1
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Concetti C, Peleg-Raibstein D, Burdakov D. Hypothalamic MCH Neurons: From Feeding to Cognitive Control. Function (Oxf) 2023; 5:zqad059. [PMID: 38020069 PMCID: PMC10667013 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Modern neuroscience is progressively elucidating that the classic view positing distinct brain regions responsible for survival, emotion, and cognitive functions is outdated. The hypothalamus demonstrates the interdependence of these roles, as it is traditionally known for fundamental survival functions like energy and electrolyte balance, but is now recognized to also play a crucial role in emotional and cognitive processes. This review focuses on lateral hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons, producing the neuropeptide MCH-a relatively understudied neuronal population with integrative functions related to homeostatic regulation and motivated behaviors, with widespread inputs and outputs throughout the entire central nervous system. Here, we review early findings and recent literature outlining their role in the regulation of energy balance, sleep, learning, and memory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Concetti
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Daria Peleg-Raibstein
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
| | - Denis Burdakov
- Neurobehavioural Dynamics Laboratory, ETH Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, Schwerzenbach 8603, Switzerland
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2
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Beekly BG, Rupp A, Burgess CR, Elias CF. Fast neurotransmitter identity of MCH neurons: Do contents depend on context? Front Neuroendocrinol 2023; 70:101069. [PMID: 37149229 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2023.101069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Hypothalamic melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) neurons participate in many fundamental neuroendocrine processes. While some of their effects can be attributed to MCH itself, others appear to depend on co-released neurotransmitters. Historically, the subject of fast neurotransmitter co-release from MCH neurons has been contentious, with data to support MCH neurons releasing GABA, glutamate, both, and neither. Rather than assuming a position in that debate, this review considers the evidence for all sides and presents an alternative explanation: neurochemical identity, including classical neurotransmitter content, is subject to change. With an emphasis on the variability of experimental details, we posit that MCH neurons may release GABA and/or glutamate at different points according to environmental and contextual factors. Through the lens of the MCH system, we offer evidence that the field of neuroendocrinology would benefit from a more nuanced and dynamic interpretation of neurotransmitter identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B G Beekly
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - A Rupp
- Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - C R Burgess
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - C F Elias
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Elizabeth W. Caswell Diabetes Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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3
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González-Flores O, Pfaus JG, Luna-Hernández A, Montes-Narváez O, Domínguez-Ordóñez R, Tecamachaltzi-Silvarán MB, García-Juárez M. Estradiol and progesterone-induced lordosis behavior is modulated by both the Kisspeptin receptor and melanin-concentrating hormone in estradiol benzoate-primed rats. Horm Behav 2022; 146:105257. [PMID: 36115135 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2022.105257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of estradiol benzoate (E2B) and progesterone (P) induces intense lordosis behavior in ovariectomized rats primed peripherally with E2B. The present study tested the hypothesis that the Kisspeptin (Kiss) and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) pathways regulate female sexual behavior induced by these steroid hormones. In Experiment 1, we tested the relevance of the Kiss pathway by ICV infusion of its inhibitor, kiss-234, before administration of E2B or P in estrogen-primed rats. Lordosis induced by E2B alone or with the addition of P was reduced significantly at 30, 120, and 240 min. In Experiment 2, ICV infusion of MCH 30 min before E2B or P significantly reduced lordosis in rats primed with E2B alone. These data support the hypothesis that the Kiss and MCH pathways, which can release or modulate gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), are involved in E2B- and P-induced lordosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar González-Flores
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, México
| | - James G Pfaus
- Department of Psychology and Life Sciences, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Czech National Institute of Mental Health, Klecany, Czech Republic
| | - Ailyn Luna-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, México; Maestría en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Omar Montes-Narváez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, México; Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Raymundo Domínguez-Ordóñez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, México; Licenciatura en Ingeniería Agronómica y Zootecnia, CRC, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, México
| | | | - Marcos García-Juárez
- Centro de Investigación en Reproducción Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala-CINVESTAV, Tlaxcala, México.
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4
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Al-Massadi O, Dieguez C, Schneeberger M, López M, Schwaninger M, Prevot V, Nogueiras R. Multifaceted actions of melanin-concentrating hormone on mammalian energy homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2021; 17:745-755. [PMID: 34608277 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00559-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a small cyclic peptide expressed in all mammals, mainly in the hypothalamus. MCH acts as a robust integrator of several physiological functions and has crucial roles in the regulation of sleep-wake rhythms, feeding behaviour and metabolism. MCH signalling has a very broad endocrine context and is involved in physiological functions and emotional states associated with metabolism, such as reproduction, anxiety, depression, sleep and circadian rhythms. MCH mediates its functions through two receptors (MCHR1 and MCHR2), of which only MCHR1 is common to all mammals. Owing to the wide variety of MCH downstream signalling pathways, MCHR1 agonists and antagonists have great potential as tools for the directed management of energy balance disorders and associated metabolic complications, and translational strategies using these compounds hold promise for the development of novel treatments for obesity. This Review provides an overview of the numerous roles of MCH in energy and glucose homeostasis, as well as in regulation of the mesolimbic dopaminergic circuits that encode the hedonic component of food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Carlos Dieguez
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Miguel López
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Vincent Prevot
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Lille Neuroscience and Cognition, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, UMR-S1172, EGID, Lille, France
| | - Ruben Nogueiras
- CIBER Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, CIMUS, University of Santiago de Compostela-Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
- Galician Agency of Innovation (GAIN), Xunta de Galicia, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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5
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Tisdale RK, Yamanaka A, Kilduff TS. Animal models of narcolepsy and the hypocretin/orexin system: Past, present, and future. Sleep 2021; 44:6031626. [PMID: 33313880 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal models have advanced not only our understanding of the etiology and phenotype of the sleep disorder narcolepsy but have also informed sleep/wake regulation more generally. The identification of an inheritable narcolepsy phenotype in dogs in the 1970s allowed the establishment of a breeding colony at Stanford University, resulting in studies that provided the first insights into the genetics and neurotransmitter systems that underlie cataplexy and rapid-eye movement sleep atonia. Although the discovery of the hypocretin/orexin neuropeptides in 1998 initially seemed unrelated to sleep/wake control, the description of the phenotype of the prepro-orexin knockout (KO) mouse as strongly resembling cataplexy, the pathognomonic symptom of narcolepsy, along with identification of a mutation in hypocretin receptor-2 gene as the source of canine narcolepsy, unequivocally established the relationship between this system and narcolepsy. The subsequent discovery of hypocretin neuron degeneration in human narcolepsy demystified a disorder whose etiology had been unknown since its initial description 120 years earlier. These breakthroughs prompted the development of numerous other animal models that have allowed manipulation of the hypocretin/orexin system, thereby advancing our understanding of sleep/wake circuitry. While animal models have greatly informed understanding of this fascinating disorder and the role of the hypocretin/orexin system in sleep/wake control, the question of why these neurons degenerate in human narcolepsy is only beginning to be understood. The development of new immune-mediated narcolepsy models are likely to further inform the etiology of this sleep disorder and animal models will undoubtedly play a critical role in the development of novel narcolepsy therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Tisdale
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Japan.,Department of Neural Regulation, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Thomas S Kilduff
- Center for Neuroscience, Biosciences Division, SRI International
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6
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Philippe C, Klebermass EM, Balber T, Kulterer OC, Zeilinger M, Egger G, Dumanic M, Herz CT, Kiefer FW, Scheuba C, Scherer T, Fürnsinn C, Vraka C, Pallitsch K, Spreitzer H, Wadsak W, Viernstein H, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M. Discovery of melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 in brown adipose tissue. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1494:70-86. [PMID: 33502798 PMCID: PMC8248337 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although extensive research on brown adipose tissue (BAT) has stimulated optimism in the battle against obesity and diabetes, BAT physiology and organ crosstalk are not fully understood. Besides BAT, melanin‐concentrating hormone (MCH) and its receptor (MCHR1) play an important role in energy homeostasis. Because of the link between hypothalamic MCH neurons and sympathetic BAT activation via β‐adrenoceptors, we investigated the expression and physiological role of the MCHR1 in BAT. MCHR1 was detected in rodent and human BAT with RT‐qPCR and western blot analyses. In vivo imaging in rats used the glucose analog [18F]FDG and the MCHR1‐tracer [11C]SNAP‐7941. We found that the β3‐adrenoceptor (ADRB3) agonist CL316,243 increased [11C]SNAP‐7941 uptake in BAT. Additionally, a pharmacological concentration of SNAP‐7941—a low‐affinity ADRB3 ligand—stimulated [18F]FDG uptake, reflecting BAT activation. In cultured human adipocytes, CL316,243 induced MCHR1 expression, further supporting a direct interaction between MCHR1 and ADRB3. These findings characterized MCHR1 expression in rodent and human BAT for the first time, including in vitro and in vivo data demonstrating a link between MCHR1 and the β3‐adrenergic system. The presence of MCHR1 in BAT emphasizes the role of BAT in energy homeostasis and may help uncover treatment approaches for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva-Maria Klebermass
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Balber
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oana C Kulterer
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeilinger
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt, Austria
| | - Gerda Egger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Dumanic
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Carsten T Herz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian W Kiefer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Scheuba
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Scherer
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Clemens Fürnsinn
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Center for Biomarker Research in Medicine - CBmed GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Division of Nuclear Medicine, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria
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7
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Diniz GB, Battagello DS, Klein MO, Bono BSM, Ferreira JGP, Motta‐Teixeira LC, Duarte JCG, Presse F, Nahon J, Adamantidis A, Chee MJ, Sita LV, Bittencourt JC. Ciliary melanin‐concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) is widely distributed in the murine CNS in a sex‐independent manner. J Neurosci Res 2020; 98:2045-2071. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B. Diniz
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Department of Neurosurgery Yale School of Medicine New Haven CT USA
| | - Daniella S. Battagello
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Marianne O. Klein
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | | | - Jozélia G. P. Ferreira
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Livia C. Motta‐Teixeira
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jessica C. G. Duarte
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Françoise Presse
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) Université Côte d’AzurCNRS Valbonne France
| | - Jean‐Louis Nahon
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC) Université Côte d’AzurCNRS Valbonne France
| | | | - Melissa J. Chee
- Department of Neuroscience Carleton University Ottawa ON Canada
| | - Luciane V. Sita
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
- Center for Neuroscience and Behavior Institute of Psychology University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
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8
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Battagello DS, Lorenzon AR, Diniz GB, Motta-Teixeira LC, Klein MO, Ferreira JGP, Arias CM, Adamantidis A, Sita LV, Cipolla-Neto J, Bevilacqua EMAF, Sawchenko PE, Bittencourt JC. The Rat Mammary Gland as a Novel Site of Expression of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 mRNA and Its Protein Immunoreactivity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:463. [PMID: 32849267 PMCID: PMC7411258 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactation is a complex physiological process, depending on orchestrated central and peripheral events, including substantial brain plasticity. Among these events is a novel expression of pro-melanin-concentrating hormone (Pmch) mRNA in the rodent hypothalamus, such as the ventral part of the medial preoptic area (vmMPOA). This expression reaches its highest levels around postpartum day 19 (PPD19), when dams transition from lactation to the weaning period. The appearance of this lactation-related Pmch expression occurs simultaneously with the presence of one of the Pmch products, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), in the serum. Given the relevance of the MPOA to maternal physiology and the contemporaneity between Pmch expression in this structure and the weaning period, we hypothesized that MCH has a role in the termination of lactation, acting as a mediator between central and peripheral changes. To test this, we investigated the presence of the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) and its gene expression in the mammary gland of female rats in different stages of the reproductive cycle. To that end, in situ hybridization, RT-PCR, RT-qPCR, nucleotide sequencing, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting were employed. Although Mchr1 expression was detected in the epidermis and dermis of both diestrus and lactating rats, parenchymal expression was exclusively found in the functional mammary gland of lactating rats. The expression of Mchr1 mRNA oscillated through the lactation period and reached its maximum in PPD19 dams. Presence of MCHR1 was confirmed with immunohistochemistry with preferential location of MCHR1 immunoreactive cells in the alveolar secretory cells. As was the case for gene expression, the MCHR1 protein levels were significantly higher in PPD19 than in other groups. Our data demonstrate the presence of an anatomical basis for the participation of MCH peptidergic system on the control of lactation through the mammary gland, suggesting that MCH could modulate a prolactation action in early postpartum days and the opposite role at the end of the lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella S. Battagello
- Instituto de Psicologia, Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aline R. Lorenzon
- Departmento de Biologia Celular e Do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanne B. Diniz
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lívia C. Motta-Teixeira
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marianne O. Klein
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jozélia G. P. Ferreira
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos M. Arias
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Luciane V. Sita
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Departmento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estela M. A. F. Bevilacqua
- Departmento de Biologia Celular e Do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paul E. Sawchenko
- Laboratory of Neuronal Structure and Function, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Jackson C. Bittencourt
- Instituto de Psicologia, Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Laboratorio de Neuroanatomia Quimica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Jackson C. Bittencourt
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9
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Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is a robust integrator of exogenous and endogenous information, modulating arousal and energy balance in mammals. Its predominant function in teleosts, however, is to concentrate melanin in the scales, contributing to the adaptive color change observed in several teleost species. These contrasting functions resulted from a gene duplication that occurred after the teleost divergence, which resulted in the generation of two MCH-coding genes in this clade, which acquired distinctive sequences, distribution, and functions, examined in detail here. We also describe the distribution of MCH immunoreactivity and gene expression in a large number of species, in an attempt to identify its core elements. While initially originated as a periventricular peptide, with an intimate relationship with the third ventricle, multiple events of lateral migration occurred during evolution, making the ventrolateral and dorsolateral hypothalamus the predominant sites of MCH in teleosts and mammals, respectively. Substantial differences between species can be identified, likely reflecting differences in habitat and behavior. This observation aligns well with the idea that MCH is a major integrator of internal and external information, ensuring an appropriate response to ensure the organism’s homeostasis. New studies on the MCH system in species that have not yet been investigated will help us understand more precisely how these habitat changes are connected to the hypothalamic neurochemical circuits, paving the way to new intervention strategies that may be used with pharmacological purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanne B Diniz
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Neurosurgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Jackson C Bittencourt
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciências Biomedicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Nucleo de Neurociencias e Comportamento, Instituto de Psicologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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10
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Wikenius E, Moe V, Smith L, Heiervang ER, Berglund A. DNA methylation changes in infants between 6 and 52 weeks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17587. [PMID: 31772264 PMCID: PMC6879561 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54355-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infants undergo extensive developments during their first year of life. Although the biological mechanisms involved are not yet fully understood, changes in the DNA methylation in mammals are believed to play a key role. This study was designed to investigate changes in infant DNA methylation that occurs between 6 and 52 weeks. A total of 214 infant saliva samples from 6 or 52 weeks were assessed using principal component analyses and t-distributed stochastic neighbor-embedding algorithms. Between the two time points, there were clear differences in DNA methylation. To further investigate these findings, paired two-sided student’s t-tests were performed. Differently methylated regions were defined as at least two consecutive probes that showed significant differences, with a q-value < 0.01 and a mean difference > 0.2. After correcting for false discovery rates, changes in the DNA methylation levels were found in 42 genes. Of these, 36 genes showed increased and six decreased DNA methylation. The overall DNA methylation changes indicated decreased gene expression. This was surprising because infants undergo such profound developments during their first year of life. The results were evaluated by taking into consideration the extensive development that occurs during pregnancy. During the first year of life, infants have an overall three-fold increase in weight, while the fetus develops from a single cell into a viable infant in 9 months, with an 875-million-fold increase in weight. It is possible that the findings represent a biological slowing mechanism in response to extensive fetal development. In conclusion, our study provides evidence of DNA methylation changes during the first year of life, representing a possible biological slowing mechanism. We encourage future studies of DNA methylation changes in infants to replicate the findings by using a repeated measures model and less stringent criteria to see if the same genes can be found, as well as investigating whether other genes are involved in development during this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Wikenius
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA. .,Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Vibeke Moe
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,The Center for Child and Adolescent Mental Health, Eastern and Southern Norway (RBUP), Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars Smith
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar R Heiervang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Berglund
- H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, USA
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11
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Vawter MP, Schulmann A, Alhassen L, Alhassen W, Hamzeh AR, Sakr J, Pauluk L, Yoshimura R, Wang X, Dai Q, Sanathara N, Civelli O, Alachkar A. Melanin Concentrating Hormone Signaling Deficits in Schizophrenia: Association With Memory and Social Impairments and Abnormal Sensorimotor Gating. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 23:53-65. [PMID: 31563948 PMCID: PMC7442395 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyz051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence from anatomical, pharmacological, and genetic studies supports a role for the neuropeptide melanin concentrating hormone system in modulating emotional and cognitive functions. Genome-wide association studies revealed a potential association between the melanin concentrating hormone receptor (MCHR1) gene locus and schizophrenia, and the largest genome-wide association study conducted to date shows a credible genome-wide association. METHODS We analyzed MCHR1 and pro-melanin concentrating hormone RNA-Seq expression in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia patients and healthy controls. Disruptions in the melanin concentrating hormone system were modeled in the mouse brain by germline deletion of MCHR1 and by conditional ablation of melanin concentrating hormone expressing neurons using a Cre-inducible diphtheria toxin system. RESULTS MCHR1 expression is decreased in the prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia samples (false discovery rate (FDR) P < .05, CommonMind and PsychEncode combined datasets, n = 901) while pro-melanin concentrating hormone is below the detection threshold. MCHR1 expression decreased with aging (P = 6.6E-57) in human dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The deletion of MCHR1 was found to lead to behavioral abnormalities mimicking schizophrenia-like phenotypes: hyperactivity, increased stereotypic and repetitive behavior, social impairment, impaired sensorimotor gating, and disrupted cognitive functions. Conditional ablation of pro-melanin concentrating hormone neurons increased repetitive behavior and produced a deficit in sensorimotor gating. CONCLUSIONS Our study indicates that early disruption of the melanin concentrating hormone system interferes with neurodevelopmental processes, which may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Further neurobiological research on the developmental timing and circuits that are affected by melanin concentrating hormone may lead to a therapeutic target for early prevention of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marquis P Vawter
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA,Correspondence: Marquis P. Vawter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 (); and Dr Amal Alachkar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA ()
| | - Anton Schulmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA,Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA
| | - Lamees Alhassen
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Wedad Alhassen
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Abdul Rezzak Hamzeh
- John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra
| | - Jasmine Sakr
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Lucas Pauluk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Ryan Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Xuejie Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Qi Dai
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Nayna Sanathara
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA,Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA
| | - Amal Alachkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA,Correspondence: Marquis P. Vawter, PhD, Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617 (); and Dr Amal Alachkar, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA ()
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12
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Philippe C, Zeilinger M, Dumanic M, Pichler F, Fetty L, Vraka C, Balber T, Wadsak W, Pallitsch K, Spreitzer H, Lanzenberger R, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M. SNAPshots of the MCHR1: a Comparison Between the PET-Tracers [ 18F]FE@SNAP and [ 11C]SNAP-7941. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 21:257-268. [PMID: 29948643 PMCID: PMC6449294 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1212-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) has become an important pharmacological target, since it may be involved in various diseases, such as diabetes, insulin resistance, and obesity. Hence, a suitable positron emission tomography radiotracer for the in vivo assessment of the MCHR1 pharmacology is imperative. The current paper contrasts the extensive in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo assessments of the radiotracers [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 and provides comprehensive information about their biological and physicochemical properties. Furthermore, it examines their suitability for first-in-man imaging studies. PROCEDURES Kinetic real-time cell-binding studies with [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 were conducted on adherent Chines hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells stably expressing the human MCHR1 and MCHR2. Small animal imaging studies on mice and rats were performed under displacement and baseline conditions, as well as after pretreatment with the P-glycoprotein/breast cancer resistant protein inhibitor tariquidar. After the imaging studies, detailed analyses of the ex vivo biodistribution were performed. Ex vivo metabolism was determined in rat blood and brain and analyzed at various time points using a quantitative radio-HPLC assay. RESULTS [11C]SNAP-7941 demonstrates high uptake on CHO-K1-hMCHR1 cells, whereas no uptake was detected for the CHO-K1-hMCHR2 cells. In contrast, [18F]FE@SNAP evinced binding to CHO-K1-hMCHR1 and CHO-K1-hMCHR2 cells. Imaging studies with [18F]FE@SNAP and [11C]SNAP-7941 showed an increased brain uptake after tariquidar pretreatment in mice, as well as in rats, and exhibited a significant difference between the time-activity curves of the baseline and blocking groups. Biodistribution of both tracers demonstrated a decreased uptake after displacement. [11C]SNAP-7941 revealed a high metabolic stability in rats, whereas [18F]FE@SNAP was rapidly metabolized. CONCLUSIONS Both radiotracers demonstrate appropriate imaging properties for the MCHR1. However, the pronounced metabolic stability as well as superior selectivity and affinity of [11C]SNAP-7941 underlines the decisive superiority over [18F]FE@SNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Zeilinger
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Neustadt, Austria
| | - Monika Dumanic
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Pichler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Wiener Neustadt, Neustadt, Austria
| | - Lukas Fetty
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Radiotherapy, Division of Medical Physics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Chrysoula Vraka
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresa Balber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- CBmed, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute Applied Diagnostics, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Reinscheid RK, Civelli O. The History of N/OFQ and the NOP Receptor. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2019; 254:3-16. [PMID: 30689090 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ) marks the genuine start of the reverse pharmacology era, when systematic hunting for ligands of orphan receptors began. The choice of this particular target was no coincidence as the orphan receptor ORL-1 displayed high similarity to known opioid receptors, and thus its elusive ligand held promise to find more than a ligand but a missing opioid peptide. N/OFQ indeed turned out to belong to the opioid peptide family, but with significant pharmacological and functional distinctions. The quest for understanding N/OFQ's physiological functions has produced some novel insights into stress regulation and many other body functions but is still ongoing almost 25 years after its discovery. This chapter highlights the early steps of orphan receptor research and some of the protagonists who helped to advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer K Reinscheid
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Jena, Germany.
- Institute of Physiology I, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität, Münster, Germany.
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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14
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Zeilinger M, Dumanic M, Pichler F, Budinsky L, Wadsak W, Pallitsch K, Spreitzer H, Lanzenberger R, Hacker M, Mitterhauser M, Philippe C. In vivo evaluation of radiotracers targeting the melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1: [ 11C]SNAP-7941 and [ 18F]FE@SNAP reveal specific uptake in the ventricular system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8054. [PMID: 28808288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08684-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The MCHR1 is involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis and changes of the expression are linked to a variety of associated diseases, such as diabetes and adiposity. The study aimed at the in vitro and in vivo evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP as potential PET-tracers for the MCHR1. Competitive binding studies with non-radioactive derivatives and small-animal PET/CT and MRI brain studies were performed under baseline conditions and tracer displacement with the unlabelled MCHR1 antagonist (±)-SNAP-7941. Binding studies evinced high binding affinity of the non-radioactive derivatives. Small-animal imaging of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP evinced high tracer uptake in MCHR1-rich regions of the ventricular system. Quantitative analysis depicted a significant tracer reduction after displacement with (±)-SNAP-7941. Due to the high binding affinity of the non-labelled derivatives and the high specific tracer uptake of [11C]SNAP-7941 and [18F]FE@SNAP, there is strong evidence that both radiotracers may serve as highly suitable agents for specific MCHR1 imaging.
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15
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Ferreira JGP, Bittencourt JC, Adamantidis A. Melanin-concentrating hormone and sleep. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2017; 44:152-158. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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16
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Kawata Y, Okuda S, Hotta N, Igawa H, Takahashi M, Ikoma M, Kasai S, Ando A, Satomi Y, Nishida M, Nakayama M, Yamamoto S, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S. A novel and selective melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist ameliorates obesity and hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese rodent models. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 796:45-53. [PMID: 27986627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), a cyclic neuropeptide expressed predominantly in the lateral hypothalamus, plays an important role in the control of feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. Mice lacking MCH or MCH1 receptor are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and MCH1 receptor antagonists show potent anti-obesity effects in preclinical studies, indicating that MCH1 receptor is a promising target for anti-obesity drugs. Moreover, recent studies have suggested the potential of MCH1 receptor antagonists for treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In the present study, we show the anti-obesity and anti-hepatosteatosis effect of our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A. Repeated oral administration of Compound A resulted in dose-dependent body weight reduction and had an anorectic effect in DIO mice. The body weight lowering effect of Compound A was more potent than that of pair-feeding. Compound A also reduced lipid content and the expression level of lipogenesis-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes in the liver of DIO mice. Conversely, intracerebroventricular infusion of MCH caused induction of hepatic steatosis as well as increase in body weight in high-fat diet-fed wild type mice, but not MCH1 receptor knockout mice. The pair-feeding study revealed the MCH-MCH1 receptor system affects hepatic steatosis through a mechanism that is independent of body weight change. Metabolome analysis demonstrated that Compound A upregulated lipid metabolism-related molecules, such as acylcarnitines and cardiolipins, in the liver. These findings suggest that our novel MCH1 receptor antagonist, Compound A, exerts its beneficial therapeutic effect on NAFLD and obesity through a central MCH-MCH1 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Natsu Hotta
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ayumi Ando
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Satomi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nishida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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17
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Ploj K, Benthem L, Kakol-Palm D, Gennemark P, Andersson L, Bjursell M, Börjesson J, Kärrberg L, Månsson M, Antonsson M, Johansson A, Iverson S, Carlsson B, Turnbull A, Lindén D. Effects of a novel potent melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonist, AZD1979, on body weight homeostasis in mice and dogs. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2739-51. [PMID: 27400775 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigen, and while rodents express one MCH receptor (MCH1 receptor), humans, non-human primates and dogs express two MCH receptors (MCH1 and MCH2 ). MCH1 receptor antagonists have been developed for the treatment of obesity and lower body weight in rodents. However, the mechanisms for the body weight loss and whether MCH1 receptor antagonism can lower body weight in species expressing both MCH receptors are not fully understood. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A novel recently identified potent MCH1 receptor antagonist, AZD1979, was studied in wild type and Mchr1 knockout (KO) mice and by using pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry in diet-induced obese (DIO) mice. The effect of AZD1979 on body weight was also studied in beagle dogs. KEY RESULTS AZD1979 bound to MCH1 receptors in the CNS and dose-dependently reduced body weight in DIO mice leading to improved homeostasis model assessment-index of insulin sensitivity. AZD1979 did not affect food intake or body weight in Mchr1 KO mice demonstrating specificity for the MCH1 receptor mechanism. In DIO mice, initial AZD1979-mediated body weight loss was driven by decreased food intake, but an additional component of preserved energy expenditure was apparent in pair-feeding and indirect calorimetry studies. AZD1979 also dose-dependently reduced body weight in dogs. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AZD1979 is a novel potent MCH1 receptor antagonist that affects both food intake and energy expenditure. That AZD1979 also lowers body weight in a species expressing both MCH receptors holds promise for the use of MCH1 receptor antagonists for the treatment of human obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Ploj
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lambertus Benthem
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dorota Kakol-Palm
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Peter Gennemark
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Liselotte Andersson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Mikael Bjursell
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Jenny Börjesson
- Discovery Sciences Transgenics, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lillevi Kärrberg
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden.,Drug Safety & Metabolism, AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Madeleine Antonsson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anders Johansson
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Björn Carlsson
- Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andrew Turnbull
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Daniel Lindén
- Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases innovative Medicines (CVMD iMed), AstraZeneca Mölndal, Sweden
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18
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Shirasaki M, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Ikoma M, Aida J, Yasuma T, Okuda S, Kawata Y, Noguchi T, Yamamoto S, Fujioka Y, Kundu M, Khamrai U, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Amine-free melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: Novel 1-(1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one derivatives and design to avoid CYP3A4 time-dependent inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:2486-2503. [PMID: 27112449 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an attractive target for antiobesity agents, and numerous drug discovery programs are dedicated to finding small-molecule MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists. We recently reported novel pyridine-2(1H)-ones as aliphatic amine-free MCHR1 antagonists that structurally featured an imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based bicyclic motif. To investigate imidazopyridine variants with lower basicity and less potential to inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), we designed pyridine-2(1H)-ones bearing various less basic bicyclic motifs. Among these, a lead compound 6a bearing a 1H-benzimidazole motif showed comparable binding affinity to MCHR1 to the corresponding imidazopyridine derivative 1. Optimization of 6a afforded a series of potent thiophene derivatives (6q-u); however, most of these were found to cause time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4. As bioactivation of thiophenes to form sulfoxide or epoxide species was considered to be a major cause of CYP3A4 TDI, we introduced electron withdrawing groups on the thiophene and found that a CF3 group on the ring or a Cl adjacent to the sulfur atom helped prevent CYP3A4 TDI. Consequently, 4-[(5-chlorothiophen-2-yl)methoxy]-1-(2-cyclopropyl-1-methyl-1H-benzimidazol-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one (6s) was identified as a potent MCHR1 antagonist without the risk of CYP3A4 TDI, which exhibited a promising safety profile including low CYP3A4 inhibition and exerted significant antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mikio Shirasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yasuma
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Shoki Okuda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Noguchi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasushi Fujioka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd., Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Uttam Khamrai
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd., Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center, 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Igawa H, Takahashi M, Kakegawa K, Kina A, Ikoma M, Aida J, Yasuma T, Kawata Y, Ashina S, Yamamoto S, Kundu M, Khamrai U, Hirabayashi H, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Kasai S, Maekawa T. Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonists Lacking an Aliphatic Amine: Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationships of Novel 1-(Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one Derivatives. J Med Chem 2016; 59:1116-39. [PMID: 26736071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aiming to discover melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists with improved safety profiles, we hypothesized that the aliphatic amine employed in most antagonists reported to date could be removed if the bicyclic motif of the compound scaffold interacted with Asp123 and/or Tyr272 of MCHR1. We excluded aliphatic amines from our compound designs, with a cutoff value of pK(a) < 8, and explored aliphatic amine-free MCHR1 antagonists in a CNS-oriented chemical space limited by four descriptors (TPSA, ClogP, MW, and HBD count). Screening of novel bicyclic motifs with high intrinsic binding affinity for MCHR1 identified the imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine ring (represented in compounds 6a and 6b), and subsequent cyclization of the central aliphatic amide linkage led to the discovery of a potent, orally bioavailable MCHR1 antagonist 4-[(4-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-1-(2-cyclopropyl-3-methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridin-6-yl)pyridin-2(1H)-one 10a. It exhibited low potential for hERG inhibition and phospholipidosis induction as well as sufficient brain concentration to exert antiobesity effects in diet-induced obese rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Igawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masashi Takahashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Keiko Kakegawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asato Kina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Minoru Ikoma
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Jumpei Aida
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Yasuma
- CMC Center, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. , 17-85, Jusohonmachi 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan
| | - Yayoi Kawata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ashina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Syunsuke Yamamoto
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Mrinalkanti Kundu
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd. , Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Uttam Khamrai
- TCG Lifesciences Ltd. , Block BN, Plot 7, Saltlake Electronics Complex, Sector V, Kolkata 700091, India
| | - Hideki Hirabayashi
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masaharu Nakayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- CVM Marketing Japan Pharma Business Unit, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 12-10, Nihonbashi 2-Chome, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-8686, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Maekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shonan Research Center , 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Skrapits K, Kanti V, Savanyú Z, Maurnyi C, Szenci O, Horváth A, Borsay BÁ, Herczeg L, Liposits Z, Hrabovszky E. Lateral hypothalamic orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone neurons provide direct input to gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons in the human. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:348. [PMID: 26388735 PMCID: PMC4559643 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypophysiotropic projections of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-synthesizing neurons form the final common output way of the hypothalamus in the neuroendocrine control of reproduction. Several peptidergic neuronal systems of the medial hypothalamus innervate human GnRH cells and mediate crucially important hormonal and metabolic signals to the reproductive axis, whereas much less is known about the contribution of the lateral hypothalamic area to the afferent control of human GnRH neurons. Orexin (ORX)- and melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-synthesizing neurons of this region have been implicated in diverse behavioral and autonomic processes, including sleep and wakefulness, feeding and other functions. In the present immunohistochemical study, we addressed the anatomical connectivity of these neurons to human GnRH cells in post-mortem hypothalamic samples obtained from autopsies. We found that 38.9 ± 10.3% and 17.7 ± 3.3% of GnRH-immunoreactive (IR) perikarya in the infundibular nucleus of human male subjects received ORX-IR and MCH-IR contacts, respectively. On average, each 1 mm segment of GnRH dendrites received 7.3 ± 1.1 ORX-IR and 3.7 ± 0.5 MCH-IR axo-dendritic appositions. Overall, the axo-dendritic contacts dominated over the axo-somatic contacts and represented 80.5 ± 6.4% of ORX-IR and 76.7 ± 4.6% of MCH-IR inputs to GnRH cells. Based on functional evidence from studies of laboratory animals, the direct axo-somatic and axo-dendritic input from ORX and MCH neurons to the human GnRH neuronal system may convey critical metabolic and other homeostatic signals to the reproducive axis. In this study, we also report the generation and characterization of new antibodies for immunohistochemical detection of GnRH neurons in histological sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vivien Kanti
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsófia Savanyú
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla Maurnyi
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University Üllő, Hungary ; MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, Dóra major Üllő, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department and Clinic for Production Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Szent István University Üllő, Hungary
| | - Beáta Á Borsay
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Herczeg
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of the University of Debrecen Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
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Kobayashi Y, Hamamoto A, Hirayama T, Saito Y. Molecular cloning, expression, and signaling pathway of four melanin-concentrating hormone receptors from Xenopus tropicalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2015; 212:114-23. [PMID: 24662390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) mainly regulates feeding in mammals and pigmentation in teleosts. It acts via two G-protein-coupled receptors, MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) and MCHR2. Although many studies exploring the MCH system in teleosts and mammals have been carried out, studies on other organisms are limited. In this study, we cloned and characterized four MCHR subtypes from the diploid species Xenopus tropicalis (X-MCHRs; X-MCHR1a, R1b, R2a, and R2b). According to a phylogenetic tree of the X-MCHRs, X-MCHR1a and R2a are close to mammalian MCHRs, while X-MCHR1b and R2b are close to teleostean MCHRs. We previously reported that the G-protein coupling capacity of the MCHR subtypes differed between mammals (R1: Gαi/o and Gαq; R2: Gαq) and teleosts (R1: Gαq; R2: Gαi/o and Gαq) in mammalian cell-based assays. By using Ca(2+) mobilization assays with pertussis toxin in CHO dhfr(-) cells, we found that X-MCHR1a promiscuously coupled to both Gαi/o and Gαq, while X-MCHR1b and R2a exclusively coupled to Gαq. However, no Ca(2+) influx was detected in cells transfected with X-MCHR2b. Reverse transcription-PCR showed that the X-MCHR mRNAs were expressed in various tissues. In particular, both X-MCHR1b and R2b were exclusively found in melanophores of the dorsal skin. In skin pigment migration assays, melanophores were weakly aggregated at low concentrations but dispersed at high concentrations of MCH, suggesting possible interactions between X-MCHR1b and R2b for the regulation of body color. These findings demonstrate that X. tropicalis has four characteristic MCHRs and will be useful for elucidating the nature of MCHR evolution among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Tomo Hirayama
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Higashi-hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan.
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Sakurai T, Ogawa K, Ishihara Y, Kasai S, Nakayama M. The MCH(1) receptor, an anti-obesity target, is allosterically inhibited by 8-methylquinoline derivatives possessing subnanomolar binding and long residence times. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1287-98. [PMID: 24670150 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCH1 receptor) antagonists are being considered as anti-obesity agents. The present study reports a new class of MCH1 receptor antagonists with an 8-methylquinoline scaffold. The molecular mechanism of MCH1 receptor blockade by these antagonists was examined. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The pharmacological properties of the 8-methylquinolines as exemplified by MQ1 were evaluated by use of multiple biophysical and cell-based functional assays. KEY RESULTS Multiple signalling pathways for Gαi and Gαq , and β-arrestin were inhibited by MQ1. Furthermore, MQ1 produced an insurmountable antagonism, causing a rightward shift of the curve for concentration-dependent binding of MCH along with a progressive reduction of the maximal response. The dissociation kinetics for MQ1 were determined from washout experiments as well as by affinity selection-MS. In short, MQ1 was shown to be a slowly dissociating reversible MCH1 receptor blocker with a low Koff value. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS This is the first time that a slowly dissociating negative allosteric modulator of the MCH1 receptor has been demonstrated to inhibit the numerous signalling pathways of this receptor. The characteristics of MQ1 are superior and distinct from previously reported MCH1 receptor antagonists, making members of this chemotype attractive as drug candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Sakurai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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Philippe C, Haeusler D, Fuchshuber F, Spreitzer H, Viernstein H, Hacker M, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Comparative autoradiographic in vitro investigation of melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 ligands in the central nervous system. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 735:177-83. [PMID: 24780646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The MCHR1 is an interesting pharmacological and pharmaceutical target, due to its involvement in pathologies as diabetes, gut inflammation and adiposity. in vivo PET-studies of the MCHR1 in energy homeostasis and diabetes could be of great value for deeper understanding of endocrinological hormone status and consequential pharmacological interactions. Furthermore, PET-tracers would facilitate compound dose selection of MCHR1 antagonists for treatment. Therefore, we developed two potential PET-tracers, [(11)C]SNAP-7941 and [(18)F]FE@SNAP, for the in vivo visualization of this receptor. Aim of this study was a preclinical in vitro evaluation of both unlabeled ligands. Therefore, a comparative autoradiographic investigation on CNS (coronal rat brain and 4 different human brain regions) and peripheral tissues (rat tongue as target and rat testes as non-target region) was conducted. Competition experiments, using the two radioligands [(125)I]-MCH and [(125)I]-S36057, were performed with selective and specific MCHR1 ligands as PMC-3886, a MCHR1 agonist, SNAP-7941 and FE@SNAP, two MCHR1 antagonists. Additionally, immunohistochemical staining with a specific MCHR1 antibody was performed. Specific binding was found in all tissues known to express the MCHR1 as human and rat CNS and peripheral rat tongue tissue. No specific binding was found in the non-target region of rat testes. MCHR1 antibody staining complemented the outcome of the autoradiographic experiments. The compounds SNAP-7941 and FE@SNAP were generally comparable with PMC-3886. Hence, the in vitro autoradiographic study of the unlabeled compounds SNAP-7941 and FE@SNAP further qualifies the potential of the PET-tracers [(11)C]SNAP-7941 and [(18)F]FE@SNAP as useful MCHR1 PET-tracers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Haeusler
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Fuchshuber
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Marcus Hacker
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-guided Therapy, Divison of Nuclear Medicine, Radiopharmacy and Experimental Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is an orexigenic neuropeptide that is a ligand for two subtypes of MCH receptors, MCHR1 and MCHR2. MCHR1 is universally expressed in mammals ranging from rodents to humans, but the expression of MCHR2 is substantially restricted. In mammals, MCHR2 has been defined in primates as well as other species such as cats and dogs but is not seen in rodents. Although the role of MCHR1 in mediating the actions of MCH on energy balance is clearly defined using mouse models, the role of MCHR2 is harder to characterize because of its limited expression. To determine any potential role of MCHR2 in energy balance, we generated a transgenic MCHR1R2 mouse model, where human MCHR2 is coexpressed in MCHR1-expressing neurons. As shown previously, control wild-type mice expressing only native MCHR1 developed diet-induced obesity when fed a high-fat diet. In contrast, MCHR1R2 mice had lower food intake, leading to their resistance to diet-induced obesity. Furthermore, we showed that MCH action is altered in MCHR1R2 mice. MCH treatment in wild-type mice inhibited the activation of the immediate-early gene c-fos, and coexpression of MCHR2 reduced the inhibitory actions of MCHR1 on this pathway. In conclusion, we developed an experimental animal model that can provide insight into the action of MCHR2 in the central nervous system and suggest that some actions of MCHR2 oppose the endogenous actions of MCHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa J S Chee
- Division of Endocrinology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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Saito Y, Hamamoto A, Kobayashi Y. Regulated Control of Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 through Posttranslational Modifications. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:154. [PMID: 24155742 PMCID: PMC3800845 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that plays an important role in feeding behavior. It activates two G-protein-coupled receptors, MCHR1 and MCHR2, of which MCHR1 is the primary regulator of food intake and energy homeostasis in rodents. In mammalian cells transfected with MCHR1, MCH is able to activate multiple signaling pathways including calcium mobilization, extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, and inhibition of cyclic AMP generation through Gi/o- and Gq-coupled pathways. Further evidence suggests that MCHR1 is regulated through posttranslational modifications, which control its intracellular localization and provide appropriate cellular responses involving G-protein signaling. This review summarizes the current data on the control of MCHR1 function through glycosylation and phosphorylation, as related to cell function. Especially, a series of mutagenesis study highlights the importance of complete glycosylation of MCHR1 for efficient trafficking to the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Saito
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yumiko Saito, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-7-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima 739-8521, Japan e-mail:
| | - Akie Hamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuki Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Philippe C, Nics L, Zeilinger M, Kuntner C, Wanek T, Mairinger S, Shanab K, Spreitzer H, Viernstein H, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Preclinical in vitro & in vivo evaluation of [11C]SNAP-7941 – the first PET tracer for the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:919-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sun LL, Zhang Y, Liu JF, Wang J, Zhu WL, Zhao LY, Xue YX, Lu L, Shi J. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in the nucleus accumbens shell in rats behaviourally sensitized to methamphetamine. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:1767-80. [PMID: 23449013 DOI: 10.1017/S1461145713000072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide and its receptor is extensively expressed throughout the brain. MCH has been suggested to regulate the rewarding and reinforcing effects of psychostimulants by potentiating the dopaminergic system within the midbrain. Moreover, MCH and its receptor can regulate ERK activity. The present study investigated the role of MCH in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) in rats behaviourally sensitized to methamphetamine (Meth). We found that the development of Meth-induced locomotor sensitization was attenuated by MCH infused into the NAc shell but not core. Moreover, the elevation of ERK phosphorylation in the NAc shell induced by Meth was inhibited by locally infused MCH. Infusion of the MCH receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonist SNAP 94847 into the NAc shell but not core augmented the initiation of locomotor sensitization and amplitude of elevated phosphorylated ERK levels induced by Meth. The expression of Meth-induced locomotor sensitization and ERK alterations after 1 wk withdrawal were not affected by either MCH or SNAP 94847 infused into the NAc shell or core. These results indicate that MCH in the NAc shell plays a critical role in the development but not expression of Meth-induced locomotor sensitization in rats, which might be mediated by the ERK signalling pathway. Our study suggests that MCH might be a potential target for the treatment of Meth addiction.
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Philippe C, Nics L, Zeilinger M, Schirmer E, Spreitzer H, Karanikas G, Lanzenberger R, Viernstein H, Wadsak W, Mitterhauser M. Preparation and First Preclinical Evaluation of [(18)F]FE@SNAP: A Potential PET Tracer for the Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor-1 (MCHR1). Sci Pharm 2013; 81:625-39. [PMID: 24106662 PMCID: PMC3791928 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1306-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system is a new target for the treatment of human disorders. Since the knowledge of the MCH system’s involvement in a variety of pathologies (obesity, diabetes, and deregulation of metabolic feedback mechanism) is based on in vitro or preclinical studies, a suitable positron emission tomography (PET) tracer needs to be developed. We herein present the preparation and first preclinical evaluation of [18F]FE@SNAP – a new PET tracer for MCH receptor-1 (MCHR1). The synthesis was performed using a microfluidic device. Preclinical evaluation included binding affinity, plasma stability, plasma free fraction, stability against the cytochrome P-450 (CYP450) system using liver microsomes, stability against carboxyl-esterase, and methods to assess the penetration of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) such as logD analysis and immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) chromatography. Levels at 374 ± 202 MBq [18F]FE@SNAP were obtained after purification. The obtained Kd value of [18F]FE@SNAP was 2.9 nM. [18F]FE@SNAP evinced high stability against carboxylesterase, CYP450 enzymes, and in human plasma. LogD (3.83) and IAM chromatography results (Pm=0.51) were in the same range as for known BBB-penetrating compounds. The synthesis of [18F]FE@SNAP was reliable and successful. Due to high binding affinity and stability, [18F]FE@SNAP is a promising tracer for MCHR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, 1090 Vienna, Austria. ; Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Conductier G, Martin AO, Risold PY, Jego S, Lavoie R, Lafont C, Mollard P, Adamantidis A, Nahon JL. Control of ventricular ciliary beating by the melanin concentrating hormone-expressing neurons of the lateral hypothalamus: a functional imaging survey. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2013; 4:182. [PMID: 24324458 PMCID: PMC3839296 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyclic peptide Melanin Concentrating Hormone (MCH) is known to control a large number of brain functions in mammals such as food intake and metabolism, stress response, anxiety, sleep/wake cycle, memory, and reward. Based on neuro-anatomical and electrophysiological studies these functions were attributed to neuronal circuits expressing MCHR1, the single MCH receptor in rodents. In complement to our recently published work (1) we provided here new data regarding the action of MCH on ependymocytes in the mouse brain. First, we establish that MCHR1 mRNA is expressed in the ependymal cells of the third ventricle epithelium. Second, we demonstrated a tonic control of MCH-expressing neurons on ependymal cilia beat frequency using in vitro optogenics. Finally, we performed in vivo measurements of CSF flow using fluorescent micro-beads in wild-type and MCHR1-knockout mice. Collectively, our results demonstrated that MCH-expressing neurons modulate ciliary beating of ependymal cells at the third ventricle and could contribute to maintain cerebro-spinal fluid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Conductier
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
| | - Agnès O. Martin
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Risold
- Laboratoire d’Histologie, IFR 133, Faculté de Médecine et de Pharmacie, Besançon, France
| | - Sonia Jego
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Raphaël Lavoie
- Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chrystel Lafont
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrice Mollard
- UMR5203, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Montpellier, France
- U661, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- UMR-5203, Universités de Montpellier 1 & 2, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Jean-Louis Nahon
- UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Valbonne, France
- University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Station de Primatologie, UPS 846, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Rousset sur Arc, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Louis Nahon, UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 660 Route des Lucioles, Sophia Antipolis, Valbonne, France e-mail:
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Tao YX, Yuan ZH, Xie J. G Protein-Coupled Receptors as Regulators of Energy Homeostasis. Progress in Molecular Biology and Translational Science 2013; 114:1-43. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-386933-3.00001-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Philippe C, Ungersboeck J, Schirmer E, Zdravkovic M, Nics L, Zeilinger M, Shanab K, Lanzenberger R, Karanikas G, Spreitzer H, Viernstein H, Mitterhauser M, Wadsak W. [¹⁸F]FE@SNAP-A new PET tracer for the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1): microfluidic and vessel-based approaches. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:5936-40. [PMID: 22921745 PMCID: PMC3460236 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Changes in the expression of the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) are involved in a variety of pathologies, especially obesity and anxiety disorders. To monitor these pathologies in-vivo positron emission tomography (PET) is a suitable method. After the successful radiosynthesis of [(11)C]SNAP-7941-the first PET-Tracer for the MCHR1, we aimed to synthesize its [(18)F]fluoroethylated analogue: [(18)F]FE@SNAP. Therefore, microfluidic and vessel-based approaches were tested. [(18)F]fluoroethylation was conducted via various [(18)F]fluoroalkylated synthons and direct [(18)F]fluorination. Only the direct [(18)F]fluorination of a tosylated precursor using a flow-through microreactor was successful, affording [(18)F]FE@SNAP in 44.3 ± 2.6%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Philippe
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Johanna Ungersboeck
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Eva Schirmer
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Milica Zdravkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Lukas Nics
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Markus Zeilinger
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Karem Shanab
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Georgios Karanikas
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Helmut Spreitzer
- Department of Drug and Natural Product Synthesis, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Helmut Viernstein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Markus Mitterhauser
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmaceutics, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Hospital Pharmacy of the General Hospital of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Wadsak
- Radiochemistry and Biomarker Development Unit, Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, Vienna 1090, Austria
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Egwuenu EJ, Fong AY, Pilowsky PM. Intrathecal melanin-concentrating hormone reduces sympathetic tone and blocks cardiovascular reflexes. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2012; 303:R624-32. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00215.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide that acts to increase feeding behavior and decrease energy expenditure. The role of MCH in central cardiorespiratory regulation is still poorly understood. Experiments were conducted on urethane-anesthetized, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated male Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 22) to ascertain whether MCH modulates sympathetic vasomotor tone, as well as barosympathetic, chemosympathetic, and somatosympathetic reflexes at the level of the spinal cord. Intrathecal injection of 10 μl of MCH produced a dose-dependent hypotension, bradycardia, and sympathoinhibition. Peak response was observed following administration of 1 mM MCH, causing a decrease in mean arterial pressure of 39 ± 2 mmHg ( P < 0.001), splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity of 78 ± 11% ( P < 0.001), and heart rate of 87 ± 11 beats per minute (bpm) ( P < 0.01). The two peaks of the somatosympathetic reflex were decreased by intrathecal MCH, 7 ± 3% ( P < 0.01) and 31 ± 6% ( P < 0.01), respectively, and the spinal component of the reflex was accentuated 96 ± 23% ( P < 0.05), with respect to the baseline for MCH, compared with the two peaks and spinal component of the somatosympathetic reflex elicited following saline injection with respect to the baseline for saline. MCH decreased the sympathetic gain to 120 s of hyperoxic hypercapnea (10% CO2 in 90% O2) and to 10–12 s poikilocapneic anoxia (100% N2) from 0.74 ± 0.14%/s to 0.23 ± 0.04%/s ( P < 0.05) and 16.47 ± 3.2% to 4.35 ± 1.56% ( P < 0.05), respectively. There was a 34% decrease in gain and a 62% decrease in range of the sympathetic baroreflex with intrathecal MCH. These data demonstrate that spinal MCH blunts the central regulation of sympathetic tone and adaptive sympathetic reflexes.
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Hawes BE, Green B, O'Neill K, Fried S, Arreaza MG, Qiu P, Simon JS. Identification and Characterization of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in MCH-R1 and MCH-R2*. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 12:1327-34. [PMID: 15340116 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2004.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify and functionally characterize single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH)-R1 and -R2. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES The entire coding regions and intron/exon splice junction regions of MCH-R1 and MCH-R2 were sequenced from anonymous white (n=45) and African-American (n=46) individuals. DNA was analyzed, and SNPs were identified using Phred, Phrap, and Consed software. DNA constructs containing MCH-R1 and MCH-R2 SNPs were generated and expressed in CHO cells. The effect of the SNPs in MCH-R1 and MCH-R2 were assessed in receptor binding assays and functional assays measuring changes in intracellular cAMP and Ca2+ levels. RESULTS We identified 12 SNPs in the MCH-R1 gene. Two of these SNPs are in coding regions, and one produces an arginine-for-glycine substitution at residue 34 in the MCH-R1 sequence. This SNP is present at a minor allele frequency of 15% in the African-American population tested in this study. We identified eight SNPs in the MCH-R2 gene. Four of these SNPs are in coding regions, and two produce amino acid substitutions. Lysine substitutes for arginine at residue 63 of the African-American population, and glutamine substitutes for arginine at residue 152 in whites (minor allele frequency of 2% for both SNPs). No changes in receptor binding or functional signaling were observed with the SNP mutations in MCH-R1 or MCH-R2. DISCUSSION These data indicate that potential therapeutics designed to act at the MCH receptor are unlikely to have altered effects in subpopulations that express variant forms of MCH-R1 or MCH-R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Hawes
- K15-3600, Schering Plough Research Institute, 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, NJ 07033, USA.
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Philippe C, Schirmer E, Mitterhauser M, Shanab K, Lanzenberger R, Karanikas G, Spreitzer H, Viernstein H, Wadsak W. Radiosynthesis of [11C]SNAP-7941--the first PET-tracer for the melanin concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1). Appl Radiat Isot 2012; 70:2287-94. [PMID: 22858577 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2012.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) system is a new target to treat human disorders. Our aim was the preparation of the first PET-tracer for the MCHR1. [(11)C]SNAP-7941 is a carbon-11 labeled analog of the published MCHR1 antagonist SNAP-7941. The optimum reaction conditions were 2 min reaction time, ≤25°C reaction temperature, and 2 mg/mL precursor (SNAP-acid) in acetonitrile, using [(11)C]CH(3)OTf as methylation agent. [(11)C]SNAP-7941 was prepared in a reliable and feasible manner with high radiochemical yields (2.9±1.6 GBq; 11.5±6.4% EOB, n=15).
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Abstract
Despite remarkable progress in the elucidation of energy balance and regulation, the development of new antiobesity drugs is still at the stage of infancy. This review describes the MCH and MCH receptor system with regard to its involvement in energy homeostasis and summarizes the pharmacological profiles of selected small molecule MCH-R1 antagonists that are relevant for their development as antiobesity drugs. Although their clinical value still has to be demonstrated, and challenges with regard to unwanted side effects remain to be resolved, MCH-R1 antagonists may provide an effective pharmacotherapy for the treatment of obesity in the near future.
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Kasai S, Kamata M, Masada S, Kunitomo J, Kamaura M, Okawa T, Takami K, Ogino H, Nakano Y, Ashina S, Watanabe K, Kaisho T, Imai YN, Ryu S, Nakayama M, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S, Kato K, Murata T, Suzuki N, Ishihara Y. Synthesis, structure-activity relationship, and pharmacological studies of novel melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists 3-aminomethylquinolines: reducing human ether-a-go-go-related gene (hERG) associated liabilities. J Med Chem 2012; 55:4336-51. [PMID: 22490048 DOI: 10.1021/jm300167z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we discovered 3-aminomethylquinoline derivative 1, a selective, highly potent, centrally acting, and orally bioavailable human MCH receptor 1 (hMCHR1) antagonist, that inhibited food intake in F344 rats with diet-induced obesity (DIO). Subsequent investigation of 1 was discontinued because 1 showed potent hERG K(+) channel inhibition in a patch-clamp study. To decrease hERG K(+) channel inhibition, experiments with ligand-based drug designs based on 1 and a docking study were conducted. Replacement of the terminal p-fluorophenyl group with a cyclopropylmethoxy group, methyl group introduction on the benzylic carbon at the 3-position of the quinoline core, and employment of a [2-(acetylamino)ethyl]amino group as the amine portion eliminated hERG K(+) channel inhibitory activity in a patch-clamp study, leading to the discovery of N-{3-[(1R)-1-{[2-(acetylamino)ethyl]amino}ethyl]-8-methylquinolin-7-yl}-4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)benzamide (R)-10h. The compound (R)-10h showed potent inhibitory activity against hMCHR1 and dose-dependently suppressed food intake in a 2-day study on DIO-F344 rats. Furthermore, practical chiral synthesis of (R)-10h was performed to determine the molecule's absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 26-1, Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Kamata M, Yamashita T, Imaeda T, Tanaka T, Masada S, Kamaura M, Kasai S, Hara R, Sasaki S, Takekawa S, Asami A, Kaisho T, Suzuki N, Ashina S, Ogino H, Nakano Y, Nagisa Y, Kato K, Kato K, Ishihara Y. Melanin-Concentrating Hormone Receptor 1 Antagonists. Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationships of Novel 3-(Aminomethyl)quinolines. J Med Chem 2012; 55:2353-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jm201596h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kamata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshiro Yamashita
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Imaeda
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Toshio Tanaka
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shinichi Masada
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kamaura
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Ryoma Hara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shigekazu Sasaki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shiro Takekawa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Asano Asami
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kaisho
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Suzuki
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Shuntaro Ashina
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Hitomi Ogino
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Nakano
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Nagisa
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Koki Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Kaneyoshi Kato
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
| | - Yuji Ishihara
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 26-1 Muraokahigashi,
2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan
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Kasai S, Kamaura M, Kamata M, Aso K, Ogino H, Nakano Y, Watanabe K, Kaisho T, Tawada M, Nagisa Y, Takekawa S, Kato K, Suzuki N, Ishihara Y. Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists: synthesis, structure-activity relationship, docking studies, and biological evaluation of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepine derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:6261-73. [PMID: 21975069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2011] [Revised: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (MCHR1) antagonists have been studied as potential agents for the treatment of obesity. Initial structure-activity relationship studies of in-house hit compound 1a and subsequent optimization studies resulted in the identification of tetrahydroisoquinoline derivative 23, 1-(2-acetyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolin-7-yl)-4-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperidin-1-yl]butan-1-one, as a potent hMCHR1 antagonist. A homology model of hMCHR1 suggests that these compounds interact with Asn 294 and Asp 123 in the binding site of hMCHR1 to enhance binding affinity. Oral administration of compound 23 dose-dependently reduced food intake in diet-induced obesity (DIO)-F344 rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Kasai
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd, 26-1 Muraoka-Higashi 2-Chome, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 251-8555, Japan.
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Kamata M, Yamashita T, Imaeda T, Tanaka T, Terauchi J, Miyamoto M, Ora T, Tawada M, Endo S, Takekawa S, Asami A, Suzuki N, Nagisa Y, Nakano Y, Watanabe K, Ogino H, Kato K, Kato K, Ishihara Y. Discovery, synthesis, and structure-activity relationship of 6-aminomethyl-7,8-dihydronaphthalenes as human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:5539-52. [PMID: 21856163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Human melanin-concentrating hormone receptor 1 (hMCHR1) antagonists are promising targets for obesity treatment. We identified the tetrahydronaphthalene derivative 1a with modest binding affinity for hMCHR1 by screening an in-house G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand library. We synthesized a series of 6-aminomethyl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalenes and evaluated their activity as hMCHR1 antagonists. Modification of the biphenylcarbonylamino group revealed that the biphenyl moiety played a crucial role in the interaction of the antagonist with the receptor. The stereoselective effect of the chiral center on binding affinity generated the novel 6-aminomethyl-7,8-dihydronaphthalene scaffold without a chiral center. Optimization of the amino group led to the identification of a potent antagonist 2s (4'-fluoro-N-[6-(1-pyrrolidinylmethyl)-7,8-dihydro-2-naphthalenyl][1,1'-biphenyl]-4-carboxamide), which significantly inhibited the nocturnal food intake in rats after oral administration. Pharmacokinetic analysis confirmed that 2s had good oral bioavailability and brain penetrance. This antagonist appears to be a viable lead compound that can be used to develop a promising therapy for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Kamata
- Pharmaceutical Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, 17-85 Jusohonmachi, 2-Chome, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-8686, Japan.
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Chung S, Verheij MMM, Hesseling P, van Vugt RWM, Buell M, Belluzzi JD, Geyer MA, Martens GJM, Civelli O. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system modulates behaviors associated with psychiatric disorders. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19286. [PMID: 21818251 PMCID: PMC3139593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Deficits in sensorimotor gating measured by prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle have been known as characteristics of patients with schizophrenia and related neuropsychiatric disorders. PPI disruption is thought to rely on the activity of the mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic system and is inhibited by most antipsychotic drugs. These drugs however act also at the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway and exert adverse locomotor responses. Finding a way to inhibit the mesocorticolimbic- without affecting the nigrostriatal-dopaminergic pathway may thus be beneficial to antipsychotic therapies. The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) system has been shown to modulate dopamine-related responses. Its receptor (MCH1R) is expressed at high levels in the mesocorticolimbic and not in the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways. Interestingly a genomic linkage study revealed significant associations between schizophrenia and markers located in the MCH1R gene locus. We hypothesize that the MCH system can selectively modulate the behavior associated with the mesocorticolimbic dopamine pathway. Using mice, we found that central administration of MCH potentiates apomorphine-induced PPI deficits. Using congenic rat lines that differ in their responses to PPI, we found that the rats that are susceptible to apomorphine (APO-SUS rats) and exhibit PPI deficits display higher MCH mRNA expression in the lateral hypothalamic region and that blocking the MCH system reverses their PPI deficits. On the other hand, in mice and rats, activation or inactivation of the MCH system does not affect stereotyped behaviors, dopamine-related responses that depend on the activity of the nigrostriatal pathway. Furthermore MCH does not affect dizocilpine-induced PPI deficit, a glutamate related response. Thus, our data present the MCH system as a regulator of sensorimotor gating, and provide a new rationale to understand the etiologies of schizophrenia and related psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michel M. M. Verheij
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Hesseling
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruben W. M. van Vugt
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mahalah Buell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - James D. Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Gerard J. M. Martens
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, and Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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41
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Abstract
Developmental programming is an important physiological process that allows different phenotypes to originate from a single genotype. Through plasticity in early life, the developing organism can adopt a phenotype (within the limits of its genetic background) that is best suited to its expected environment. In humans, together with the relative irreversibility of the phenomenon, the low predictive value of the fetal environment for later conditions in affluent countries makes it a potential contributor to the obesity epidemic of recent decades. Here, we review the current evidence for developmental programming of energy balance. For a proper understanding of the subject, knowledge about energy balance is indispensable. Therefore, we first present an overview of the major hypothalamic routes through which energy balance is regulated and their ontogeny. With this background, we then turn to the available evidence for programming of energy balance by the early nutritional environment, in both man and rodent models. A wealth of studies suggest that energy balance can indeed be permanently affected by the early-life environment. However, the direction of the effects of programming appears to vary considerably, both between and within different animal models. Because of these inconsistencies, a comprehensive picture is still elusive. More standardization between studies seems essential to reach veritable conclusions about the role of developmental programming in adult energy balance and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floor Remmers
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Germany.
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42
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Abstract
Neurons containing the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) are mainly located in the lateral hypothalamus and the incerto-hypothalamic area, and have widespread projections throughout the brain. While the biological functions of this neuropeptide are exerted in humans through two metabotropic receptors, the MCHR1 and MCHR2, only the MCHR1 is present in rodents. Recently, it has been shown that the MCHergic system is involved in the control of sleep. We can summarize the experimental findings as follows: (1) The areas related to the control of sleep and wakefulness have a high density of MCHergic fibers and receptors. (2) MCHergic neurons are active during sleep, especially during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. (3) MCH knockout mice have less REM sleep, notably under conditions of negative energy balance. Animals with genetically inactivated MCHR1 also exhibit altered vigilance state architecture and sleep homeostasis. (4) Systemically administered MCHR1 antagonists reduce sleep. (5) Intraventricular microinjection of MCH increases both slow wave sleep (SWS) and REM sleep; however, the increment in REM sleep is more pronounced. (6) Microinjection of MCH into the dorsal raphe nucleus increases REM sleep time. REM seep is inhibited by immunoneutralization of MCH within this nucleus. (7) Microinjection of MCH in the nucleus pontis oralis of the cat enhances REM sleep time and reduces REM sleep latency. All these data strongly suggest that MCH has a potent role in the promotion of sleep. Although both SWS and REM sleep are facilitated by MCH, REM sleep seems to be more sensitive to MCH modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Torterolo
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of the Republic Montevideo, Uruguay
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43
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Abstract
Neuropeptides control a wide spectrum of physiological functions. They are central to our understanding of brain functions. They exert their actions by interacting with specific G protein-coupled receptors. We however have not found all the neuropeptides that exist in organisms. The search for novel neuropeptides is thus of great interest as it will lead to a better understanding of brain function and disorders. In this review, we will discuss the historical as well as the current approaches to neuropeptide discovery, with a particular emphasis on the orphan GPCR-based strategies. We will also discuss two novel peptides, neuropeptide S and neuromedin S, as examples of the impact of neuropeptide discovery on our understanding of brain functions. Finally, the challenges facing neuropeptide discovery will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Zhiwei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Gregory Scott Parks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, United States
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44
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Eberle AN, Mild G, Zumsteg U. Cellular models for the study of the pharmacology and signaling of melanin-concentrating hormone receptors. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2010; 30:385-402. [PMID: 21083507 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2010.524223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular models for the study of the neuropeptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) have become indispensable tools for pharmacological profiling and signaling analysis of MCH and its synthetic analogues. Although expression of MCH receptors is most abundant in the brain, MCH-R(1) is also found in different peripheral tissues. Therefore, not only cell lines derived from nervous tissue but also from peripheral tissues that naturally express MCH receptors have been used to study receptor signaling and regulation. For screening of novel compounds, however, heterologous expression of MCH-R(1) or MCH-R(2) genes in HEK293, Chinese hamster ovary, COS-7, or 3T3-L1 cells, or amplified MCH-R(1) expression/signaling in IRM23 cells transfected with the G(q) protein gene are the preferred tools because of more distinct pharmacological effects induced by MCH, which include inhibition of cAMP formation, stimulation of inositol triphosphate production, increase in intracellular free Ca(2+) and/or activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases. Most of the published data originate from this type of model system, whereas data based on studies with cell lines endogenously expressing MCH receptors are more limited. This review presents an update on the different cellular models currently used for the analysis of MCH receptor interaction and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex N Eberle
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital and University Children's Hospital, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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45
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Morganstern I, Chang GQ, Chen YW, Barson JR, Zhiyu Y, Hoebel BG, Leibowitz SF. Role of melanin-concentrating hormone in the control of ethanol consumption: Region-specific effects revealed by expression and injection studies. Physiol Behav 2010; 101:428-37. [PMID: 20670637 PMCID: PMC2949500 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The peptide melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH), produced mainly by cells in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), perifornical area (PF) and zona incerta (ZI), is suggested to have a role in the consumption of rewarding substances, such as ethanol, sucrose and palatable food. However, there is limited information on the specific brain sites where MCH acts to stimulate intake of these rewarding substances and on the feedback effects that their consumption has on the expression of endogenous MCH. The current study investigated MCH in relation to ethanol consumption, in Sprague-Dawley rats. In Experiment 1, chronic consumption of ethanol (from 0.70 to 2.7 g/kg/day) dose-dependently reduced MCH gene expression in the LH. In Experiments 2-4, the opposite effect was observed with acute oral ethanol, which stimulated MCH expression specifically in the LH but not the ZI. In Experiment 5, the effect of MCH injection in brain-cannulated rats on ethanol consumption was examined. Compared to saline, MCH injected in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) selectively stimulated ethanol consumption without affecting food or water intake. In contrast, it reduced ethanol intake when administered into the LH, while having no effect in the ZI. These results demonstrate that voluntary, chronic consumption of ethanol leads to local negative feedback control of MCH expression in the LH. However, with a brief exposure, ethanol stimulates MCH-expressing neurons in this region, which through projections to the feeding-related PVN and reward-related NAc can promote further drinking behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Morganstern
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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46
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Goldstein C, Schroeder JC, Fortin JP, Goss JM, Schaus SE, Beinborn M, Kopin AS. Two naturally occurring mutations in the type 1 melanin-concentrating hormone receptor abolish agonist-induced signaling. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:799-806. [PMID: 20833795 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.174029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) receptor type 1 (MCHR1) is a seven-transmembrane domain protein that modulates orexigenic activity of MCH, the corresponding endogenous peptide agonist. MCH antagonists are being explored as a potential treatment for obesity. In the current study, we examined the pharmacological impact of 11 naturally occurring mutations in the human MCHR1. Wild-type and mutant receptors were transiently expressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. MCHR1-mediated, Gα(i)-dependent signaling was monitored by using luciferase reporter gene assays. Two mutants, R210H and P377S, failed to respond to MCH. Five other variants showed significant alterations in MCH efficacy, ranging from 44 to 142% of the wild-type value. At each of the MCH-responsive mutants, agonist potency and inhibition by (S)-methyl 3-((3-(4-(3-acetamidophenyl)piperidin-1-yl)propyl)carbamoyl)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-6-(methoxymethyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyrimidine-5-carboxylate (SNAP-7941), an established MCHR1 small-molecule antagonist, were similar to wild type. To explore the basis for inactivity of the R210H and P377S mutants, we examined expression levels of these receptors. Assessment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that cell surface expression of both nonfunctional receptors was comparable with wild type. Overnight treatment with SNAP-7941, followed by washout of antagonist, enhanced MCH induced signaling by the wild-type receptor and restored MCH responsiveness of the P377S but not the R210H variant. It is of note that the two loss-of-function mutants were identified in markedly underweight individuals, raising the possibility that a lean phenotype may be linked to deficient MCHR1 signaling. Formal association studies with larger cohorts are needed to explore the extent to which signaling-deficient MCHR1 variants influence the maintenance of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmit Goldstein
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
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47
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Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide that acts on the MCH1 receptor. MCH1R is expressed widely throughout the brain, particularly in regions thought to be involved in the regulation of stress and emotional response. The role of MCH in anxiety has been controversial, however. Central administration of MCH has been reported to promote or reduce anxiety-like behaviors. The anxiolytic activity of several MCH1R antagonists has also been debated. To address this issue, we have tested whether TPI 1361-17, a highly specific and high affinity MCH1R antagonist, exerts anxiolytic effects in two commonly used models of anxiety, the elevated plus maze and the light-dark transition test. We show that this MCH1R antagonist exerts potent anxiolytic effects in both assays. Our study therefore supports previous studies indicating that MCH1R antagonists may be useful in the treatment of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, 369 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Korea
| | - Gregory S. Parks
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, 369 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, 369 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
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48
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Chung S, Parks GS, Lee C, Civelli O. Recent updates on the melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) and its receptor system: lessons from MCH1R antagonists. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 43:115-21. [PMID: 20582487 PMCID: PMC3018593 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9411-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-amino-acid cyclic peptide which was originally found to lighten skin color in fish that is highly conserved among many species. MCH interacts with two G-protein-coupled receptors, MCH1R and MCH2R, but only MCH1R is expressed in rodents. MCH is mainly synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta, while MCH1R is widely expressed throughout the brain. Thus, MCH signaling is implicated in the regulation of many physiological functions. The identification of MCH1R has led to the development of small-molecule MCH1R antagonists that can block MCH signaling. MCH1R antagonists are useful not only for their potential therapeutic value, but also for understanding the physiological functions of the endogenous MCH system. Here, we review the physiological functions of the MCH system which have been investigated using MCH1R antagonists such as food intake, anxiety, depression, reward, and sleep. This will help us understand the physiological functions of the MCH system and suggest some of the potential applications of MCH1R antagonists in human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, 369 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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49
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Chung S, Wong T, Nagasaki H, Civelli O. Acute homeostatic responses to increased fat consumption in MCH1R knockout mice. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:459-63. [PMID: 20411353 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9358-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a hypothalamic neuropeptide which has been shown to regulate energy homeostasis. Using genetic knockout mice lacking the MCH1 receptor (MCH1R), we investigated how these mice adapt to metabolic changes caused by excessive caloric consumption. We show that the MCH system is one of the players mediating behavioral and metabolic responses upon increased caloric consumption. MCH1R knockout mice showed decreased tendency of food intake upon exposure to a high-fat diet. They also are resistant to gain weight upon high-fat diet by increasing fat metabolism. Therefore, the MCH system is important in regulating metabolic responses upon various environmental stimuli such as high-fat diet.
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50
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Abstract
Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a cyclic peptide which was originally discovered in fish to lighten skin color by affecting melanosomes aggregation. This peptide is highly conserved and also found in rodents whose gene is overexpressed upon fasting. However, the site of MCH action remained obscure until its receptor was discovered in 1999 as a G protein-coupled receptor. After this receptor structure was identified, the functional domains important for MCH-MCHR interaction were revealed. Moreover, the cloning of the MCH receptor led us to identify the in vivo sites of MCH action which suggested potential physiological functions of the MCH system. Furthermore, the MCH receptor identification allow for designing surrogate molecules which can block MCH activity. Studies using these molecules revealed various physiological functions of the MCH system not only in feeding but also in other physiological responses such as stress and emotion. This review will discuss how the MCH receptor was discovered and its impact on many studies investigating the MCH receptor's structure, signaling pathways, and expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjae Chung
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Yumiko Saito
- Laboratory for Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Integrated Arts and Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Olivier Civelli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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