation of behaviors and physiological mechanisms associated with the main stages of their life cycle. This work focuses on the neuropeptidome expressed during egg-laying through de novo construction of the CNS transcriptome using an RNAseq approach (Illumina sequencing). Then, we completed the in silico analysis of the transcriptome by characterizing and tissue-mapping neuropeptides by mass spectrometry. To identify neuropeptides involved in the egg-laying process, we determined (1) the neuropeptide contents of the neurohemal area, hemolymph (blood), and nerve endings in mature females and (2) the expression levels of these peptides. Among the 38 neuropeptide families identified from 55 transcripts, 30 were described for the first time in Sepia officinalis, 5 were described for the first time in the animal kingdom, and 14 were strongly overexpressed in egg-laying females as compared with mature males. Mass spectrometry screening of hemolymph and nerve ending contents allowed us to clarify the status of many neuropeptides, that is, to determine whether they were neuromodulators or neurohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Zatylny-Gaudin
- Normandy University , F-14032 Caen, France.,Normandy University , UMR BOREA MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Valérie Cornet
- Normandy University , F-14032 Caen, France.,Normandy University , UMR BOREA MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Alexandre Leduc
- Normandy University , F-14032 Caen, France.,Normandy University , UMR BOREA MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Bruno Zanuttini
- Normandy University , GREYC, UMR CNRS 6072, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Erwan Corre
- UPMC, CNRS, FR2424, ABiMS, Station Biologique, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | | | - Benoît Bernay
- Normandy University , F-14032 Caen, France.,Post Genomic Platform PROTEOGEN, Normandy University , SF ICORE 4206, F-14032 Caen, France
| | - Johan Garderes
- Center for Marine Research, "Ruder Boskovic" Institute , HR-52210 Rovinj, Croatia
| | - Alexandra Kraut
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Yohan Couté
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes , iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,CEA, iRTSV-BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France.,INSERM, BGE, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Joël Henry
- Normandy University , F-14032 Caen, France.,Normandy University , UMR BOREA MNHN, UPMC, UCBN, CNRS-7208, IRD-207, F-14032 Caen, France.,Post Genomic Platform PROTEOGEN, Normandy University , SF ICORE 4206, F-14032 Caen, France
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22
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The stereoselective separation of serine containing peptides by zwitterionic ion exchanger type chiral stationary phases and the study of serine racemization mechanisms by isotope exchange and tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 116:123-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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23
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Ollivaux C, Soyez D, Toullec JY. Biogenesis of d
-amino acid containing peptides/proteins: where, when and how? J Pept Sci 2014; 20:595-612. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ollivaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227; Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
- CNRS, UMR 8227; Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
| | - Daniel Soyez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, ER3; Biogenèse des signaux peptidiques; 7 Quai Saint Bernard F-75251 Paris cedex 05 France
- CNRS, ER3; Biogenèse des signaux peptidiques; 7 Quai Saint Bernard F-75251 Paris cedex 05 France
| | - Jean-Yves Toullec
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7144; Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
- CNRS, UMR 7144; Adaptation et Diversité en Milieu Marin, Station Biologique de Roscoff; CS 90074, F-29688 Roscoff cedex France
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24
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Bai L, Livnat I, Romanova EV, Alexeeva V, Yau PM, Vilim FS, Weiss KR, Jing J, Sweedler JV. Characterization of GdFFD, a D-amino acid-containing neuropeptide that functions as an extrinsic modulator of the Aplysia feeding circuit. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:32837-51. [PMID: 24078634 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.486670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
During eukaryotic translation, peptides/proteins are created using L-amino acids. However, a D-amino acid-containing peptide (DAACP) can be produced through post-translational modification via an isomerase enzyme. General approaches to identify novel DAACPs and investigate their function, particularly in specific neural circuits, are lacking. This is primarily due to the difficulty in characterizing this modification and due to the limited information on neural circuits in most species. We describe a multipronged approach to overcome these limitations using the sea slug Aplysia californica. Based on bioinformatics and homology to known DAACPs in the land snail Achatina fulica, we targeted two predicted peptides in Aplysia, GFFD, similar to achatin-I (GdFAD versus GFAD, where dF stands for D-phenylalanine), and YAEFLa, identical to fulyal (YdAEFLa versus YAEFLa), using stereoselective analytical methods, i.e. MALDI MS fragmentation analysis and LC-MS/MS. Although YAEFLa in Aplysia was detected only in an all L-form, we found that both GFFD and GdFFD were present in the Aplysia CNS. In situ hybridization and immunolabeling of GFFD/GdFFD-positive neurons and fibers suggested that GFFD/GdFFD might act as an extrinsic modulator of the feeding circuit. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that GdFFD induced robust activity in the feeding circuit and elicited egestive motor patterns. In contrast, the peptide consisting of all L-amino acids, GFFD, was not bioactive. Our data indicate that the modification of an L-amino acid-containing neuropeptide to a DAACP is essential for peptide bioactivity in a motor circuit, and thus it provides a functional significance to this modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- From the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Morishita F, Furukawa Y, Matsushima O. Molecular cloning of two distinct precursor genes of NdWFamide, a d-tryptophan-containing neuropeptide of the sea hare, Aplysia kurodai. Peptides 2012; 38:291-301. [PMID: 23000476 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
NdWFamide (NdWFa) is a D-tryptophan-containing cardioexcitatory neuropeptide in gastropod mollusks, such as Aplysia kurodai and Lymanea stagnalis. In this study, we have cloned two cDNA encoding distinct precursors for NdWFa from the abdominal ganglion of A. kurodai. One of the predicted precursor proteins consisted of 90 amino acids (NWF90), and the other consisted of 87 amino acids (NWF87). Both of the predicted precursor proteins have one NWFGKR sequence preceded by the N-terminal signal peptide. Sequential double staining by in situ hybridization (ISH) and immunostaining with anti-NdWFa antibody suggested that NdWFa-precursor and NdWFa peptide co-exist in neurons located in the right-upper quadrant region of the abdominal ganglion. In ISH, NWF90-specific signal and NWF87-specific one were found in different subsets of neurons in the abdominal ganglia of Aplysia. The expression level of NWF90 gene estimated by RT-PCR is much higher than that of NWF87 gene. These results suggest that NWF90 precursor is the major source of NdWFa in Aplysia ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Morishita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan.
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Matsuo R, Kobayashi S, Morishita F, Ito E. Expression of Asn-d-Trp-Phe-NH2 in the brain of the terrestrial slug Limax valentianus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2011; 160:89-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2011.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Revised: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
Endoreplication is DNA synthesis without cell division. Giant neurons observed in the brains of mollusks are thought to be generated as a result of DNA endoreplication. It has been hypothesized that neuronal size becomes larger in parallel with an increase in body size and that DNA endoreplication is involved in this process to meet the increasing demand for macromolecules in neurons. There is, however, no experimental evidence for this hypothesis to date. In the present study, we investigated the following quantitatively: (1) the size of the brain and each ganglion, (2) the size of identified neurons, (3) the total number of neurons undergoing DNA endoreplication, (4) the total number of the neurons containing a cardioexcitatory peptide, and (5) the gene expression level per neuron, using terrestrial slugs whose body growth was regulated through the amount of food supplied in the laboratory. The body growth was accompanied by increases in the sizes of both neurons and ganglia and triggered more frequent DNA endoreplication events in each ganglion of the growth-promoted slugs, without increasing the total number of neurons. Increase in the neuronal size also involved the increase in the amount of transcripts expressed in a single neuron. This is the first quantitative evidence showing that the DNA endoreplication, neuronal size, and gene expression are increased concomitantly with body growth in adult mollusks.
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Veenstra JA. Neuropeptide evolution: neurohormones and neuropeptides predicted from the genomes of Capitella teleta and Helobdella robusta. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 171:160-75. [PMID: 21241702 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Genes encoding neurohormones and neuropeptide precursors were identified in the genomes of two annelids, the leech Helobdella robusta and the polychaete worm Capitella teleta. Although no neuropeptides have been identified from these two species and relatively few neuropeptides from annelids in general, 43 and 35 such genes were found in Capitella and Helobdella, respectively. The predicted peptidomes of these two species are similar to one another and also similar to those of mollusks, particular in the case of Capitella. Helobdella seems to have less neuropeptide genes than Capitella and it lacks the glycoprotein hormones bursicon and GPA2/GPB5; in both cases the genes coding the two subunits as well as the genes coding their receptors are absent from its genome. In Helobdella several neuropeptide genes are duplicated, thus it has five NPY genes, including one pseudogene, as well as four genes coding Wwamides (allatostatin B). Genes coding achatin, allatotropin, allatostatin C, conopressin, FFamide, FLamide, FMRFamide, GGRFamide, GnRH, myomodulin, NPY, pedal peptides, RGWamide (a likely APGWamide homolog), RXDLamide, VR(F/I)amide, WWamide were found in both species, while genes coding cerebrin, elevenin, GGNG, LFRWamide, LRFYamide, luqin, lymnokinin and tachykinin were only found in Capitella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- Université de Bordeaux, INCIA UMR 5287 CNRS, 33400 Talence, France.
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Bai L, Romanova EV, Sweedler JV. Distinguishing endogenous D-amino acid-containing neuropeptides in individual neurons using tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2794-800. [PMID: 21388150 DOI: 10.1021/ac200142m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
RNA-based protein synthesis produces L-amino acid-containing proteins and peptides. D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) can be generated from L-amino acid peptides via post-translational modification. In the nervous system, the conformational change of a single L-amino acid in a peptide to its D-form results in altered bioactivity, with some DAACPs having orders-of-magnitude enhanced efficacy. However, this modification is often overlooked when characterizing endogenous peptides. Here, with the use of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF)/TOF mass spectrometry, neuropeptides that have the second residue isomerized to the D-isoform are distinguished from their L-epimers via differences in the relative amounts of specific fragment ions during tandem MS. With the appropriate fragment ions chosen, and in some cases with the use of metal adducts, epimer discrimination is optimized. Specifically, the cardioexcitatory peptide Asn-(D)Trp-Phe-amide (NdWFa) was assayed directly from neurons isolated from the sea slug Aplysia californica; the fraction of the peptide with the second residue (W) in the D- versus L-form was 90 ± 10%. We demonstrate that this approach is well suited for confirming DAACPs directly from cells and tissue, advancing our understanding of the l to d modification and the role it plays in cell-to-cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Veenstra JA. Neurohormones and neuropeptides encoded by the genome of Lottia gigantea, with reference to other mollusks and insects. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2010; 167:86-103. [PMID: 20171220 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Lottia gigantea genome was prospected for the presence of genes coding neuropeptides and neurohormones. Four genes code insulin-related peptides: two genes code molluscan insulin-like growth hormones, one gene an insulin very similar to vertebrate insulin, and the fourth a peptide related to drosophila insulin-like peptide 7. Four other genes encode the cysteine-knot proteins GPA2/GPB5 and bursicon/parabursicon. Another 37 genes code for precursors of the following neuropeptides: achatin, APGWamide, allatostatin C, allatotropin, buccalin (perhaps an allatostatin A homolog), cerebrin, CCAP, conopressin, elevenin (the predicted neuropeptide made by abdominal neuron 11 in Aplysia), egg laying hormone (two genes), enterin, feeding circuit activating neuropeptide (FCAP), FFamide, FMRFamide, GGNG, a GnRH-like peptide, the newly discovered LASGLVamide, LFRFamide, LFRYamide, LRNFVamide, luqin, lymnokinin, myomodulin (two genes), the newly discovered NKY, NPY, pedal peptide (three genes), PKYMDT, pleurin, PXFVamide, small cardioactive peptides, tachykinins (two genes) and WWamide (an allatostatin B homolog). One gene was found to encode FWISamide, while about 20 closely related genes were found to encode WWFamide. These small neuropeptides appear homologous to the NdWFamide, which contains d-Trp; these genes are similar to the Aplysia gene encoding NWFamide. Some of these peptides had not been previously identified from mollusks, such as the predicted hormones similar to Drosophila and vertebrate insulins, bursicon, the putative proctolin homolog PKYMDT and allatostatin C. Together with neuropeptides which are likely homologs of other insect neuropeptides, such as cerebrin and WWamide, this shows that despite significant differences the molluscan and arthropod neuropeptidomes are more similar than generally recognized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan A Veenstra
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, CNIC UMR 5228, 33400 Talence, France.
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Ollivaux C, Gallois D, Amiche M, Boscaméric M, Soyez D. Molecular and cellular specificity of post-translational aminoacyl isomerization in the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone family. FEBS J 2009; 276:4790-802. [PMID: 19664061 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07180.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
D-aminoacyl residues have been detected in various animal peptides from several taxa, especially vertebrates and arthropods. This unusual polymorphism was shown to occur in isoforms of the crustacean hyperglycaemic hormone (CHH) of the American lobster because a D-phenylalanyl residue was found in position 3 of the sequence (CHH and D-Phe3 CHH). In the present study, we report the detailed strategy used to characterize, in the lobster neuroendocrine system, isomers of another member of the CHH family, vitellogenesis inhibiting hormone (VIH). We have demonstrated that the fourth residue is either an L- or a D- tryptophanyl residue (VIH and D-Trp4 VIH). Furthermore, use of antisera specifically recognizing the epimers of CHH and VIH reveals that aminoacyl isomerization occurs in specialized cells of the X organ-sinus gland neurosecretory system and that the D-forms of the two neuropeptides are not only present in the same cells, but, importantly, also are co-packaged within the same secretory vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Ollivaux
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, UMR 7150 Mer et Santé, Equipe Physiologie Comparée des Erythrocytes, Station Biologique de Roscoff, France.
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Bai L, Sheeley S, Sweedler JV. Analysis of Endogenous D-Amino Acid-Containing Peptides in Metazoa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 1:7-24. [PMID: 20490347 DOI: 10.1007/s12566-009-0001-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Peptides are chiral molecules with their structure determined by the composition and configuration of their amino acid building blocks. The naturally occurring amino acids, except glycine, possess two chiral forms. This allows the formation of multiple peptide diastereomers that have the same sequence. Although living organisms use L-amino acids to make proteins, a group of D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) has been discovered in animals that have at least one of their residues isomerized to the D-form via an enzyme-catalyzed process. In many cases, the biological functions of these peptides are enhanced due to this structural conversion. These DAACPs are different from those known to occur in bacterial cell wall and antibiotic peptides, the latter of which are synthesized in a ribosome-independent manner. DAACPs have now also been identified in a number of distinct groups throughout the Metazoa. Their serendipitous discovery has often resulted from discrepancies observed in bioassays or in chromatographic behavior between natural peptide fractions and peptides synthesized according to a presumed all-L sequence. Because this L-to-D post-translational modification is subtle and not detectable by most sequence determination approaches, it is reasonable to suspect that many studies have overlooked this change; accordingly, DAACPs may be more prevalent than currently thought. Although diastereomer separation techniques developed with synthetic peptides in recent years have greatly aided in the discovery of natural DAACPs, there is a need for new, more robust methods for naturally complex samples. In this review, a brief history of DAACPs in animals is presented, followed by discussion of a variety of analytical methods that have been used for diastereomeric separation and detection of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Bai
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Song Y, Liu YM. Quantitation of cardioexcitatory Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH2 diastereomers in Aplysia's central nervous system by nanoscale liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2008; 43:1285-1290. [PMID: 18416437 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A tripeptide, Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH(2) (NdWFa) that contains a D-amino acid residue (i.e. D-tryptophan) was previously identified in Aplysia's central nervous system (CNS) and found to be cardioexcitatory. However, the occurrence of its diastereomers including NWFa, theoretically the precursor of NdWFa, remains largely unknown. In this work, a nanoscale liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (nano-LC-MS/MS) method was developed for a sensitive determination of the diastereomers of NWFa. Resolution of the diastereomers including NWFa, NdWFa, NWdFa, and dNWFa was achieved on capillary columns packed with C(18) silica particles with an MS detection-friendly mobile phase consisting of water, acetonitrile, and formic acid. Columns of different internal diameters (IDs) ranging from 75 to 250 microm were evaluated to achieve the best sensitivity. With the use of a 75 microm ID column integrated with a nanoelectrospray emitter, the method had limits of detection (LOD) of 0.21 nM (or 0.49 pg on column, 5 microl injected) NdWFa in tissue homogenate (S/N=3). The five major ganglia in Aplysia californica's CNS (i.e. buccal, cerebral, abdominal, plural, and pedal) were analyzed. NdWFa was detected only in abdominal ganglion at the ng/g tissue level. Further, its diastereomer, NWFa, was also detected for the first time and also only in abdominal ganglion at a significantly lower level. The levels of both NWFa and NdWFa varied from animal to animal in the range from 0 to 81 ng/g tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Song
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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34
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Ewing MA, Wang J, Sheeley SA, Sweedler JV. Detecting D-amino acid-containing neuropeptides using selective enzymatic digestion. Anal Chem 2008; 80:2874-80. [PMID: 18341354 DOI: 10.1021/ac7025173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides, gene products that undergo extensive post-translational modification (PTM), are frequently characterized using mass spectrometry (MS). One PTM in particular, the conversion of an L-amino acid to a D-amino acid, has no associated mass shift. Therefore, this PTM is difficult to evaluate using MS alone, especially in complex peptide mixtures. Here, enzymatic digestion using microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase is combined with MS characterization. This enzyme selectively degrades peptides lacking a D-amino acid in the second position from the N-terminus. By comparing a sample before and after digestion, D-amino acid-containing peptides (DAACPs) present in small quantities in a complex mixture can be identified, even among much larger quantities of other non-DAACPs. Protocols that use microsomal alanyl aminopeptidase as a discovery-enabling agent are described and validated by identifying a known DAACP from the Aplysia californica abdominal ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Ewing
- Department of Chemistry and the Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Sheeley SA, Miao H, Ewing MA, Rubakhin SS, Sweedler JV. Measuring D-amino acid-containing neuropeptides with capillary electrophoresis. Analyst 2005; 130:1198-203. [PMID: 16021220 DOI: 10.1039/b504717j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides are heavily posttranslationally modified (PTM) gene products that are often characterized by a variety of mass spectrometric approaches. Recently, the occurrence of amino acids in the D-form has been documented in several neuropeptides. As this modification has no associated mass shift, this particular PTM is difficult to evaluate using mass spectrometry (MS) alone. Here we demonstrate several approaches using capillary electrophoresis (CE) with absorbance and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) for the separation of native and derivatized molluscan peptides containing D-amino acids. The combination of peptide derivatization followed by CE/LIF is well suited for single cell measurements because of its ability to characterize the peptides in such small samples. In order to verify this approach, the D-Trp-containing peptide NdWFa (NH2-Asn-D-Trp-Phe-CONH2), present in individual neurons from the marine mollusk Aplysia californica, has been characterized. The mass spectra show that NdWFa and/or NWFa are present in specific neurons; CE/LIF analysis of these cells demonstrates that NdWFa is the dominant form of the peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sheeley
- Department of Chemistry & Beckman Institute, University of Illinois, 600 South Mathews Ave., 63-5, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Sasaki K, Morishita F, Furukawa Y. Peptidergic innervation of the vasoconstrictor muscle of the abdominal aorta inAplysia kurodai. J Exp Biol 2004; 207:4439-50. [PMID: 15557029 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARYThe arterial system of the marine mollusc Aplysia consists of three major arteries. One of them, the abdominal aorta, has a sphincter (the vasoconstrictor muscle) at the base of the artery. Contraction of this muscle reduces the blood flow into the abdominal aorta, thereby, playing a role in the regulation of the blood distribution in Aplysia. Here, we show the contractility of the vasoconstrictor muscle is modulated by three types of endogenous peptides, Aplysia mytilus inhibitory peptide-related peptides (AMRP), enterin and NdWFamide. Immunohistochemistry showed that putative neuronal processes containing the three peptides exist in the vasoconstrictor muscle. Enterin inhibited the muscle contraction elicited by the nerve stimulation or the application of a putative excitatory transmitter,acetylcholine (ACh). Enterin hyperpolarized the resting potential of the muscle and decreased the amplitude of the excitatory junction potential (EJP). AMRP also inhibited the nerve-evoked contraction although its action on the ACh-induced contraction was variable. AMRP also reduced the size of EJP, but had no effect on the resting potential of the muscle. NdWFamide enhanced the nerve-evoked contraction but not the ACh-induced contraction. NdWFamide augmented EJP without affecting the resting potential of the muscle. These results suggest that AMRP, enterin and NdWFamide are endogenous modulators of the contractile activity of the vasoconstrictor muscle, and that the peptidergic innervations of this muscle contribute to fine tuning of the blood distribution in Aplysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sasaki
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Morishita F, Minakata H, Sasaki K, Tada K, Furukawa Y, Matsushima O, Mukai ST, Saleuddin ASM. Distribution and function of an Aplysia cardioexcitatory peptide, NdWFamide, in pulmonate snails. Peptides 2003; 24:1533-44. [PMID: 14706532 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2003.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The distribution and function of an Aplysia cardioexcitatory peptide, NdWFamide, were examined in the nervous system of pulmonate snails. We chemically identified the authentic NdWFamide from a land snail (Euhadra congenita) and a freshwater snail (Lymnaea stagnalis). NdWFamide potentiated the heartbeat of those snails. Immunohistochemistry using anti-NdWFamide antibody demonstrated the distribution of NdWFamide-containing neurons and fibers in the central nervous system, as well as peripheral tissues, such as the cardiovascular region and accessory sex organs. These results suggest that NdWFamide is a neuropeptide mediating the neural regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular and reproductive systems of snails.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morishita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, 739-8526, Hiroshima, Japan.
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Morishita F, Nakanishi Y, Sasaki K, Kanemaru K, Furukawa Y, Matsushima O. Distribution of the Aplysia cardioexcitatory peptide, NdWFamide, in the central and peripheral nervous systems of Aplysia. Cell Tissue Res 2003; 312:95-111. [PMID: 12712320 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-003-0707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2002] [Accepted: 01/28/2003] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
NdWFamide is an Aplysia cardioexcitatory tri-peptide containing D-tryptophan. To investigate the roles of this peptide, we examined the immunohistochemical distribution of NdWFamide-positive neurons in Aplysia tissues. All the ganglia of the central nervous system (CNS) contained NdWFamide-positive neurons. In particular, two left upper quadrant cells in the abdominal ganglion, and the anterior cells in the pleural ganglion showed extensive positive signals. NdWFamide-positive processes were observed in peripheral tissues, such as those of the cardio-vascular system, digestive tract, and sex-accessory organs, and in the connectives or neuropils in the CNS. NdWFamide-positive neurons were abundant in peripheral plexuses, such as the stomatogastric ring. To examine the NdWFamide contents of tissues, we fractionated peptidic extracts from the respective tissues by reversed-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography and then assayed the fractions by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A fraction corresponding to the retention time of synthetic NdWFamide contained the most immunoreactivity, indicating that the tissues contained NdWFamide. The prevalence of the NdWFamide content was roughly in the order: abdominal ganglion >heart >gill >blood vessels >digestive tract. In most of the tissues containing NdWFamide-positive nerves, NdWFamide modulated the motile activities of the tissues. Thus, NdWFamide seems to be a versatile neurotransmitter/modulator of Aplysia and probably regulates the physiological activities of this animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiro Morishita
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, 1-3-1 Kagamiyama, 739-8526, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan.
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Abstract
Membrane-catalyzed degradation of the cardioexcitatory peptide, Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH(2) (N(d)WF-NH(2)), which was previously isolated from Aplysia, was investigated in relation to its inactivation mechanism. The principal degradation was deamidation of the C-terminal amide, producing biologically inert Asn-D-Trp-Phe-OH (N(d)WF-OH). Among membrane fractions prepared from different organs, the fraction from the ganglia showed the highest specific activity of the deamidation reaction. The deamidase activity was inhibited by Ebelactone B and the serine protease inhibitor, phenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride (PMSF), while the degradation of the synthetic stereoisomer, Asn-Trp-Phe-NH(2) (N(l)WF-NH(2)), was sensitive to the divalent cation-chelating agent, o-phenanthroline, and aminopeptidase inhibitors, amastatin and bestatin. The presence of D-Trp residue in the second position of N(d)WF-NH(2) endows this peptide not only with stereospecific bioactivity but also peptidase stability. The deamidation reaction seems to be the major inactivation mechanism for this peptide.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morishita
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University, Higashi Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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Sasaki K, Fujisawa Y, Morishita F, Matsushima O, Furukawa Y. The enterins inhibit the contractile activity of the anterior aorta of Aplysia kurodai. J Exp Biol 2002; 205:3525-33. [PMID: 12364405 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205.22.3525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
The anterior aorta is one of the largest blood vessels in the marine mollusc Aplysia kurodai. We examined the actions of recently identified neuropeptides, the enterins, on this blood vessel. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the enterin-immunopositive nerve fibers and varicosity-like structures are abundant in the aorta. When the enterins were applied to the aorta, the basal tonus of the arterial muscles was diminished. The enterins also decreased the contraction amplitude of the anterior aorta evoked either by the application of an Aplysia cardioactive peptide,NdWFamide, or by the stimulation of a nerve innervating the aorta (the vulvar nerve). We found that the enterins activate the 4-aminopyridine(4-AP)-sensitive K+ channels, and thereby hyperpolarize the membrane potential of the aortic muscles. In the presence of 4-AP, the enterins failed to inhibit the muscle contraction evoked by the vulvar nerve stimulation, suggesting that the inhibition is mainly due to the activation of the 4-AP-sensitive K+ channels. The inhibition of the NdWFamide-evoked contraction by the enterin was not, however, affected by 4-AP. These results suggest that the enterins are involved in inhibitory regulation of the contractile activity of the anterior aorta, and that the inhibition could be due to multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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41
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Kanemaru K, Morishita F, Matsushima O, Furukawa Y. Aplysia cardioactive peptide (NdWFamide) enhances the L-type Ca2+ current of Aplysia ventricular myocytes. Peptides 2002; 23:1991-8. [PMID: 12431737 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
NdWFamide is a D-amino acid containing tripeptide purified from Aplysia heart. Although the cardioexcitatory action of NdWFamide is well established, little is known about how the excitatory action is induced. To examine the action of the peptide on the ion channels expressed in the Aplysia heart muscles, we carried out whole cell clamp experiments in the isolated Aplysia ventricular myocytes. We found that the high voltage-activated (HVA) Ca(2+) current of Aplysia ventricular myocytes is mostly a nifedipine-sensitive L-type current, and that the current was enhanced by NdWFamide via the activation of G proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazunori Kanemaru
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Japan
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42
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Sasaki K, Shimizu Y, Abe G, Fujisawa Y, Morishita F, Matsushima O, Furukawa Y. Structural and functional diversities of the Aplysia Mytilus inhibitory peptide-related peptides. Peptides 2002; 23:1959-65. [PMID: 12431734 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(02)00183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aplysia Mytilus inhibitory peptide-related peptides (AMRPs) are multiple hexapeptides coded on a single precursor. By comparing the AMRP precursors of two species of Aplysia (Aplysia californica and Aplysia kurodai), we found that there are substantial numbers of species-specific AMRPs. We next compared the function of AMRPs on the anterior aorta between A. kurodai and Aplysia juliana. In A. juliana, AMRPs inhibited the contractile activity of the aorta (EC(50)=10(-9) to 10(-8)M), whereas the peptides had no obvious action in A. kurodai up to 10(-7)M. These results indicate that AMRPs are both structurally and functionally diverse neuropeptides even among closely related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosei Sasaki
- Graduate School of Science, Department of Biological Science, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Japan
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43
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Iida T, Santa T, Toriba A, Imai K. Amino acid sequence and D/L-configuration determination methods for D-amino acid-containing peptides in living organisms. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:319-27. [PMID: 11507713 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
D-amino acid-containing peptides with biological activities have been isolated from invertebrates and amphibians, and partial racemization of amino acid residues in mammalian peptides associated with aging and diseases have been discussed. Here, we review the amino acid configuration determination methods in these peptides and recent progress of simultaneous determination method for sequence and configuration of amino acid residues. The applicability of C-terminus sequence analysis and mass spectrometry to configuration determination of amino acids is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Iida
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo, Japan
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44
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Abstract
A method for the determination of D- and L-tryptophan (Trp) in biological samples is described. The amino acid enantiomers were precolumn-derivatized with a fluorescence tagging reagent, naphthalene-2,3-dialdehyde (NDA). In the presence of hydroxypropyl-gamma-cyclodextrin (HP-gamma-CD) as the chiral selector, NDA-tagged Trp enantiomers were well resolved by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). Using laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detection, a detection limit of 3.3 x 10(-8) M Trp was obtained. The method was applied to the determination of Trp enantiomers in biological samples including human urine and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), rat brain tissue, and Aplysia ganglia. No interference from other amino acids or the endogenous compounds in the sample matrices was observed. D-Trp was found at the sub-microM level in human urine samples collected from several healthy subjects. Further, the determination of DL-Trp residues in small quantities (10 microg) of peptides after acid hydrolysis is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, MS, USA
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45
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Zhao S, Liu YM. Quantification of D/L-aspartic acids in Aplysia californica central nervous system by beta-cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. Biomed Chromatogr 2001; 15:274-9. [PMID: 11438971 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In presence of an organic modifier (e.g. methanol), separation of amino acid enantiomers tagged with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde by beta-cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography was dramatically improved. Coupled with laser-induced fluorescence detection, the method was well suited for analysis of D/L-amino acid enantiomers present in mass/volume-limited biological samples such as cell clusters. The five major ganglia dissected from the central nervous system of Aplysia californica, a widely used neuronal model, were analyzed to determine D- and L-aspartic acid enantiomers both free and bound in proteins/tissue matrix. The analyses revealed high levels of free D-aspartic acid ranging from 0.13 to 0.82 micromol/g wet tissue (or 6.0-21.2% of the total free aspartic acid) in all of the five ganglia. However, no D-aspartic acid was detected bound in protein/tissue matrix. The content of free D-aspartic acid in the liver tissue was also found below the detection limit of the method, which was 1 x 10(-8) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, USA
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46
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Okiyama N, Santa T, Toriba A, Imai K. BF3–methanol as a cyclization/cleavage/conversion reagent for suppression of amino acid racemization in Edman sequencing and l-configuration determination method. Anal Chim Acta 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0003-2670(00)01283-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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47
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Morishita F, Sasaki K, Kanemaru K, Nakanishi Y, Matsushima O, Furukawa Y. NdWFamide: a novel excitatory peptide involved in cardiovascular regulation of Aplysia. Peptides 2001; 22:183-9. [PMID: 11179811 DOI: 10.1016/s0196-9781(00)00375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Although diverse peptides are known to affect invertebrate cardiac activity, the peptidergic regulation of the cardiovascular system of Aplysia is still poorly understood. Asn-D-Trp-Phe-NH(2) (NdWFamide) is a recently purified cardioactive peptide in Aplysia. Pharmacological experiments showed that NdWFamide was one of the most potent cardioexcitatory peptides among the known endogenous cardioactive peptides in Aplysia. NdWFamide-immunopositive neuronal processes were abundant in the cardiovascular region of Aplysia, and many of them originated from neurosecretory cells in the abdominal ganglion (R3-R13 cells). The data suggest that NdWFamide is a cardioexcitatory peptide utilized by R3-R13 cells of Aplysia.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Morishita
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Hiroshima University Kagamiyama 1-3-1, Higashi-Hiroshima 739-8526, Japan
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48
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Muneoka Y, Morishita F, Furukawa Y, Matsushima O, Kobayashi M, Ohtani M, Takahashi T, Iwakoshi E, Fujisawa Y, Minakata H. Comparative Aspects of Invertebrate Neuropeptides. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03543211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Abstract
Octopus cardioactive peptides (Ocp-1: Gly-D-Phe-Gly-Asp, and Ocp-3: Gly-Ser-Trp-Asp) were isolated from brain extracts of the octopus, Octopus minor, using the isolated systemic heart as a bioassay. These peptides showed both positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on the heart. The stereoisomers at position 2 were also isolated, but their activities were only 1/10(3)-1/10(4) those of the corresponding isomers. The presence of the peptides in the systemic heart was confirmed by time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS analysis. The results suggested that Ocp-1 and Ocp-3 might be involved in excitatory control of the octopus cardiovascular system as neuropeptides and/or neurohormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Iwakoshi
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, 618-8503, Osaka, Japan
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50
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Satake H, Yasuda-Kamatani Y, Takuwa K, Nomoto K, Minakata H, Nagahama T, Nakabayashi K, Matsushima O. Characterization of a cDNA encoding a precursor polypeptide of a D-amino acid-containing peptide, achatin-I and localized expression of the achatin-I and fulicin genes. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1999; 261:130-6. [PMID: 10103043 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00252.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Achatin-I and fulicin, isolated from the ganglia and atria of the giant land snail Achatina fulica, are a tetrapeptide and pentapeptide containing a d-Phe and d-Asn at position 2, respectively. We succeeded in cloning a cDNA encoding a precursor of achatin-I from the Achatina ganglia, revealing that the d-Phe present in achatin-I is coded by a common l-Phe codon, TTT or TTC. The deduced polypeptide was found to comprise seven repeats of the achatin sequence GFAD and one analog GFGD flanked on both sides by the typical endoproteolytic site KR. Northern blot analysis of transcripts and Southern blot analysis of reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products demonstrated that achatin-I mRNA was localized in the subesophageal ganglia, whereas expression of fulicin mRNA was detected in the atrium as well as in the subesophageal ganglia. Furthermore, localization of the achatin gene transcript in the right and left pedal ganglia compartments was shown by in situ hybridization on sections of subesophageal ganglia, whereas the fulicin transcript was observed in the right and left parietal ganglia. These data suggested that achatin-I plays an essential role in the regulation of the heart as a neurotransmitter or neurohormone through production in the pedal ganglia and transport to the atrium, whereas fulicin serves not only as a neurotransmitter or neurohormone but also as a novel atrial hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Satake
- Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research, Osaka, Japan
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