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Chen X, Zhong R, Hu B. Mitochondrial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2023:S1499-3872(23)00246-1. [PMID: 38212158 DOI: 10.1016/j.hbpd.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of cell damage during acute pancreatitis (AP) has not been fully elucidated, and there is still a lack of specific or effective treatments. Increasing evidence has implicated mitochondrial dysfunction as a key event in the pathophysiology of AP. Mitochondrial dysfunction is closely related to calcium (Ca2+) overload, intracellular adenosine triphosphate depletion, mitochondrial permeability transition pore openings, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, mitophagy damage and inflammatory responses. Mitochondrial dysfunction is an early triggering event in the initiation and development of AP, and this organelle damage may precede the release of inflammatory cytokines, intracellular trypsin activation and vacuole formation of pancreatic acinar cells. This review provides further insight into the role of mitochondria in both physiological and pathophysiological aspects of AP, aiming to improve our understanding of the underlying mechanism which may lead to the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China; Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Rui Zhong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College and The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Bing Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, PR China.
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2
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Dey S, Udari LM, RiveraHernandez P, Kwon JJ, Willis B, Easler JJ, Fogel EL, Pandol S, Kota J. Loss of miR-29a/b1 promotes inflammation and fibrosis in acute pancreatitis. JCI Insight 2021; 6:e149539. [PMID: 34464354 PMCID: PMC8525644 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.149539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA-29 (miR-29) is a critical regulator of fibroinflammatory processes in human diseases. In this study, we found a decrease in miR-29a in experimental and human chronic pancreatitis, leading us to investigate the regulatory role of the miR-29a/b1 cluster in acute pancreatitis (AP) utilizing a conditional miR-29a/b1-KO mouse model. miR-29a/b1-sufficient (WT) and -deficient (KO) mice were administered supramaximal caerulein to induce AP and characterized at different time points, utilizing an array of IHC and biochemical analyses for AP parameters. In caerulein-induced WT mice, miR-29a remained dramatically downregulated at injury. Despite high-inflammatory milieu, fibrosis, and parenchymal disarray in the WT mice during early AP, the pancreata fully restored during recovery. miR-29a/b1-KO mice showed significantly greater inflammation, lymphocyte infiltration, macrophage polarization, and ECM deposition, continuing until late recovery with persistent parenchymal disorganization. The increased pancreatic fibrosis was accompanied by enhanced TGFβ1 coupled with persistent αSMA+ PSC activation. Additionally, these mice exhibited higher circulating IL-6 and inflammation in lung parenchyma. Together, this collection of studies indicates that depletion of miR-29a/b1 cluster impacts the fibroinflammatory mechanisms of AP, resulting in (a) aggravated pathogenesis and (b) delayed recovery from the disease, suggesting a protective role of the molecule against AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shatovisha Dey
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Lata M Udari
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Primavera RiveraHernandez
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason J Kwon
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey J Easler
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, IU Health, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Evan L Fogel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, IU Health, IU School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Stephen Pandol
- Department of Medicine, Cedar-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Janaiah Kota
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University (IU) School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA.,The Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, IUSM, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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Abdominal paracentesis drainage attenuates severe acute pancreatitis by enhancing cell apoptosis via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Apoptosis 2021; 25:290-303. [PMID: 32100210 PMCID: PMC7181427 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-020-01597-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that abdominal paracentesis drainage (APD) is a safe and effective strategy for patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). However, the underlying mechanisms behind APD treatment remain poorly understood. Given that apoptosis is a critical pathological response of SAP, we here aim to investigate the effect of APD on cell apoptosis in pancreatic tissues during SAP and to explore its potential molecular mechanism. SAP was induced by 5% sodium-taurocholate retrograde while APD group was inserted a drainage tube into the right lower abdomen of rats immediately after SAP induction. Histopathological staining, serum amylase, endotoxin and inflammatory mediators were measured. Cell apoptosis, apoptosis-related proteins and signaling pathway were also evaluated. Our results demonstrated that APD treatment significantly attenuated pancreatic damage and decreased the serum levels of amylase, endotoxin, TNF-α, IL-1 and IL-6 in rats with SAP. Notably, APD treatment enhanced cell apoptosis and reduced necrosis in pancreatic tissues, as evidenced by Tunnel staining, the increased pro-apoptosis proteins (Cleaved-caspase-3 and bax) and decreased anti-apoptosis protein (Bcl-2). Moreover, the effect of APD on cell apoptosis was further confirmed by the regulatory pathway of PI3K/AKT and NF-kB signaling pathway. These results suggest that APD attenuates the severity of SAP by enhancing cell apoptosis via suppressing PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Our findings provide new insights for understanding the effectiveness of APD in patients with SAP.
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Asai A, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Isotani A, Mori M, Eguchi H, Doki Y, Arai T, Ishii H. Hereditary pancreatitis model by blastocyst complementation in mouse. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2061-2073. [PMID: 32547704 PMCID: PMC7275788 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The application of pluripotent stem cells is expected to contribute to the elucidation of unknown mechanism of human diseases. However, in vitro induction of organ-specific cells, such as pancreas and liver, is still difficult and the reproduction of their disorders in a model has been unfeasible. To study the mechanism of human hereditary pancreatitis (HP), we here performed the blastocyst complementation (BC) method. In the BC method, mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells harboring CRISPR/CAS9-mediated mutations in the Prss1 gene were injected into blastocysts with deficient Pdx1 gene, which is a critical transcription factor in the development of pancreas. The results showed that trypsin was activated extremely in Prss1-mutant mice. This implied that the mouse phenotype mimics that of human HP and that the BC method was useful for the reproduction and study of pancreatic disorders. The present study opens the possibility of investigating uncharacterized human diseases by utilizing the BC method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumu Asai
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Ayako Isotani
- Organ Developmental Engineering, Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Ikoma 630-0192 Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Hidetoshi Eguchi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
| | | | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan.,Department of Medical Data Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita 565-0871 Japan
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Chen L, Chen Y, Yun H, Jianli Z. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) protects rats against acute pancreatitis through NF-κB pathway. Bioengineered 2019; 10:172-181. [PMID: 31034353 PMCID: PMC6527080 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2019.1613103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a digestive disease characterized by pancreatic inflammation. Tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) has been effectively used to ameliorate the damage on intestinal mucosa injury in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP). We aim to study the protective effect of TMP on caerulein-induced AP and to explore the possible mechanism. The mice randomized into control and different experimental groups. AP was induced in mice by 6-hourly intraperitoneal (i.p) injections of caerulein (50 μg/kg at 1 h interval). TMP (i.p, 10 mg/kg, 1 h interval) was administered 3 h before caerulein injection. Administration of TMP attenuated the severity of AP as shown by the histopathology, reduced serum amylase activity and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Further, TMP enhances the beneficial effect by reducing caerulein-induced NF-κB activation and inducing cell apoptosis in pancreas. Therefore, inhibition of nuclear factor-kappa B(NF-κB) signals by TMP represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longying Chen
- a Department of Internal medicine intensive care , the central hospital of Linyi , Yishui , Shandong , China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- b Department of Traditional Chinese medicine , the affiliated hospital of Qingdao University , Shandong , China
| | - Hao Yun
- c Department of General Surgery , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Shandong , China
| | - Zhang Jianli
- c Department of General Surgery , The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University , Shandong , China
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Wang L, Zhao X, Wang Y. The pivotal role and mechanism of long non-coding RNA B3GALT5-AS1 in the diagnosis of acute pancreatitis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:2307-2315. [PMID: 31177837 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2019.1623231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study planned to dig the potential impacts of long non-coding RNA B3GALT5-AS1 in acute pancreatitis (AP). A total of 66 patients who were diagnosed with AP using ultrasonic imaging were enrolled in the study. Expression levels of B3GALT5-AS1 in the serum of AP patients were determined. Afterwards, rat pancreatic AR42J acinar cells were disposed with caerulein to produce AP-like injury. The role and molecular mechanisms of B3GALT5-AS1 in AP were explored through in vitro cell experiments. The levels of lncRNA B3GALT5-AS1 were observed to be lessened in patients with AP relative to healthy controls. In addition, caerulein was observed to induce injuries in the AR42J cells (depressed cell viability, enhanced cell apoptosis, cytokines production, and levels of amylase). Overexpression of B3GALT5-AS1 alleviated the caerulein-produced injury in the AR42J cells. Moreover, it was determined that miR-203 showed a downside expression by B3GALT5-AS1 regulation, and the overexpression of B3GALT5-AS1 retrained caerulein-produced injury through the suppression of miR-203. In addition, it was observed that miR-203 lessened the level of nuclear factor interleukin-3 (NFIL3) and that NFIL3 was targeted by miR-203. Lastly, the impacts of B3GALT5-AS1 on caerulein-induced cell injury were manifested through the NF-κB signalling pathway. The data from the present study revealed that in patients with AP, B3GALT5-AS1 is expressed in reduced amounts. Overexpression of B3GALT5-AS1 may alleviate caerulein-induced cell injury in AR42J cells through the regulation of miR-203/NFIL3 axis and by inhibiting the activation of the NF-κB signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wang
- a Department of Ultrasound, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
| | - Xiaonan Zhao
- b Infectious Department of China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , China
| | - Ye Wang
- c Department of Pediatrics, China-Japan Union Hospital, Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin , China
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Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 α Knockdown Plus Glutamine Supplementation Attenuates the Predominance of Necrosis over Apoptosis by Relieving Cellular Energy Stress in Acute Pancreatitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:4363672. [PMID: 31281575 PMCID: PMC6589200 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4363672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to investigate the effect and potential mechanism of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) genetic inhibition plus glutamine (Gln) supplementation on necrosis-apoptosis imbalance during acute pancreatitis (AP), with a specific focus on the regulations of intracellular energy metabolism status. Wistar rats and AR42J cells were used to establish AP models. When indicated, a HIF-1α knockdown with or without a Gln supplementation was administered. In vivo, local and systemic inflammatory injuries were assessed by serum cytokine measurement, H&E staining, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) observation of pancreatic tissue. In vitro, intracellular energy metabolism status was evaluated by measuring the intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactic acid, and Ca2+ concentrations and the mitochondrial potential. In addition, changes in the apoptotic activity were analyzed using TUNEL staining in vivo and an apoptosis assay in vitro. HIF-1α knockdown alleviated AP-related inflammatory injury as indicated by the measurements of serum cytokines and examinations of TEM and H&E staining of pancreatic tissues. HIF-1α knockdown played an antioxidative role against AP-related injuries by preventing the increase in the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and the decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequently by suppressing the glycolysis pathway and increasing energy anabolism in AR42J cells after AP induction. Apoptosis was significantly upregulated when HIF-1α was knocked down before AP induction due to an attenuation of the translocation of nuclear factor-kappa B to the nuclei. Furthermore, these merits of HIF-1α knockdown in the relief of the metabolic stress and upregulation of apoptosis were more significant when Gln was administered concomitantly. In conclusion, Gln-supplemented HIF-1α knockdown might be promising for the future management of AP by relieving the intracellular energy stress, thereby attenuating the predominance of necrosis over apoptosis.
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Mitochondrial Targeting of Antioxidants Alters Pancreatic Acinar Cell Bioenergetics and Determines Cell Fate. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071700. [PMID: 30959771 PMCID: PMC6480340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is a core feature of acute pancreatitis, a severe disease in which oxidative stress is elevated. Mitochondrial targeting of antioxidants is a potential therapeutic strategy for this and other diseases, although thus far mixed results have been reported. We investigated the effects of mitochondrial targeting with the antioxidant MitoQ on pancreatic acinar cell bioenergetics, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and cell fate, in comparison with the non-antioxidant control decyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (DecylTPP) and general antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). MitoQ (µM range) and NAC (mM range) caused sustained elevations of basal respiration and the inhibition of spare respiratory capacity, which was attributable to an antioxidant action since these effects were minimal with DecylTPP. Although MitoQ but not DecylTPP decreased cellular NADH levels, mitochondrial ATP turnover capacity and cellular ATP concentrations were markedly reduced by both MitoQ and DecylTPP, indicating a non-specific effect of mitochondrial targeting. All three compounds were associated with a compensatory elevation of glycolysis and concentration-dependent increases in acinar cell apoptosis and necrosis. These data suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute a significant negative feedback control of basal cellular metabolism. Mitochondrial targeting using positively charged molecules that insert into the inner mitochondrial member appears to be deleterious in pancreatic acinar cells, as does an antioxidant strategy for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Seo JY, Pandey RP, Lee J, Sohng JK, Namkung W, Park YI. Quercetin 3-O-xyloside ameliorates acute pancreatitis in vitro via the reduction of ER stress and enhancement of apoptosis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 55:40-49. [PMID: 30668442 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Glycosylation of phenolic compounds has been reported to increase water-solubility, reduce toxicity, and sometimes give improved or novel pharmacological activities. Present study was aimed to evaluate and compare the beneficial effects of quercetin aglycone (Quer) and its glycosylated derivative, quercetin 3-O-xyloside (Quer-Xyl), against acute pancreatitis (AP). METHODS The cellular acute pancreatitis model was established by treating the rat pancreatic acinar cells (AR42J) with lipopolysaccharide (10 µg/ml) and cerulein (10-7 M). The cytotoxicity of Quer or Quer-Xyl on AR42J cells was assessed by MTT assay. Calcium and ROS levels were fluorometrically determined. The ER stress levels (PERK, GRP78), expression levels of amylase and lipase, and apoptotic markers (caspase-3 and -9) were measured by RT-PCR, western blotting, or fluorometric assay. RESULTS While Quer increased the mRNA expressions of AP marker enzymes, amylase and lipase, Quer-Xyl dose-dependently reversed their expressions. Quer-Xyl suppressed intracellular ROS production and both mRNA and protein levels of GRP78 and PERK, which were significantly elevated in cerulein and LPS-treated AR42J cells. Further, RT-PCR and fluorescence assay revealed that Quer-Xyl dose-dependently augmented the mRNA expressions and activities of caspase-3 and -9. CONCLUSION These results showed that Quer-Xyl, but not Quer, has a significant anti-pancreatitis activity through attenuating intracellular ROS production and ER stress response and enhancing apoptotic cell death, suggesting that it might be useful as a potent functional ingredient in health-beneficial foods or as a therapeutic agent to prevent or treat AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Yeon Seo
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Prasad Pandey
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Kyung Sohng
- Department of BT-Convergent Pharmaceutical Engineering, Institute of Biomolecule Reconstruction, Sun Moon University, Asan, Chungnam 31460, Republic of Korea
| | - Wan Namkung
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Il Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Gyeonggi-do 14662, Republic of Korea.
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Xia S, Wang J, Kalionis B, Zhang W, Zhao Y. Genistein protects against acute pancreatitis via activation of an apoptotic pathway mediated through endoplasmic reticulum stress in rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:421-428. [PMID: 30594397 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a severe and frequently lethal disorder, but the precise mechanisms are not well understood and there is lack of effective drugs. Therefore, our study examined the in vivo intervention effects of genistein and elucidated its mechanism in acute experimental pancreatitis models. We used cerulein or taurocholate to induce acute pancreatitis (AP) in Sprague-Dawley rats with prior genistein treatment. Histological examination of the pancreas was performed and the expression of unfolded protein response (UPR) components and apoptotic mediators like caspase 12 and c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK) were measured. The amount of apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells was also determined. Our studies found that the severity of cerulein- or taurocholate-induced AP was rescued by prior genistein treatment. Genistein stimulated the activation of multiple endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-related regulators like GRP78, PERK, eIF2α, and upregulated the expression of the apoptotic genes, caspase 12 and CHOP. Moreover, TUNEL assays showed that genistein treatment promoted acinar cell apoptosis. Taken together, we speculated that ER stress-associated apoptotic pathways in AP are induced by genistein, which showed cytoprotective capacity in the exocrine pancreas. These data suggest novel therapeutic strategies that employ genistein in the prevention of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Xia
- Shanghai Institute of Geriatrics, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre and University of Melbourne Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia.
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, 200040, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Yun Zhao
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Huadong Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, PR China.
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Armstrong JA, Cash NJ, Ouyang Y, Morton JC, Chvanov M, Latawiec D, Awais M, Tepikin AV, Sutton R, Criddle DN. Oxidative stress alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and modifies pancreatic cell death independently of cyclophilin D, resulting in an apoptosis-to-necrosis shift. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:8032-8047. [PMID: 29626097 PMCID: PMC5971444 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.003200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction lies at the core of acute pancreatitis (AP). Diverse AP stimuli induce Ca2+-dependent formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), a solute channel modulated by cyclophilin D (CypD), the formation of which causes ATP depletion and necrosis. Oxidative stress reportedly triggers MPTP formation and is elevated in clinical AP, but how reactive oxygen species influence cell death is unclear. Here, we assessed potential MPTP involvement in oxidant-induced effects on pancreatic acinar cell bioenergetics and fate. H2O2 application promoted acinar cell apoptosis at low concentrations (1-10 μm), whereas higher levels (0.5-1 mm) elicited rapid necrosis. H2O2 also decreased the mitochondrial NADH/FAD+ redox ratio and ΔΨm in a concentration-dependent manner (10 μm to 1 mm H2O2), with maximal effects at 500 μm H2O2 H2O2 decreased the basal O2 consumption rate of acinar cells, with no alteration of ATP turnover at <50 μm H2O2 However, higher H2O2 levels (≥50 μm) diminished spare respiratory capacity and ATP turnover, and bioenergetic collapse, ATP depletion, and cell death ensued. Menadione exerted detrimental bioenergetic effects similar to those of H2O2, which were inhibited by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Oxidant-induced bioenergetic changes, loss of ΔΨm, and cell death were not ameliorated by genetic deletion of CypD or by its acute inhibition with cyclosporine A. These results indicate that oxidative stress alters mitochondrial bioenergetics and modifies pancreatic acinar cell death. A shift from apoptosis to necrosis appears to be associated with decreased mitochondrial spare respiratory capacity and ATP production, effects that are independent of CypD-sensitive MPTP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Armstrong
- Departments of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole J Cash
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Yulin Ouyang
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Jack C Morton
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Chvanov
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Diane Latawiec
- Departments of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Awais
- Departments of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Alexei V Tepikin
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Sutton
- Departments of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom
| | - David N Criddle
- Departments of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom.
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12
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Phytoceuticals in Acute Pancreatitis: Targeting the Balance between Apoptosis and Necrosis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2018; 2018:5264592. [PMID: 29686719 PMCID: PMC5857302 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5264592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite recent advances in understanding the complex pathogenesis of pancreatitis, the management of the disease remains suboptimal. The use of phytoceuticals (plant-derived pleiotropic multitarget molecules) represents a new research trend in pancreatology. The purpose of this review is to discuss the phytoceuticals with pancreatoprotective potential in acute pancreatitis and whose efficacy is based, at least in part, on their capacity to modulate the acinar cell death. The phytochemicals selected, belonging to such diverse classes as polyphenols, flavonoids, lignans, anthraquinones, sesquiterpene lactones, nitriles, and alkaloids, target the balance between apoptosis and necrosis. Activation of apoptosis via various mechanisms (e.g., inhibition of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis proteins by embelin, upregulation of FasL gene expression by resveratrol) and/or inhibition of necrosis seem to represent the essential key for decreasing the severity of the disease. Apart from targeting the apoptosis/necrosis balance, the phytochemicals displayed other specific protective activities: inhibition of inflammasome (e.g., rutin), suppression of neutrophil infiltration (e.g., ligustrazine, resveratrol), and antioxidant activity. Even though many of the selected phytoceuticals represent a promising therapeutic alternative, there is a shortage of human evidence, and further studies are required to provide solid basis to justify their use in the treatment of pancreatitis.
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Liao D, Qian B, Zhang Y, Wu K, Xu M. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase represses neutrophils activation and activates apoptosis in pancreatic tissues during acute necrotizing pancreatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 498:79-85. [PMID: 29421656 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic glandular necrosis is rapid inflammation of the pancreas and contributes to severe acute pancreatitis in humans. The pathogenesis of pancreatic tissue inflammation during acute pancreatitis is still largely unknown. Recent studies suggest that 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) is an essential mediator in modulating cell death pathways in human diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the effects of a 5-LOX inhibitor, zileuton, on tissue apoptosis and neutrophils activation in pancreatic tissues during acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) in a rat model. In this present study, both mRNA and protein levels of 5-LOX are upregulated during ANP and zileuton treatment is shown to repress ANP-induced upregulation of 5-LOX levels. In addition, zileuton treatment is found to repress blood biomarkers of neutrophils activation such as soluble intercellular adhesive molecular 1 (ICAM-1), soluble E-selectin (E-selectin), soluble P-selectin (P-selectin), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Also, zileuton treatment attenuates pancreatic tissue pathology, upregulates caspase-3, downregulates B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), and activates tissue apoptosis evaluated by TUNEL staining. Our results show that 5-LOX plays an important role in activating apoptosis and repressing neutrophils activation during ANP. The current study suggests that 5-LOX can be used as a potential target for the treatment of ANP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Bo Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Yefei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Kai Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200080, China.
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14
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Abstract
Acinar cell death is the most important pathophysiological change in the early stage of acute pancreatitis, and it has been the emphasis of the research. The mode of acinar cell death includes apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis. Some scholars have shown that acinar cell death affects the outcome of acute pancreatitis. Therefore, studying the mode of acinar cell death has great value in the assessment of the severity of acute pancreatitis. Apoptosis can reduce inflammatory response, and necrosis aggravates inflammatory response. In recent years, research on the effect of necroptosis and pyroptosis on acute pancreatitis has been carried out. This article will review the effect of apoptosis, necrosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis on acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei-Feng Zhang
- Department of Cadre Ward, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Ren Jin
- Department of Pancreatic and Biliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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15
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Deletion Of XIAP reduces the severity of acute pancreatitis via regulation of cell death and nuclear factor-κB activity. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e2685. [PMID: 28300832 PMCID: PMC5386564 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) still remains a clinical challenge, not only for its high mortality but the uncontrolled inflammatory progression from acute pancreatitis (AP) to SAP. Cell death, including apoptosis and necrosis are critical pathology of AP, since the severity of pancreatitis correlates directly with necrosis and inversely with apoptosis Therefore, regulation of cell death from necrosis to apoptosis may have practicably therapeutic value. X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) is the best characterized member of the inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) family, but its function in AP remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated the potential role of XIAP in regulation of cell death and inflammation during acute pancreatitis. The in vivo pancreatitis model was induced by the administration of cerulein with or without lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or by the administration of l-arginine in wild-type or XIAP-deficient mice, and ex vivo model was induced by the administration of cerulein+LPS in AR42J cell line following XIAP inhibition. The severity of acute pancreatitis was determined by serum amylase activity and histological grading. XIAP deletion on cell apoptosis, necrosis and inflammatory response were examined. Caspases activities, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation and receptor-interacting protein kinase1 (RIP1) degradation were assessed by western blot. Deletion of XIAP resulted in the reduction of amylase activity, decrease of NF-κB activation and less release of TNF-α and IL-6, together with increased caspases activities and RIP1 degradation, leading to enhanced apoptosis and reduced necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells and ameliorated the severity of acute pancreatitis. Our results indicate that deletion of XIAP switches cell death away from necrosis to apoptosis and decreases the inflammatory response, effectively attenuating the severity of AP/SAP. The critical role of XIAP in cell death and inflammation suggests that inhibition of XIAP represents a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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16
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Network Pharmacological Screening of Herbal Monomers that Regulate Apoptosis-Associated Genes in Acute Pancreatitis. Pancreas 2017; 46:89-96. [PMID: 27518462 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we screened for differentially expressed genes in acute pancreatitis and the herbal monomers that regulate these genes. METHODS Gene expression profile data were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database (GSE3644). We used the Human Protein Reference Database to determine the protein-protein interaction network and CFinder software (Department of Biological Physics of Eötvös University, Budapest, Hungary) to identify several functional modules. Then, we used Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery software (Frederick, Md) to perform a gene ontology-biological process functional enrichment analysis. Based on a database of herbal monomers and a literature search, we constructed a gene-herbal monomer regulatory network using Cytoscape software (San Diego, Calif), and we analyzed the relationships between apoptosis, genes, and herbal monomers. RESULTS A total of 1745 differentially expressed genes were identified. Nine modules were identified, and the main function of module 3 was closely related to apoptosis. Within module 3, we selected 13 genes that were closely related to apoptosis for further analysis. In the gene-herbal monomer regulatory network, 18 herbal monomers that regulate multiple target genes were selected as the focus of this study. CONCLUSIONS These herbal monomers regulate multiple target genes to induce apoptosis and may potentially be used as new drugs for acute pancreatitis treatment in the future.
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17
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute pancreatitis is a serious medical disorder with no current therapies directed to the molecular pathogenesis of the disorder. Inflammation, inappropriate intracellular activation of digestive enzymes, and parenchymal acinar cell death by necrosis are the critical pathophysiologic processes of acute pancreatitis. Thus, it is necessary to elucidate the key molecular signals that mediate these pathobiologic processes and develop new therapeutic strategies to attenuate the appropriate signaling pathways in order to improve outcomes for this disease. A novel serine/threonine protein kinase D (PKD) family has emerged as key participants in signal transduction, and this family is increasingly being implicated in the regulation of multiple cellular functions and diseases. METHODS This review summarizes recent findings of our group and others regarding the signaling pathway and the biological roles of the PKD family in pancreatic acinar cells. In particular, we highlight our studies of the functions of PKD in several key pathobiologic processes associated with acute pancreatitis in experimental models. RESULTS Our findings reveal that PKD signaling is required for NF-κB activation/inflammation, intracellular zymogen activation, and acinar cell necrosis in rodent experimental pancreatitis. Novel small-molecule PKD inhibitors attenuate the severity of pancreatitis in both in vitro and in vivo experimental models. Further, this review emphasizes our latest advances in the therapeutic application of PKD inhibitors to experimental pancreatitis after the initiation of pancreatitis. CONCLUSIONS These novel findings suggest that PKD signaling is a necessary modulator in key initiating pathobiologic processes of pancreatitis, and that it constitutes a novel therapeutic target for treatments of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Bldg 258, Rm 340, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA.
| | - Stephen J Pandol
- West Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, UCLA/VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Bldg 258, Rm 340, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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18
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Criddle DN. Reactive oxygen species, Ca(2+) stores and acute pancreatitis; a step closer to therapy? Cell Calcium 2016; 60:180-9. [PMID: 27229361 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis can lead to severe damage of the pancreas, resulting in premature activation of digestive enzymes, vacuolisation and necrotic cell death, features typical of acute pancreatitis (AP). Therefore a fine balance between Ca(2+) release from internal stores, Ca(2+) entry and extrusion mechanisms is necessary to avoid injury. Precipitants of AP induce Ca(2+) overload of the pancreatic acinar cell that causes mitochondrial dysfunction, via formation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), loss of ATP production and consequent necrosis. Oxidative stress has been shown to occur in the development of AP and may modify Ca(2+) signalling events in the acinar cell. However, the precise pathophysiological involvement is currently unclear and antioxidant therapy in the clinic has largely proved ineffective. Possible reasons for this are discussed, including evidence that ROS generation may determine cell death patterns. In contrast, recent evidence has indicated the potential for AP therapy via the prevention of Ca(2+)-dependent mitochondrial damage. Multiple approaches are indicated from preclinical findings; 1) inhibition of Ca(2+) release by IP3R blockade, 2) inhibition of Ca(2+) entry through Orai1 blockade and 3) prevention of MPTP formation. Clinical trials of drugs which prevent mitochondrial dysfunction induced by Ca(2+) overload of pancreatic acinar cells are imminent and may provide patient benefit for a disease that currently lacks specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, and NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, University of Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK.
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Innate Immune Molecule Surfactant Protein D Attenuates Sepsis-induced Acute Pancreatic Injury through Modulating Apoptosis and NF-κB-mediated Inflammation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17798. [PMID: 26634656 PMCID: PMC4669466 DOI: 10.1038/srep17798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sepsis causes multiple-organ dysfunction including pancreatic injury, thus resulting in high mortality. Innate immune molecule surfactant protein D (SP-D) plays a critical role in host defense and regulating inflammation of infectious diseases. In this study we investigated SP-D functions in the acute pancreatic injury (API) with C57BL/6 Wild-type (WT) and SP-D knockout (KO) mice in cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) model. Our results confirm SP-D expression in pancreatic islets and intercalated ducts and are the first to explore the role of pancreatic SP-D in sepsis. CLP decreased pancreatic SP-D levels and caused severe pancreatic injury with higher serum amylase 24 h after CLP. Apoptosis and neutrophil infiltration were increased in the pancreas of septic KO mice (p < 0.05, vs septic WT mice), with lower Bcl-2 and higher caspase-3 levels in septic KO mice (p < 0.05). Molecular analysis revealed increased NF-κB-p65 and phosphorylated IκB-α levels along with higher serum levels of TNF-α and IL-6 in septic KO mice compared to septic WT mice (p < 0.01). Furthermore, in vitro islet cultures stimulated with LPS produced higher TNF-α and IL-6 (p < 0.05) from KO mice compared to WT mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate SP-D plays protective roles by inhibiting apoptosis and modulating NF-κB-mediated inflammation in CLP-induced API.
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20
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Sun FL, Teng YS, Shang D. Mechanisms of action of emodin and resveratrol in severe acute pancreatitis: A comparison. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2015; 23:4376-4383. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v23.i27.4376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute abdominal disease, and 20% of AP cases progress to severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). Current studies have found that pancreatic microcirculation disturbance, leukocyte over-activation, inflammatory mediator overexpression, cell apoptosis disorders in damaged tissue, and calcium overload play important roles in SAP progression. Numerous studies have shown that traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has a protective effect on SAP. In recent ten years, emodin and resveratrol are hot spot in the field of research on the treatment of SAP animal models with TCM. This review attempts to illuminate and compare the potential mechanisms of action of emodin and resveratrol in SAP from the perspective of traditional Chinese pharmacology and modern pharmacology.
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21
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Identification of key transcription factors in caerulein-induced pancreatitis through expression profiling data. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2570-6. [PMID: 25975747 PMCID: PMC4464163 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to isolate key transcription factors (TFs) in caerulein-induced pancreatitis, and to identify the difference between wild type and Mist1 knockout (KO) mice, in order to elucidate the contribution of Mist1 to pancreatitis. The gene profile of GSE3644 was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database then analyzed using the t-test. The isolated differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were mapped into a transcriptional regulatory network derived from the Integrated Transcription Factor Platform database and in the network, the interaction pairs involving at least one DEG were screened. Fisher’s exact test was used to analyze the functional enrichment of the target genes. A total of 1,555 and 3,057 DEGs were identified in the wild type and Mist1KO mice treated with caerulein, respectively. DEGs screened in Mist1KO mice were predominantly enriched in apoptosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and other cancer-associated pathways. A total of 188 and 51 TFs associated with pathopoiesis were isolated in Mist1KO and wild type mice, respectively. Out of the top 10 TFs (ranked by P-value), 7 TFs, including S-phase kinase-associated protein 2 (Skp2); minichromosome maintenance complex component 3 (Mcm3); cell division cycle 6 (Cdc6); cyclin B1 (Ccnb1); mutS homolog 6 (Msh6); cyclin A2 (Ccna2); and cyclin B2 (Ccnb2), were expressed in the two types of mouse. These TFs were predominantly involved in phosphorylation, DNA replication, cell division and DNA mismatch repair. In addition, specific TFs, including minichromosome maintenance complex component 7 (Mcm7); lymphoid-specific helicase (Hells); and minichromosome maintenance complex component 6 (Mcm6), that function in the unwinding of DNA were identified to participate in Mist1KO pancreatitis. The DEGs, including Cdc6, Mcm6, Msh6 and Wdr1 are closely associated with the regulation of caerulein-induced pancreatitis. Furthermore, other identified TFs were also involved in this type of regulation.
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22
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Lin K, Gao F, Chen Q, Liu Q, Chen S. Framework for interpretation of trypsin-antitrypsin imbalance and genetic heterogeneity in pancreatitis. Saudi J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:198-207. [PMID: 26228362 PMCID: PMC4542417 DOI: 10.4103/1319-3767.161643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Early intracellular premature trypsinogen activation was interpreted as the key initiator of pancreatitis. When the balance in the homeostasis of trypsin and antitrypsin system is disequilibrated, elevated aggressive enzymes directly attack the pancreatic tissue, which leads to pancreatic destruction and inflammation. However, trypsin alone is not enough to cause complications in pancreatitis, which may play a crucial role in modulating signaling events in the initial phase of the disease. NFκB activation is the major inflammatory pathway involved in the occurrence and development of pancreatitis and it can be induced by intrapancreatic activation of trypsinogen. Synthesis of trypsinogen occurs in endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and ER stress is an important early acinar cell event. Components of ER stress response are known to be able to trigger cell death as well as NFκB signaling cascade. The strongest evidence supporting the trypsin-centered theory is that gene mutations, which lead to the generation of more trypsin, or reduce the activity of trypsin inhibitors or trypsin degradation, are associated with pancreatitis. Thus, trypsin-antitrypsin imbalance may be the first step leading to pancreatic autodigestion and inducing other pathways. Continued experimental studies are necessary to determine the specific relationships between trypsin-antitrypsin imbalance and genetic heterogeneity in pancreatitis. In this article, we review the latest advances that contributed to the understanding of the basic mechanisms behind the occurrence and development of pancreatitis with a focus on the interpretation of trypsin-antitrypsin imbalance and their relationships with other inflammation pathways. We additionally highlight genetic predispositions to pancreatitis and possible mechanisms associated with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fuzhou, China,Address for correspondence: Dr. Feng Gao, Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou - 350005, China. E-mail:
| | - Qingquan Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qicai Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicines, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
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23
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Pardalis V, Palli E, Lambropoulou M, Tsigalou C, Anagnostoulis S, Garoufalis G, Bolanaki H, Simopoulos C, Karayiannakis AJ. Expression of Fas (CD95/APO-1) and Fas ligand (FasL) in experimentally-induced acute pancreatitis. J INVEST SURG 2014; 27:65-72. [PMID: 24665842 DOI: 10.3109/08941939.2013.837563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acinar cell death is a crucial event in acute pancreatitis (AP) and may occur either by apoptosis or necrosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of the apoptosis associated proteins Fas and FasL in experimentally induced severe AP. METHODS AP was induced in 30 rats by injecting 0.2 ml of 4.5% sodium taurocholate solution into the biliopancreatic duct. Sham operated animals (n = 30) and 10 normal controls were used for comparisons. Animals were killed at 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 hr and 1 week after operation (five animals at each time point) and both serum and pancreatic tissue were obtained. The severity of AP was graded by morphological evaluation and by measuring serum amylase levels. Acinar cell apoptosis was detected by the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. Tissue expressions of Fas and FasL were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Sodium taurocholate injection resulted in severe acute necrotizing pancreatitis as early as six hr after taurocholate infusion with gradually increasing severity and a peak at 72 hr, and a significant increase of serum amylase at 6 and 12 hr. Apoptotic acinar cells were observed between 48 and 72 hr. The expression of both Fas and FasL in pancreatic tissue was induced in comparison with normal controls. Fas expression in AP was higher and statistically significant at 24 hr whereas FasL expression was consistently lower with a statistical significance observed at 12 hr when compared to sham-operated animals suggesting Fas upregulation and FasL downregulation in this model of AP. CONCLUSIONS Induction and sequential changes in the expressions of Fas and FasL occur during taurocholate induced severe AP in rats and their temporal modulation might associate with acinar cell death by apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Pardalis
- 1Second Department of Surgery, Democritus University of Thrace, Medical School, Alexandroupolis, Greece
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24
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Liu Y, Yuan J, Tan T, Jia W, Lugea A, Mareninova O, Waldron RT, Pandol SJ. Genetic inhibition of protein kinase Cε attenuates necrosis in experimental pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G550-63. [PMID: 25035113 PMCID: PMC4154116 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00432.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the regulation of death pathways, necrosis and apoptosis, in pancreatitis is important for developing therapies directed to the molecular pathogenesis of the disease. Protein kinase Cε (PKCε) has been previously shown to regulate inflammatory responses and zymogen activation in pancreatitis. Furthermore, we demonstrated that ethanol specifically activated PKCε in pancreatic acinar cells and that PKCε mediated the sensitizing effects of ethanol on inflammatory response in pancreatitis. Here we investigated the role of PKCε in the regulation of death pathways in pancreatitis. We found that genetic deletion of PKCε resulted in decreased necrosis and severity in the in vivo cerulein-induced pancreatitis and that inhibition of PKCε protected the acinar cells from CCK-8 hyperstimulation-induced necrosis and ATP reduction. These findings were associated with upregulation of mitochondrial Bak and Bcl-2/Bcl-xL, proapoptotic and prosurvival members in the Bcl-2 family, respectively, as well as increased mitochondrial cytochrome c release, caspase activation, and apoptosis in pancreatitis in PKCε knockout mice. We further confirmed that cerulein pancreatitis induced a dramatic mitochondrial translocation of PKCε, suggesting that PKCε regulated necrosis in pancreatitis via mechanisms involving mitochondria. Finally, we showed that PKCε deletion downregulated inhibitors of apoptosis proteins, c-IAP2, survivin, and c-FLIPs while promoting cleavage/inactivation of receptor-interacting protein kinase (RIP). Taken together, our findings provide evidence that PKCε activation during pancreatitis promotes necrosis through mechanisms involving mitochondrial proapoptotic and prosurvival Bcl-2 family proteins and upregulation of nonmitochondrial pathways that inhibit caspase activation and RIP cleavage/inactivation. Thus PKCε is a potential target for prevention and/or treatment of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannan Liu
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,2Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Jingzhen Yuan
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California;
| | - Tanya Tan
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,3St. George's University School of Medicine, St. George's, Grenada; and
| | - Wenzhuo Jia
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,2Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China,
| | - Aurelia Lugea
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,4Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Olga Mareninova
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California;
| | - Richard T. Waldron
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,4Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J. Pandol
- 1Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles, and South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, California; ,4Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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25
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Athwal T, Huang W, Mukherjee R, Latawiec D, Chvanov M, Clarke R, Smith K, Campbell F, Merriman C, Criddle D, Sutton R, Neoptolemos J, Vlatković N. Expression of human cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) in murine acinar cells promotes pancreatitis and apoptotic cell death. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1165. [PMID: 24722290 PMCID: PMC5424103 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an autosomal dominant disease that displays the features of both acute and chronic pancreatitis. Mutations in human cationic trypsinogen (PRSS1) are associated with HP and have provided some insight into the pathogenesis of pancreatitis, but mechanisms responsible for the initiation of pancreatitis have not been elucidated and the role of apoptosis and necrosis has been much debated. However, it has been generally accepted that trypsinogen, prematurely activated within the pancreatic acinar cell, has a major role in the initiation process. Functional studies of HP have been limited by the absence of an experimental system that authentically mimics disease development. We therefore developed a novel transgenic murine model system using wild-type (WT) human PRSS1 or two HP-associated mutants (R122H and N29I) to determine whether expression of human cationic trypsinogen in murine acinar cells promotes pancreatitis. The rat elastase promoter was used to target transgene expression to pancreatic acinar cells in three transgenic strains that were generated: Tg(Ela-PRSS1)NV, Tg(Ela-PRSS1*R122H)NV and Tg(Ela-PRSS1*N29I)NV. Mice were analysed histologically, immunohistochemically and biochemically. We found that transgene expression is restricted to pancreatic acinar cells and transgenic PRSS1 proteins are targeted to the pancreatic secretory pathway. Animals from all transgenic strains developed pancreatitis characterised by acinar cell vacuolisation, inflammatory infiltrates and fibrosis. Transgenic animals also developed more severe pancreatitis upon treatment with low-dose cerulein than controls, displaying significantly higher scores for oedema, inflammation and overall histopathology. Expression of PRSS1, WT or mutant, in acinar cells increased apoptosis in pancreatic tissues and isolated acinar cells. Moreover, studies of isolated acinar cells demonstrated that transgene expression promotes apoptosis rather than necrosis. We therefore conclude that expression of WT or mutant human PRSS1 in murine acinar cells induces apoptosis and is sufficient to promote spontaneous pancreatitis, which is enhanced in response to cellular insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Athwal
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - W Huang
- Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Sichuan Provincial Pancreatitis Centre, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - R Mukherjee
- Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Latawiec
- Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - M Chvanov
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - K Smith
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - F Campbell
- Department of Pathology, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - C Merriman
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
| | - D Criddle
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J Neoptolemos
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool NIHR Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - N Vlatković
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Cancer Research Centre, Liverpool, UK
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26
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Chaiqinchengqi decoction regulates necrosis-apoptosis via regulating the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c and caspase-3 in rats with acute necrotizing pancreatitis. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2014; 34:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(14)60075-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu Y, Yang L, Chen KL, Zhou B, Yan H, Zhou ZG, Li Y. Knockdown of GRP78 promotes apoptosis in pancreatic acinar cells and attenuates the severity of cerulein and LPS induced pancreatic inflammation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92389. [PMID: 24643222 PMCID: PMC3958537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a potentially lethal disease characterized by inflammation and parenchymal cell death; also, the severity of AP correlates directly with necrosis and inversely with apoptosis. However, mechanisms of regulating cell death in AP remain unclear. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone protein GRP78 has anti-apoptotic properties, in addition to modulating ER stress responses. This study used RNA interference (RNAi) approach to investigate the potential role of GRP78 in regulating apoptosis during AP. In vitro models of AP were successfully developed by treating AR42J cells with cerulein or cerulein plus lipoplysaccharide (LPS). There was more pancreatic inflammation and less apoptosis with the cerulein plus LPS treatment. Furthermore, knockdown of GRP78 expression markedly promoted apoptosis and reduced necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells. This was accomplished by enhancing the activation of caspases and inhibiting the activity of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), as well as a receptor interacting protein kinase-1(RIPK1), which is a key mediator of necrosis. This attenuated the severity of pancreatic inflammation, especially after cerulein plus LPS treatment. In conclusion, these findings indicate that GRP78 plays an anti-apoptotic role in regulating the cell death response during AP. Therefore, GRP78 is a potential therapeutic target for AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lie Yang
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Ke-Ling Chen
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Zong-Guang Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Digestive Surgery and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of fucoidan, an L- and P-selectin modulator, in 2 murine models of acute pancreatitis. METHODS Acute pancreatitis was induced in mice either by the retrograde infusion of taurolithocholic acid sulfate into the pancreatic duct or by intraperitoneal injections of cerulein (50 μg/kg per hour). The experimental groups received fucoidan (25 mg/kg, intravenously) before pancreatitis induction, whereas control groups received only saline. After 24 hours, serum amylase, lipase, interleukin 1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and nitrite were measured. In addition, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity (lung and pancreas) and histological assessment (pancreas) were determined. RESULTS Serum amylase, lipase, nitrite, TNF-α, and IL-1β, and pancreatic and lung MPO were increased in both taurolithocholic acid sulfate and cerulein acute pancreatitis compared with the respective control groups. Fucoidan significantly decreased the augmented levels of amylase, lipase, pancreatic and lung MPO, TNF-α, IL-1β, and nitrite in both models. Pancreas histological changes observed in both acute pancreatitis models were significantly attenuated by fucoidan. CONCLUSIONS Fucoidan reduced the severity of acute pancreatitis in mice by decreasing neutrophil infiltration and systemic inflammation, suggesting that modulation of selectins may constitute a promising therapeutic approach.
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Inhibition of hydrogen sulfide synthesis provides protection for severe acute pancreatitis rats via apoptosis pathway. Apoptosis 2013; 18:28-42. [PMID: 23054084 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-012-0770-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the relationship between the synthesis of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and the pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats, as well as analyse the potential apoptotic pathway involved in this process. Sixty rats had been equally divided into four groups: sham, SAP, SAP + sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) and SAP + DL-propargylglycine (PAG). 24 h after SAP induction, all surviving animals of each group were sacrificed to collect blood and tissue samples for the following measurements: the level of serum H(2)S as well as the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-10 (IL-10), H(2)S synthesizing activity, CSE mRNA and protein expression, maleic dialdehyde (MDA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, the expression of Bax, Bcl-2, caspase-3, -8 and -9, the release of cytochrome c and the activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 in pancreas. Furthermore, in situ detection of cell apoptosis was examined and the severity of pancreatic damage was analyzed by pathological grading and scoring. Results Significant differences in every index except IL-10 had been found between the SAP, NaHS and PAG groups (P < 0.05). Treatment with PAG obviously induced the pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis as well as improved all the pathological changes and inflammatory parameters. In contrast, administration of NaHS significantly attenuated apoptosis in the pancreas and aggravated the severity of pancreatic damage. Moreover, the expressions of caspase-3, -8, -9 and the release of cytochrome c were all increased in the apoptotic cells, and the activity of NF-κB as well as the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2 and p38 decreased accompanying with the reduction of the serum H(2)S level. H(2)S plays a pivotal role in the regulation of pancreatic acinar cell apoptosis in SAP rats. The present results showed that inhibition of H(2)S synthesis provided protection for SAP rats via inducing acinar cell apoptosis. This process acted through both extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, and may be regulated by reducing the activity of NF-κB.
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Armstrong JA, Cash N, Soares PMG, Souza MHLP, Sutton R, Criddle DN. Oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis: lost in translation? Free Radic Res 2013; 47:917-33. [PMID: 23952531 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.835046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis, a severe and debilitating inflammation of the pancreas that carries a significant mortality, and which imposes a considerable financial burden on the health system due to patient care. Although extensive efforts have been directed towards the elucidation of critical underlying mechanisms and the identification of novel therapeutic targets, the disease remains without a specific therapy. In experimental animal models of acute pancreatitis, increased oxidative stress and decreased antioxidant defences have been observed, changes also detected in patients clinically. However, despite the promise of studies evaluating the effects of antioxidants in these model systems, translation to the clinic has thus far been disappointing. This may reflect many factors involved in the design of both preclinical and clinical evaluations of antioxidant therapy, not least the fact that most experimental studies have focussed on pre-treatment rather than post-injury assessment. This review has examined evidence relating to the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of acute pancreatitis, focussing on experimental models and the clinical experience, including the experimental techniques employed and potential of antioxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Armstrong
- NIHR Liverpool Pancreas Biomedical Research Unit, RLBUHT , Liverpool , UK
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Experimental acute pancreatitis induces mitochondrial dysfunction in rat pancreas, kidney and lungs but not in liver. Pancreatology 2013; 13:216-24. [PMID: 23719591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Excessive systemic inflammatory response syndrome during severe acute pancreatitis (AP) leads to multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, which is the main cause of death and may be associated with primary mitochondrial disturbances. The aim of our study was to evaluate the role of mitochondria during experimental AP in pancreas and vital organs like kidney, lungs and liver within the first 48 h. METHODS AP was induced in 39 male Wistar rats by intraductal application of sodium taurocholate (5%, 1.75 ml/kg). Animals were divided into groups reflecting the time from induction of the AP till collection of tissues (control and 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48 h). Mitochondria were isolated by differential centrifugation and mitochondrial respiration rates were measured oxygraphically. RESULTS (1) Mitochondria in pancreas are affected within the first 6 h after onset of AP, (2) kidney mitochondria are affected 24 h after onset of AP, (3) lungs mitochondria are affected within 48 h after onset of AP whereas (4) liver mitochondria remain well preserved within the first 48 h. Severe AP-induced decrease in the oxidative phosphorylation of pancreas, kidney and lungs mitochondria was more pronounced with Complex I-linked (glutamate/malate) than with Complex II-linked (succinate) substrates and was associated with inhibition of Complex I. CONCLUSION Our data show that the disturbances of mitochondrial energy metabolism in pancreas, kidney and lungs may play an important role in the development and progression of AP as a systemic disease.
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Maléth J, Rakonczay Z, Venglovecz V, Dolman NJ, Hegyi P. Central role of mitochondrial injury in the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:226-35. [PMID: 23167280 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease with no specific treatment. One of the main reasons behind the lack of specific therapy is that the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is poorly understood. During the development of acute pancreatitis, the disease-inducing factors can damage both cell types of the exocrine pancreas, namely the acinar and ductal cells. Because damage of either of the cell types can contribute to the inflammation, it is crucial to find common intracellular mechanisms that can be targeted by pharmacological therapies. Despite the many differences, recent studies revealed that the most common factors that induce pancreatitis cause mitochondrial damage with the consequent breakdown of bioenergetics, that is, ATP depletion in both cell types. In this review, we summarize our knowledge of mitochondrial function and damage within both pancreatic acinar and ductal cells. We also suggest that colloidal ATP delivery systems for pancreatic energy supply may be able to protect acinar and ductal cells from cellular damage in the early phase of the disease. An effective energy delivery system combined with the prevention of further mitochondrial damage may, for the first time, open up the possibility of pharmacological therapy for acute pancreatitis, leading to reduced disease severity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Maléth
- First Department of Medicine; University of Szeged; Szeged; Hungary
| | - Z. Rakonczay
- First Department of Medicine; University of Szeged; Szeged; Hungary
| | - V. Venglovecz
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy; University of Szeged; Szeged; Hungary
| | - N. J. Dolman
- Molecular Probes Labelling and Detection Technologies; Life Technologies Corporation; Eugene; OR; USA
| | - P. Hegyi
- First Department of Medicine; University of Szeged; Szeged; Hungary
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Liu XL, Chen GZ. Recent advances in the use of epidural anesthesia for acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2012; 20:3737-3741. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v20.i36.3737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common acute disease caused by a number of factors. It can cause a variety of systemic symptoms and multiple organ failure (MOF), having a high mortality rate. Currently, there is still a lack of effective treatment for AP because its pathogenesis has not been elucidated. The positive role of epidural anesthesia for AP was firs described by Browne in 1969. In recent years, it has been found that epidural anesthesia can prevent the progression of AP by inducing analgesia, inhibiting the release of inflammatory factors, promoting acinar cell apoptosis, and improving pancreatic microcirculation. In this paper, we will review recent progress in the use of epidural anesthesia for AP.
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Protective effect of low-molecular-weight heparin on pancreatic encephalopathy in severe acute pancreatic rats. Inflamm Res 2012; 61:1203-9. [PMID: 22806506 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-012-0517-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pancreatic encephalopathy (PE) is a severe complication and significant cause of death in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (SAP). We have reported previously that low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) treatment could reduce incidence of PE in SAP patients. Our objective here was to investigate the protective effect of LMWH and its mechanism on PE in SAP rats. METHODS SD rats were randomly divided into three groups: (1) Sham-operation (S) group, (2) SAP group, and (3) LMWH treatment (LMWH) group. LMWH was administrated 4 h after the SAP model conducted. The levels of serum amylase, myelin basic protein (MBP), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 6 (IL-6), brain water content, occurrence of apoptosis, and pathological changes of pancreas and brain were measured at 1 day after models were set up in the SAP and S groups, and 1 day after LMWH treatment was administrated in the LMWH group. RESULTS (1) The levels of serum amylase, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the SAP group were increased significantly more than those in the S and LMWH groups (all P < 0.001), as were the levels of serum MBP in the SAP group compared to those in the S and LMWH groups (P < 0.01, <0.05 respectively). However, while the level of serum amylase and IL-6 in the LMWH group were significantly increased compared to those in the S group (P < 0.05, <0.001 respectively), the levels of TNF-α and MBP showed no significant difference between the LMWH and S groups (all P > 0.05). (2) The brain water content in the SAP group was significantly increased compared to the S group and LMWH group (P < 0.01, <0.05 respectively). (3) Neuronal apoptosis, demyelination, and mitochondrial vacuolation in neuronal cells were observed in the SAP group; in contrast, in the LMWH group, significantly lower rates of neuronal apoptosis, demyelination and mitochondrial edema were observed in neuronal cells. CONCLUSIONS The protective effect of LMWH on PE progression in SAP rats might result from inhibition of inflammatory activation and reduction of the occurrence of neuronal apoptosis.
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Yuan J, Liu Y, Tan T, Guha S, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya A, Pandol SJ. Protein kinase d regulates cell death pathways in experimental pancreatitis. Front Physiol 2012; 3:60. [PMID: 22470346 PMCID: PMC3313474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2012.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation and acinar cell necrosis are two major pathological responses of acute pancreatitis, a serious disorder with no current therapies directed to its molecular pathogenesis. Serine/threonine protein kinase D family, which includes PKD/PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3, has been increasingly implicated in the regulation of multiple physiological and pathophysiological effects. We recently reported that PKD/PKD1, the predominant PKD isoform expressed in rat pancreatic acinar cells, mediates early events of pancreatitis including NF-κB activation and inappropriate intracellular digestive enzyme activation. In current studies, we investigated the role and mechanisms of PKD/PKD1 in the regulation of necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells by using two novel small molecule PKD inhibitors CID755673 and CRT0066101 and molecular approaches in in vitro and in vivo experimental models of acute pancreatitis. Our results demonstrated that both CID755673 and CRT0066101 are PKD-specific inhibitors and that PKD/PKD1 inhibition by either the chemical inhibitors or specific PKD/PKD1 siRNAs attenuated necrosis while promoting apoptosis induced by pathological doses of cholecystokinin-octapeptide (CCK) in pancreatic acinar cells. Conversely, up-regulation of PKD expression in pancreatic acinar cells increased necrosis and decreased apoptosis. We further showed that PKD/PKD1 regulated several key cell death signals including inhibitors of apoptotic proteins, caspases, receptor-interacting protein kinase 1 to promote necrosis. PKD/PKD1 inhibition by CID755673 significantly ameliorated necrosis and severity of pancreatitis in an in vivo experimental model of acute pancreatitis. Thus, our studies indicate that PKD/PKD1 is a key mediator of necrosis in acute pancreatitis and that PKD/PKD1 may represent a potential therapeutic target in acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhen Yuan
- South California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California at Los Angeles Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Gukovsky I, Pandol SJ, Gukovskaya AS. Organellar dysfunction in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2699-710. [PMID: 21834686 PMCID: PMC3183656 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Acute pancreatitis is an inflammatory disease of exocrine pancreas that carries considerable morbidity and mortality; its pathophysiology remains poorly understood. During the past decade, new insights have been gained into signaling pathways and molecules that mediate the inflammatory response of pancreatitis and death of acinar cells (the main exocrine pancreas cell type). By contrast, much less is known about the acinar cell organellar damage in pancreatitis and how it contributes to the disease pathogenesis. RECENT ADVANCES This review summarizes recent findings from our group, obtained on experimental in vivo and ex vivo models, which reveal disordering of key cellular organelles, namely, mitochondria, autophagosomes, and lysosomes, in pancreatitis. Our results indicate a critical role for mitochondrial permeabilization in determining the balance between apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatitis, and thus the disease severity. We further investigate how the mitochondrial dysfunction (and hence acinar cell death) is regulated by Ca(2+), reactive oxygen species, and Bcl-xL, in relation to specific properties of pancreatic mitochondria. Our results also reveal that autophagy, the principal cellular degradative, lysosome-driven pathway, is impaired in pancreatitis due to inefficient lysosomal function, and that impaired autophagy mediates two key pathological responses of pancreatitis-accumulation of vacuoles in acinar cells and the abnormal, intra-acinar activation of digestive enzymes such as trypsinogen. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The findings discussed in this review indicate critical roles for mitochondrial and autophagic/lysosomal dysfunctions in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis and delineate directions for detailed investigations into the molecular events that underlie acinar cell organellar damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Gukovsky
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90073, USA.
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Booth DM, Mukherjee R, Sutton R, Criddle DN. Calcium and reactive oxygen species in acute pancreatitis: friend or foe? Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 15:2683-98. [PMID: 21861696 PMCID: PMC3183657 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.3983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a debilitating and, at times, lethal inflammatory disease, the causes and progression of which are incompletely understood. Disruption of Ca(2+) homeostasis in response to precipitants of AP leads to loss of mitochondrial integrity and cellular necrosis. RECENT ADVANCES While oxidative stress has been implicated as a major player in the pathogenesis of this disease, its precise roles remain to be defined. Recent developments are challenging the perception of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as nonspecific cytotoxic agents, suggesting that ROS promote apoptosis that may play a vital protective role in cellular stress since necrosis is avoided. CRITICAL ISSUES Fresh clinical findings have indicated that antioxidant treatment does not ameliorate AP and may actually worsen the outcome. This review explores the complex links between cellular Ca(2+) signaling and the intracellular redox environment, with particular relevance to AP. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Recent publications have underlined the importance of both Ca(2+) and ROS within the pathogenesis of AP, particularly in the determination of cell fate. Future research should elucidate the subtle interplay between Ca(2+) and redox mechanisms that operate to modulate mitochondrial function, with a view to devising strategies for the preservation of organellar function.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Booth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite being a subject of much scientific scrutiny, the pathogenesis of acute pancreatitis is still not well understood. This article reviews recent advances in our understanding of acute pancreatitis. RECENT FINDINGS Zymogen activation, observed within acini early during acute pancreatitis for a long time, was shown to be sufficient to induce acute pancreatitis. Another key early event, NFκB activation, has previously been shown to induce acute pancreatitis. The relationship between these two key early steps is beginning to be clarified. Mechanisms of zymogen activation - pathologic calcium signaling, pH changes, colocalization and autophagy, and of NFκB activation have been investigated intensively along with potential therapeutic targets both upstream and downstream of these key events. Additional key findings have been elucidation of the role of bioenergetics and the dual role of oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis, recognition of endoplasmic reticulum stress as an early step and the status of duct cells as important entities in pancreatic injury. SUMMARY Current findings have provided further insight into the roles and mechanisms of zymogen activation and inflammatory pathways in pancreatic injury. Future studies, which will be of great importance in identifying therapeutic targets, are being undertaken to establish the relative contributions of these pathways during acute pancreatitis.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The discovery of novel and effective treatment methods would be of great help to patients with acute pancreatitis. The aims of this study were to determine the inhibitory effects of vitamin K3 (VK3) against cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis in mice and to examine the mechanisms behind these effects. METHODS Acute pancreatitis in mice was induced by intraperitoneal injection of cerulein 6 times at hourly intervals. Vitamin K3 was administered once before the first injection of cerulein or twice before and after the first injection of cerulein. The degrees of inflammation and autophagy in the pancreatic tissue were estimated by histological examination, measurement of enzyme activity, confocal microscopy, and Western blotting. The inhibitory effects of VK3 against rapamycin-induced autophagy were also examined using HeLa cells stably expressing green fluorescent protein LC3. RESULTS Cerulein-induced acute pancreatitis was markedly attenuated by the administration of VK3. In addition, VK3 led to the inhibition of cerulein-evoked autophagic changes and colocalization of autophagosomes and lysosomes in the pancreatic tissue. Vitamin K3 also reduced rapamycin-induced autophagy in HeLa/green fluorescent protein LC3 cells. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that the administration of VK3 reduces pancreatic inflammation in acute pancreatitis through inhibition of the autophagic pathway. Vitamin K3 may be an effective therapeutic strategy against acute pancreatitis.
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Influence of baicalin on TNF-alpha mRNA, caspase-3 and P-selectin expression in pancreatic tissue of rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Indian J Gastroenterol 2010; 28:131-5. [PMID: 19937174 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-009-0047-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/03/2009] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Baicalin reduces the severity of severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) in a rat model. This study was carried out to examine the effect of baicalin on TNF-alpha mRNA, caspase-3 and P-selectin protein expression in the pancreas of rats with SAP. METHODS Rats with SAP were randomly assigned to untreated, baicalin-treated, octreotide-treated and sham-operated group. The TNF-alpha mRNA expression level, caspase-3 and P-selectin protein expression levels of pancreatic tissue were measured 3, 6 and 12 hours after operation. RESULTS The caspase-3 protein expression level was significantly higher in the treated groups than that in the untreated group at 3 hours (p <0.01). P-selectin protein expression level in pancreas of the treated groups was significantly lower than that of the untreated group (p <0.05 or <0.01). TNF-alpha mRNA expression level in pancreas decreased in baicalintreated group while untreated group increased at different time points (p <0.05). CONCLUSION Baicalin increases caspase-3 expression and inhibits TNF-alpha mRNA and P-selectin protein expression in pancreatic tissue of SAP rats.
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Voronina S, Barrow S, Simpson A, Gerasimenko O, da Silva Xavier G, Rutter G, Petersen O, Tepikin AV. Dynamic changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP levels in pancreatic acinar cells. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1976-87. [PMID: 20102715 PMCID: PMC6101211 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.01.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2009] [Revised: 12/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Previous studies of pancreatic acinar cells characterized the effects of Ca(2+)-releasing secretagogues and substances, inducing acute pancreatitis on mitochondrial Ca(2+), transmembrane potential, and NAD(P)H, but dynamic measurements of the crucial intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels have not been reported. Here we characterized the effects of these agents on ATP levels in the cytosol and mitochondria. METHODS ATP levels were monitored using cytosolic- or mitochondrial-targeted luciferases. RESULTS Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation produced a substantial decrease in cytosolic ATP comparable to that induced by inhibition of glycolysis. Cholecystokinin-8 (CCK) increased cytosolic ATP in spite of accelerating ATP consumption. Acetylcholine, caerulein, and bombesin had similar effect. A bile acid, taurolithocholic acid 3-sulfate (TLC-S); a fatty acid, palmitoleic acid (POA); and palmitoleic acid ethyl ester (POAEE) reduced cytosolic ATP. The ATP decrease in response to these substances was observed in cells with intact or inhibited oxidative phosphorylation. TLC-S, POA, and POAEE reduced mitochondrial ATP, whereas physiological CCK increased mitochondrial ATP. Supramaximal CCK produced a biphasic response composed of a small initial decline followed by a stronger increase. CONCLUSIONS Both glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation make substantial contributions to ATP production in acinar cells. Ca(2+)-releasing secretagogues increased ATP level in the cytosol and mitochondria of intact isolated cells. TLC-S, POA, and POAEE reduced cytosolic and mitochondrial ATP. When cells rely on nonoxidative ATP production, secretagogues as well as TLC-S, POA, and POAEE all diminish cytosolic ATP levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Voronina
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Stephanie Barrow
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alec Simpson
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Oleg Gerasimenko
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Gabriela da Silva Xavier
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Guy Rutter
- Section of Cell Biology, Division of Medicine, Imperial College, London, Sir Alexander Fleming Building, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Ole Petersen
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
| | - Alexei V. Tepikin
- The Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Liverpool, Crown Street, Liverpool, L69 3BX, UK
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Dahlhoff M, Algül H, Siveke JT, Lesina M, Wanke R, Wartmann T, Halangk W, Schmid RM, Wolf E, Schneider MR. Betacellulin protects from pancreatitis by activating stress-activated protein kinase. Gastroenterology 2010; 138:1585-94, 1594.e1-3. [PMID: 20038432 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a serious, unpredictable clinical problem, the pathophysiology of which is poorly understood. Here, we evaluate whether betacellulin (BTC), a ligand of the epidermal growth factor receptor also able to activate the proapoptotic ERBB4 receptor, can protect against experimental AP. METHODS AP was induced in transgenic mice overexpressing BTC (BTC-tg), control mice, or control mice after administration of recombinant BTC. The severity of pancreatitis was assessed by measurements of serum amylase and lipase and histologic grading. The involvement of the stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) was evaluated by treating BTC-tg mice with an SAPK inhibitor before induction of AP. RESULTS BTC-tg mice showed increased apoptosis and proliferation in the exocrine pancreas, indicating an increased cell turnover. There was a marked, epidermal growth factor receptor-independent decrease in pancreas weight. After induction of AP by cerulein injection, BTC-tg mice showed a significantly lower increase in serum amylase and lipase levels as well as less pronounced tissue necrosis, edema, and inflammation, as compared to nontransgenic littermates. This protective effect, also confirmed in the L-arginine AP model, was associated with increased phosphorylation of SAPK and abrogated after treatment of BTC-tg mice with a SAPK inhibitor. Finally, the protective effect of BTC against AP was confirmed by treating nontransgenic mice with recombinant BTC. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate a potential application of the BTC/ERBB4 pathway for modulating the course of AP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maik Dahlhoff
- Institute of Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center of the LMU Munich, Germany
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Bohus E, Rácz A, Noszál B, Coen M, Beckonert O, Keun HC, Ebbels TMD, Cantor GH, Wijsman JA, Holmes E, Lindon JC, Nicholson JK. Metabonomic investigations into the global biochemical sequelae of exposure to the pancreatic toxin 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene in the rat. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2009; 47 Suppl 1:S26-S35. [PMID: 19639609 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The time-related metabolic effects of 1-cyano-2-hydroxy-3-butene (CHB, crambene), a naturally occurring nitrile and experimental model toxin causing exocrine pancreatitis, have been investigated in rats using high-resolution NMR spectroscopy of urine and serum in combination with pattern recognition analysis. Rats were administered CHB subcutaneously in two doses, 15 mg/kg dose (n = 10) and 150 mg/kg (n = 10), and conventional histopathology and clinical chemistry assessments were performed. Urine samples were collected at - 16 and 0, 8, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 h postdosing and serum samples were collected at 48 and 168 h postdosing; these were analyzed using a range of 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. The metabolic profile perturbations seen throughout the time-course of the study are described, and the application of the spectral correlation technique Statistical TOtal Correlation SpectroscopY (STOCSY) to detect both structural and novel toxicological connectivities between xenobiotic and endogenous metabolite signals is illustrated for the first time. As a result, it is suggested that the STOCSY approach may be of wider application in the identification of toxic versus nontoxic metabolites in drug metabolism studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Bohus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, Högyes Endre u. 9. Budapest 1092, Hungary.
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Koh SL, Tan JW, Muralidharan V, Christophi C. The effect of hyperbaric oxygen on apoptosis and proliferation in severe acute pancreatitis. HPB (Oxford) 2009; 11:629-37. [PMID: 20495630 PMCID: PMC2799615 DOI: 10.1111/j.1477-2574.2009.00099.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 05/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This paper investigates the significance of apoptosis in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) and the possible modulating effects of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO). METHODS Wistar rats (250-350 g) were induced with SAP by biliopancreatic infusion of 4% sodium taurocholate. Rats were randomized for HBO treatment. Pancreatic tissue was stained for apoptosis with immunohistochemistry (anti-CASPASE-3 antibody and TUNEL), and histopathology haematoxylin and eosin (H&E). Acini were stained for proliferation with an anti-KI67 antibody. ImageProPlus was used to quantify apoptosis and proliferation in acinar cells. Statistical analysis was performed with two-independent-sample t-test or non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS In normal acini there is a low rate of apoptosis (0.165 +/- 0.157%, 0.181 +/- 0.168%, 0.130 +/- 0.298% in CASPASE-3, H&E and TUNEL, respectively) and proliferation (0.951 +/- 0.926%) (mean +/- standard deviation [SD]). When compared with normal, apoptosis (CASPASE-3: 1.28 +/- 1.12%, P= 0.008; 2.40 +/- 3.04%, P= 0.101; 1.23 +/- 0.87%, P= 0.091; H&E: 0.47 +/- 0.36%, P= 0.051; 0.69 +/- 0.63%, P= 0.001; 0.68 +/- 0.28%, P= 0; TUNEL: 1.08 +/- 1.42%, P= 0; 1.96 +/- 1.87%, P= 0; 2.36 +/- 2.26%, P= 0) and proliferation (1.96 +/- 1.89%, P= 0.187; 1.73 +/- 1.76%, P= 0.165; 1.36 +/- 1.40%, P= 0.571) were increased on days 1, 2 and 3 post-induction, respectively. In comparison with the untreated controls, HBO increased apoptosis on day 1 (CASPASE-3: 3.11 +/- 1.97%, P= 0.04; H&E: 0.97 +/- 0.76%, P= 0.005) and day 2 (TUNEL: 3.61 +/- 3.05%, P= 0.034). Treatment with HBO increased proliferation (3.04 +/- 3.14%, P= 0.519; 7.33 +/- 7.55%, P= 0.153) on days 2 and 3, respectively, compared with the untreated controls. CONCLUSIONS During SAP, acini apoptosis and proliferation were increased. Hyperbaric oxygen therapy may improve the condition of SAP by promoting apoptosis and proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shir Lin Koh
- Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Austin Health Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Baumgartner HK, Gerasimenko JV, Thorne C, Ferdek P, Pozzan T, Tepikin AV, Petersen OH, Sutton R, Watson AJM, Gerasimenko OV. Calcium elevation in mitochondria is the main Ca2+ requirement for mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20796-803. [PMID: 19515844 PMCID: PMC2742844 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.025353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated in detail the role of intra-organelle Ca2+ content during induction of apoptosis by the oxidant menadione while changing and monitoring the Ca2+ load of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondria, and acidic organelles. Menadione causes production of reactive oxygen species, induction of oxidative stress, and subsequently apoptosis. In both pancreatic acinar and pancreatic tumor AR42J cells, menadione was found to induce repetitive cytosolic Ca2+ responses because of the release of Ca2+ from both ER and acidic stores. Ca2+ responses to menadione were accompanied by elevation of Ca2+ in mitochondria, mitochondrial depolarization, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) opening. Emptying of both the ER and acidic Ca2+ stores did not necessarily prevent menadione-induced apoptosis. High mitochondrial Ca2+ at the time of menadione application was the major factor determining cell fate. However, if mitochondria were prevented from loading with Ca2+ with 10 mum RU360, then caspase-9 activation did not occur irrespective of the content of other Ca2+ stores. These results were confirmed by ratiometric measurements of intramitochondrial Ca2+ with pericam. We conclude that elevated Ca2+ in mitochondria is the crucial factor in determining whether cells undergo oxidative stress-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi K. Baumgartner
- From the Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences
- the Division of Gastroenterology, School of Clinical Sciences, and
| | | | | | - Pawel Ferdek
- From the Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Tullio Pozzan
- the Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Institute of Neurosciences, University of Padua, Viale G Colombo 3, 35121 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Ole H. Petersen
- From the Physiological Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Robert Sutton
- the Division of Surgery and Oncology, School of Cancer Studies, Liverpool University, Liverpool L69 3BX, United Kingdom and
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Fortunato F, Bürgers H, Bergmann F, Rieger P, Büchler MW, Kroemer G, Werner J. Impaired autolysosome formation correlates with Lamp-2 depletion: role of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis in pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2009; 137:350-60, 360.e1-5. [PMID: 19362087 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Acute pancreatitis constitutes a life-threatening condition in which pancreatic acinar cells undergo massive cell death. We investigated the incidence of apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis affecting acinar cells in the early onset of acute pancreatitis induced by chronic alcohol feeding and acute endotoxemia. METHODS Rats were fed either an ethanol-containing or a control diet over 14 weeks and killed 3 or 24 hours after a single lipopolysaccharide injection. Apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy of pancreatic acinar cells were assessed by histology, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, and biochemical methods. RESULTS The combination of alcohol exposure and endotoxemia resulted in the depletion of several lysosomal proteins including lysosomal-associated membrane protein-2 (Lamp-2), a protein that is required for the proper fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes. Accordingly, Lamp-2 depletion correlated with the accumulation of autophagosomes and a relative paucity of autolysosomes, reduced adenosine-5'-triphosphate levels, and a switch from apoptotic to necrotic cell death. This switch to necrosis was accompanied by reduced caspase activation and the nuclear release of the proinflammatory factor high mobility group box 1. Importantly, human patients with alcoholic pancreatitis also exhibited local Lamp-2 depletion, which points to a crucial role for Lamp-2 and autophagy in pancreatic acinar cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that acinar cell vacuolization in pancreatitis is mediated by an endotoxemia-induced inhibition of the late stage of autophagy. The combination of alcohol and endotoxemia attenuated apoptosis response yet enhanced acinar cell necrosis. The depletion of lysosomal proteins plays a critical role in the early onset of acute pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Fortunato
- Department of General, Visceral, and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital Heidelberg, Germany.
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Singh VP, Bren GD, Algeciras-Schimnich A, Schnepple D, Navina S, Rizza SA, Dawra RK, Saluja AK, Chari ST, Vege SS, Badley AD. Nelfinavir/ritonavir reduces acinar injury but not inflammation during mouse caerulein pancreatitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2009; 296:G1040-6. [PMID: 19282375 PMCID: PMC2696210 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.90642.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
There is no clinical treatment that reduces acinar injury during pancreatitis. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease inhibitors (PI), including nelfinavir (NFV) and ritonavir (RTV), may reduce the rate of pancreatitis in HIV-infected patients. Since permeability transition pore (PTPC)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction occurs during pancreatitis, and we have shown that PI prevents PTPC opening, we studied its effects in a model of pancreatitis. The effect of NFV plus RTV (NFV/RTV) or vehicle on caerulein-induced pancreatitis in mice was compared by measuring changes in mitochondrial membrane potential in vitro and cytochrome c leakage in vivo. Histological and inflammatory makers were also compared. NFV/RTV improved DiOC6 retention in acini exposed to caerulein in vitro. In vivo NFV prevented cytosolic leakage of cytochrome c and reduced pancreatic acinar injury, active caspase-3 staining, TUNEL-positive acinar cells, and serum amylase (P < 0.05). Conversely, trypsin activity, serum cytokine levels, and pancreatic and lung inflammation were unaffected. NFV/RTV reduces pancreatic injury and acinar cell death in experimental mouse caerulein-induced pancreatitis but does not impact inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay P Singh
- Division of Gastroenterology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Sung KF, Odinokova IV, Mareninova OA, Rakonczay Z, Hegyi P, Pandol SJ, Gukovsky I, Gukovskaya AS. Prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins stabilize pancreatic mitochondria and protect against necrosis in experimental pancreatitis. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:1975-89. [PMID: 19331832 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2008] [Revised: 01/14/2009] [Accepted: 01/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Acinar cells in pancreatitis die through apoptosis and necrosis, the roles of which are different. The severity of experimental pancreatitis correlates directly with the extent of necrosis and inversely, with apoptosis. Apoptosis is mediated by the release of cytochrome c into the cytosol followed by caspase activation, whereas necrosis is associated with the mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim) loss leading to ATP depletion. Here, we investigate the role of Bcl-2 proteins in apoptosis and necrosis in pancreatitis. We found up-regulation of prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins in pancreas in various experimental models of acute pancreatitis, most pronounced for Bcl-xL. This up-regulation translated into increased levels of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 in pancreatic mitochondria. Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors induced DeltaPsim loss and cytochrome c release in isolated mitochondria. Corroborating the results on mitochondria, Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors induced DeltaPsim loss, ATP depletion and necrosis in pancreatic acinar cells, both untreated and hyperstimulated with CCK-8 (in vitro pancreatitis model). Together Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors and CCK induced more necrosis than either treatment alone. Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors also stimulated cytochrome c release in acinar cells leading to caspase-3 activation and apoptosis. However, different from their effect on pronecrotic signals, the stimulation by Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors of apoptotic responses was less in CCK-treated than control cells. Therefore, Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibitors potentiated CCK-induced necrosis but not apoptosis. Correspondingly, transfection with Bcl-xL siRNA stimulated necrosis but not apoptosis in the in vitro pancreatitis model. Further, in animal models of pancreatitis Bcl-xL up-regulation inversely correlated with necrosis, but not apoptosis. Results indicate that Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 protect acinar cells from necrosis in pancreatitis by stabilizing mitochondria against death signals. We conclude that Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 inhibition would aggravate acute pancreatitis, whereas Bcl-xL/Bcl-2 up-regulation presents a strategy to prevent or attenuate necrosis in pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Feng Sung
- Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Abstract
Reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute and chronic pancreatitis. Clinical and basic science studies have indicated that ROS/RNS formation processes are intimately linked to the development of the inflammatory disorders. The detrimental effects of highly reactive ROS/RNS are mediated by their direct actions on biomolecules (lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) and activation of proinflammatory signal cascades, which subsequently lead to activation of immune responses. The present article summarizes the possible sources of ROS/RNS formation and the detailed signaling cascades implicated in the pathogenesis of pancreatic inflammation, as observed in acute and chronic pancreatitis. A therapeutic ROS/RNS-scavenging strategy has been advocated for decades; however, clinical studies examining such approaches have been inconsistent in their results. Emerging evidence indicates that pancreatitis-inducing ROS/RNS generation may be attenuated by targeting ROS/RNS-generating enzymes and upstream mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po Sing Leung
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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Ji T, Tang ZG, Huang Q, Xu GL, Chen J, Li JS. Effects of tumor necrosis factor-α inhibitor on cell apoptosis and expression of Caspase-3 in rats with severe acute pancreatitis. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2008; 16:3324-3327. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v16.i29.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the relationship between the pancreatitis cell apoptosis , Caspase-3 expression and disease severity in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) rats.
METHODS: Forty SD rats were randomly divided into SAP group treated with retrograde injection of sodium taurocholate (n = 20), and experimental group (intervention group, SAP animal model was developed, the recombinant human necrosis factor-alpha receptor II: IgG Fc fusion protein was injected, n = 20). Serum amylase and TNF-α were detected. And Caspase-3 expression was measured using immunohistochemitry. And the apoptosis of pancreatic cells were detected using TUNEL and the pathological score of pancreatic tissue was estimated.
RESULTS: Serum amylase, TNF-α and pathological scores of pancreatic tissues were lower (6868.80 ± 595.50 U/L vs 5434.20 ± 481.52 U/L, 258.46 ± 38.57 ng/L vs 182.00±19.67 ng/L, 15.54 ± 2.30 vs 11.06 ± 1.09, all P < 0.05), and the positive rate of Caspase-3 and the apoptotic index of pancreatic cells increased significantly in the intervention group than in the SAP group (20.06 ± 2.17 vs 28.52 ± 3.74, 10.42 ± 1.27 vs 16.23 ± 2.43, both P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: Pancreatic cell apoptosis is associated with increased expression of the Caspase-3, improved the inflammatory response and lowered pancreatic tissue pathological score in rats with severe acute pancreatitis.
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