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Svanberg C, Ellegård R, Crisci E, Khalid M, Borendal Wodlin N, Svenvik M, Nyström S, Birse K, Burgener A, Shankar EM, Larsson M. Complement-Opsonized HIV Modulates Pathways Involved in Infection of Cervical Mucosal Tissues: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Study. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625649. [PMID: 34093520 PMCID: PMC8173031 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genital mucosal transmission is the most common route of HIV spread. The initial responses triggered at the site of viral entry are reportedly affected by host factors, especially complement components present at the site, and this will have profound consequences on the outcome and pathogenesis of HIV infection. We studied the initial events associated with host-pathogen interactions by exposing cervical biopsies to free or complement-opsonized HIV. Opsonization resulted in higher rates of HIV acquisition/infection in mucosal tissues and emigrating dendritic cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic data showed a significantly more pathways and higher expression of genes and proteins associated with viral replication and pathways involved in different aspects of viral infection including interferon signaling, cytokine profile and dendritic cell maturation for the opsonized HIV. Moreover, the proteomics data indicate a general suppression by the HIV exposure. This clearly suggests that HIV opsonization alters the initial signaling pathways in the cervical mucosa in a manner that promotes viral establishment and infection. Our findings provide a foundation for further studies of the role these early HIV induced events play in HIV pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Elisa Crisci
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
| | | | | | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kenzie Birse
- National HIV and Retrovirology Labs, JC Wilt Infectious Disease Research Centre, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Adam Burgener
- Center for Global Health and Diseases, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Infection Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur, India
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedicine and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Raleigh, NC, Sweden
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The Immunopathology of Complement Proteins and Innate Immunity in Autoimmune Disease. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2020; 58:229-251. [PMID: 31834594 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-019-08774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The complement is a powerful cascade of the innate immunity and also acts as a bridge between innate and acquired immune defence. Complement activation can occur via three distinct pathways, the classical, alternative and lectin pathways, each resulting in the common terminal pathway. Complement activation results in the release of a range of biologically active molecules that significantly contribute to immune surveillance and tissue homeostasis. Several soluble and membrane-bound regulatory proteins restrict complement activation in order to prevent complement-mediated autologous damage, consumption and exacerbated inflammation. The crucial role of complement in the host homeostasis is illustrated by association of both complement deficiency and overactivation with severe and life-threatening diseases. Autoantibodies targeting complement components have been described to alter expression and/or function of target protein resulting in a dysregulation of the delicate equilibrium between activation and inhibition of complement. The spectrum of diseases associated with complement autoantibodies depends on which complement protein and activation pathway are targeted, ranging from autoimmune disorders to kidney and vascular diseases. Nevertheless, these autoantibodies have been identified as differential biomarkers for diagnosis or follow-up of disease only in a small number of clinical conditions. For some autoantibodies, a clear relationship with clinical manifestations has been identified, such as anti-C1q, anti-Factor H, anti-C1 Inhibitor antibodies and C3 nephritic factor. For other autoantibodies, the origin and the functional consequences still remain to be elucidated, questioning about the pathophysiological significance of these autoantibodies, such as anti-mannose binding lectin, anti-Factor I, anti-Factor B and anti-C3b antibodies. The detection of autoantibodies targeting complement components is performed in specialized laboratories; however, there is no consensus on detection methods and standardization of the assays is a real challenge. This review summarizes the current panorama of autoantibodies targeting complement recognition proteins of the classical and lectin pathways, associated proteases, convertases, regulators and terminal components, with an emphasis on autoantibodies clearly involved in clinical conditions.
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Bhattacharya P, Ellegård R, Khalid M, Svanberg C, Govender M, Keita ÅV, Söderholm JD, Myrelid P, Shankar EM, Nyström S, Larsson M. Complement opsonization of HIV affects primary infection of human colorectal mucosa and subsequent activation of T cells. eLife 2020; 9:e57869. [PMID: 32876566 PMCID: PMC7492089 DOI: 10.7554/elife.57869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV transmission via genital and colorectal mucosa are the most common routes of dissemination. Here, we explored the effects of free and complement-opsonized HIV on colorectal tissue. Initially, there was higher antiviral responses in the free HIV compared to complement-opsonized virus. The mucosal transcriptional response at 24 hr revealed the involvement of activated T cells, which was mirrored in cellular responses observed at 96 hr in isolated mucosal T cells. Further, HIV exposure led to skewing of T cell phenotypes predominantly to inflammatory CD4+ T cells, that is Th17 and Th1Th17 subsets. Of note, HIV exposure created an environment that altered the CD8+ T cell phenotype, for example expression of regulatory factors, especially when the virions were opsonized with complement factors. Our findings suggest that HIV-opsonization alters the activation and signaling pathways in the colorectal mucosa, which promotes viral establishment by creating an environment that stimulates mucosal T cell activation and inflammatory Th cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradyot Bhattacharya
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Rada Ellegård
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Cecilia Svanberg
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Melissa Govender
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Åsa V Keita
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Johan D Söderholm
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Pär Myrelid
- Division of Surgery, Orthopedics and Oncology, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Esaki M Shankar
- Center of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Lembah PantaiKuala LumpurMalaysia
- Division of Infection Biology and Medical Microbiology, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil NaduThiruvarurIndia
| | - Sofia Nyström
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Medicine and Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
| | - Marie Larsson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping UniversityLinköpingSweden
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Bodolay E, Prohászka Z, Paragh G, Csipő I, Nagy G, Laczik R, Demeter N, Zöld E, Nakken B, Szegedi G, Szodoray P. Increased levels of anti-heat-shock protein 60 (anti-Hsp60) indicate endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases in patients with mixed connective tissue disease. Immunol Res 2015; 60:50-9. [PMID: 24838263 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-014-8552-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Heat-shock protein 60 (Hsp60) has been shown to provoke inflammation, and anti-Hsp60 may facilitate the development of atherosclerosis. In this study, we have investigated 30 patients with mixed connective tissue disease (MCTD) and assessed anti-Hsp60 and their relationship to cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Out of 30 patients with MCTD, 15 had CVDs. Anti-Hsp60 antibody was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Since endothelial dysfunction and accelerated atherosclerosis are characteristic to MCTD, a wide array of MCTD-, endothelial dysfunction- and CVD-associated parameters was investigated: serum lipid levels, paraoxonase activity (PON1), rich nuclear ribonucleoprotein U1 (anti-U1RNP), anti-endothelial cell antibodies, anti-cardiolipin and anti-β2-glycoprotein I antibody isotypes (anti-CL and anti-β2GPI), endothelin-1 (ET-1) levels, also intima-media thickness (IMT), a quantitative indicator of atherosclerosis. In MCTD, anti-Hsp60 antibody levels were significantly higher than in healthy individuals (p < 0.02). MCTD patients with CVD had significantly higher levels of anti-Hsp60 compared to MCTD without CVD (p = 0.001). Patients with MCTD had significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p = 0.02) and PON activity (p < 0.001), and significantly increased systolic (p < 0.0002) and diastolic (p < 0.001) blood pressure compared to healthy individuals. Anti-U1RNP levels (p < 0.002) and IMT were higher in patients compared to controls (p = 0.002). The CVD-positive MCTD patients had increased anti-Hsp60 (p < 0.0013), anti-CL IgG (p = 0.0005), ET-1 serum concentration (p < 0.05) and IMT levels (p < 0.001) compared to MCTD patients without CVD. Anti-Hsp60 showed a strong correlation with anti-oxLDL (r = 0.36, p = 0.01) and serum ET-1 (r = 0.62, p < 0.001) and negative correlation with PON activity (r = -0.47, p = 0.01). Anti-Hsp60 indicates endothelial injury, CVD, and can function as a novel atherosclerotic risk factor, also a valuable diagnostic marker in patients with MCTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Bodolay
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Medicine, University of Debrecen Medical and Health Science Center, Debrecen, Hungary
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Beurskens FJ, van Schaarenburg RA, Trouw LA. C1q, antibodies and anti-C1q autoantibodies. Mol Immunol 2015; 68:6-13. [PMID: 26032012 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complement system has long been known for its role in combating infections. More recently the complement system is becoming increasingly appreciated for its role in processes that range from waste transport, immune tolerance and shaping of the adaptive immune response. Antibodies represent the humoral part of the adaptive immune response and the complement system interacts with antibodies in several ways. Activated complement fragments impact on the production of antibodies, the complement system gets activated by antibodies and complement proteins can be the target of (auto)antibodies. In this review, written to celebrate the contributions of Prof. Dr. M.R. Daha to the field of immunology and especially complement, we will focus on C1q and its various interactions with antibodies. We will specifically focus on the mechanisms by which C1q will interact with monomeric IgG versus polymerized IgG and fluid-phase IgM versus solid-phase IgM. In addition in this review we will discuss in detail how C1q itself is targeted by autoantibodies and how these autoantibodies are currently considered to play a role in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Leendert A Trouw
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Vasculitis secondary to anti-C1q antibodies induced by Toxocariasis. Infection 2015; 43:755-8. [PMID: 25808264 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-015-0766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vasculitides occurring during parasitic infection are rare and may imply different mechanisms. METHODS A case report of cutaneous vasculitis and visceral damage during a larva migrans syndrome. RESULTS We report the case of a 64-year-old man who developed a purpura along with fever, respiratory failure, abdominal pain and myalgia. Immunological screening showed a high titer of both antinuclear antibodies and anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies along with anti-C1q antibodies. Toxocara canis serology returned highly positive with a positive western-blot. The use of antiparasitic drugs in combination with corticosteroids resulted in a dramatic improvement in the patient's condition. CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of the systemic complications that may occur during Toxocara canis infection, including vasculitis and immunological disorder.
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Bassyouni IH, Gamal S, Talaat RM, Siam I. Autoantibodies against complement C1q in patients with Behcet's disease: association with vascular involvement. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 24:316-20. [PMID: 24593207 DOI: 10.3109/14397595.2013.854071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies and their possible association with clinical presentation in Behcet's disease (BD) patients with special emphasis for patients with vascular involvement. METHODS Plasma anti-C1q Abs levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 51 BD patients and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS We found elevated concentrations of anti-C1q more frequently in patients with BD (18 %) than in healthy controls (8 %). The highest prevalence was found in patients with vascular BD (42 %) which was significantly higher than patients without vascular BD and healthy controls (p = 0.025). Furthermore, patients with vascular BD had the highest mean anti-C1q levels when compared to BD patients without vascular involvement or healthy control subjects (p = 0.015). We did not find significant differences in the prevalence of any other organ involvement between BD patients with elevated vs. normal anti-C1q ab levels. Anti-C1q ab levels positively correlated with ESR (r = 0.383, p = 0.006) and negatively with C4 (r = -0.304, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION In conclusion, we found an increased prevalence of anti-C1q autoantibodies in BD patients with vascular involvement. Further large scale longitudinal studies are required to assess and clarify the significance and the pathogenic role of anti-C1q antibodies in BD and other autoimmune diseases in which vasculitis is a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman H Bassyouni
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Hospital , Cairo , Egypt
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8
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Mahler M, van Schaarenburg RA, Trouw LA. Anti-C1q autoantibodies, novel tests, and clinical consequences. Front Immunol 2013; 4:117. [PMID: 23717311 PMCID: PMC3653116 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although anti-C1q autoantibodies have been described more than four decades ago a constant stream of papers describing clinical associations or functional consequences highlights that anti-C1q antibodies are still hot and happening. By far the largest set of studies focus on anti-C1q antibodies is systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In SLE anti-C1q antibodies associate with involvement of lupus nephritis in such a way that in the absence of anti-C1q antibodies it is unlikely that a flare in nephritis will occur. Anti-C1q antibodies occur in several autoimmune conditions but also in healthy individuals. Although considerable progress has been made in the understanding of how anti-C1q antibodies may contribute to tissue injury there is still a lot to learn about the processes involved in the breaking of tolerance to this protein. There has been considerable improvement in the assays employed to test for the presence of anti-C1q antibodies. Hopefully with these new and standardized assays at hand larger clinical association studies will be conducted with independent replication. Such large-scale studies will reveal the true value of clinical testing for anti-C1q autoantibodies in several clinical conditions.
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Bassyouni IH, Gamal S, Talaat RM, Siam I. Autoantibodies against complement C1q in patients with Behcet's disease: association with vascular involvement. Mod Rheumatol 2013. [PMID: 23564409 DOI: 10.1007/s10165-013-0880-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of anti-C1q antibodies and their possible association with clinical presentation in Behcet's disease (BD) patients with special emphasis for patients with vascular involvement. METHODS: Plasma anti-C1q Abs levels were measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in 51 BD patients and 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: We found elevated concentrations of anti-C1q more frequently in patients with BD (18 %) than in healthy controls (8 %). The highest prevalence was found in patients with vascular BD (42 %) which was significantly higher than patients without vascular BD and healthy controls (p = 0.025). Furthermore, patients with vascular BD had the highest mean anti-C1q levels when compared to BD patients without vascular involvement or healthy control subjects (p = 0.015). We did not find significant differences in the prevalence of any other organ involvement between BD patients with elevated vs. normal anti-C1q ab levels. Anti-C1q ab levels positively correlated with ESR (r = 0.383, p = 0.006) and negatively with C4 (r = -0.304, p = 0.030). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we found an increased prevalence of anti-C1q autoantibodies in BD patients with vascular involvement. Further large scale longitudinal studies are required to assess and clarify the significance and the pathogenic role of anti-C1q antibodies in BD and other autoimmune diseases in which vasculitis is a component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman H Bassyouni
- Department of Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, El-Kasr El-Aini Hospital, Cairo, Egypt,
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Yu X, Li Z, Zhou Z, Kilby JM, Jiang W. Microbial TLR Agonists and Humoral Immunopathogenesis in HIV Disease. EPIDEMIOLOGY (SUNNYVALE, CALIF.) 2013; 3:120. [PMID: 24795844 PMCID: PMC4005894 DOI: 10.4172/2161-1165.1000120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Although T cells are the primary and most-studied targets of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), B cells, especially memory B lymphocytes, are also chronically depleted in the course of HIV disease. Although the lack of CD4+ T cell help may explain these deficiencies, intrinsic defects in B lymphocytes appear to contribute to B cell depletion and reduced antibody (Ab) production in the setting of HIV, especially of some antigens eliciting T cell-independent responses. The gut mucosal barrier is disrupted in HIV disease, resulting in increased systemic exposure to microbial products such as Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonists. The association of enhanced systemic levels of TLR agonists and B cell dysfunction in HIV disease is not understood. This review discusses the potential role of microbial TLR agonists in the B cell depletion, enhanced autoantibody production and impaired responses to vaccination observed in HIV-infected hosts. Increased microbial translocation in HIV infection may drive B cells to produce autoantibodies and increase susceptibilities of B cells to apoptosis through activation-induced cell death. Determining the mechanisms of B cell perturbations in HIV disease will inform the design of novel strategies of improve immune responses to vaccines, reduce opportunistic infections and slow disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaocong Yu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Zhenxian Zhou
- NanJing Second Hospital, Infectious Diseases, NanJing, China
| | - J Michael Kilby
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Medical University of South Carolina, BSB214E, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA
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Stoyanova V, Tchorbadjieva M, Deliyska B, Vasilev V, Tsacheva I. Biochemical analysis of the epitope specificities of anti-C1q autoantibodies accompanying human lupus nephritis reveals them as a dynamic population in the course of the disease. Immunol Lett 2012; 148:69-76. [PMID: 22981967 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2012.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed the epitope specificities of the polyclonal anti-C1q antibodies, present in human LN sera, searching to deduce the structural characteristics of C1q associated with its transition to an autoantigen. We screened 78 serum samples from LN patients distributed in three clinical groups - non-active, moderately active and severely active. We found three classes of C1q autoepitopes: (a) neo-epitopes, exposed upon immobilization due to conformational changes; (b) epitopes formed by sequences that are brought together by the conformation of the whole molecule; (c) cryptic epitopes that become exposed only after fragmentation of C1q. The latter suggest that the immunogen involved in the initiation of anti-C1q autoantibodies might be an extrinsic molecule that shares some degree of structural similarity to C1q. None of the tested epitope specificities was associated with active LN. We found a prevalence of anti-gC1q antibodies among the non-active LN patients suggesting that they might be the fraction of the polyclonal anti-C1q, preceding the initiation of autoimmunity to C1q, or alternatively, preceding LN flare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishnya Stoyanova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University, 8 Dragan Tsankov Str., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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Tsirogianni A, Pipi E, Soufleros K. Relevance of anti-C1q autoantibodies to lupus nephritis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173:243-51. [PMID: 19758158 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04750.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The first component of the classical pathway of the complement system (C1q) is considered to have a crucial role in the clearance of immune complexes (ICs) as well as in the removal of waste material originating from apoptotic cells. A prolonged exposure of C1q epitopes to the immune system could eventually lead to an autoimmune response against itself. Although autoantibodies against C1q are found in several diseases, their clinical interest originates from their strong association to active lupus nephritis (LN). Several studies indicate that anti-C1q autoantibodies could serve as a reliable serologic marker in the assessment of LN activity compared to other immunological tests. Additionally, it was suggested that anti-C1q autoantibodies could play a role in LN pathogenesis. Their potential pathogenic actions likely depend on genetic background, titers, Ig classes and subclasses, and specific epitopes of anti-C1q autoantibodies as well as C1q availability and allocation. It is still unclear which different types of anti-C1q autoantibodies dominate in each case and if their upregulation is pathogenic, an epiphenomenon of aberrant tissue damage, or compensatory to an uncontrolled immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Tsirogianni
- Department of Immunology-Histocompatibility, Evangelismos General Hospital, Athens, Greece.
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Kozyro I, Korosteleva L, Chernoshej D, Danner D, Sukalo A, Trendelenburg M. Autoantibodies against complement C1q in acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis. Clin Immunol 2008; 128:409-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2008] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Potlukova E, Kralikova P. Complement component c1q and anti-c1q antibodies in theory and in clinical practice. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:423-30. [PMID: 18363591 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The complement system is a major part of the innate immunity. The first component of the classical pathway of complement activation, C1q, plays a crucial role in the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic bodies from the organism. Autoantibodies against C1q (anti-C1q) have been found in a number of autoimmune and infectious diseases. They have been best described in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, where they are thought to play a pathogenic role in lupus nephritis (LN). Their high negative predictive value for the occurrence of active proliferative LN, as well as their possible ability to indicate a renal flare as soon as 6 months in advance, have rendered anti-C1q antibodies a novel non-invasive tool in the detection of active LN.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Potlukova
- Third Clinic of Medicine, General Teaching Hospital, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kozyro I, Perahud I, Sadallah S, Sukalo A, Titov L, Schifferli J, Trendelenburg M. Clinical value of autoantibodies against C1q in children with glomerulonephritis. Pediatrics 2006; 117:1663-8. [PMID: 16651321 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autoantibodies against C1q (anti-C1q) have been found in a number of autoimmune and renal diseases. They are best described in adult patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, where a strong correlation between the occurrence of anti-C1q and severe lupus nephritis (LN) has been observed. However, the role of anti-C1q in children with systemic lupus erythematosus has not yet been determined. Furthermore, the clinical importance of anti-C1q in other forms of glomerulonephritis remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate anti-C1q in children with different forms of glomerulonephritis including LN. METHODS We prospectively investigated 112 children with different forms of newly diagnosed glomerulonephritis for the presence of anti-C1q by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and compared them with healthy controls. Associations between anti-C1q and disease manifestations at the time of the measurements and during follow-up were investigated. RESULTS Twenty-one of 112 patients were positive for anti-C1q compared with 0 of 40 healthy controls. Anti-C1q was associated with activity in LN and with disease severity in patients with acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN). In LN, 7 of 12 patients were found to be anti-C1q positive. Six of these 7 had active disease at the time of the serum sampling compared with 1 of 5 of the anti-C1q-negative children. In children with APSGN, 8 of 24 were positive for anti-C1q. Anti-C1q-positive APSGN patients had significantly higher proteinuria and more often hypertension than those without anti-C1q. All 4 patients in which APSGN did not resolve spontaneously were anti-C1q positive. CONCLUSIONS Anti-C1q is associated with active LN in children. In addition, children with anti-C1q-positive APSGN have more severe disease than those who are anti-C1q negative. These data suggest APSGN is another disease in which anti-C1q has a pathogenic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Kozyro
- Department of Pediatrics, 2nd Children's Hospital, Belarus State University, Minsk, Belarus
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Wu T, Tanguay RM. Antibodies against heat shock proteins in environmental stresses and diseases: friend or foe? Cell Stress Chaperones 2006; 11:1-12. [PMID: 16572724 PMCID: PMC1400608 DOI: 10.1379/csc-155r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2005] [Revised: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 11/16/2005] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) can be found in two forms, intracellular and extracellular. The intracellular Hsps are induced as a result of stress and have been found to be cytoprotective in many instances due to their chaperone functions in protein folding and in protein degradation. The origin and role of extracellular Hsps is less clear. Although they were suspected originally to be released from damaged cells (necrosis), their presence in most normal individuals rather suggests that they have regulatory functions in circulation. As immunodominant molecules, Hsps can stimulate the immune system, leading to the production of autoantibodies recognizing epitopes shared by microbial and human Hsps. Thus, extracellular Hsps can influence the inflammatory response as evidenced by the production of inflammatory cytokines. Antibodies to Hsps have been found under normal conditions but seem to be increased in certain stresses and diseases. Such antibodies could regulate the inflammatory response positively or negatively. Here, we review the literature on the findings of antibodies to Hsps in situations of environmental or occupational stress and in a number of diseases and discuss their possible significance for the diagnosis, prognosis, or pathogenesis of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangchun Wu
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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17
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Trendelenburg M. Antibodies against C1q in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 27:276-85. [PMID: 16189648 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-005-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2005] [Accepted: 05/19/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The first component of the classical pathway of complement (C1q) is considered to be involved in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This view is based on the observation that a substantial number of patients with SLE develop hypocomplementemia with depletion of the classical pathway components, and C1q has been shown to play an important role in the clearance of immune complexes and apoptotic bodies. In addition, homozygous C1q deficiency is the strongest disease susceptibility gene for the development of SLE that has been characterised in humans. However, most SLE patients have no primary complement deficiency. Hypocomplementemia in SLE patients is a secondary event and often associated with antibodies against C1q (anti-C1q). Although anti-C1q have been found in a number of distinct autoimmune disorders, they are best described in patients with SLE where they strongly correlate with renal flares. Current data suggest that the occurrence of anti-C1q in SLE patients is necessary but not sufficient for the development of proliferative lupus nephritis, suggesting an interference with the normal function of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Trendelenburg
- Medical Clinic B, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, Basel 4031, Switzerland.
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Trouw LA, Daha MR. Role of anti-C1q autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2005; 5:243-51. [PMID: 15757386 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.5.2.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Anti-C1q autoantibodies can be found in the sera of patients with several autoimmune diseases, but also in healthy individuals. Although these anti-C1q autoantibodies were already identified several decades ago, they still puzzle both immunologists and nephrologists. The main reason for this puzzling effect are observations that seemed to indicate quite clearly that anti-C1q should be pathogenic to the kidney and the observation on the other hand that anti-C1q autoantibodies can be found in several disease conditions, as well as in healthy individuals, and are then unrelated to overt renal inflammation. This puzzle is the focus of the current review, which will provide an overview of the historical data, define the clinical interests and, importantly, will try to put several aspects in perspective based on recent observations in patients and in murine models. In addition, the paper will discuss therapeutic intervention possibilities regarding anti-C1q-mediated damage in systemic lupus erythematosus, as well as the therapeutic potential of anti-C1q antibodies in other conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leendert A Trouw
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Wallenberg Laboratory, Malmö, Sweden
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Füst G, Beck Z, Bánhegyi D, Kocsis J, Bíró A, Prohászka Z. Antibodies against heat shock proteins and cholesterol in HIV infection. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:79-85. [PMID: 15488946 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2004] [Accepted: 07/12/2004] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes data on the presence and function of different heat shock proteins (Hsp) in the HIV virions and the infected cells. A 60 kD heat shock protein-like molecule is present in the envelope of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 which can specifically interact with the transmembrane glycoprotein gp41. The role of cholesterol in the so-called cholesterol-rich lipid raft where HIV is budding from the infected cells as well as the consequential insertion of cholesterol into the envelope of HIV virion are also discussed. Natural antibodies against 60 kD (Hsp60) and 70 kD (Hsp70) families of Hsp and cholesterol can be detected in most healthy individuals. HIV infection results in a sharp increase in the serum concentration of anti-Hsp70 and cholesterol antibodies whereas no difference in the concentration of anti-Hsp60 antibodies can be detected. Highly active antiretroviral therapy leads to normalization of the levels of both anti-Hsp70 and anti-cholesterol antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Füst
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, H-1125 Budapest, Kútvölgyi u. 4, Hungary.
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Horváth L, Cervenak L, Oroszlán M, Prohászka Z, Uray K, Hudecz F, Baranyi E, Madácsy L, Singh M, Romics L, Füst G, Pánczél P. Antibodies against different epitopes of heat-shock protein 60 in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus. Immunol Lett 2002; 80:155-62. [PMID: 11803047 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(01)00336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the amounts and epitope specificity of antibodies against heat shock protein 60 (hsp60) in the sera of type 1 diabetic and healthy children. Antibodies specific for peptide p277 of human hsp60 and of M. bovis as well as for human hsp60, M. bovis hsp65 proteins were measured by ELISA. Other autoantibodies (islet cell antibodies, glutamate decarboxylase antibodies and IA-2 antibodies) were also determined. A total number of 83 serum samples from children with type 1 diabetes mellitus and 81 samples of control children were investigated. Epitope scanning of the hsp60 for linear antibody epitopes was carried out using synthetic peptides attached to pins. The antibody levels specific for peptide p277 of human- and of M. bovis origin were significantly (human: P=0.0002, M. bovis: P=0.0044) higher in the diabetic children group than in the healthy children. We could not find significant difference in the antibody levels to whole, recombinant hsp proteins among the examined groups of children. Antibodies to two epitope regions on hsp60 (AA394-413 and AA435-454) were detected in high titres in sera of children with diabetes mellitus. The first region similar to the sequence found in glutamate decarboxylase, whereas the second one overlaps with p277 epitope to a large extent. Presence of antibodies to certain epitopes of hsp60 (AA394-413-glutamic acid decarboxylase-like epitope; AA435-454-p277-like epitope) in diabetic children may reflect their possible role in the autoimmune diabetogenic process of the early diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Horváth
- Faculty of Medicine, 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi út 4., H-1125, Budapest, Hungary
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Horváth L, Czirják L, Fekete B, Jakab L, Prohászka Z, Cervenak L, Romics L, Singh M, Daha MR, Füst G. Levels of antibodies against C1q and 60 kDa family of heat shock proteins in the sera of patients with various autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 2001; 75:103-9. [PMID: 11137133 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(00)00287-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previously a strong positive correlation was found between antibodies to C1q (C1qAb) and antibodies against human heat shock protein (hsp60) and mycobacterial hsp65 in HIV infected patients. Here the levels of these antibodies were measured in the sera of patients with different autoimmune diseases (122 systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), 55 systemic sclerosis, 33 undifferentiated connective tissue disease (UCTD), 27 primary Raynaud syndrome, 21 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 14 polymyositis/dermatomyositis (PM/DM), and 192 healthy blood donors. The prevalence of IgG C1qAb was found to be high (P<0.0001 as compared to the healthy controls) only in the SLE group. The levels of the anti-hsp60 (P=0.0094) and anti-hsp65 (P=0.0108) antibodies were high only in the UCTD patients. No correlation was found between the C1qAb and anti-hsp antibodies in any group except a significant (P=0.011) positive correlation between C1qAb and hsp65 antibodies in the patients with UCTD. These findings indicate that the autoantibodies against C1q are heterogeneous: in different diseases different types of C1qAb may dominate.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Horváth
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Kútvölgyi út 4, H-1125, Budapest, Hungary
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