1
|
Arunachalam D, Ramanathan SM, Menon A, Madhav L, Ramaswamy G, Namperumalsamy VP, Prajna L, Kuppamuthu D. Expression of immune response genes in human corneal epithelial cells interacting with Aspergillus flavus conidia. BMC Genomics 2022; 23:5. [PMID: 34983375 PMCID: PMC8728928 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-021-08218-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aspergillus flavus, one of the causative agents of human fungal keratitis, can be phagocytosed by human corneal epithelial (HCE) cells and the conidia containing phagosomes mature into phagolysosomes. But the immunological responses of human corneal epithelial cells interacting with A. flavus are not clear. In this study, we report the expression of immune response related genes of HCE cells exposed to A. flavus spores using targeted transcriptomics. Methods Human corneal epithelial cell line and primary cultures were grown in a six-well plate and used for coculture experiments. Internalization of the conidia was confirmed by immunofluorescence microscopy of the colocalized endosomal markers CD71 and LAMP1. Total RNA was isolated, and the quantity and quality of the isolated RNA were assessed using Qubit and Bioanalyzer. NanoString nCounter platform was used for the analysis of mRNA abundance using the Human Immunology panel. R-package and nSolver software were used for data analysis. KEGG and FunRich 3.1.3 tools were used to analyze the differentially expressed genes. Results Different morphotypes of conidia were observed after 6 h of coculture with human corneal epithelial cells and found to be internalized by epithelial cells. NanoString profiling showed more than 20 differentially expressed genes in immortalized human corneal epithelial cell line and more than ten differentially expressed genes in primary corneal epithelial cells. Distinct set of genes were altered in their expression in cell line and primary corneal epithelial cells. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that genes associated with TNF signaling, NF-KB signaling, and Th17 signaling were up-regulated, and genes associated with chemokine signaling and B cell receptor signaling were down regulated. FunRich pathway analysis showed that pathways such as CDC42 signaling, PI3K signaling, and Arf6 trafficking events were activated by the clinical isolates CI1123 and CI1698 in both type of cells. Conclusions Combining the transcript analysis data from cell lines and primary cultures, we showed the up regulation of immune defense genes in A. flavus infected cells. At the same time, chemokine signaling and B cell signaling pathways are downregulated. The variability in the expression levels in the immortalized cell line and the primary cultures is likely due to the variable epigenetic reprogramming in the immortalized cells and primary cultures in the absence of any changes in the genome. It highlights the importance of using both cell types in host-pathogen interaction studies. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-021-08218-5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Divya Arunachalam
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.,Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shruthi Mahalakshmi Ramanathan
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Athul Menon
- Theracues Innovations Private Limited, Bangalore, India, Karnataka
| | - Lekshmi Madhav
- Theracues Innovations Private Limited, Bangalore, India, Karnataka
| | | | | | - Lalitha Prajna
- Department of Ocular Microbiology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dharmalingam Kuppamuthu
- Proteomics Department, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G. Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India. .,Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Dr. G.Venkataswamy Eye Research Institute, Aravind Eye Care System, No.1 Anna Nagar, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jabbehdari S, Yazdanpanah G, Chen E, Afsharkhamseh N, Ghassemi M, Anwar KN, Fonteh C, Djalilian AR, Kang KB. Dose-dependent therapeutic effects of topical 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 on corneal wound healing. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:4083-4091. [PMID: 34028652 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Conflicting results have been reported regarding the effects of 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 on corneal wound healing. Therefore, we undertook this study to determine whether the observed differences are dose related. The dose-dependent effects of 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 on corneal wound healing were evaluated using scratch assays on human corneal limbal-epithelial cells (HCLEs) and in vivo mouse corneal epithelial debridement. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects of 1,25 OH-vitamin D3, macrophages were stimulated by a Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) ligand followed by treatment with the 10-6 M, 10-7 M and 10-8 M 1,25 OH-vitamin D3. 10-7 M 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 induced faster scratch wound closure compared with the other concentrations of 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 tested (10-6 M and 10-8 M), and 0.02% ethanol as a control (85.8 ± 2.6%, 33.9 ± 6.74%, 32.6 ± 3.35%, and 31.6 ± 3.99%, respectively, P < 0.0001). Single-time treatment with 10-7 M 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 also significantly improved the healing of mouse corneal epithelial wound compared to multiple treatments and control (74.1 ± 17.3% vs. 52.4 ± 11.6% and 45.8 ± 13.4%, respectively). Polyinosinic: polycytidylic acid (poly [I:C])-stimulated macrophage cells and 10-7 M 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 significantly decreased gene expression of ICAM1, TLR3, IL6, IL8, and TNFα (P < 0.0001). Our results suggest the dose-dependent therapeutic effect of 1,25 OH-vitamin D3 in corneal wound healing which can be potentially used as a non-invasive option in the treatment of corneal wounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sayena Jabbehdari
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Eric Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Neda Afsharkhamseh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Mahmood Ghassemi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Khandaker N Anwar
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Cheryl Fonteh
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Ali R Djalilian
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA
| | - Kai B Kang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois At Chicago, 1905 W. Taylor St. L-213, Chicago, 60612, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rhee MK, Mah FS. Inflammation in Dry Eye Disease: How Do We Break the Cycle? Ophthalmology 2017; 124:S14-S19. [PMID: 29055357 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews the literature and summarizes the role of inflammation in dry eye disease. A PubMed search was performed using the keywords inflammatory cycle and dry eye. All searches were limited to articles published in or translated into the English language, dating from 1973 through March 2017. There were no restrictions on the study design. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of dry eye disease has revealed that inflammation is a core driver: the so-called "vicious circle" of inflammation. Researchers continue to analyze the precise mechanisms by which inflammation occurs. This has led to therapeutic options to break the cycle. Continued animal and human studies reveal other potential sites for treatment in this complex host of disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle K Rhee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York.
| | - Francis S Mah
- Departments of Cornea and External Diseases, Scripps Clinic Torrey Pines, La Jolla, California
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molladavoodi S, Robichaud M, Wulff D, Gorbet M. Corneal epithelial cells exposed to shear stress show altered cytoskeleton and migratory behaviour. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178981. [PMID: 28662184 PMCID: PMC5491001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cells that form the corneal epithelium, the outermost layer of the cornea, are exposed to shear stress through blinking during waking hours. In this in vitro study, the effect of fluid shear stress on human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) was investigated. Following exposure to shear stresses of 4 and 8 dyn/cm2, HCECs showed cytoskeletal rearrangement with more prominent, organized and elongated filamentous actin. Cytoskeletal changes were time-dependent, and were most significant after 24 hours of shear stress. Higher rates of migration and proliferation, as evaluated by a scratch assay, were also observed following 24 hours of low shear stress exposure (4 dyn/cm2). This result contrasted the poor migration observed in samples scratched before shear exposure, indicating that shear-induced cytoskeletal changes played a key role in improved wound healing and must therefore precede any damage to the cell layer. HCEC cytoskeletal changes were accompanied by an upregulation in integrin β1 and downregulation of ICAM-1. These results demonstrate that HCECs respond favourably to flow-induced shear stress, impacting their proliferation and migration properties as well as phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molladavoodi
- Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Robichaud
- Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Wulff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of System Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ligocki AJ, Brown JR, Niederkorn JY. Role of interferon-γ and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in intraocular tumor rejection. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:735-47. [PMID: 26578649 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a0315-093rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The eye is normally an immunosuppressive environment. This condition is better known as immune privilege and protects the eye from immune-mediated inflammation of tissues that cannot regenerate. However, immune privilege creates a dilemma for the eye when intraocular neoplasms arise. In some cases, immune privilege is suspended, resulting in the immune rejection of intraocular tumors. This study employed a mouse model in which interferon-γ-dependent intraocular tumor rejection occurs. We tested the hypothesis that this rejection requires interferon-γ for the generation and functional capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated rejection of intraocular tumors. Tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice, even though the mice generated tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in the periphery. However, interferon-γ knockout mice rejected tumors that were introduced into extraocular sites. Subcutaneous tumor immunization before intraocular challenge led to tumor rejection and preservation of the eye in wild-type mice. By contrast, tumors grew progressively in the eyes of interferon-γ knockout mice despite their ability to generate peripheral tumor-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes as well as the capacity of CD8(+) T cells to enter the eye as shown by the presence of CD8 and perforin message and CD3(+)CD8(+) leukocytes within the tumor-bearing eye. We found that cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated in wild-type mice and adoptively transferred into interferon-γ knockout mice mediated the rejection of intraocular tumors in interferon-γ knockout hosts. The results indicate that interferon-γ is critical for the initial priming and differentiation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes residing in the periphery to produce the most effect antitumor function within the eye.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann J Ligocki
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Joseph R Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jerry Y Niederkorn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Molladavoodi S, Kwon HJ, Medley J, Gorbet M. Human corneal epithelial cell response to substrate stiffness. Acta Biomater 2015; 11:324-32. [PMID: 25305512 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It has been reported that mechanical stimulus can affect cellular behavior. While induced differentiation in stem cells and proliferation and directional migration in fibroblasts are reported as responses to mechanical stimuli, little is known about the response of cells from the cornea. In the present study, we investigated whether changes in substrate stiffness (measured by elastic modulus) affected the behavior of human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs). Polyacrylamide substrates with different elastic moduli (compliant, medium and stiff) were prepared and HCECs were cultured on them. HCECs responses, including cell viability, apoptosis, intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression, integrin-α3β1 expression and changes in cytoskeleton structure (actin fibers) and migratory behavior, were studied. No statistically significant cell activation, as measured by ICAM-1 expression, was observed. However, on compliant substrates, a higher number of cells were found to be apoptotic and disrupted actin fibers were observed. Furthermore, cells displayed a statistically significant lower migration speed on compliant substrates when compared with the stiffer substrates. Thus, corneal epithelial cells respond to changes in substrate stiffness, which may have implications in the understanding and perhaps treatment of corneal diseases, such as keratoconus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molladavoodi
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Hyock-Ju Kwon
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - John Medley
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Maud Gorbet
- Department of Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada; School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gabr MA, Jing L, Helbling AR, Sinclair SM, Allen KD, Shamji MF, Richardson WJ, Fitch RD, Setton LA, Chen J. Interleukin-17 synergizes with IFNγ or TNFα to promote inflammatory mediator release and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) expression in human intervertebral disc cells. J Orthop Res 2011; 29:1-7. [PMID: 20665551 PMCID: PMC3007672 DOI: 10.1002/jor.21206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a cytokine recently shown to be elevated, along with interferon-γ (IFNγ) and tumor necrosis factor (TNFα), in degenerated and herniated intervertebral disc (IVD) tissues, suggesting a role for these cytokines in intervertebral disc disease. The objective of our study was to investigate the involvement of IL-17 and costimulants IFNγ and TNFα in intervertebral disc pathology. Cells were isolated from anulus fibrosus and nucleus pulposus tissues of patients undergoing surgery for intervertebral disc degeneration or scoliosis. The production of inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NOx), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) expression, were quantified for cultured cells following exposure to IL-17, IFNγ, and TNFα. Intervertebral disc cells exposed to IL-17, IFNγ, or TNFα showed a remarkable increase in inflammatory mediator release and ICAM-1 expression (GLM and ANOVA, p < 0.05). Addition of IFNγ or TNFα to IL-17 demonstrated a synergistic increase in inflammatory mediator release, and a marked increase in ICAM-1 expression. These findings suggest that IVD cells not only respond with a catabolic phenotype to IL-17 and costimulants IFNγ and TNFα, but also express surface ligands with consequent potential to recruit additional lymphocytes and immune cells to the IVD microenvironment. IL-17 may be an important regulator of inflammation in the IVD pathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa A. Gabr
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Liufang Jing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | | | | | - Kyle D. Allen
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Mohammed F. Shamji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Division of Neurosurgery, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, ON
| | | | - Robert D. Fitch
- Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Lori A. Setton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
ICAM-1 mediates surface contact between neutrophils and keratocytes following corneal epithelial abrasion in the mouse. Exp Eye Res 2010; 91:676-84. [PMID: 20713042 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Corneal epithelial abrasion elicits an inflammatory response involving neutrophil (PMN) recruitment from the limbal vessels into the corneal stroma. These migrating PMNs make surface contact with collagen and stromal keratocytes. Using mice deficient in PMN integrin CD18, we previously showed that PMN contact with stromal keratocytes is CD18-dependent, while contact with collagen is CD18-independent. In the present study, we wished to extend these observations and determine if ICAM-1, a known ligand for CD18, mediates PMN contact with keratocytes during corneal wound healing. Uninjured and injured right corneas from C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) mice and ICAM-1(-/-) mice were processed for transmission electron microscopy and imaged for morphometric analysis. PMN migration, stromal thickness, and ICAM-1 staining were evaluated using light microscopy. Twelve hours after epithelial abrasion, PMN surface contact with paralimbal keratocytes in ICAM-1(-/-) corneas was reduced to ˜ 50% of that observed in WT corneas; PMN surface contact with collagen was not affected. Stromal thickness (edema), keratocyte network surface area and keratocyte shape were similar in ICAM-1(-/-) and WT corneas. WT keratocyte ICAM-1 expression was detected at baseline and ICAM-1 staining intensity increased following injury. Since ICAM-1 is readily detected on mouse keratocytes and PMN-keratocyte surface contact in ICAM-1(-/-) mice is markedly reduced, the data suggest PMN adhesive interactions with keratocyte-stromal networks is in part regulated by keratocyte ICAM-1 expression.
Collapse
|
9
|
Byeseda SE, Burns AR, Dieffenbaugher S, Rumbaut RE, Smith CW, Li Z. ICAM-1 is necessary for epithelial recruitment of gammadelta T cells and efficient corneal wound healing. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:571-9. [PMID: 19608878 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.090112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Wound healing and inflammation are both significantly reduced in mice that lack gammadelta T cells. Here, the role of epithelial intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in gammadelta T cell migration in corneal wound healing was assessed. Wild-type mice had an approximate fivefold increase in epithelial gammadelta T cells at 24 hours after epithelial abrasion. ICAM-1(-/-) mice had 50.9% (P < 0.01) fewer gammadelta T cells resident in unwounded corneal epithelium, which failed to increase in response to epithelial abrasion. Anti-ICAM-1 blocking antibody in wild-type mice reduced epithelial gammadelta T cells to a number comparable to that of ICAM-1(-/-) mice, and mice deficient in lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1 (CD11a/CD18), a principal leukocyte receptor for ICAM-1, exhibited a 48% reduction (P < 0.01) in peak epithelial gammadelta T cells. Re-epithelialization and epithelial cell division were both significantly reduced ( approximately 50% at 18 hours, P < 0.01) after abrasion in ICAM-1(-/-) mice versus wild-type, and at 96 hours, recovery of epithelial thickness was only 66% (P < 0.01) of wild-type. ICAM-1 expression by corneal epithelium in response to epithelial abrasion appears to be critical for accumulation of gammadelta T cells in the epithelium, and deficiency of ICAM-1 significantly delays wound healing. Since gammadelta T cells are necessary for efficient epithelial wound healing, ICAM-1 may contribute to wound healing by facilitating gammadelta T cell migration into the corneal epithelium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Byeseda
- Section of Leukocyte Biology, Children's Nutrition Research Center, Room 6014, 1100 Bates, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Leonardi A, Fregona IA, Plebani M, Secchi AG, Calder VL. Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in chronic ocular allergy. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2006; 244:1240-5. [PMID: 16538446 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-006-0285-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports have suggested that Th2-type cytokines are important in the pathogenesis of ocular allergic diseases. The purpose of this study is to measure levels and mRNA expression of Th1- and Th2-type cytokines in patients with active vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) and atopic keratoconjunctivitis (AKC). METHODS Tear samples and tear-isolated cells were obtained from 9 healthy participants (CT--controls), 28 VKC, and 6 AKC patients. IL-4, IL-13, and interferon gamma (IFNgamma) tear levels were determined by ELISA, and IL-4 and IFNgamma tear cell mRNA expression by RT-PCR. Effects of these cytokines on IL-6 and IL-8 secretion, and on ICAM-1 expression by conjunctival fibroblasts, were evaluated by ELISA and flow cytometry respectively. RESULTS Interleukin-4 tear levels were increased in VKC and AKC compared with CT, but only IFNgamma significantly correlated with corneal involvement. An IL-4/13-dominant profile was found in 50% of VKC and in 17% of AKC patients, while a IFNgamma-dominant profile was found in 18% of VKC and in 17% of AKC patients. IL-4 and IFNgamma transcripts were detected in tear cells from 11 out of 12 VKC patients. IFNgamma upregulated expression of ICAM-1 on conjunctival fibroblasts and the secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. CONCLUSIONS Although both IL-4 and IFNgamma are detected in tears, only IFNgamma levels correlated with disease severity and upregulated ICAM-1 on conjunctival fibroblasts, suggesting the role of IFNgamma in the inflammatory phase of chronic allergic eye diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Leonardi
- Department of Neuroscience, Ophthalmology Unit, Via Giustiniani 2, 35128, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Biswas PS, Rouse BT. Early events in HSV keratitis--setting the stage for a blinding disease. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:799-810. [PMID: 15857807 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Accepted: 02/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has seen herpes simplex virus (HSV)-induced stromal keratitis (SK) research shift from being a topic only of interest to vision researchers to one that fascinates the general field of inflammatory disease. Studies on experimental mouse lesions have uncovered several fundamental processes that explain lesion development. In this model, the chronic immuno-inflammatory lesions are mainly orchestrated by CD4+ T cells, but multiple early events occur that set the stage for the subsequent pathology. These include virus replication, the production of key cytokines and chemokines, neovascularization of the avascular cornea and the influx of certain inflammatory cell types. Many of these early events are subject to modulation, providing an approach to controlling this important cause of human blindness. We also comment on events ongoing during chronic SK, debating whether or not these represent virus-induced or autoimmune lesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Partha S Biswas
- Comaprative and Experimental Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Narayanan S, Glasser A, Hu YS, McDermott AM. The effect of interleukin-1 on cytokine gene expression by human corneal epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2005; 80:175-83. [PMID: 15670796 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2004] [Accepted: 08/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to characterize the pattern of cytokine gene expression by human corneal epithelial cells (HCEC) in response to interleukin-1 (IL-1). Primary cultured HCEC (P-HCEC) or SV40 transformed HCEC (SV40-HCEC) were treated for 6 hr with serum-free growth-media alone or with recombinant human IL-1beta or IL-1alpha (10 ng ml(-1)). 33P labeled cDNA was generated from total RNA, then hybridized to a human cytokine expression array. An autoradiograph was generated for each experimental condition and results analysed semi-quantitatively. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to detect mRNA for IL-8, growth related oncogene-beta (GRO-beta), intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and Ephrin A5. P-HCEC and SV40-HCEC demonstrated comparable cytokine profiles. For P-HCEC (n=2) the expression of 35 genes was upregulated or only detectable following IL-1beta treatment whereas the expression of nine genes was downregulated or undetectable after IL-1beta treatment. In SV40-HCEC (n=3), the expression of 48 genes was upregulated or only detectable following IL-1beta treatment and the expression of 10 genes was downregulated or undetectable after IL-1beta treatment. Some genes that demonstrated increased expression included cadherin-5, ICAM-1, GRO-alpha, GRO-beta, GRO-gamma, Activin A (bA subunit), tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-6, and IL-8. Genes that showed decreased expression included the chemokine receptor-CXCR-4, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), c-kit ligand, Ephrin A5, G-protein coupled receptor RDC-1 and FGF family FGFR2. Bayesian analysis of the SV40-HCEC data (n=3) revealed the expression of 15 genes that were significantly (p<0.05) differentially regulated. Within these 15 genes, the expression of chemokines (GRO-alpha, GRO-beta, IL-8), fibroblast growth factor 13 and the cytokine IL-6 were the most upregulated, while ephrin A5 and chemokine receptor-4 were the most downregulated. IL-1alpha treatment (n=1 P-HCEC; n=1 SV40-HCEC) produced results very similar to IL-1beta treatment. RT-PCR revealed differential regulation of IL-8, GRO-beta, ICAM-1 and ephrin A5 in accordance with gene array data. In conclusion, the data demonstrate that IL-1 treatment of HCEC differentially regulates the expression of other cytokine and related genes, thus adding to the body of evidence that IL-1 is a major mediator of ocular surface inflammatory reactions. Since the expression of a large number of genes can be studied simultaneously, gene array studies such as these offers the advantage of understanding global changes in response to a specific stimulus. Thus our study provides insight in to the ocular surface response in conditions of inflammation and corneal wound healing where the levels of IL-1 are known to be increased.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srihari Narayanan
- College of Optometry, University of Houston, 505 J. Davis Armistead Building, 4901 Calhoun Road, Houston, TX 77204-2020, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hosohara K, Ueda H, Kashiwamura SI, Yano T, Ogura T, Marukawa S, Okamura H. Interleukin-18 induces acute biphasic reduction in the levels of circulating leukocytes in mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 9:777-83. [PMID: 12093672 PMCID: PMC120031 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.9.4.777-783.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the acute hematological changes caused by interleukin-18 (IL-18) in mice. Intraperitoneal administration of IL-18 (2 microg/mouse) resulted in biphasic decreases in the number of leukocytes in the blood. The first phase of decrease occurred within 2 h of IL-18 administration and was followed by a transient increase at 5 h. The second phase of decrease occurred at around 6 h, reaching a nadir which lasted for more than 24 h. In mice deficient in inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase, the first phase of reduction of leukocytes did not occur although the second phase of decrease was observed. In mice deficient in gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) or in mice depleted of natural killer cells and incapable of producing IFN-gamma, IL-18 had no effect on the number of circulating leukocytes. Levels of nitrite and/or nitrate in the serum were elevated within 2 h after administration of IL-18, reaching a peak at 4 h and then decreasing gradually to the basal level over a 24-h period of time. On the other hand, serum IFN-gamma levels changed in a biphasic manner, reaching a peak at 2 h after IL-18 administration, followed by a decrease in the basal level and a second increase at 6 h. Levels of IL-18 receptor mRNAs also showed biphasic changes in correlation with the changes in serum IFN-gamma levels. These results suggest that the changes in the leukocyte number following IL-18 administration are mediated by NO and IFN-gamma, with NO being involved in the first phase of reduction and IFN-gamma being involved in both phases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katsushi Hosohara
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Pisella PJ, Malet F, Lejeune S, Brignole F, Debbasch C, Bara J, Rat P, Colin J, Baudouin C. Ocular surface changes induced by contact lens wear. Cornea 2001; 20:820-5. [PMID: 11685059 DOI: 10.1097/00003226-200111000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate subclinical inflammation and mucus production of the conjunctiva in asymptomatic contact lens (CL) wearers, and to obtain an estimation of the chronologic variations in each group. METHODS Eighteen eyes fitted with rigid CL (RCL) and 28 eyes with soft CL (SCL) worn daily were compared with 10 eyes from five healthy non-CL wearers. Impression cytology (IC) specimens were collected after clinical examination and were analyzed by flow cytometry using antibodies directed to HLA DR and intercellular adhesion molecule type 1 (ICAM-1) (CD 54), as inflammatory markers, and to the peptidic core of the conjunctival mucin (M1/MUC5AC) for mucus and goblet cell detection. The percentage of positive cells was calculated, and levels of fluorescence expression were quantified and compared between each group. RESULTS A significant increase of HLA DR and ICAM-1 was observed in the SCL group in comparison with the control group. The two inflammatory markers were highly positively correlated with each other. Mucin detection with M1/MUC5AC did not find a significant difference between each group in terms of percentage of positive cells, but analyses of mean levels of fluorescence showed a significant decrease in the two CL groups. Evolution in time was different for each group, with a regular low level of inflammation in the RCL group in the first 10 years in comparison with the SCL group. In the SCL group, inflammation seemed to be higher before 2 years and after 10 years of wear. Mucin expression was variable in time, but without significant difference at any time. CONCLUSION This study confirms difference in expression of subclinical conjunctival inflammation in asymptomatic CL wearers, with lower levels for RCL than SCL wearers with daily or extended wear. The mucin system is also modified by this low but chronic aggression of the ocular surface, with a tendency to decrease with time in the RCL and SCL groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Pisella
- Department of Ophthalmology, CHU de Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pisella PJ, Brignole F, Debbasch C, Lozato PA, Creuzot-Garcher C, Bara J, Saiag P, Warnet JM, Baudouin C. Flow cytometric analysis of conjunctival epithelium in ocular rosacea and keratoconjunctivitis sicca. Ophthalmology 2000; 107:1841-9. [PMID: 11013183 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-6420(00)00347-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate by flow cytometry and impression cytology (IC) specimens the inflammatory status of the conjunctival epithelium and goblet cell density in two series of patients with rosacea and dry eye syndrome compared with a population of healthy subjects. DESIGN Nonrandomized, prospective, comparative case series. PARTICIPANTS Twenty-six eyes of 13 patients with rosacea, 26 eyes of 13 patients with dry eye syndrome, and 24 eyes of 12 control subjects were included in this study. METHODS IC specimens were collected after clinical examination of the ocular surface and analyzed by flow cytometry, using antibodies directed to human lymphocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) (CD 54), and the peptidic core of the conjunctival mucin (M1/MUC5AC). The percentage of positive cells was calculated and levels of fluorescence expression quantified and compared with those obtained in a series of 12 healthy subjects. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Tear break-up time (TBUT), Schirmer test, fluorescein and lissamin green stainings, and IC were realized in this study. RESULTS A significant increase of HLA-DR and ICAM-1 expressions by epithelial cells was consistently found in the two pathologic groups compared with levels calculated in normal eyes. The two markers were well correlated with each other and inversely with TBUT and Schirmer test. The percentage of goblet cells was significantly decreased in rosacea patients and in dry eye patients compared with the normal group with a significant negative correlation with both HLA DR and ICAM-1 markers. CONCLUSIONS Ocular rosacea and keratoconjunctivitis sicca were associated with severe ocular surface changes, such as an overexpression of inflammatory markers and a significant decrease in the number of goblet cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P J Pisella
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ambroise Paré Hospital, AP-HP, University of Paris-V, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|