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Jangra S, De Vrieze J, Choi A, Rathnasinghe R, Laghlali G, Uvyn A, Van Herck S, Nuhn L, Deswarte K, Zhong Z, Sanders NN, Lienenklaus S, David SA, Strohmeier S, Amanat F, Krammer F, Hammad H, Lambrecht BN, Coughlan L, García‐Sastre A, De Geest BG, Schotsaert M. Sterilizing Immunity against SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Mice by a Single-Shot and Lipid Amphiphile Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Agonist-Adjuvanted Recombinant Spike Protein Vaccine*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:9467-9473. [PMID: 33464672 PMCID: PMC8014308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The search for vaccines that protect from severe morbidity and mortality because of infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a race against the clock and the virus. Here we describe an amphiphilic imidazoquinoline (IMDQ-PEG-CHOL) TLR7/8 adjuvant, consisting of an imidazoquinoline conjugated to the chain end of a cholesterol-poly(ethylene glycol) macromolecular amphiphile. It is water-soluble and exhibits massive translocation to lymph nodes upon local administration through binding to albumin, affording localized innate immune activation and reduction in systemic inflammation. The adjuvanticity of IMDQ-PEG-CHOL was validated in a licensed vaccine setting (quadrivalent influenza vaccine) and an experimental trimeric recombinant SARS-CoV-2 spike protein vaccine, showing robust IgG2a and IgG1 antibody titers in mice that could neutralize viral infection in vitro and in vivo in a mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Jangra
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Angela Choi
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Raveen Rathnasinghe
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Gabriel Laghlali
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Annemiek Uvyn
- Department of PharmaceuticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Lutz Nuhn
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 1055128MainzGermany
| | - Kim Deswarte
- Department of Internal Medicine and PediatricsGhent University and VIB Center for Inflammation ResearchZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Zifu Zhong
- Department of PharmaceuticsGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | | | - Stefan Lienenklaus
- Institute for Laboratory Animal ScienceInstitute of ImmunologyHannover Medical SchoolHannoverGermany
| | | | - Shirin Strohmeier
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Fatima Amanat
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Graduate School of Biomedical SciencesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Florian Krammer
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Hamida Hammad
- Department of Internal Medicine and PediatricsGhent University and VIB Center for Inflammation ResearchZwijnaardeBelgium
| | - Bart N. Lambrecht
- Department of Internal Medicine and PediatricsGhent University and VIB Center for Inflammation ResearchZwijnaardeBelgium
- Department of Pulmonary MedicineErasmus Medical CenterRotterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Lynda Coughlan
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | - Adolfo García‐Sastre
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Department of MedicineDivision of Infectious DiseasesIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- The Tisch Cancer InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
| | | | - Michael Schotsaert
- Department of MicrobiologyIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogen InstituteIcahn School of Medicine at Mount SinaiNew YorkNYUSA
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2
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Webb LM, Sengupta S, Edell C, Piedra-Quintero ZL, Amici SA, Miranda JN, Bevins M, Kennemer A, Laliotis G, Tsichlis PN, Guerau-de-Arellano M. Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 promotes cholesterol biosynthesis-mediated Th17 responses and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:1683-1698. [PMID: 32091410 PMCID: PMC7108896 DOI: 10.1172/jci131254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) catalyzes symmetric dimethylation (SDM) of arginine, a posttranslational modification involved in oncogenesis and embryonic development. However, the role and mechanisms by which PRMT5 modulates Th cell polarization and autoimmune disease have not yet been elucidated. Here, we found that PRMT5 promoted SREBP1 SDM and the induction of cholesterol biosynthetic pathway enzymes that produce retinoid-related orphan receptor (ROR) agonists that activate RORγt. Specific loss of PRMT5 in the CD4+ Th cell compartment suppressed Th17 differentiation and protected mice from developing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We also found that PRMT5 controlled thymic and peripheral homeostasis in the CD4+ Th cell life cycle and invariant NK (iNK) T cell development and CD8+ T cell maintenance. This work demonstrates that PRMT5 expression in recently activated T cells is necessary for the cholesterol biosynthesis metabolic gene expression program that generates RORγt agonistic activity and promotes Th17 differentiation and EAE. These results point to Th PRMT5 and its downstream cholesterol biosynthesis pathway as promising therapeutic targets in Th17-mediated diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cholesterol/genetics
- Cholesterol/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/immunology
- Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/genetics
- Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/immunology
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/genetics
- Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Protein 1/immunology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay M Webb
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Shouvonik Sengupta
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, and
| | - Claudia Edell
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
| | - Zayda L Piedra-Quintero
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
| | - Stephanie A Amici
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
| | - Janiret Narvaez Miranda
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
| | | | - Austin Kennemer
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
| | - Georgios Laliotis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center
| | - Mireia Guerau-de-Arellano
- School of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Division of Medical Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research
- Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, and
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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3
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VanderLaan PA, Reardon CA, Cabana VG, Wang CR, Getz GS. Invariant Natural Killer T-Cells and Total CD1d Restricted Cells Differentially Influence Lipid Metabolism and Atherosclerosis in Low Density Receptor Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20184566. [PMID: 31540125 PMCID: PMC6770011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20184566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct subset of lymphocytes that bridge the innate and adaptive immune response and can be divided into type I invariant NKT cells (iNKT) and type II NKT cells. The objective of this study is to examine the effects of NKT cell on lipid metabolism and the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis in LDL receptor deficient (LDLR−/−) mice. Mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 4 or 8 weeks and plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and atherosclerosis were measured. The selective absence of iNKT cells in Jα18−/−LDLR−/− mice led to an increase in plasma cholesterol levels in female mice. Transgenic Vα14tg/LDLR−/− mice with elevated numbers of iNKT cells had increased late atherosclerosis of the innominate artery, though absence of either iNKT cells or all NKT cells and other CD1d expressing cells had varying effects on atherosclerotic lesion burden in the ascending aortic arch and aortic root. These studies not only highlight the potential modulatory role played by NKT cells in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism, but also raise the possibility that divergent roles may be played by iNKT and CD1d restricted cells such as type II NKT cells or other CD1d expressing cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A VanderLaan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | | | | | - Chyung-Ru Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Northwestern University, 633 Clark St, Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Godfrey S Getz
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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4
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Abstract
Cholesterol is a member of the sterol family that plays essential roles in biological processes, including cell membrane stability and myelin formation. Cholesterol can be metabolized into several molecules including bile acids, hormones, and oxysterols. Studies from the last few decades have demonstrated that oxysterols are not only active metabolites but are further involved in the modulation of immune responses. Liver X Receptors (LXRs), nuclear receptors for oxysterols, are important for cholesterol homeostasis and regulation of inflammatory response but are still poorly characterized during autoimmune diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the role of oxysterols during autoimmune conditions and focus on the implication of LXR-dependent and LXR-independent pathways. We further highlight the importance of these pathways in particular during central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity and inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in both experimental models and human studies. Finally, we discuss our vision about future applications and research on oxysterols related to autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan Duc
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Solenne Vigne
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
| | - Caroline Pot
- Laboratories of Neuroimmunology, Neuroscience Research Center and Division of Neurology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Lausanne University Hospital and Lausanne University, Chemin des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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5
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Abstract
Cholesterol is essential for maintaining membrane fluidity in eukaryotes. Additionally, the synthetic cascade of cholesterol results in precursor molecules important for cellular function such as lipid raft formation and protein prenylation. As such, cholesterol homeostasis is tightly regulated. Interestingly, it is now known that some cholesterol precursors and many metabolites serve as active signaling molecules, binding to different classes of receptors including the nuclear receptors. Furthermore, many cholesterol metabolites or their nuclear receptors have been implicated in the regulation of the immune system in normal physiology and disease. Therefore, in this focused review, cholesterol homeostasis and nuclear receptors involved in this regulation will be discussed, with particular emphasis on how these cascades influence the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Hamed Shahoei
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Erik R Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States; University of Illinois Cancer Center, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States; Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Anticancer Discovery from Pets to People Theme, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.
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6
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Zhu L, Hu X, Kumar D, Chen F, Feng Y, Zhu M, Liang Z, Huang L, Yu L, Xu J, Xue R, Cao G, Gong C. Both ganglioside GM2 and cholesterol in the cell membrane are essential for Bombyx mori cypovirus cell entry. Dev Comp Immunol 2018; 88:161-168. [PMID: 30031014 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bombyx mori cypovirus (BmCPV) enters permissive cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. However, the distinct entry mechanism for BmCPV is still ambiguous. The aim of this study is to investigate the role of gangliosides and cholesterol in BmCPV cell entry. The number of BmCPV virions attached to the cell surface and the expression level of BmCPV vp1 gene was significantly decreased by digestion of terminal sialic acids in gangliosides with neuraminidase (NA). Preincubation of different concentration of ganglioside GM1, GM2 or GM3 with BmCPV prior to infection, the reduction of BmCPV infectivity was found by GM2-treated in a dose-depend manner. BmCPV virions were found to colocalize with GM2 in the cell surface. The infectivity of BmCPV was reduced by anti-GM2 antibody treatment cells. Moreover, BmCPV infection was impaired by depletion of membrane cholesterol with MβCD, but the inhibitory effect of MβCD was restored by supplementing with cholesterol. The number of viral particles attached on the BmN cells was significantly decreased by pretreated with MβCD, and BmCPV infection was inhibited by silencing the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase gene (Hmg-r) in cholesterol biosynthesis pathway. These results indicate that ganglioside GM2 and cholesterol in membrane lipid rafts are essential for BmCPV attachment to cell surface for its cell entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyuan Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Xiaolong Hu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fei Chen
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yongjie Feng
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Min Zhu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zi Liang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lixu Huang
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lei Yu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jian Xu
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Renyu Xue
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Guangli Cao
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Chengliang Gong
- School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China; Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute, Agricultural Biotechnology and Ecological Research Institute, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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7
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Ranchod H, Ndlandla F, Lemmer Y, Beukes M, Niebuhr J, Al-Dulayymi J, Wemmer S, Fehrsen J, Baird M, Verschoor J. The antigenicity and cholesteroid nature of mycolic acids determined by recombinant chicken antibodies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200298. [PMID: 30092023 PMCID: PMC6084858 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycolic acids (MA) are major, species-specific lipid components of Mycobacteria and related genera. In Mycobacterium tuberculosis, it is made up of alpha-, methoxy- and keto-MA, each with specific biological functions and conformational characteristics. Antibodies in tuberculosis (TB) patient sera respond differently towards the three MA classes and were reported to cross-react with cholesterol. To understand the antigenicity and cholesterol cross-reactivity of MA, we generated three different chicken -derived phage-displayed single-chain variable fragments (scFv) that reacted similarly towards the natural mixture of MA, but the first recognized all three classes of chemically synthetic MAs, the second only the two oxygenated types of MAs and the third only methoxy MA. The cholesterol cross-reactivity was investigated after grafting each of the three scFv types onto two configurations of constant chain domains–CH1-4 and CH2-4. Weak but significant cross-reactivity with cholesterol was found only with CH2-4 versions, notably those two that were also able to recognize the trans-keto MA. The cholesteroid nature of mycobacterial mycolic acids therefore seems to be determined by the trans-keto MA subclass. The significantly weaker binding to cholesterol in comparison to MA confirms the potential TB diagnostic application of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Ranchod
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | - Fortunate Ndlandla
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Polymers and Composites, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mervyn Beukes
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Johann Niebuhr
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Susan Wemmer
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jeanni Fehrsen
- Serology and Immunochemistry, Vaccines and Diagnostics Development Programme, Agricultural Research Council—Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Mark Baird
- School of Chemistry, Bangor University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Verschoor
- Department Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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8
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Chistiakov DA, Grechko AV, Myasoedova VA, Melnichenko AA, Orekhov AN. The role of monocytosis and neutrophilia in atherosclerosis. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1366-1382. [PMID: 29364567 PMCID: PMC5824421 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytosis and neutrophilia are frequent events in atherosclerosis. These phenomena arise from the increased proliferation of hematopoietic stem and multipotential progenitor cells (HSPCs) and HSPC mobilization from the bone marrow to other immune organs and circulation. High cholesterol and inflammatory signals promote HSPC proliferation and preferential differentiation to the myeloid precursors (i.e., myelopoiesis) that than give rise to pro-inflammatory immune cells. These cells accumulate in the plaques thereby enhancing vascular inflammation and contributing to further lesion progression. Studies in animal models of atherosclerosis showed that manipulation with HSPC proliferation and differentiation through the activation of LXR-dependent mechanisms and restoration of cholesterol efflux may have a significant therapeutic potential.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bone Marrow/pathology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cholesterol/immunology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/genetics
- Hypercholesterolemia/immunology
- Hypercholesterolemia/pathology
- Liver X Receptors/genetics
- Liver X Receptors/immunology
- Mice
- Monocytes/immunology
- Monocytes/pathology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/immunology
- Multipotent Stem Cells/pathology
- Neutrophils/immunology
- Neutrophils/pathology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/deficiency
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/genetics
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 1/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/immunology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitry A. Chistiakov
- Department of NeurochemistryDivision of Basic and Applied NeurobiologySerbsky Federal Medical Research Center of Psychiatry and NarcologyMoscowRussia
| | - Andrey V. Grechko
- Federal Scientific Clinical Center for Resuscitation and RehabilitationMoscowRussia
| | - Veronika A. Myasoedova
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexandra A. Melnichenko
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
| | - Alexander N. Orekhov
- Skolkovo Innovative CenterInstitute for Atherosclerosis ResearchMoscowRussia
- Laboratory of AngiopathologyInstitute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Academy of SciencesMoscowRussia
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9
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Abstract
The transcriptional signature of Kupffer cells & Alveolar macrophages are enriched for lipid metabolism genes. Lipid metabolism may control macrophage phenotype. Dysregulated lipid metabolism in macrophages contributes to disease pathology.
Distinct macrophage populations throughout the body display highly heterogeneous transcriptional and epigenetic programs. Recent research has highlighted that these profiles enable the different macrophage populations to perform distinct functions as required in their tissue of residence, in addition to the prototypical macrophage functions such as in innate immunity. These ‘extra’ tissue-specific functions have been termed accessory functions. One such putative accessory function is lipid metabolism, with macrophages in the lung and liver in particular being associated with this function. As it is now appreciated that cell metabolism not only provides energy but also greatly influences the phenotype and function of the cell, here we review how lipid metabolism affects macrophage phenotype and function and the specific roles played by macrophages in the pathogenesis of lipid-related diseases. In addition, we highlight the current questions limiting our understanding of the role of macrophages in lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneleen Remmerie
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte L Scott
- Laboratory of Myeloid Cell Ontogeny and Functional Specialization, VIB-UGent Center for Inflammation Research, Technologiepark 927, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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10
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Abstract
B-lymphocytes have the ability to repair their plasma membranes following injury, such as by bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. The repair process includes the removal of the pore from the inflicted region of the plasma membrane via lipid raft-mediated internalization. Lipid rafts are critical for B cell receptor (BCR) activation. Cholesterol-dependent pore forming bacterial toxins provide a useful tool for examining the role of lipid rafts in B cell activation and the underlying cellular mechanisms. This method serves as a great alternative of known cholesterol disruption reagents such as filipin, nystatin, and methyl-β-cyclodextrin. Here, we describe a method of damaging primary murine B cell plasma membranes with the Streptococcus pyogenes cytolysin, Streptolysin O (SLO), and monitoring levels of damage, repair and BCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Miller
- Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 S 4th St., Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Wenxia Song
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, 1133 Microbiology Building, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
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11
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Abstract
Immune cell function and fate are intimately linked to engagement of metabolic pathways. The contribution of core metabolic pathways to immune cell bioenergetics has been vigorously investigated in recent years. However, precisely how other peripheral metabolic pathways support immune cells beyond energy generation is less well understood. Here we survey the literature and highlight recent advances in our understanding of several ancillary metabolic pathways and how they support processes beyond ATP production and ultimately contribute to protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Puleston
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, Freiburg 79108, Germany; Nuffield Department of Orthopedics, Rheumatology, and Musculoskeletal Diseases, The Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK
| | - Matteo Villa
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, Freiburg 79108, Germany
| | - Erika L Pearce
- Department of Immunometabolism, Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, Freiburg 79108, Germany.
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12
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Westerterp M, Gautier EL, Ganda A, Molusky MM, Wang W, Fotakis P, Wang N, Randolph GJ, D'Agati VD, Yvan-Charvet L, Tall AR. Cholesterol Accumulation in Dendritic Cells Links the Inflammasome to Acquired Immunity. Cell Metab 2017; 25:1294-1304.e6. [PMID: 28479366 PMCID: PMC5514787 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are associated with increased cardiovascular disease and reduced plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux from immune cells via the ATP binding cassette transporters A1 and G1 (ABCA1/G1). The significance of impaired cholesterol efflux pathways in autoimmunity is unknown. We observed that Abca1/g1-deficient mice develop enlarged lymph nodes (LNs) and glomerulonephritis suggestive of SLE. This lupus-like phenotype was recapitulated in mice with knockouts of Abca1/g1 in dendritic cells (DCs), but not in macrophages or T cells. DC-Abca1/g1 deficiency increased LN and splenic CD11b+ DCs, which displayed cholesterol accumulation and inflammasome activation, increased cell surface levels of the granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor receptor, and enhanced inflammatory cytokine secretion. Consequently, DC-Abca1/g1 deficiency enhanced T cell activation and Th1 and Th17 cell polarization. Nlrp3 inflammasome deficiency diminished the enlarged LNs and enhanced Th1 cell polarization. These findings identify an essential role of DC cholesterol efflux pathways in maintaining immune tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Westerterp
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Section Molecular Genetics, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, 9713 AV Groningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Emmanuel L Gautier
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Anjali Ganda
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA; Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Matthew M Molusky
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Panagiotis Fotakis
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Nan Wang
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gwendalyn J Randolph
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Vivette D D'Agati
- Department of Pathology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Laurent Yvan-Charvet
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Alan R Tall
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Columbia University, 630 West 168 Street, P&S 8-401, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Bah SY, Dickinson P, Forster T, Kampmann B, Ghazal P. Immune oxysterols: Role in mycobacterial infection and inflammation. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:152-163. [PMID: 27155346 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Infection remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Natural defenses to infection are mediated by intrinsic/innate and adaptive immune responses. While our understanding is considerable it is incomplete and emerging areas of research such as those related to the immune-metabolic axis are only beginning to be appreciated. There is increasing evidence showing a connection between immune signalling and the regulation of sterol and fatty acid metabolism. In particular, metabolic intermediates of cholesterol biosynthesis and its oxidized metabolites (oxysterols) have been shown to regulate adaptive immunity and inflammation and for innate immune signalling to regulate the dynamics of cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis. The side-chain oxidized oxysterols, 25-hydroxycholesterol (25HC) and vitamin D metabolites (vitamin D3 and vitamin D2), are now known to impart physiologically profound effects on immune responses. Macrophages play a frontline role in this process connecting immunity, infection and lipid biology, and collaterally are a central target for infection by a wide range of pathogens including viruses and bacteria, especially intracellular bacteria such as mycobacteria. Clinical manifestations of disease severity in the infected host are likely to pay tribute to perturbations of the metabolic-immune phenomena found in lymphocytes and myeloid cells. Historically and consistent with this notion, vitamin D based oxysterols have had a long association with promoting clinical improvements to patients infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Hence understanding the role of early metabolic mediators of inflammatory responses to infection in particular oxysterols, will aid in the development of urgently needed host directed therapeutic and diagnostic design innovation to combat adverse infection outcomes and antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saikou Y Bah
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Gambia.
| | - Paul Dickinson
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Thorsten Forster
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom
| | - Beate Kampmann
- Vaccines and Immunity Theme, MRC Unit, Gambia; Centre of International Child Health, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Ghazal
- Division of Infection and Pathway Medicine, University of Edinburgh Medical, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom; SynthSys at Edinburgh University, The Kings Buildings, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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14
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Thacker SG, Zarzour A, Chen Y, Alcicek MS, Freeman LA, Sviridov DO, Demosky SJ, Remaley AT. High-density lipoprotein reduces inflammation from cholesterol crystals by inhibiting inflammasome activation. Immunology 2016; 149:306-319. [PMID: 27329564 PMCID: PMC5046053 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine, has been implicated in many diseases, including atherosclerosis. Activation of IL-1β is controlled by a multi-protein complex, the inflammasome. The exact initiating event in atherosclerosis is unknown, but recent work has demonstrated that cholesterol crystals (CC) may promote atherosclerosis development by activation of the inflammasome. High-density lipoprotein (HDL) has consistently been shown to be anti-atherogenic and to have anti-inflammatory effects, but its mechanism of action is unclear. We demonstrate here that HDL is able to suppress IL-1β secretion in response to cholesterol crystals in THP-1 cells and in human-monocyte-derived macrophages. HDL is able to blunt inflammatory monocyte cell recruitment in vivo following intraperitoneal CC injection in mice. HDL appears to modulate inflammasome activation in several ways. It reduces the loss of lysosomal membrane integrity following the phagocytosis of CC, but the major mechanism for the suppression of inflammasome activation by HDL is decreased expression of pro-IL-1β and NLRP3, and reducing caspase-1 activation. In summary, we have described a novel anti-inflammatory effect of HDL, namely its ability to suppress inflammasome activation by CC by modulating the expression of several key components of the inflammasome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth G Thacker
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abdalrahman Zarzour
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ye Chen
- Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mustafa S Alcicek
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Dennis O Sviridov
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Demosky
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Abstract
We report a case of sight-threatening secondary syphilis with HIV co-infection where atypical pattern of skin manifestations resulted in a delay in making the correct diagnosis. However, despite marked visual loss by the time correct diagnosis was made, the patient responded well, albeit slowly, to a course of intravenous benzyl penicillin.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Malu
- Whittall Street Clinic, Whittall Street, Birmingham B4 6DH, UK.
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16
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Pilely K, Rosbjerg A, Genster N, Gal P, Pál G, Halvorsen B, Holm S, Aukrust P, Bakke SS, Sporsheim B, Nervik I, Niyonzima N, Bartels ED, Stahl GL, Mollnes TE, Espevik T, Garred P. Cholesterol Crystals Activate the Lectin Complement Pathway via Ficolin-2 and Mannose-Binding Lectin: Implications for the Progression of Atherosclerosis. J Immunol 2016; 196:5064-74. [PMID: 27183610 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol crystals (CC) play an essential role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. CC activate the classical and the alternative complement pathways, but the role of the lectin pathway is unknown. We hypothesized that the pattern recognition molecules (PRMs) from the lectin pathway bind CC and function as an upstream innate inflammatory signal in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis. We investigated the binding of the PRMs mannose-binding lectin (MBL), ficolin-1, ficolin-2, and ficolin-3, the associated serine proteases, and complement activation products to CC in vitro using recombinant proteins, specific inhibitors, as well as deficient and normal sera. Additionally, we examined the deposition of ficolin-2 and MBL in human carotid plaques by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy. The results showed that the lectin pathway was activated on CC by binding of ficolin-2 and MBL in vitro, resulting in activation and deposition of complement activation products. MBL bound to CC in a calcium-dependent manner whereas ficolin-2 binding was calcium-independent. No binding was observed for ficolin-1 or ficolin-3. MBL and ficolin-2 were present in human carotid plaques, and binding of MBL to CC was confirmed in vivo by immunohistochemistry, showing localization of MBL around CC clefts. Moreover, we demonstrated that IgM, but not IgG, bound to CC in vitro and that C1q binding was facilitated by IgM. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that PRMs from the lectin pathway recognize CC and provides evidence for an important role for this pathway in the inflammatory response induced by CC in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Pilely
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Anne Rosbjerg
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Ninette Genster
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Peter Gal
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Center for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Pál
- Department of Biochemistry, Eötvös Loránd University, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sverre Holm
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Hospital for Rheumatic Diseases, 2609 Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Siril Skaret Bakke
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Sporsheim
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Nervik
- Section for Children's and Women's Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Nathalie Niyonzima
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emil D Bartels
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - Gregory L Stahl
- Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Tom Eirik Mollnes
- K.G. Jebsen Inflammation Research Center, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway; Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, 0424 Oslo, Norway; Research Laboratory, Nordland Hospital, 8038 Bodø, Norway; and K.G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, 9019 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Terje Espevik
- Center of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Peter Garred
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen O, Denmark;
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17
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Chan IH, Van Hoof D, Abramova M, Bilardello M, Mar E, Jorgensen B, McCauley S, Bal H, Oft M, Van Vlasselaer P, Mumm JB. PEGylated IL-10 Activates Kupffer Cells to Control Hypercholesterolemia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156229. [PMID: 27299860 PMCID: PMC4907428 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts potent context specific immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. We have investigated the mechanism by which PEGylated rIL-10 regulates plasma cholesterol in mice and humans. In agreement with previous work on rIL-10, we report that PEGylated rIL-10 harnesses the myeloid immune system to control total plasma cholesterol levels. We have discovered that PEG-rMuIL-10’s dramatic lowering of plasma cholesterol is dependent on phagocytotic cells. In particular, PEG-rHuIL-10 enhances cholesterol uptake by Kupffer cells. In addition, removal of phagocytotic cells dramatically increases plasma cholesterol levels, suggesting for the first time that immunological cells are implicitly involved in regulating total cholesterol levels. These data suggest that treatment with PEG-rIL-10 potentiates endogenous cholesterol regulating cell populations not currently targeted by standard of care therapeutics. Furthermore, we show that IL-10’s increase of Kupffer cell cholesterol phagocytosis is concomitant with decreases in liver cholesterol and triglycerides. This leads to the reversal of early periportal liver fibrosis and facilitates the restoration of liver health. These data recommend PEG-rIL-10 for evaluation in the treatment of fatty liver disease and preventing its progression to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. In direct confirmation of our in vivo findings in the treatment of hypercholesterolemic mice with PEG-rMuIL-10, we report that treatment of hypercholesterolemic cancer patients with PEG-rHuIL-10 lowers total plasma cholesterol by up to 50%. Taken together these data suggest that PEG-rIL-10’s cholesterol regulating biology is consistent between mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan H. Chan
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Dennis Van Hoof
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Marina Abramova
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Melissa Bilardello
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Elliot Mar
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Brett Jorgensen
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Scott McCauley
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Harminder Bal
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Martin Oft
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - Peter Van Vlasselaer
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
| | - John B. Mumm
- ARMO BioSciences, Inc., 575 Chesapeake Drive, Redwood City, CA, 94063, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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18
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Raccosta L, Fontana R, Corna G, Maggioni D, Moresco M, Russo V. Cholesterol metabolites and tumor microenvironment: the road towards clinical translation. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2016; 65:111-7. [PMID: 26646851 PMCID: PMC11028928 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeting the tumor microenvironment focusing on immune cells has recently become a standard of care for some tumors. Indeed, antibodies blocking immune checkpoints (e.g., anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD1 mAbs) have been approved by regulatory agencies for the treatment of some solid tumors based upon successes in many clinical trials. Although tumor metabolism has always attracted the attention of tumor biologists, only recently have oncologists renewed their interest in this field of tumor biology research. This has highlighted the possibility to pharmacologically target rate-limiting enzymes along key metabolic pathways of tumor cells, such as lipogenesis and aerobic glycolysis. Altered tumor metabolism has also been shown to influence the functionality of the tumor microenvironment as a whole, particularly the immune cell component of thereof. Cholesterol, oxysterols and Liver X receptors (LXRs) have been investigated in different tumor models. Recent in vitro and in vivo results point to their involvement in tumor and immune cell biology, thus making the LXR/oxysterol axis a possible target for novel antitumor strategies. Indeed, the possibility to target both tumor cell metabolism (i.e., cholesterol metabolism) and tumor-infiltrating immune cell dysfunctions induced by oxysterols might result in a synergistic antitumor effect generating long-lasting memory responses. This review will focus on the role of cholesterol metabolism with particular emphasis on the role of the LXR/oxysterol axis in the tumor microenvironment, discussing mechanisms of action, pros and cons, and strategies to develop antitumor therapies based on the modulation of this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Raccosta
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Fontana
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianfranca Corna
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniela Maggioni
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
| | - Marta Moresco
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy
- San Raffaele Vita-Salute University, via Olgettina 60, Milan, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Russo
- Unit of Immuno-Biotherapy of Melanoma and Solid Tumors, Division of Experimental Oncology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, via Olgettina 58, Milan, Italy.
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Tada R, Hidaka A, Iwase N, Takahashi S, Yamakita Y, Iwata T, Muto S, Sato E, Takayama N, Honjo E, Kiyono H, Kunisawa J, Aramaki Y. Intranasal Immunization with DOTAP Cationic Liposomes Combined with DC-Cholesterol Induces Potent Antigen-Specific Mucosal and Systemic Immune Responses in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139785. [PMID: 26440657 PMCID: PMC4594917 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the progress made by modern medicine, infectious diseases remain one of the most important threats to human health. Vaccination against pathogens is one of the primary methods used to prevent and treat infectious diseases that cause illness and death. Vaccines administered by the mucosal route are potentially a promising strategy to combat infectious diseases since mucosal surfaces are a major route of entry for most pathogens. However, this route of vaccination is not widely used in the clinic due to the lack of a safe and effective mucosal adjuvant. Therefore, the development of safe and effective mucosal adjuvants is key to preventing infectious diseases by enabling the use of mucosal vaccines in the clinic. In this study, we show that intranasal administration of a cationic liposome composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) and 3β-[N-(N',N'-dimethylaminoethane)-carbamoyl] (DC-chol) (DOTAP/DC-chol liposome) has a potent mucosal adjuvant effect in mice. Intranasal vaccination with ovalbumin (OVA) in combination with DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes induced the production of OVA-specific IgA in nasal tissues and increased serum IgG1 levels, suggesting that the cationic DOTAP/DC-chol liposome leads to the induction of a Th2 immune response. Additionally, nasal-associated lymphoid tissue and splenocytes from mice treated with OVA plus DOTAP/DC-chol liposome showed high levels of IL-4 expression. DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes also enhanced OVA uptake by CD11c+ dendritic cells in nasal-associated lymphoid tissue. These data demonstrate that DOTAP/DC-chol liposomes elicit immune responses via an antigen-specific Th2 reaction. These results suggest that cationic liposomes merit further development as a mucosal adjuvant for vaccination against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tada
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (RT); (YA)
| | - Akira Hidaka
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Iwase
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Saeko Takahashi
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Yamakita
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Iwata
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shoko Muto
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Sato
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Noriko Takayama
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Honjo
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyono
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Kunisawa
- Division of Mucosal Immunology and International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory of Vaccine Materials, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukihiko Aramaki
- Department of Drug Delivery and Molecular Biopharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail: (RT); (YA)
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20
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Klein O, Davis ID, McArthur GA, Chen L, Haydon A, Parente P, Dimopoulos N, Jackson H, Xiao K, Maraskovsky E, Hopkins W, Stan R, Chen W, Cebon J. Low-dose cyclophosphamide enhances antigen-specific CD4(+) T cell responses to NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine in patients with advanced melanoma. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:507-18. [PMID: 25662405 PMCID: PMC11029160 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-015-1656-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Clinical outcomes from cancer vaccine trials in patients with advanced melanoma have so far been disappointing. This appears at least partially due to a state of immunosuppression in these patients induced by an expansion of regulatory cell populations including regulatory T cells (Tregs). We have previously demonstrated potent immunogenicity of the NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine in patients with resected melanoma (study LUD99-08); however, the same vaccine induced only a few vaccine antigen-specific immune responses in patients with advanced disease (study LUD2002-013). Pre-clinical models suggest that the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide can enhance immune responses by depleting Tregs. Therefore, we have enrolled a second cohort of patients with advanced melanoma in the clinical trial LUD2002-013 to investigate whether pre-treatment with cyclophosphamide could improve the immunogenicity of the NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX™ vaccine. The combination treatment led to a significant increase in vaccine-induced NY-ESO-1-specific CD4(+) T cell responses compared with the first trial cohort treated with vaccine alone. We could not detect a significant decline in regulatory T cells in peripheral blood of patients 14 days after cyclophosphamide administration, although a decline at an earlier time point cannot be excluded. Our observations support the inclusion of cyclophosphamide in combination trials with vaccines and other immune-modulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Klein
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research (Melbourne-Austin Branch), 147-163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC, 3084, Australia,
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21
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Ramsey PS. Editorial commentary: post-syphilotherapy titers in pregnancy. Clin Infect Dis 2015; 60:691-2. [PMID: 25414263 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciu923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Ramsey
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio
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22
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Desai TM, Marin M, Chin CR, Savidis G, Brass AL, Melikyan GB. IFITM3 restricts influenza A virus entry by blocking the formation of fusion pores following virus-endosome hemifusion. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004048. [PMID: 24699674 PMCID: PMC3974867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 02/18/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) inhibit infection of diverse enveloped viruses, including the influenza A virus (IAV) which is thought to enter from late endosomes. Recent evidence suggests that IFITMs block virus hemifusion (lipid mixing in the absence of viral content release) by altering the properties of cell membranes. Consistent with this mechanism, excess cholesterol in late endosomes of IFITM-expressing cells has been reported to inhibit IAV entry. Here, we examined IAV restriction by IFITM3 protein using direct virus-cell fusion assay and single virus imaging in live cells. IFITM3 over-expression did not inhibit lipid mixing, but abrogated the release of viral content into the cytoplasm. Although late endosomes of IFITM3-expressing cells accumulated cholesterol, other interventions leading to aberrantly high levels of this lipid did not inhibit virus fusion. These results imply that excess cholesterol in late endosomes is not the mechanism by which IFITM3 inhibits the transition from hemifusion to full fusion. The IFITM3's ability to block fusion pore formation at a post-hemifusion stage shows that this protein stabilizes the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes without adversely affecting the lumenal leaflet. We propose that IFITM3 interferes with pore formation either directly, through partitioning into the cytoplasmic leaflet of a hemifusion intermediate, or indirectly, by modulating the lipid/protein composition of this leaflet. Alternatively, IFITM3 may redirect IAV fusion to a non-productive pathway, perhaps by promoting fusion with intralumenal vesicles within multivesicular bodies/late endosomes. Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) block infection of many enveloped viruses, including the influenza A virus (IAV) that enters from late endosomes. IFITMs are thought to prevent virus hemifusion (merger of contacting leaflets without formation of a fusion pore) by altering the properties of cell membranes. Here we performed single IAV imaging and found that IFITM3 did not interfere with hemifusion, but prevented complete fusion. Also, contrary to a current view that excess cholesterol in late endosomes of IFITM3-expressing cells inhibits IAV entry, we show that cholesterol-laden endosomes are permissive for virus fusion. The ability of IFITM3 to block the formation of fusion pores implies that this protein stabilizes the cytoplasmic leaflet of endosomal membranes, either directly or indirectly, through altering its physical properties. IFITM3 may also redirect IAV to a non-productive pathway by promoting fusion with intralumenal vesicles of late endosomes instead of their limiting membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanay M. Desai
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Mariana Marin
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher R. Chin
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS) Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - George Savidis
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS) Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Abraham L. Brass
- Microbiology and Physiological Systems (MaPS) Department, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gregory B. Melikyan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Emory University Children's Center, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Shoibonov BB, Baronets VY, Panchenko LF, Kubatiev AA. [A method of rapid determination of cholesterol in immune complexes]. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter 2013:109-114. [PMID: 24640783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A method of rapid determination of cholesterol in immune complexes (CIC). In the proposed method precipitate immune complexes containing multiple modified low density lipoproteins from human serum are prepared by treatment with a buffer containing 8.3 PEC 3350, and 3.3% PVP 12600, in a ratio of 1:1.2, incubated for 10 min at room temperature. The precipitate containing the CIC is separated by centrifugation at 3100 g for 5 min at 23 degrees C, dissolved in a buffer without PEG and PVP, the cholesterol is determined using an enzymatic kit and at a level of CIC more than 8.3 mg/dl ascertain higher level. The method improves the accuracy of the quantitative determination of CIC, conduct extensive screening tests to detect atherosclerosis as the pre-clinical stage and monitor the effectiveness of the therapy.
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Satoh-Asahara N, Sasaki Y, Wada H, Tochiya M, Iguchi A, Nakagawachi R, Odori S, Kono S, Hasegawa K, Shimatsu A. A dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, exerts anti-inflammatory effects in type 2 diabetic patients. Metabolism 2013; 62:347-51. [PMID: 23062489 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Here, we examined the effect of sitagliptin, a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, on systemic inflammation and pro-inflammatory (M1)/anti-inflammatory (M2)-like phenotypes of peripheral blood monocytes in diabetic patients. METHODS Forty-eight type 2 diabetic patients were divided into the following two groups: sitagliptin-treatment (50mg daily for 3months) (n=24) and untreated control (n=24) groups. Measurements were undertaken to assess changes in glucose-lipid metabolism, serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as serum amyloid A-LDL (SAA-LDL), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), IL-10 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Furthermore, the effects of sitagliptin treatment on M1/M2-like phenotypes in peripheral blood monocytes were examined. RESULTS Treatment with sitagliptin significantly decreased fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), serum levels of inflammatory markers, such as SAA-LDL, CRP, and TNF-α. In contrast, sitagliptin increased serum IL-10, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, as well as plasma GLP-1. In addition, sitagliptin increased monocyte IL-10 expression and decreased monocyte TNF-α expression. Multivariate regression analysis revealed that the sitagliptin treatment was the only factor independently associated with an increase in monocyte IL-10 (β=0.499; R(2)=0.293, P<0.05). However, other factors including the improvement of glucose metabolism were not associated with the increase. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION This study is the first to show that a DPP-4 inhibitor, sitagliptin, reduces inflammatory cytokines and improves the unfavorable M1/M2-like phenotypes of peripheral blood monocytes in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Satoh-Asahara
- Division of Diabetic Research, Clinical Research Institute, National Hospital Organization, Kyoto Medical Center, 1-1 Mukaihata-cho, Fukakusa, Fushimi-ku, Kyoto 612-8555, Japan.
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25
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González-Menéndez P, García-Ocaña M, de los Toyos JR. A deeper analysis of the epitope/paratope of PLY-5, a mouse monoclonal antibody which recognises the conserved undecapeptide tryptophan-rich loop (ECTGLAWEWWR) of bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 430:14-19. [PMID: 23159621 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that the minimal epitope recognised by the PLY-5 mAb in the conserved undecapeptide Trp-rich loop of bacterial CDCs should consist of WEWWRT (Jacobs et al., 1999) [5]. Now, through immunoscreening of amino acid substitution analogues, it is concluded that the second Trp and the Arg residues are essential in the PLY-5 epitope. The E residue is an auxiliary epitope contributor. Antibody modelling and docking simulations provided support for these findings. For recognition by the antibody, the Trp-rich loop flipped out, mimicking the mechanism of membrane insertion. The displaced second Trp was seen to establish aromatic stacking interactions with aromatic residues of the antibody paratope and the notably extruded guanidium tip of the arginine residue mediated electrostatic interactions with well-exposed carboxylic groups of glutamic residues on the surface of the paratope. Thus, the epitope/paratope interaction is mainly mediated by aromatic and by ionic interactions.
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26
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Vander Wal JS, Huelsing J, Dubuisson O, Dhurandhar NV. An observational study of the association between adenovirus 36 antibody status and weight loss among youth. Obes Facts 2013; 6:269-78. [PMID: 23751249 PMCID: PMC5644750 DOI: 10.1159/000353109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the human adenovirus 36 (Ad-36) is associated with obesity and relative hypolipidemia, its role in pediatric weight loss treatment response is uncertain. Therefore, the primary study objective was to determine whether Ad-36 antibody (AB) status was associated with response to a pediatric weight loss program. The secondary objective was to assess the association between Ad-36 AB status and baseline lipid values. METHODS Participants included 73 youth aged 10-17 years in a residential camp-based weight loss program. The study examined differences in baseline lipid values between Ad-36 AB+ and AB- youth as well as differences in response to treatment, including indices of body size and fitness. RESULTS At baseline, results showed that Ad-36 AB+ youth evidenced significantly lower levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides than Ad-36 AB- youth (all p < 0.05). After 4 weeks of treatment, the Ad-36 AB+ youth showed a smaller reduction in BMI percentile than the Ad-36 AB- youth (p < 0.05), a difference of about 0.48 kg. CONCLUSION Ad-36 AB status showed a weak association with treatment response, but was associated with a better lipid profile. Ad-36 AB status should be assessed in studies of pediatric obesity treatment and prevention.
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Bogie JFJ, Timmermans S, Huynh-Thu VA, Irrthum A, Smeets HJM, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Mulder M, Stinissen P, Hellings N, Hendriks JJA. Myelin-derived lipids modulate macrophage activity by liver X receptor activation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44998. [PMID: 22984598 PMCID: PMC3440367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system in which macrophages and microglia play a central role. Foamy macrophages and microglia, containing degenerated myelin, are abundantly found in active multiple sclerosis lesions. Recent studies have described an altered macrophage phenotype after myelin internalization. However, it is unclear by which mechanisms myelin affects the phenotype of macrophages and how this phenotype can influence lesion progression. Here we demonstrate, by using genome wide gene expression analysis, that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages have an enhanced expression of genes involved in migration, phagocytosis and inflammation. Interestingly, myelin internalization also induced the expression of genes involved in liver-X-receptor signaling and cholesterol efflux. In vitro validation shows that myelin-phagocytosing macrophages indeed have an increased capacity to dispose intracellular cholesterol. In addition, myelin suppresses the secretion of the pro-inflammatory mediator IL-6 by macrophages, which was mediated by activation of liver-X-receptor β. Our data show that myelin modulates the phenotype of macrophages by nuclear receptor activation, which may subsequently affect lesion progression in demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen F J Bogie
- Hasselt University/Transnational University Limburg, Biomedical Research Institute, School of Life Sciences, Diepenbeek, Belgium.
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Subramanian G, Chaudhury P, Malu K, Fowler S, Manmode R, Gotur D, Zwerger M, Ryan D, Roberti R, Gaines P. Lamin B receptor regulates the growth and maturation of myeloid progenitors via its sterol reductase domain: implications for cholesterol biosynthesis in regulating myelopoiesis. J Immunol 2012; 188:85-102. [PMID: 22140257 PMCID: PMC3244548 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Lamin B receptor (LBR) is a bifunctional nuclear membrane protein with N-terminal lamin B and chromatin-binding domains plus a C-terminal sterol Δ(14) reductase domain. LBR expression increases during neutrophil differentiation, and deficient expression disrupts neutrophil nuclear lobulation characteristic of Pelger-Huët anomaly. Thus, LBR plays a critical role in regulating myeloid differentiation, but how the two functional domains of LBR support this role is currently unclear. We previously identified abnormal proliferation and deficient functional maturation of promyelocytes (erythroid, myeloid, and lymphoid [EML]-derived promyelocytes) derived from EML-ic/ic cells, a myeloid model of ichthyosis (ic) bone marrow that lacks Lbr expression. In this study, we provide new evidence that cholesterol biosynthesis is important to myeloid cell growth and is supported by the sterol reductase domain of Lbr. Cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors caused growth inhibition of EML cells that increased in EML-derived promyelocytes, whereas cells lacking Lbr exhibited complete growth arrest at both stages. Lipid production increased during wild-type neutrophil maturation, but ic/ic cells exhibited deficient levels of lipid and cholesterol production. Ectopic expression of a full-length Lbr in EML-ic/ic cells rescued both nuclear lobulation and growth arrest in cholesterol starvation conditions. Lipid production also was rescued, and a deficient respiratory burst was corrected. Expression of just the C-terminal sterol reductase domain of Lbr in ic/ic cells also improved each of these phenotypes. Our data support the conclusion that the sterol Δ(14) reductase domain of LBR plays a critical role in cholesterol biosynthesis and that this process is essential to both myeloid cell growth and functional maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayathri Subramanian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Pulkit Chaudhury
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Krishnakumar Malu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Fowler
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rahul Manmode
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Deepali Gotur
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Monika Zwerger
- Department of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - David Ryan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Rita Roberti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Perugia, via del Giochetto, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - Peter Gaines
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA, USA
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Nicholaou T, Chen W, Davis ID, Jackson HM, Dimopoulos N, Barrow C, Browning J, MacGregor D, Williams D, Hopkins W, Maraskovsky E, Venhaus R, Pan L, Hoffman EW, Old LJ, Cebon J. Immunoediting and persistence of antigen-specific immunity in patients who have previously been vaccinated with NY-ESO-1 protein formulated in ISCOMATRIX™. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2011; 60:1625-37. [PMID: 21698545 PMCID: PMC11028944 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-011-1041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NY-ESO-1 protein formulated in ISCOMATRIX™ results in CD4+, CD8+ T cell and antibody-mediated immunity. We evaluated persistence of immunity, relapse-free survival and tumour antigen expression upon relapse in patients vaccinated in an earlier trial. METHODS Immunity was measured in 28 patients with resected NY-ESO-1-expressing tumours (melanoma 25, breast 3) 252-1,155 days (median = 681) after vaccination. In the earlier vaccination, trial patients received NY-ESO-1 with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant at three protein doses 10 μg, 30 μg or 100 μg (n = 14); 100 μg NY-ESO-1 protein (n = 8) or placebo (n = 6), together with 1 μg of intradermal (ID) NY-ESO-1 protein twice for DTH skin testing. Immune responses assessed in the current study included antibody titres, circulating NY-ESO-1-specific T cells and DTH reactivity 2 days after DTH skin testing with NY-ESO-1 protein (1 μg) or peptides (10 μg). Relapse-free survival was determined for 42 melanoma patients. On relapse NY-ESO-1 and HLA, class I was assessed by immunohistochemistry in 17. RESULTS Persisting anti-NY-ESO-1 immunity was detected in 10/14 recipients who had previously received vaccine with ISCOMATRIX™ adjuvant. In contrast, immunity only persisted in 3/14 who received 100 μg un-adjuvanted NY-ESO-1 protein (3/8) or 2 μg DTH protein (0/6) P = 0.02. Hence, persisting NY-ESO-1 immunity was associated with prior adjuvant. Tumour NY-ESO-1 or HLA class I was downregulated in participants who relapsed suggesting immunoediting had occurred. CONCLUSION Immunoediting suggests that a signal of anti-tumour activity was observed in high-risk resected melanoma patients vaccinated with NY-ESO-1/ISCOMATRIX™. This was associated with measurable persisting immunity in the majority of vaccinated subjects tested. A prospective randomised trial has been undertaken to confirm these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theo Nicholaou
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Weisan Chen
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Ian D. Davis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
- Austin Health, Melbourne, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Heather M. Jackson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Nektaria Dimopoulos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Catherine Barrow
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
- Austin Health, Melbourne, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Judy Browning
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Duncan MacGregor
- Austin Health, Melbourne, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - David Williams
- Austin Health, Melbourne, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Wendie Hopkins
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | | | - Ralph Venhaus
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 605 Third Avenue/33rd Floor, New York, NY 10158 USA
| | - Linda Pan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 605 Third Avenue/33rd Floor, New York, NY 10158 USA
| | - Eric W. Hoffman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 605 Third Avenue/33rd Floor, New York, NY 10158 USA
| | - Lloyd J. Old
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 605 Third Avenue/33rd Floor, New York, NY 10158 USA
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Melbourne, Austin Hospital, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
- Austin Health, Melbourne, 145–163 Studley Road, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
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Beukes M, Lemmer Y, Deysel M, Al Dulayymi JR, Baird MS, Koza G, Iglesias MM, Rowles RR, Theunissen C, Grooten J, Toschi G, Roberts VV, Pilcher L, Van Wyngaardt S, Mathebula N, Balogun M, Stoltz AC, Verschoor JA. Structure-function relationships of the antigenicity of mycolic acids in tuberculosis patients. Chem Phys Lipids 2010; 163:800-8. [PMID: 20875402 PMCID: PMC3025329 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2010.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 09/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cell wall mycolic acids (MA) from Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) are CD1b presented antigens that can be used to detect antibodies as surrogate markers of active TB, even in HIV coinfected patients. The use of the complex mixtures of natural MA is complicated by an apparent antibody cross-reactivity with cholesterol. Here firstly we report three recombinant monoclonal scFv antibody fragments in the chicken germ-line antibody repertoire, which demonstrate the possibilities for cross-reactivity: the first recognized both cholesterol and mycolic acids, the second mycolic acids but not cholesterol, and the third cholesterol but not mycolic acids. Secondly, MA structure is experimentally interrogated to try to understand the cross-reactivity. Unique synthetic mycolic acids representative of the three main functional classes show varying antigenicity against human TB patient sera, depending on the functional groups present and on their stereochemistry. Oxygenated (methoxy- and keto-) mycolic acid was found to be more antigenic than alpha-mycolic acids. Synthetic methoxy-mycolic acids were the most antigenic, one containing a trans-cyclopropane apparently being somewhat more antigenic than the natural mixture. Trans-cyclopropane-containing keto- and hydroxy-mycolic acids were also found to be the most antigenic among each of these classes. However, none of the individual synthetic mycolic acids significantly and reproducibly distinguished the pooled serum of TB positive patients from that of TB negative patients better than the natural mixture of MA. This argues against the potential to improve the specificity of serodiagnosis of TB with a defined single synthetic mycolic acid antigen from this set, although sensitivity may be facilitated by using a synthetic methoxy-mycolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mervyn Beukes
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Yolandy Lemmer
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Madrey Deysel
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Mark S. Baird
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | - Gani Koza
- School of Chemistry, University of Wales, Bangor, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Johan Grooten
- Department of Molecular Biomedical Research, Molecular Immunology Unit, Gent University, Belgium
| | - Gianna Toschi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Lynne Pilcher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Nsovo Mathebula
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Anton C. Stoltz
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jan A. Verschoor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Pretoria, South Africa
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +27 124202477; fax: +27 123625302.
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Filatova NA, Chubinskiĭ-Nadezhdin VI, Ivanov VA, Morachevskaia EA. [Sensitivity to lysis by natural killers depends on the integrity of lipid rafts in plasma membrane of transformed cells]. Tsitologiia 2010; 52:983-989. [PMID: 21427976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The present work focused on the role of cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains (rafts) in cellular mechanisms of innate immunity and anticancer defence. The lytic effect of natural killers (NK) was examined in dependence on cholesterol content in transformed target cells. In the current study, K562 human erythroleukaemia cells were the targets. K562 cells were treated with methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbCD) to deplete membrane cholesterol that was verified by enzymatic method. With the use of 3H-uridine test, NK (mouse splenocytes) cytotoxity was estimated under various conditions, specifically, after incubation of K562 cells with MbCD or inactive analog alpha-cyclodextrin. The data obtained show that cholesterol-depleting treatment (2.5 or 5 mM MbCD) of target cells results in full loss of their sensitivity to NK lysis. The effect is likely to be due to disintegrity of lipid rafts that is critically dependent on the level of membrane cholesterol. Visualization of cell surface changes by fluorescent labeling of ganglioside GM1 confirmed our conclusions.
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Ohno-Iwashita Y, Shimada Y, Hayashi M, Iwamoto M, Iwashita S, Inomata M. Cholesterol-binding toxins and anti-cholesterol antibodies as structural probes for cholesterol localization. Subcell Biochem 2010; 51:597-621. [PMID: 20213560 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-8622-8_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Cholesterol is one of the major constituents of mammalian cell membranes. It plays an indispensable role in regulating the structure and function of cell membranes and affects the pathology of various diseases. In recent decades much attention has been paid to the existence of membrane microdomains, generally termed lipid "rafts", and cholesterol, along with sphingolipids, is thought to play a critical role in raft structural organization and function. Cholesterol-binding probes are likely to provide useful tools for analyzing the distribution and dynamics of membrane cholesterol, as a structural element of raft microdomains, and elsewhere within the cell. Among the probes, non-toxic derivatives of perfringolysin O, a cholesterol-binding cytolysin, bind cholesterol in a concentration-dependent fashion with a strict threshold. They selectively recognize cholesterol in cholesterol-enriched membranes, and have been used in many studies to detect microdomains in plasma and intracellular membranes. Anti-cholesterol antibodies that recognize cholesterol in domain structures have been developed in recent years. In this chapter, we describe the characteristics of these cholesterol-binding proteins and their applications to studies on membrane cholesterol localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Ohno-Iwashita
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Iwaki Meisei University, 5-5-1 Chuodai Iino, Iwaki City, Fukushima, 970-8551, Japan.
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Alving CR, Beck Z, Karasavva N, Matyas GR, Rao M. HIV-1, lipid rafts, and antibodies to liposomes: implications for anti-viral-neutralizing antibodies (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2009; 23:453-65. [PMID: 17127618 DOI: 10.1080/09687860600935348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is an enveloped virus with a lipid bilayer that contains several glycoproteins that are anchored in, or closely associated with, the membrane surface. The envelope proteins have complex interactions with the lipids both on the host cells and on the target cells. The processes of budding from host cells and entry into target cells occur at sites on the plasma membrane, known as lipid rafts, that represent specialized regions that are rich in cholesterol and sphingolipids. Although the envelope glycoproteins are antigenic molecules that potentially might be used for development of broadly neutralizing antibodies in a vaccine to HIV-1, the development of such antibodies that have broad specificities against primary field isolates of virus has been largely thwarted to date by the ability of the envelope proteins to evade the immune system through various mechanisms. In this review, the interactions of HIV-1 with membrane lipids are summarized. Liposomes are commonly used as models for understanding interactions of proteins with membrane lipids; and liposomes have also been used both as carriers for vaccines, and as antigens for induction of antibodies to liposomal lipids. The possibility is proposed that liposomal lipids, or liposome-protein combinations, could be useful as antigens for inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl R Alving
- Department of Vaccine Production and Delivery, Division of Retrovirology, US Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
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Li IA, Popov AM, Tsybul'skiĭ AV, Sanina NM, Kostetskiĭ EI, Novikova OD, Portniagina OI, Mazeĭka AV. [Immunostimulatory characteristics of a novel carrier on the basis of cucumarioside A2-2 and monogalactosyldiacylgycerol]. Prikl Biokhim Mikrobiol 2008; 44:694-700. [PMID: 19145978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A novel antigen carrier has been formulated on the basis of a cucumarioside-A2-2 triterpene glycoside (CD) complex with cholesterol and monogalactosyldiacylglycerol from Ahnfeltia tobuchiensis (MGDG(At)) and Ulva fenestrate (MGDG(Uf)). Morphological and immunostimulative characteristics of the carrier were studied. Electron microscopy experiments demonstrated the formation of homogeneous tubular structures in a mixture of CD, cholesterol, and MGDG in molar ratio of 1:2:3. In animals immunized by the carrier bearing pore forming protein monomer of pseudotuberculosis agent CD and MGDG synergically affected synthesis of specific antibodies, interleukin-2, and gamma-interferon and delayed hypersensitivity reaction when compared to Freund's complete adjuvant or to immunostimulatory complexes between Quillaja saponaria saponins and phosphatidylcholine from egg yolk. The immunostimulatory effect depends upon the composition of polyunsaturated fatty acids of MGDG. The new tubular adjuvant carrier is a competitive adjuvant, as it includes CD obtained from far-eastern sea cucumber commercial species Cucumaria japonica, and MGDG from seaweed.
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Sarkar D, Latif SA, Aich J, Uddin SN. Anticholesterol antibody: the way for reduction of hypercholesterolemia. Mymensingh Med J 2008; 17:217-220. [PMID: 18626463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies specific to cholesterol was first reported in 1925. It may develop in the body naturally and it is believed that this antibody has a protective role against harmful forms of cholesterol, such as LDL & VLDL. An immunoglobulin protein, anticholesterol may be found in both circulation as well as digestive tract. Many studies have been done on anticholesterol antibody. Our immune system may produce anticholesterol antibodies in response to elevated levels of cholesterol rich particles, such as LDL & VLDL. It can be induced in animals by conjugating or incorporating the cholesterol antigen into a variety of structures. Immunization markedly decreases the risk of developing atherosclerosis. In comparison to non-tumorous normal subject, the antibody is found to be significantly higher in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Elevated anti-cholesterol antibodies might be applicable for the serodiagnosis of NSCLC. Some studies showed that LDL immunization induces T-cell dependent antibody formation that protects atherosclerosis. Origo Biosciences scientists had identified a dietary antibody to cholesterol. This protein, when ingested, binds to cholesterol in the human digestive tract and blocks its absorption into the bloodstream. These studies may lead to us to realize the importance of anticholesterol and to find the way for reduction of hypercholesterolemia and thereby reduction of morbidity and mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Sarkar
- Department of Physiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh, Bangladesh. mmcphysio
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/immunology
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- CD36 Antigens/genetics
- CD36 Antigens/immunology
- CD36 Antigens/metabolism
- Cellular Senescence/genetics
- Cellular Senescence/immunology
- Cholesterol/genetics
- Cholesterol/immunology
- Cholesterol/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Erythrocytes/immunology
- Erythrocytes/metabolism
- Erythrocytes/parasitology
- Homeostasis/genetics
- Homeostasis/immunology
- Humans
- Immunity, Innate/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/genetics
- Lipoproteins, LDL/immunology
- Lipoproteins, LDL/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Malaria, Falciparum/genetics
- Malaria, Falciparum/immunology
- Malaria, Falciparum/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Molecular
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phospholipids/genetics
- Phospholipids/immunology
- Phospholipids/metabolism
- Plasmodium falciparum/genetics
- Plasmodium falciparum/immunology
- Plasmodium falciparum/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cell Biology and the Center for Cardiovascular Diagnostics & Prevention, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA.
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Doisne JM, Castaigne JG, Deruyffelaere C, Dieu-Nosjean MC, Chamot C, Alcaide-Loridan C, Charron D, Al-Daccak R. The context of HLA-DR/CD18 complex in the plasma membrane governs HLA-DR-derived signals in activated monocytes. Mol Immunol 2008; 45:709-18. [PMID: 17719638 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2007.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2006] [Revised: 07/11/2007] [Accepted: 07/16/2007] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
HLA-DR-derived signals in activated monocytes mediate both pro-inflammatory cytokine production and caspase-independent death, and have been postulated to play a role in inflammation and in its resolution, respectively. Herein, using the monocytic/macrophagic human cell line THP-1 primed with IFNgamma (IFNgamma-primed THP-1), we investigated how HLA-DR may integrate both signals. Our inhibition studies demonstrated that if cell death is dependent on PKCbeta activation, the induction of TNFalpha gene expression relies on PTK activation, in particular the Src family of kinases, but both cell responses implicate the beta2-integrin CD18. Accordingly, sequential immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that following engagement of HLA-DR on IFNgamma-primed THP-1 cells, the HLA-DR/CD18 complex physically associates with PKCbeta and with PTK. Pharmacological disruption of lipid rafts microdomains abolished the assembly of HLA-DR/CD18/PTK signaling complex, HLA-DR-mediated tyrosine activation, and the PTK-dependent TNFalpha expression in IFNgamma-primed THP-1 cells. In contrast, HLA-DR/CD18/PKCbeta complex was still formed and able to mediate cell death after cholesterol depletion of these cells. These results indicate that while the integrity of lipid rafts is necessary for the transduction of cytokine gene expression through the HLA-DR/CD18 complex, it is not necessary for the induction of the HLA-DR/CD18-dependent cell death. Thus, our study provides experimental evidence indicating the compartmentalization of HLA-DR/CD18 complex within or outside lipid rafts as a mechanism through which HLA-DR can integrate both PTK and PKCbeta signals leading to activation and death, respectively, of activated monocytes. This might provide new insights into how MHC class II signaling may regulate inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Doisne
- INSERM U662, Réponses Immunes: Régulation et Développement, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Université Paris 7, Hôpital St. Louis, 1 Av Claude Vellefaux, 75010 Paris, France
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Abstract
Over the last 50 years, several attempts have been made to harness the power and economy of vaccines in the fight against cardiovascular disease. Vaccines directed to lipoproteins, cholesterol itself, and molecules involved in cholesterol metabolism have all demonstrated success in modifying progression of disease in animal models of atherosclerosis. One vaccine that elicits antibodies to cholesteryl ester transfer protein has also progressed into the realm of human clinical testing. This review summarizes the published scientific work describing the various approaches that have been tried, their strengths and weaknesses, and where this field may go in the future.
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Dwir O, Grabovsky V, Pasvolsky R, Manevich E, Shamri R, Gutwein P, Feigelson SW, Altevogt P, Alon R. Membranal cholesterol is not required for L-selectin adhesiveness in primary lymphocytes but controls a chemokine-induced destabilization of L-selectin rolling adhesions. J Immunol 2007; 179:1030-8. [PMID: 17617595 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.2.1030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol-enriched lipid microdomains regulate L-selectin signaling, but the role of membrane cholesterol in L-selectin adhesion is unclear. Arrest chemokines are a subset of endothelial chemokines that rapidly activate leukocyte integrin adhesiveness under shear flow. In the absence of integrin ligands, these chemokines destabilize L-selectin-mediated leukocyte rolling. In the present study, we investigated how cholesterol extraction from the plasma membrane of peripheral blood T or B cells affects L-selectin adhesions and their destabilization by arrest chemokines. Unlike the Jurkat T cell line, whose L-selectin-mediated adhesion is cholesterol dependent, in primary human PBLs and in murine B cells and B cell lines, cholesterol depletion did not impair any intrinsic adhesiveness of L-selectin, consistent with low selectin partitioning into lipid rafts in these cells. However, cholesterol raft disruption impaired the ability of two arrest chemokines, CXCL12 and CXCL13, but not of a third arrest chemokine, CCL21, to destabilize L-selectin-mediated rolling of T lymphocytes. Actin capping by brief incubation with cytochalasin D impaired the ability of all three chemokines to destabilize L-selectin rolling. Blocking of the actin regulatory phosphatidylinositol lipid, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, did not affect chemokine-mediated destabilization of L-selectin adhesions. Collectively, our results suggest that L-selectin adhesions are inhibited by actin-associated, cholesterol-stabilized assemblies of CXCL12- and CXCL13-binding receptors on both T and B lymphocytes. Thus, the regulation of L-selectin by cholesterol-enriched microdomains varies with the cell type as well as with the identity of the destabilizing chemokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Dwir
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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40
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Kawabata R, Wada H, Isobe M, Saika T, Sato S, Uenaka A, Miyata H, Yasuda T, Doki Y, Noguchi Y, Kumon H, Tsuji K, Iwatsuki K, Shiku H, Ritter G, Murphy R, Hoffman E, Old LJ, Monden M, Nakayama E. Antibody response against NY-ESO-1 in CHP-NY-ESO-1 vaccinated patients. Int J Cancer 2007; 120:2178-84. [PMID: 17278093 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.22583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
NY-ESO-1 specific humoral responses are frequently observed in patients with various types of NY-ESO-1 antigen expressing tumors. In a large proportion of NY-ESO-1 antibody-positive patients of NY-ESO-1-specific CD8 T-cells can also be detected suggesting that monitoring of the NY-ESO-1 specific humoral immune response may be a relevant and more practical surrogate for estimating the overall immune response against NY-ESO-1 in clinical vaccine studies. We have immunized 9 cancer patients with full length NY-ESO-1 protein formulated with cholesterol-bearing hydrophobized pullulan (CHP-NY-ESO-1) and investigated the humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1. Seven patients were NY-ESO-1 antibody-negative and 2 patients were positive prior to vaccination. Vaccination with CHP-NY-ESO-1 resulted in the induction or increase of NY-ESO-1 antibody responses in all 9 patients immunized. Epitope analysis revealed 5 regions in the NY-ESO-1 protein molecule that were recognized by antibodies induced after vaccination. The 5 regions were also recognized by antibodies present in nonvaccinated, NY-ESO-1 antibody-positive cancer patients. A peptide spanning amino acids 91-108 was recognized in 6 out of 9 vaccinated patients and in 8 out of 9 nonvaccinated, sero-positive patients, being the most dominant antigenic epitope in NY-ESO-1 for antibody recognition in cancer patients. In conclusion, we showed that CHP-NY-ESO-1 protein vaccination had a potent activity for inducing humoral immune responses against NY-ESO-1 antigen in cancer patients. The antigenic epitopes recognized by antibodies in the vaccinated patients were similar to those recognized in cancer patients with spontaneous humoral immunity against NY-ESO-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Kawabata
- Department of Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
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Brok HPM, Boven L, van Meurs M, Kerlero de Rosbo N, Celebi-Paul L, Kap YS, Jagessar A, Hintzen RQ, Keir G, Bajramovic J, Ben-Nun A, Bauer J, Laman JD, Amor S, 't Hart BA. The human CMV-UL86 peptide 981–1003 shares a crossreactive T-cell epitope with the encephalitogenic MOG peptide 34–56, but lacks the capacity to induce EAE in rhesus monkeys. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 182:135-52. [PMID: 17126916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/06/2006] [Accepted: 10/09/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rhesus monkeys immunized with MOG(34-56), a dominant T-cell epitope from myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, develop an acute neurological disease resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) in humans. The typical large demyelinated lesions and mononuclear infiltrates in the monkey brains are caused by MOG(34-56) T-cells. We show that MOG(34-56)-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells are induced in monkeys immunized with a peptide from the human CMV major capsid protein (UL86; 981-1003), that shares sequence similarity with MOG(34-56). Monkeys sensitized against the viral peptide and subsequently challenged with MOG(34-56) display histological signs of encephalitis, but do not show overt neurological signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert P M Brok
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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Reddy ST, Anantharamaiah GM, Navab M, Hama S, Hough G, Grijalva V, Garber DW, Datta G, Fogelman AM. Oral amphipathic peptides as therapeutic agents. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2006; 15:13-21. [PMID: 16370930 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.15.1.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol can promote inflammation by its ability to stimulate the production of reactive oxygen species that result in the formation of pro-inflammatory oxidised phospholipids. High-density lipoproteins (HDLs) are part of the innate immune response and can be either pro- or anti-inflammatory independently of plasma HDL-cholesterol levels. During systemic inflammation as occurs with atherosclerosis, Apolipoprotein A-I can be altered, reducing its ability to promote reverse cholesterol transport and HDL can become pro-inflammatory. Amphipathic peptides with either a class A amphipathic helix (D-4F) or a class G* amphipathic helix (D-[113-122]apoJ), or even those that are too small to form a helix (KRES and FREL) have some similar characteristics. Their interaction with lipids leads to a reduction in lipoprotein-lipid hydroperoxides that releases HDL-associated antioxidant enzymes, such as paraoxonase, therefore providing antiatherosclerosis and anti-inflammatory activity. In addition, the peptide D-4F stimulates the formation and cycling of pre-beta HDL. These amphipathic peptides appear to have therapeutic potential as oral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa T Reddy
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095-1679, USA.
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44
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Scheffer
- Department of Structural Biology, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100, Rehovot, Israel
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Estrogen and progesterone have been associated in women with symptoms that include asthma, migraine, dermatitis and pain. OBJECTIVE We suggest a connection between symptoms associated with hormone changes to a hormone antibody response. METHODS For IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies to progesterone, blood samples were obtained from 288 healthy control subjects by a commercial lab in California. Blood from 270 patients in Texas with changes in symptoms associated with menstrual cycles was examined. For IgE antibodies to both progesterone and estrogen, blood samples were obtained from an additional 32 healthy control subjects who had no symptoms related to menses and from 98 patients with symptoms associated with menstrual cycles. The symptoms were asthma, migraines and joint pain. RESULTS At 2 S.D. above the mean values of control subjects, a significant number of patients show high levels of IgG, IgM and IgE antibodies to progesterone and estrogen. CONCLUSIONS This paper describes evidence of antibodies to the hormones estrogen and progesterone. Progesterone, estrogen and their metabolites, after binding to human tissue proteins, such as albumin or globulin, may act as antigens and promote Type 2 helper cell development, thereby regulating antibody synthesis and allergy. This leads to the possibility of treating a wide variety of disorders by determining hormone allergy and initiating desensitization. Two obvious applications for determination and treatment of hormone allergies are pre-menstrual asthma and menstrual migraines.
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Cremel M, Hamzeh-Cognasse H, Genin C, Delézay O. Female genital tract immunization: evaluation of candidate immunoadjuvants on epithelial cell secretion of CCL20 and dendritic/Langerhans cell maturation. Vaccine 2006; 24:5744-54. [PMID: 16730865 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Revised: 04/25/2006] [Accepted: 04/25/2006] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The female genital tract is an important site for numerous pathogens entry. Local immunization, generating specific mucosal IgA and systemic IgG, represents an interesting alternative immunization pathway. However, such a vaccine strategy needs mucosal adjuvants to obtain the best immune response. Considering that the immunization process is mainly dependent on the capture and on the transport of the antigen by Langerhans cells, we evaluated potential adjuvant molecules by analysing their effects on the CCL20 secretion by endocervical and exocervical/vaginal epithelial cells as well as on dendritic cell and Langerhans cell maturation. We demonstrated that DC-Chol and Zymosan are the most efficient mucosal candidate immunoadjuvants that generate a strong increase of CCL20 secretion by the two epithelial cell lines and the maturation of dendritic and Langerhans cells, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cremel
- Groupe Immunité des Muqueuses et Agents Pathogènes (GIMAP, EA3064), St Etienne University, France
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47
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Scheerlinck JPY, Gekas S, Yen HH, Edwards S, Pearse M, Coulter A, Sutton P. Local immune responses following nasal delivery of an adjuvanted influenza vaccine. Vaccine 2006; 24:3929-36. [PMID: 16540213 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2005] [Revised: 01/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A key barrier to producing effective nasal immunisations is the low efficiency of uptake of vaccines across the nasal mucosa. Using a recently developed cannulation system, we examined the antibody response induced by nasal immunisation with an ISCOMATRIX influenza vaccine. This showed for the first time, that following nasal vaccination, specific antibodies enter the circulation of primed animals via the draining lymphatics as a wave that peaks approximately 5-6 days after vaccination. These antibodies included some of the IgA isotype and possessed functional haemagglutination inhibition activity. These responses, though small, were induced using a very simple delivery system, emphasising the applicability of this cannulation model for evaluation of excipients and adjuvants aimed at improving intranasal vaccine efficacy.
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48
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Albrecht I, Gatfield J, Mini T, Jeno P, Pieters J. Essential role for cholesterol in the delivery of exogenous antigens to the MHC class I-presentation pathway. Int Immunol 2006; 18:755-65. [PMID: 16608901 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxl013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-presentation, which is crucial for the generation of immunity against virus-infected and tumor cells, requires exogenous antigens to be internalized into antigen-presenting cells (APCs) followed by translocation to the cytosol by unknown mechanisms. One important entry route for such antigens is macropinocytosis. We here describe that cholesterol is essential for cross-presentation of antigens loaded via macropinocytosis into APCs. Modification of antigens by palmitoylation to target antigens to cholesterol-enriched plasma membrane domains resulted in a dramatically increased T cell activation. These results define cholesterol as an essential factor for cross-presentation and suggest that specific modification of antigens to increase their affinity for cholesterol may be utilized to enhance immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Albrecht
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50, CH 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Fraunberger P, Wang Y, Blessing FJ, Seidel D, Walli AK. [Atherogenesis: interplay between cholesterol, inflammation and coagulation]. Herz 2005; 30:723-32. [PMID: 16331368 DOI: 10.1007/s00059-005-2658-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Accepted: 01/11/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now generally accepted that, in addition to hypercholesterolemia, pro-inflammatory and procoagulatory factors play a major role in atherogenesis. Risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, diabetes and renal diseases alter lipoprotein profile and composition thus rendering them susceptible to modification. Modified lipoproteins induce local inflammation possibly due to activation of nuclear factor (NF-)kappaB and subsequent expression of adhesion molecules, release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, growth factors and mitogens, which are mediators for cell growth, proliferation and lipid deposition. Furthermore, activation of collagenases and proteases in combination with prothrombotic processes attenuate clot formation, plaque rupture and occlusion of vessels. Clinical as well as experimental studies suggest that elevated levels of pro-inflammatory markers may have a diagnostic potential. Thus, a therapeutic approach which modulates circulating cholesterol levels and improves pro-inflammatory and procoagulatory situation may prove beneficial as adjuvant therapy in atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fraunberger
- Institut für Klinische Chemie, Klinikum Grosshadern der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München.
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Gombart AF, Krug U, O'Kelly J, An E, Vegesna V, Koeffler HP. Aberrant expression of neutrophil and macrophage-related genes in a murine model for human neutrophil-specific granule deficiency. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 78:1153-65. [PMID: 16204633 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0504286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil-specific granule deficiency involves inheritance of germline mutations in the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein epsilon (C/EBPE) gene. Humans and mice lacking active C/EBPepsilon suffer frequent bacterial infections as a result of functionally defective neutrophils and macrophages. We hypothesized that these defects reflected dysregulation of important immune response genes. To test this, gene expression differences of peritoneally derived neutrophils and macrophages from C/EBPepsilon-/- and wild-type mice were determined with DNA microarrays. Of 283 genes, 146 known genes and 21 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) were down-regulated, and 85 known genes and 31 ESTs were up-regulated in the C/EBP-/- mice. These included genes involved in cell adhesion/chemotaxis, cytoskeletal organization, signal transduction, and immune/inflammatory responses. The cytokines CC chemokine ligand 4, CXC chemokine ligand 2, and interleukin (IL)-6, as well as cytokine receptors IL-8RB and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, were down-regulated. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analysis identified binding of C/EBPepsilon to their promoter regions. Increased expression for lipid metabolism genes apolipoprotein E (APOE), scavenger receptor class B-1, sorting protein-related receptor containing low-density lipoprotein receptor class A repeat 1, and APOC2 in the C/EBPepsilon-/- mice correlated with reduced total cholesterol levels in these mice before and after maintenance on a high-fat diet. Also, C/EBPepsilon-deficient macrophages showed a reduced capacity to accumulate lipids. In summary, dysregulation of numerous, novel C/EBPepsilon target genes impairs innate immune response and possibly other important biological processes mediated by neutrophils and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian F Gombart
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Burns & Allen Research Institute and David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, USA.
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