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Lin Y, Sakuraba S, Massilamany C, Reddy J, Tanaka Y, Miyake S, Yamamura T. Harnessing autoimmunity with dominant self-peptide: Modulating the sustainability of tissue-preferential antigen-specific Tregs by governing the binding stability via peptide flanking residues. J Autoimmun 2023; 140:103094. [PMID: 37716077 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Sensitization to self-peptides induces various immunological responses, from autoimmunity to tumor immunity, depending on the peptide sequence; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, and thus, curative therapeutic options considering immunity balance are limited. Herein, two overlapping dominant peptides of myelin proteolipid protein, PLP136-150 and PLP139-151, which induce different forms of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), monophasic and relapsing EAE, respectively, were investigated. Mice with monophasic EAE exhibited highly resistant to EAE re-induction with any encephalitogenic peptides, whereas mice with relapsing EAE were susceptible, and progressed, to EAE re-induction. This resistance to relapse and re-induction in monophasic EAE mice was associated with the maintenance of potent CD69+CD103+CD4+CD25high regulatory T-cells (Tregs) enriched with antigen specificity, which expanded preferentially in the central nervous system with sustained suppressive activity. This tissue-preferential sustainability of potent antigen-specific Tregs was correlated with the antigenicity of PLP136-150, depending on its flanking residues. That is, the flanking residues of PLP136-150 enable to form pivotally arranged strong hydrogen bonds that secured its binding stability to MHC-class II. These potent Tregs acting tissue-preferentially were induced only by sensitization of PLP136-150, not by its tolerance induction, independent of EAE development. These findings suggest that, for optimal therapy, "benign autoimmunity" can be critically achieved through inverse vaccination with self-peptides by manipulating their flanking residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Lin
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan; Department of Neurology, National Center Hospital, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8551, Japan.
| | - Shun Sakuraba
- National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, Institute for Quantum Life Science, Chiba, 263-0024, Japan.
| | | | - Jayagopala Reddy
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Yoshimasa Tanaka
- Center for Medical Innovation, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, 852-8588, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, 113-8421, Japan.
| | - Takashi Yamamura
- Department of Immunology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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Scheikl T, Pignolet B, Mars LT, Liblau RS. Transgenic mouse models of multiple sclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:4011-34. [PMID: 20714779 PMCID: PMC11115830 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS) and a frequent cause of neurological disability in young adults. Multifocal inflammatory lesions in the CNS white matter, demyelination, oligodendrocyte loss, axonal damage, as well as astrogliosis represent the histological hallmarks of the disease. These pathological features of MS can be mimicked, at least in part, using animal models. This review discusses the current concepts of the immune effector mechanisms driving CNS demyelination in murine models. It highlights the fundamental contribution of transgenesis in identifying the mediators and mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of MS models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Scheikl
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 563, Toulouse, France.
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3
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Kuchroo VK, Anderson AC, Waldner H, Munder M, Bettelli E, Nicholson LB. T cell response in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE): role of self and cross-reactive antigens in shaping, tuning, and regulating the autopathogenic T cell repertoire. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:101-23. [PMID: 11861599 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.081701.141316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
T cells that can respond to self-antigens are present in the peripheral immune repertoire of all healthy individuals. Recently we have found that unmanipulated SJL mice that are highly susceptible to EAE also maintain a very high frequency of T cells responding to an encephalitogenic epitope of a myelin antigen proteolipid protein (PLP) 139-151 in the peripheral repertoire. This is not due to lack of expression of myelin antigens in the thymus resulting in escape of PLP 139-151 reactive cells from central tolerance, but is due to expression of a splice variant of PLP named DM20, which lacks the residues 116-150. In spite of this high frequency, the PLP 139-151 reactive cells remain undifferentiated in the periphery and do not induce spontaneous EAE. In contrast, SJL TCR transgenic mice expressing a receptor derived from a pathogenic T cell clone do develop spontaneous disease. This may be because in normal mice, autoreactive cells are kept in check by an alternate PLP 139-151 reactive nonpathogenic repertoire, which maintains a balance that keeps them healthy. If this is the case, selective activation of one repertoire or the other may alter susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Since T cells are generally cross-reactive, besides responding to nonself-antigens, they also maintain significant responses to self-antigens. Based on the PLP 139-151 system, we propose a model in which activation with foreign antigens can result in the generation of pathogenic memory T cells that mediate autoimmunity. We also outline circumstances under which activation of self-reactive T cells with foreign antigens can generate selective tolerance and thus generate protective/regulatory memory against self while still maintaining significant responses against foreign antigens. This provides a mechanism by which the fidelity and specificity of the immune system against foreign antigens is improved without increasing the potential for developing an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Kuchroo
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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van der Veen RC, Dietlin TA, Pen L, Gray JD, Hofman FM. Antigen presentation to Th1 but not Th2 cells by macrophages results in nitric oxide production and inhibition of T cell proliferation: interferon-gamma is essential but insufficient. Cell Immunol 2000; 206:125-35. [PMID: 11161444 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.2000.1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The induction and role of nitric oxide (NO) during antigen presentation by macrophages to T helper (Th) cell subsets was examined. When cultured with Th1 clones, macrophage APC produced NO only in the presence of cognate Ag, which in turn suppressed T cell proliferation. IFN-gamma production by the activated Th1 cells was essential for the induction of NO. Th2 cells presented with the same cognate Ag did not induce NO production and proliferated uninhibited. Coactivation of Th1 and Th2 cells specific for the same Ag indicated that Th2 cells did not inhibit NO production, but were sensitive to NO induced by stimulated Th1 cells. Antigenic activation of Th2 cells in the presence of rIFN-gamma resulted in NO-mediated inhibition of proliferation. Th2 cells provided only a cell-associated cofactor, whereas Th1 cells secreted a soluble cofactor for IFN-gamma as well, i.e., TNF-alpha. Finally, a role for IFN-gamma and NO during immune responses was studied in spleen cells obtained from immunized IFN-gamma(-/-) mice. NO production and subsequent inhibition of Ag-specific proliferation ex vivo was observed only after the addition of rIFN-gamma. These studies suggest an IFN-gamma-dependent regulatory role for NO during Ag-specific Th cell activation involving macrophages, with obvious implications for Th subset-dependent immune responses in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van der Veen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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5
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van der Veen RC, Dietlin TA, Hofman FM, Pen L, Segal BH, Holland SM. Superoxide prevents nitric oxide-mediated suppression of helper T lymphocytes: decreased autoimmune encephalomyelitis in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase knockout mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:5177-83. [PMID: 10799876 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.10.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
NO, which suppresses T cell proliferation, may be inactivated by superoxide (O2-) due to their strong mutual affinity. To examine this possibility, preactivated Th clones were cocultured with stimulated macrophages. PMA neutralized the inhibitory activity of NO, which was dependent on extracellular O2- production. In contrast, macrophages from p47phox -/- (pKO) mice, which lack functional NADPH oxidase, retained their NO-dependent inhibition of T cell proliferation upon stimulation with PMA, indicating that NADPH oxidase is the major source of NO-inactivating O2- in this system. To examine the NO-O2- interaction in vivo, the role of NADPH oxidase in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was studied in pKO mice. No clinical or histological signs were observed in the pKO mice. Neither a bias in Th subsets nor a reduced intensity of T cell responses could account for the disease resistance. Although spleen cells from pKO mice proliferated poorly in response to the immunogen, inhibition of NO synthase uncovered a normal proliferative response. These results indicate that NO activity may play a critical role in T cell responses in pKO mice and that in normal spleens inhibition of T cell proliferation by NO may be prevented by simultaneous NADPH oxidase activity.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/genetics
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/physiology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/enzymology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Immunosuppressive Agents/antagonists & inhibitors
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/enzymology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Proteins
- Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein/immunology
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- NADPH Oxidases/genetics
- NADPH Oxidases/physiology
- Nitric Oxide/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nitric Oxide/metabolism
- Nitric Oxide/physiology
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Superoxides/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van der Veen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
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van der Veen RC, Dietlin TA, Dixon Gray J, Gilmore W. Macrophage-derived nitric oxide inhibits the proliferation of activated T helper cells and is induced during antigenic stimulation of resting T cells. Cell Immunol 2000; 199:43-9. [PMID: 10675274 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To examine how macrophage-derived nitric oxide (NO) affects T helper (Th) cell activity, T cell clones representing Th1 and Th2 subsets were activated before exposure to stimulated peritoneal macrophages or microglia. Both Th subsets were similarly sensitive to inhibition by NO, indicating that macrophage-derived NO regulates the proliferation of activated Th1 and Th2 cells equally well. Since IFN-gamma production remained intact in NO-treated Th1 cells, we studied whether NO was produced during antigen-specific activation of Th1 cells by unstimulated macrophages. Indeed, T cell proliferation only occurred when a NO synthase inhibitor was included, while IFN-gamma was essential for the induction of NO. These studies demonstrate that macrophages produce NO following antigen presentation to Th1 cells and that macrophage-derived NO inhibits Th1 and Th2 cell proliferation without inhibiting cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van der Veen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Prinz JC, Vollmer S, Boehncke WH, Menssen A, Laisney I, Trommler P. Selection of conserved TCR VDJ rearrangements in chronic psoriatic plaques indicates a common antigen in psoriasis vulgaris. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:3360-8. [PMID: 10540348 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199910)29:10<3360::aid-immu3360>3.0.co;2-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis vulgaris is a common HLA-associated inflammatory skin disease. Although its etiology is still unknown, it is thought to involve T cell-mediated inflammatory mechanisms. In examining the lesional psoriatic TCR beta chain (TCRB) usage in a pair of identical twins concordant for psoriasis, we observed repetitive TCR VDJ rearrangements which indicated antigen-specific oligoclonal T cell expansion. Several of these TCRB rearrangements were identical or highly homologous in the amino acid composition of the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3), suggesting that T cells with these TCR might be important for disease manifestation. This conclusion was strengthened by TCR analysis of other psoriasis patients. Several repetitive lesional TCRB rearrangements were found that were similar to the conserved CDR3 seen in the twins. Since TCR antigen specificity is largely determined by the beta chain CDR3, selection of T cells with conserved TCRB CDR3 motifs could indicate the presence of a common antigen as a major target of the lesional psoriatic immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Prinz
- Department of Dermatology University of Munich, Munich, Germany.
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van der Veen RC, Dietlin TA, Pen L, Gray JD. Nitric oxide inhibits the proliferation of T-helper 1 and 2 lymphocytes without reduction in cytokine secretion. Cell Immunol 1999; 193:194-201. [PMID: 10222062 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1999.1471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
To study the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on the activity of Th subsets, cloned Th1 and Th2 lymphocytes were stimulated in the presence of an NO donor. NO, when present from the start of incubation, inhibited the proliferation of both Th subsets dose-dependently, achieving complete inhibition at a relatively low level. The addition of NO 24 h after the onset of T cell stimulation also resulted in reduced proliferation of both Th subsets, suggesting that NO affects a late process during T cell activation. Stimulation of T cells in the presence of NO did not induce apoptosis at the concentrations that completely inhibited proliferation, although apoptosis became evident at higher NO concentrations. The secretion of several cytokines (i.e., IFN-gamma, IL-4, and IL-5) was slightly upregulated, while IL-2 production was modestly inhibited in the presence of NO. However, exogenous IL-2 did not reverse the NO-induced inhibition of T cell proliferation, nor did additional stimulation with phorbol esters. Finally, expression of IL-2R was modestly decreased in the presence of NO, although TCR expression was not affected. These studies demonstrate that relatively low concentrations of NO induce a strong and specific inhibition of T cell proliferation in both Th subsets, suggesting that local NO production may regulate Th-mediated tissue inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C van der Veen
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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9
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Zeiler T, Mäntyjärvi R, Rautiainen J, Rytkönen-Nissinen M, Vilja P, Taivainen A, Kauppinen J, Virtanen T. T Cell Epitopes of a Lipocalin Allergen Colocalize with the Conserved Regions of the Molecule. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.3.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
In this study we characterized the human T cell-reactive sites of the major cow dander allergen, Bos d 2, a member of the lipocalin protein family. We showed that Bos d 2 contains only a limited number of epitopes. This is in contrast to many other allergens, which usually contain multiple T cell epitopes throughout the molecule. The epitopes of Bos d 2 were primarily concentrated in the conserved regions of the molecule. One of the epitopes was recognized by all the cow-asthmatic individuals regardless of their HLA phenotype. Computer-predicted T cell epitopes on Bos d 2, other lipocalin allergens, and human endogenous lipocalins were situated in similar locations on these molecules and corresponded to experimentally identified epitopes on Bos d 2. The results suggest that human endogenous lipocalins could be involved in the modulation of immune responses against exogenous lipocalin allergens. In addition, our findings are likely to facilitate the development of new forms of immunotherapy against allergies induced by the important group of lipocalin allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Zeiler
- *Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Rauno Mäntyjärvi
- *Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaakko Rautiainen
- *Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Pekka Vilja
- †Medical School, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland; and
| | - Antti Taivainen
- ‡Department of Pulmonary Diseases, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Juha Kauppinen
- *Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tuomas Virtanen
- *Department of Clinical Microbiology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland
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Das MP, Nicholson LB, Greer JM, Kuchroo VK. Autopathogenic T helper cell type 1 (Th1) and protective Th2 clones differ in their recognition of the autoantigenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein. J Exp Med 1997; 186:867-76. [PMID: 9294141 PMCID: PMC2199041 DOI: 10.1084/jem.186.6.867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/1997] [Revised: 06/30/1997] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We previously generated a panel of T helper cell 1 (Th1) clones specific for an encephalitogenic peptide of myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) peptide 139-151 (HSLGKWLGHPDKF) that induces experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) upon adoptive transfer. In spite of the differences in their T cell receptor (TCR) gene usage, all these Th1 clones required W144 as the primary and most critical TCR contact residue for the activation. In this study, we determined the TCR contact residues of a panel of Th2/Th0 clones specific for the PLP peptide 139-151 generated either by immunization with the PLP 139-151 peptide with anti- B7-1 antibody or by immunization with an altered peptide Q144. Using alanine-substituted peptide analogues of the native PLP peptide, we show that the Th2 clones have shifted their primary contact residue to the NH2-terminal end of the peptide. These Th2 cells do not show any dependence on the W144, but show a critical requirement for L141/G142 as their major TCR contact residue. Thus, in contrast with the Th1 clones that did not proliferate to A144-substituted peptide, the Th2 clones tolerated a substitution at position 144 and proliferated to A144 peptide. This alternative A144 reactive repertoire appears to have a critical role in the regulation of autoimmune response to PLP 139-151 because preimmunization with A144 to expand the L141/G142-reactive repertoire protects mice from developing EAE induced with the native PLP 139-151 peptide. These data suggest that a balance between two different T cell repertoires specific for same autoantigenic epitope can determine disease phenotype, i.e., resistance or susceptibility to an autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Das
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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