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Mora P, Chapouly C. Astrogliosis in multiple sclerosis and neuro-inflammation: what role for the notch pathway? Front Immunol 2023; 14:1254586. [PMID: 37936690 PMCID: PMC10627009 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1254586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is an autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system leading to neurodegeneration. It affects 2.3 million people worldwide, generally younger than 50. There is no known cure for the disease, and current treatment options - mainly immunotherapies to limit disease progression - are few and associated with serious side effects. In multiple sclerosis, disruption of the blood-brain barrier is an early event in the pathogenesis of lesions, predisposing to edema, excito-toxicity and inflammatory infiltration into the central nervous system. Recently, the vision of the blood brain barrier structure and integrity has changed and include contributions from all components of the neurovascular unit, among which astrocytes. During neuro-inflammation, astrocytes become reactive. They undergo morphological and molecular changes named "astrogliosis" driving the conversion from acute inflammatory injury to a chronic neurodegenerative state. Astrogliosis mechanisms are minimally explored despite their significance in regulating the autoimmune response during multiple sclerosis. Therefore, in this review, we take stock of the state of knowledge regarding astrogliosis in neuro-inflammation and highlight the central role of NOTCH signaling in the process of astrocyte reactivity. Indeed, a very detailed nomenclature published in nature neurosciences in 2021, listing all the reactive astrocyte markers fully identified in the literature, doesn't cover the NOTCH signaling. Hence, we discuss evidence supporting NOTCH1 receptor as a central regulator of astrogliosis in the pathophysiology of neuro-inflammation, notably multiple sclerosis, in human and experimental models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Mora
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (INSERM), Biology of Cardiovascular Diseases, Pessac, France
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Grosche S, Marenholz I, Esparza-Gordillo J, Arnau-Soler A, Pairo-Castineira E, Rüschendorf F, Ahluwalia TS, Almqvist C, Arnold A, Baurecht H, Bisgaard H, Bønnelykke K, Brown SJ, Bustamante M, Curtin JA, Custovic A, Dharmage SC, Esplugues A, Falchi M, Fernandez-Orth D, Ferreira MAR, Franke A, Gerdes S, Gieger C, Hakonarson H, Holt PG, Homuth G, Hubner N, Hysi PG, Jarvelin MR, Karlsson R, Koppelman GH, Lau S, Lutz M, Magnusson PKE, Marks GB, Müller-Nurasyid M, Nöthen MM, Paternoster L, Pennell CE, Peters A, Rawlik K, Robertson CF, Rodriguez E, Sebert S, Simpson A, Sleiman PMA, Standl M, Stölzl D, Strauch K, Szwajda A, Tenesa A, Thompson PJ, Ullemar V, Visconti A, Vonk JM, Wang CA, Weidinger S, Wielscher M, Worth CL, Xu CJ, Lee YA. Rare variant analysis in eczema identifies exonic variants in DUSP1, NOTCH4 and SLC9A4. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6618. [PMID: 34785669 PMCID: PMC8595373 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26783-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genome-wide association studies revealed multiple common variants involved in eczema but the role of rare variants remains to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the role of rare variants in eczema susceptibility. We meta-analyze 21 study populations including 20,016 eczema cases and 380,433 controls. Rare variants are imputed with high accuracy using large population-based reference panels. We identify rare exonic variants in DUSP1, NOTCH4, and SLC9A4 to be associated with eczema. In DUSP1 and NOTCH4 missense variants are predicted to impact conserved functional domains. In addition, five novel common variants at SATB1-AS1/KCNH8, TRIB1/LINC00861, ZBTB1, TBX21/OSBPL7, and CSF2RB are discovered. While genes prioritized based on rare variants are significantly up-regulated in the skin, common variants point to immune cell function. Over 20% of the single nucleotide variant-based heritability is attributable to rare and low-frequency variants. The identified rare/low-frequency variants located in functional protein domains point to promising targets for novel therapeutic approaches to eczema. Genetic studies of eczema to date have mostly explored common genetic variation. Here, the authors perform a large meta-analysis for common and rare variants and discover 8 loci associated with eczema. Over 20% of the heritability of the condition is attributable to rare variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Grosche
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ingo Marenholz
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Esparza-Gordillo
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.,GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, UK
| | - Aleix Arnau-Soler
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Erola Pairo-Castineira
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Tarunveer S Ahluwalia
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Catarina Almqvist
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Astrid Lindgren Children's Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Arnold
- Clinic and Polyclinic of Dermatology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Hansjörg Baurecht
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Hans Bisgaard
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sara J Brown
- Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mariona Bustamante
- ISGlobal, Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - John A Curtin
- Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Adnan Custovic
- National Lung and Heart Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Shyamali C Dharmage
- Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ana Esplugues
- Nursing School, University of Valencia, FISABIO-University Jaume I-University of Valencia Joint Research Unit of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, CIBERESP, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mario Falchi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Manuel A R Ferreira
- Genetics and Computational Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Andre Franke
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sascha Gerdes
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Research Unit Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patrick G Holt
- Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Georg Homuth
- Department of Functional Genomics, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Robert Karlsson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard H Koppelman
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susanne Lau
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology, Immunology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuel Lutz
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Patrik K E Magnusson
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guy B Marks
- Woolcock Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Martina Müller-Nurasyid
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Markus M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, School of Medicine & University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Lavinia Paternoster
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Craig E Pennell
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Annette Peters
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Konrad Rawlik
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Colin F Robertson
- Respiratory Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elke Rodriguez
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Sylvain Sebert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK.,Center for Life Course Health Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Angela Simpson
- Division of Infection Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick M A Sleiman
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marie Standl
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Dora Stölzl
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Konstantin Strauch
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Center Munich-German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Institute for Medical Information Processing, Biometry, and Epidemiology (IBE), Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Szwajda
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Albert Tenesa
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.,MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.,Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute of Population Health Sciences and Informatics, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Philip J Thompson
- Institute for Respiratory Health and Centre for Respiratory Health, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Australia
| | - Vilhelmina Ullemar
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alessia Visconti
- Department of Twins Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Judith M Vonk
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Carol A Wang
- School of Medicine and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Stephan Weidinger
- Department of Dermatology, Allergology and Venereology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Matthias Wielscher
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment & Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Chen-Jian Xu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Pediatric Allergology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, GRIAC Research Institute, Groningen, the Netherlands.,Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Centre for individualized infection medicine (CIIM), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Young-Ae Lee
- Max-Delbrück-Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany. .,Clinic for Pediatric Allergy, Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.
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Zhou X, Li H, Guo S, Wang J, Shi C, Espitia M, Guo X, Wang Q, Liu M, Assassi S, Reveille JD, Mayes MD. Associations of Multiple NOTCH4 Exonic Variants with Systemic Sclerosis. J Rheumatol 2018; 46:184-189. [PMID: 30442821 DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.180094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Findings from previous genome-wide association studies indicated an association of the NOTCH4 gene with systemic sclerosis (SSc). This is a followup study to fine-map exonic variants of NOTCH4 in SSc. METHODS All exons of NOTCH4 were sequenced and analyzed in a total of 1006 patients with SSc and 1004 controls of US white ancestry with the Ion Torrent system. Identified SSc-associated variants were confirmed with Sanger sequencing, and then examined in a Chinese Han cohort consisting of 576 patients with SSc and 574 controls. The NOTCH4 variants were analyzed for association with SSc as a whole and with SSc clinical and autoantibody subtypes with and without the influence of specific HLA-class II alleles that had been previously identified as major genetic factors in SSc. RESULTS A total of 12 SSc-associated and SSc subtype-associated exonic variants of NOTCH4 were identified in the US cohort. Three of them are nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms and 1 is a CTG tandem repeat that encodes for a poly-leucine, all of which are located in the NOTCH4 extracellular domain (NECD). Conditional logistic regression analysis on SSc-associated HLA-class II alleles indicated an independent association of the NOTCH4 variants with SSc autoantibody subtypes. Analysis of the Chinese cohort supported a genetic contribution of NOTCH4 to SSc and its subtypes. CONCLUSION Multiple NOTCH4 exonic variants were associated with SSc and/or SSc subtypes. Several of these variants encode nonsynonymous sequence changes occurring in the NECD, which implicates a potentially functional effect of NOTCH4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhou
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China. .,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School.
| | - Hongye Li
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Shicheng Guo
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Jiucun Wang
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Chunhua Shi
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Maribel Espitia
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Xinjian Guo
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Qingwen Wang
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Mengyuan Liu
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Shervin Assassi
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - John D Reveille
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
| | - Maureen D Mayes
- From the Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Texas, USA; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai; Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital, Nanchang; Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen; Life Sciences College, Hubei University, Wuhan, China.,X. Zhou, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; H. Li, MD, PhD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; S. Guo, PhD, Human Genetics Center, Division of Biostatistics, The University of Texas School of Public Health; J. Wang, PhD, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University; C. Shi, MD, Department of Rheumatology, Jiangxi People's Hospital; M. Espitia, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; X. Guo, BS, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; Q. Wang, MD, PhD, Department of Rheumatology, Peking University-Shenzhen Hospital; M. Liu, PhD, Life Sciences College, Hubei University; S. Assassi, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; J.D. Reveille, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School; M.D. Mayes, MD, Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas McGovern Medical School
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4
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Delev D, Pavlova A, Grote A, Boström A, Höllig A, Schramm J, Fimmers R, Oldenburg J, Simon M. NOTCH4 gene polymorphisms as potential risk factors for brain arteriovenous malformation development and hemorrhagic presentation. J Neurosurg 2017; 126:1552-1559. [DOI: 10.3171/2016.3.jns151731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVEArteriovenous malformations (AVMs) of the brain are a frequent and important cause of intracranial hemorrhage in young adults. Little is known about the molecular-genetic pathomechanisms underlying AVM development. Genes of the NOTCH family control the normal development of vessels and proper arteriovenous specification. Transgenic mice with constitutive expression of active NOTCH4 frequently develop AVMs. Here, the authors report a genetic association study investigating possible associations between NOTCH4 gene polymorphisms and formation and clinical presentation of AVMs.METHODSAfter PCR amplification and direct DNA sequencing or restriction digests, 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the NOTCH4 gene were used for genotyping 153 AVM patients and 192 healthy controls (i.e., blood donors). Pertinent clinical data were available for 129 patients. Uni- and multivariate single-marker and explorative haplotype analyses were performed to identify potential genetic risk factors for AVM development and for hemorrhagic or epileptic presentation.RESULTSEleven calculated haplotypes consisting of 3–4 SNPs (most of which were located in the epidermal growth factor–like domain of the NOTCH4 gene) were observed significantly more often among AVM patients than among controls. Univariate analysis indicated that rs443198_TT and rs915895_AA genotypes both were significantly associated with hemorrhage and that an rs1109771_GG genotype was associated with epilepsy. The association between rs443198_TT and AVM bleeding remained significant in the multivariate regression analysis.CONCLUSIONSThe authors' results suggest NOTCH4 SNPs as possible genetic risk factors for the development and clinical presentation of AVMs and a role of NOTCH4 in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pavlova
- 2Institute for Experimental Haematology and Transfusion Medicine, and
| | | | | | - Anke Höllig
- 3Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Rolf Fimmers
- 4Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, University Medical Center, Bonn; and
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5
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James AC, Szot JO, Iyer K, Major JA, Pursglove SE, Chapman G, Dunwoodie SL. Notch4 reveals a novel mechanism regulating Notch signal transduction. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1272-84. [PMID: 24667410 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Notch4 is a divergent member of the Notch family of receptors that is primarily expressed in the vasculature. Its expression implies an important role for Notch4 in the vasculature; however, mice homozygous for the Notch4(d1) knockout allele are viable. Since little is known about the role of Notch4 in the vasculature and how it functions, we further investigated Notch4 in mice and in cultured cells. We found that the Notch4(d1) allele is not null as it expresses a truncated transcript encoding most of the NOTCH4 extracellular domain. In cultured cells, NOTCH4 did not signal in response to ligand. Moreover, NOTCH4 inhibited signalling from the NOTCH1 receptor. This is the first report of cis-inhibition of signalling by another Notch receptor. The NOTCH4 extracellular domain also inhibits NOTCH1 signalling when expressed in cis, raising the possibility that reported Notch4 phenotypes may not be due to loss of NOTCH4 function. To better address the role of NOTCH4 in vivo, we generated a Notch4 null mouse in which the entire coding region was deleted. Notch4 null mice exhibited slightly delayed vessel growth in the retina, consistent with our novel finding that NOTCH4 protein is expressed in the newly formed vasculature. These findings indicate a role of NOTCH4 in fine-tuning the forming vascular plexus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C James
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - J O Szot
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - K Iyer
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - J A Major
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - S E Pursglove
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia.
| | - G Chapman
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
| | - S L Dunwoodie
- Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW, Sydney, Australia; School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, UNSW, Sydney, Australia.
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6
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Huang J, Yoshimura S, Isobe N, Matsushita T, Yonekawa T, Sato S, Yamasaki R, Kira JI. A NOTCH4 missense mutation confers resistance to multiple sclerosis in Japanese. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1696-703. [PMID: 23549433 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513482512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The G allele of NOTCH4 rs422951 is protective against demyelinating disease in Japanese. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to assess the relation of the G allele to neuromyelitis optica (NMO)/NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) and the interaction between the G allele and HLA-DRB1 alleles, and to clarify any association of the G allele with clinical features. METHODS DNA sequencing was used to genotype 106 NMO/NMOSD patients, 118 MS patients and 152 healthy controls (HCs) for rs422951. RESULTS G allele frequency in MS patients, but not that in NMO/NMOSD patients, was lower than that in HCs (8.9% vs 21.7%, p<0.0001, odds ratio (OR)=0.35). HLA-DRB1*0405 was positively associated with MS (OR=2.22, p(corr) =0.0380) while DRB1*0901 was negatively associated (OR=0.32, p(corr) =0.0114). Logistic regression analyses revealed that, after adjusting for gender and either HLA-DRB1*0405 or DRB1*0901, rs422951 was associated with MS in the dominant model (OR=0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI)= 0.20-0.66, p=0.0012). Haplotype analyses identified two susceptible and three resistant haplotypes formed from rs422951 and either HLA-DRB1*0405 or DRB1*0901. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical features between G allele carriers and non-G allele carriers. CONCLUSION This NOTCH4 missense mutation decreased the risk for developing MS in Japanese, but did not affect clinical features of those who had already developed the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- Department of Neurology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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7
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AlFadhli S, Nanda A. Genetic evidence for the involvement of NOTCH4 in rheumatoid arthritis and alopecia areata. Immunol Lett 2013; 150:130-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Gao W, Sweeney C, Walsh C, Rooney P, McCormick J, Veale DJ, Fearon U. Notch signalling pathways mediate synovial angiogenesis in response to vascular endothelial growth factor and angiopoietin 2. Ann Rheum Dis 2012; 72:1080-8. [PMID: 23161900 PMCID: PMC3664379 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-201978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective Notch signalling pathways are critical for angiogenesis and endothelial cell (EC) fate; however the mechanisms regulating these processes in the inflamed joint remain to be elucidated. Here, we examine whether Notch signalling mediates vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiopoietin 2 (Ang2)-induced vascular function. Methods Notch-1 intracellular domain (Notch-1 IC), Notch-4 IC, Delta-like-ligand 4, Hes-related transcriptional repressors-1 and 2 (Hrt-1, Hrt-2) mRNA and/or protein expression was measured by Real-time PCR and/or western blot. VEGF/Ang2 induced EC function was assessed using transwell invasion chambers, matrigel tube formation assays and wound repair scratch assays ± Notch-1 siRNA or an γ-secretase inhibitor N-(N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanly))-S-phenylglycine-t-Butyl Ester (DAPT) in RA synovial explants or human microvascular EC. Interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 were measured by ELISA and MMP2 and 9 by gelatine zymography. Results Notch-1 IC and Notch-4 IC protein expressions were demonstrated in RA and psoriatic arthritis synovial biopsies, with minimal expression observed in Osteoarthritis (OA). VEGF and Ang2 induced Notch-1 IC/ Notch-4 IC protein expression in synovial explant cultures and human microvascular EC levels were further potentiated by VEGF/Ang2 stimulation in combination. Notch-1, Delta-like-ligand 4, and Hrt-2 mRNA expression were significantly induced by VEGF and Ang2 alone and in combination. Furthermore VEGF/Ang2-induced EC invasion, angiogenesis and migration were inhibited by Notch-1 siRNA or DAPT. Conditioned media from VEGF/Ang2 stimulated RA synovial explants induced EC tube formation, an effect that was inhibited by DAPT. Finally, DAPT significantly decreased VEGF/Ang2 induced IL-6, IL-8, MMP2 and 9 expressions in RA synovial explants. Conclusions Notch-1 mediates VEGF/Ang2-induced angiogenesis and EC invasion in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Gao
- Department of Rheumatology, Translational Research Group, Dublin Academic Medical Centre, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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9
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Scott AP, Laing NG, Mastaglia F, Dalakas M, Needham M, Allcock RJN. Investigation of NOTCH4 coding region polymorphisms in sporadic inclusion body myositis. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 250:66-70. [PMID: 22732452 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 04/27/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The NOTCH4 gene, located within the MHC region, is involved in cellular differentiation and has varying effects dependent on tissue type. Coding region polymorphisms haplotypic of the sIBM-associated 8.1 ancestral haplotype were identified in NOTCH4 and genotyped in two different Caucasian sIBM cohorts. In both cohorts the frequency of the minor allele of rs422951 and the 12-repeat variation for rs72555375 was increased and was higher than the frequency of the sIBM-associated allele HLA-DRB1*0301. These NOTCH4 polymorphisms can be considered to be markers for sIBM susceptibility, but require further investigation to determine whether they are directly involved in the disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian P Scott
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, M504, University of Western Australia, Stirling Highway, Nedlands 6009, Perth, Australia.
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10
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Abstract
Adult tissue-specific stem cells have the capacity to self-renew and generate functional differentiated cells that replenish lost cells throughout an organism's lifetime. Studies on stem cells from diverse systems have shown that stem cell function is controlled by extracellular cues from the niche and by intrinsic genetic programs within the stem cell. Here, we review the remarkable progress recently made in research regarding the stem cell niche. We compare the differences and commonalities of different stem cell niches in Drosophila ovary/testis and Caenorhabditis elegans distal tip, as well as in mammalian bone marrow, skin/hair follicle, intestine, brain, and testis. On the basis of this comparison, we summarize the common features, structure, and functions of the stem cell niche and highlight important niche signals that are conserved from Drosophila to mammals. We hope this comparative summary defines the basic elements of the stem cell niche, providing guiding principles for identification of the niche in other systems and pointing to areas for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linheng Li
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, Missouri 64110, USA.
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11
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Sambrook JG, Figueroa F, Beck S. A genome-wide survey of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) genes and their paralogues in zebrafish. BMC Genomics 2005; 6:152. [PMID: 16271140 PMCID: PMC1309616 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-6-152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2005] [Accepted: 11/04/2005] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genomic organisation of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) varies greatly between different vertebrates. In mammals, the classical MHC consists of a large number of linked genes (e.g. greater than 200 in humans) with predominantly immune function. In some birds, it consists of only a small number of linked MHC core genes (e.g. smaller than 20 in chickens) forming a minimal essential MHC and, in fish, the MHC consists of a so far unknown number of genes including non-linked MHC core genes. Here we report a survey of MHC genes and their paralogues in the zebrafish genome. RESULTS Using sequence similarity searches against the zebrafish draft genome assembly (Zv4, September 2004), 149 putative MHC gene loci and their paralogues have been identified. Of these, 41 map to chromosome 19 while the remaining loci are spread across essentially all chromosomes. Despite the fragmentation, a set of MHC core genes involved in peptide transport, loading and presentation are still found in a single linkage group. CONCLUSION The results extend the linkage information of MHC core genes on zebrafish chromosome 19 and show the distribution of the remaining MHC genes and their paralogues to be genome-wide. Although based on a draft genome assembly, this survey demonstrates an essentially fragmented MHC in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G Sambrook
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 ISA, UK
| | - Felipe Figueroa
- Max-Planck-Institut für Biologie, Abteilung Immunogenetik, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Beck
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 ISA, UK
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Ishimura N, Bronk SF, Gores GJ. Inducible nitric oxide synthase up-regulates Notch-1 in mouse cholangiocytes: implications for carcinogenesis. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1354-68. [PMID: 15887117 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Inflammatory mediators and cell fate genes, such as the Notch gene family, both have been implicated in cancer biology. Because cholangiocarcinomas arise in a background of inflammation and express the inflammatory mediator inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), we aimed to determine whether iNOS expression alters Notch expression and signaling. METHODS Notch receptor and ligand expression in human liver was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. The effect of iNOS and NO on Notch-1 expression was examined in cell lines. RESULTS Notch-1, but not other Notch receptors, were up-regulated by cholangiocytes in primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma. The colocalization of Notch-1 and iNOS also was observed in large bile ducts from the hilar region of primary sclerosing cholangitis patients. Notch-1 expression in murine cholangiocytes was iNOS dependent. iNOS expression also facilitated Notch signaling by inducing the nuclear translocation of its intracellular domain and the expression of a transcriptional target, hairy and enhancer of split (Hes)-1. The gamma-secretase inhibitor N-[N-(3,5-Difluorophenacetyl-L-alanyl)-S-phenylglycine]-t-butyl ester, which blocks Notch signaling, enhanced tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-induced apoptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells. CONCLUSIONS These data implicate a direct link between the inflammatory mediator iNOS and Notch signaling, and have implications for the development and progression of cholangiocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norihisa Ishimura
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Raafat A, Bargo S, Anver MR, Callahan R. Mammary development and tumorigenesis in mice expressing a truncated human Notch4/Int3 intracellular domain (h-Int3sh). Oncogene 2005; 23:9401-7. [PMID: 15531924 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have identified a novel 1.8 kb human Notch4/Int3 RNA species (designated h-Int3sh). The h-Int3sh RNA encodes a protein that is missing the CBF1-binding region (RAM23) of the Notch 4/Int3 intracellular domain (ICD). Expression of h-Int3sh in the MCF10A 'normal' human mammary epithelial cell line has been previously shown to induce changes characteristic of oncogenic transformation, including anchorage-independent growth in soft agar. To study the consequences of h-Int3sh expression in vivo on mammary gland development and tumorigenesis, three transgenic mouse lines were established, in which the transgene is the Whey acidic protein (WAP) promoter linked to h-Int3sh. Expression of WAP-Int3sh was detectable in the mammary gland at day 15 of pregnancy in each transgenic line. Mammary gland development in all founder lines is normal and the females can lactate. WAP-h-Int3sh females from each of the founder lines develop mammary tumors, but with a long latency (average age of 18 months). Tumor development was associated with activation of Notch pathway, as evidenced by upregulation of Hes-1. The long latency of mammary tumors in WAP-h-Int3sh mice could be due in part to the subcellular localization of h-Int3sh. Immunofluorescence analysis of transfected COS-1 cells showed that h-Int3sh is localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus, while Int3-ICD is detected only in the nucleus. We speculate that the Notch4/Int3 ICD-induced block to mammary gland development and tumorigenesis are consequences of an increasing gradient of CBF1-dependent Notch4/Int3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Raafat
- Mammary Biology and Tumorigenesis Laboratory, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD 2089, USA
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Prasad S, Chowdari KV, Wood J, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN, Nimgaonkar VL, Thelma BK. Association analysis of NOTCH 4 polymorphisms with schizophrenia among two independent family based samples. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 131B:6-9. [PMID: 15389759 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated polymorphisms of the NOTCH 4 gene in two independent samples from India and USA, consisting of patients with schizophrenia and their parents (n = 182, and n = 148 'trios,' respectively). Five DNA markers, namely (GAAG)(n), (TAA)(n), SNP1, SNP2, and (CTG)(n) were evaluated. Transmission distortion, consistent with a modest association was detected among both samples. Additional association studies at this locus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prasad
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
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15
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Vercauteren SM, Sutherland HJ. Constitutively active Notch4 promotes early human hematopoietic progenitor cell maintenance while inhibiting differentiation and causes lymphoid abnormalities in vivo. Blood 2004; 104:2315-22. [PMID: 15231576 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-01-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractNotch transmembrane receptors are known to play a critical role in cell-fate decisions, with Notch1 shown to enhance self-renewal of hematopoietic stem cells and cause T-cell leukemia. Four Notch receptors exist, and the extent of redundancy and overlap in their function is unknown. Notch4 is structurally distinct from Notch1 through Notch3 and has not been extensively studied in hematopoiesis. By polymerase chain reaction (PCR) we find Notch4 transcript expression in human marrow cells and in both CD34+ and CD34– populations. When constitutively active Notch1 or Notch4 was overexpressed in normal human marrow or cord cells, we found reduced colony-forming and short-term proliferative ability while the primitive progenitor content of myeloid long-term cultures was significantly increased. Notch4–intracellular domain (Notch4-IC)–transduced cord cells transplanted into β2-microglobulin–/– nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice resulted in significantly higher levels of engraftment of both green fluorescent protein–positive (GFP+) and GFP– populations as compared with controls. GFP+ cells in bone marrow and spleen of animals that had received transplants gave rise to an immature CD4+CD8+ T-cell population, whereas B-cell development was blocked. These results indicate that activation of Notch4 results in enhanced stem cell activity, reduced differentiation, and altered lymphoid development, suggesting it may influence both stem cells and the fate of the common lymphoid progenitor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Cell Count
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Division
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Expression
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Humans
- Lymphoid Tissue/abnormalities
- Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism
- Lymphoid Tissue/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Myeloid Cells/cytology
- Myeloid Cells/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/chemistry
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptor, Notch1
- Receptor, Notch4
- Receptors, Cell Surface/chemistry
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Notch
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Umbilical Cord/cytology
- Umbilical Cord/metabolism
- beta 2-Microglobulin/deficiency
- beta 2-Microglobulin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne M Vercauteren
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, 601 W 10th Ave, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
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16
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Tochigi M, Zhang X, Umekage T, Ohashi J, Kato C, Marui T, Otowa T, Hibino H, Otani T, Kohda K, Liu S, Kato N, Tokunaga K, Sasaki T. Association of six polymorphisms of the NOTCH4 gene with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 128B:37-40. [PMID: 15211628 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The NOTCH4 gene is located at 6p21.3 and involved in the development and patterning of the central nervous systems. Recently, Wei and Hemmings [2000] observed that the gene was associated with schizophrenia. Subsequent to the report, several studies investigated the gene in schizophrenia, with controversial and inconclusive results. In the present study, we investigated six polymorphisms (SNPs 1-5 and a CTG repeat) of the gene in Japanese subjects with schizophrenia (n = 284) and the same number of controls. The polymorphisms include SNP5, which has been observed to be associated with schizophrenia in a Chinese population and two new SNPs 3-4 adjacent to SNP5, in addition to the SNPs 1-2 and the CTG repeat, which were suggested for the association with the disease in the previous study. As a result, no significant difference in genotypic distributions or allelic frequencies of the six polymorphisms of the gene was observed between the patients and the controls. Also, no significant difference was found in frequencies of haplotypes of the six polymorphisms between the patients and the controls. However, the distribution of SNP2 was significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patients (P = 0.000986), not in the controls, which could be a chance or due to an association of SNP2 with the disease. In conclusion, the present study provided no clear evidence for an association between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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17
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Villafuerte BC, Phillips LS, Rane MJ, Zhao W. Insulin-response element-binding protein 1: a novel Akt substrate involved in transcriptional action of insulin. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:36650-9. [PMID: 15194686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m404349200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the cis-acting elements that mediate the actions of insulin on gene transcription have been defined for a significant number of genes, the transcription factors responsible for the transactivation of these target sequences remain unknown. In this report, we identified a novel transcription factor that binds and transactivates the insulin-response elements of the insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 and other insulin responsive genes. This factor is a target of insulin signal transduction downstream of the phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway. Akt phosphorylates this factor in vivo and in vitro. Changes in expression level, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation modulate the transactivation effects of the factor, and its expression is decreased in conditions of diabetes and insulin deficiency. Identification of a novel target of Akt that appears to mediate signals specific for insulin action should provide further insight into the mechanism of insulin action at the genomic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty C Villafuerte
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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18
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Ye Q, Shieh JH, Morrone G, Moore MAS. Expression of constitutively active Notch4 (Int-3) modulates myeloid proliferation and differentiation and promotes expansion of hematopoietic progenitors. Leukemia 2004; 18:777-87. [PMID: 14961038 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2403291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Notch family of transmembrane receptors has been implicated in the regulation of many developmental processes. In this study, we evaluated the role of Notch4 in immature hematopoietic progenitors by inducing, with retroviral transduction, enforced expression of Int-3, the oncogenic and constitutively active form of mouse Notch4. Int-3-transduced human myeloid leukemia (HL-60) cells demonstrated significantly delayed expression of differentiation markers following retinoic acid and 12-0-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate treatment. Furthermore, HL-60 cells expressing Int-3 displayed a slower growth rate than cells infected with void virus, and accumulation in the G0/G1 phases of cell cycle. Transduction with deletion mutants of Int-3 defined the importance of individual domains of the protein (in particular, the ANK domain and the C-terminal domain) in the inhibition of differentiation and growth arrest of HL-60 cells. When mouse bone marrow enriched for stem cells (5-fluorouracil-resistant, lineage negative) was transduced and cultured for two weeks, the Int-3-transduced population displayed a lower expression of differentiation markers and a three- to five-fold higher frequency of colony-forming cells (CFU-GM/BFU-E) than control cultures. These results strongly support the notion that Notch signaling inhibits differentiation and promotes expansion of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Ye
- James Ewing Laboratory of Developmental Hematopoiesis, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
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19
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Xie T, Rowen L, Aguado B, Ahearn ME, Madan A, Qin S, Campbell RD, Hood L. Analysis of the gene-dense major histocompatibility complex class III region and its comparison to mouse. Genome Res 2004; 13:2621-36. [PMID: 14656967 PMCID: PMC403804 DOI: 10.1101/gr.1736803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the Major Histocompatibility Complex class I and II gene clusters are separated by an approximately 700-kb stretch of sequence called the MHC class III region, which has been associated with susceptibility to numerous diseases. To facilitate understanding of this medically important and architecturally interesting portion of the genome, we have sequenced and analyzed both the human and mouse class III regions. The cross-species comparison has facilitated the identification of 60 genes in human and 61 in mouse, including a potential RNA gene for which the introns are more conserved across species than the exons. Delineation of global organization, gene structure, alternative splice forms, protein similarities, and potential cis-regulatory elements leads to several conclusions: (1) The human MHC class III region is the most gene-dense region of the human genome: >14% of the sequence is coding, approximately 72% of the region is transcribed, and there is an average of 8.5 genes per 100 kb. (2) Gene sizes, number of exons, and intergenic distances are for the most part similar in both species, implying that interspersed repeats have had little impact in disrupting the tight organization of this densely packed set of genes. (3) The region contains a heterogeneous mixture of genes, only a few of which have a clearly defined and proven function. Although many of the genes are of ancient origin, some appear to exist only in mammals and fish, implying they might be specific to vertebrates. (4) Conserved noncoding sequences are found primarily in or near the 5'-UTR or the first intron of genes, and seldom in the intergenic regions. Many of these conserved blocks are likely to be cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xie
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98103, USA
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20
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Luo X, Klempan TA, Lappalainen J, Rosenheck RA, Charney DS, Erdos J, van Kammen DP, Kranzler HR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter J. NOTCH4 gene haplotype is associated with schizophrenia in African Americans. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:112-7. [PMID: 14732589 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in African American (AA) and European American (EA) subjects. METHODS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the NOTCH4 locus were genotyped in 123 AA schizophrenia patients, 223 EA schizophrenia patients, 85 AA healthy control subjects, and 211 EA healthy control subjects. The specific markers studied were -1725T/G and -25T/C. Comparisons of allele and haplotype frequencies between patients and control subjects were performed with the chi-square test, the Fisher's Exact Test, and CLUMP software. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between these two SNPs was calculated with the 3LOCUS program. RESULTS The haplotype -1725G/-25T associates to schizophrenia in AA subjects (p =.0008), but not in EA subjects. Alleles -1725G and allele -25T are in positive LD both in AAs and EAs. Allele and haplotype frequencies differ significantly between AAs and EAs. CONCLUSIONS The haplotype -1725G/-25T at the NOTCH4 locus, which results from SNPs of NOTCH4 that are in LD, may increase susceptibility to schizophrenia in AAs. Any effect of this locus on risk for schizophrenia is population-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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21
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Tazi-Ahnini R, Timms JM, Cox A, Wilson AG. Identification of novel single nucleotide polymorphisms within the NOTCH4 gene and determination of association with MHC alleles. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF IMMUNOGENETICS : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE BRITISH SOCIETY FOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY AND IMMUNOGENETICS 2003; 30:101-5. [PMID: 12648276 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2370.2003.00364.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Mapping of disease susceptibility loci within the MHC has been partly hampered by the high degree of polymorphism of the HLA genes and the high level of linkage disequilibrium (LD) between markers within the MHC region. It is therefore important to identify new markers and determine the level of LD between HLA alleles and non-HLA genes. The NOTCH4 gene lies at the centromeric end of the MHC class III region, approximately 335 kb telomeric of the DRB1 locus. The encoded protein is an oncogene that is important in regulating vascular development and remodelling. A recent report has linked polymorphisms within NOTCH4 with risk of developing schizophrenia. We have investigated if coding polymorphisms exist within this gene and have identified three single nucleotide polymorphisms; a synonomous T to C transition at +1297 (HGBASE accession number SNP000064386), a synonomous A to G transition at +3061 (SNP000064387) and an A to G transition at +3063 which results in a replacement of glycine with aspartic acid at amino acid 279 (SNP000064388). The allele frequencies of +1297T, +3061A and +3063G were 0.65, 0.66 and 0.66, respectively. Linkage disequilibrium was detected both between these markers and with MHC alleles. These findings can be used in the fine mapping of disease susceptibility alleles within the MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tazi-Ahnini
- Division of Genomic Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, UK
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22
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Weijzen S, Rizzo P, Braid M, Vaishnav R, Jonkheer SM, Zlobin A, Osborne BA, Gottipati S, Aster JC, Hahn WC, Rudolf M, Siziopikou K, Kast WM, Miele L. Activation of Notch-1 signaling maintains the neoplastic phenotype in human Ras-transformed cells. Nat Med 2002; 8:979-86. [PMID: 12185362 DOI: 10.1038/nm754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Truncated Notch receptors have transforming activity in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of wild-type Notch signaling in neoplastic transformation remains unclear. Ras signaling is deregulated in a large fraction of human malignancies and is a major target for the development of novel cancer treatments. We show that oncogenic Ras activates Notch signaling and that wild-type Notch-1 is necessary to maintain the neoplastic phenotype in Ras-transformed human cells in vitro and in vivo. Oncogenic Ras increases levels and activity of the intracellular form of wild-type Notch-1, and upregulates Notch ligand Delta-1 and also presenilin-1, a protein involved in Notch processing, through a p38-mediated pathway. These observations place Notch signaling among key downstream effectors of oncogenic Ras and suggest that it might be a novel therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Weijzen
- Cancer Immunology Program, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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23
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Shao X, Johnson JE, Richardson JA, Hiesberger T, Igarashi P. A minimal Ksp-cadherin promoter linked to a green fluorescent protein reporter gene exhibits tissue-specific expression in the developing kidney and genitourinary tract. J Am Soc Nephrol 2002; 13:1824-36. [PMID: 12089378 DOI: 10.1097/01.asn.0000016443.50138.cd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ksp-cadherin is a unique, tissue-specific member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules that is expressed exclusively in tubular epithelial cells in the kidney and developing genitourinary (GU) tract. Transgenic mice carrying 3425 bp of the Ksp-cadherin 5' flanking region linked to a lacZ reporter gene express beta-galactosidase exclusively in the kidney, although the expression pattern is incomplete (Am J Physiol 277: F599-F610, 1999). To further define the region that mediates tissue-specific expression, transgenic mice carrying 1341 bp or 324 bp of the 5' flanking region linked to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter gene were produced. Transgenic mice carrying 1341 bp of the 5' flanking region expressed GFP in all embryonic tissues that endogenously express Ksp-cadherin, including the ureteric bud, Wolffian duct, Müllerian duct, and developing tubules in the mesonephros and metanephros. In the adult kidney, GFP was highly expressed in thick ascending limbs of Henle's loops and collecting ducts and weakly expressed in proximal tubules and Bowman's capsules. Transgenic mice carrying 324 bp of the 5' flanking region exhibited expression exclusively in tubular epithelial cells in the developing kidney and GU tract. Immunoblot analysis showed that the expression of GFP was restricted to the kidney in adult mice. Taken together, these results demonstrate that 324 bp of the Ksp-cadherin 5' flanking region is sufficient to direct epithelial-specific expression in the developing kidney and GU tract. Transgenic mice that express GFP in the mesonephros, metanephros, ureteric bud, and sex ducts may be useful for cell lineage studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinli Shao
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75390-8856, USA
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24
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Nijjar SS, Wallace L, Crosby HA, Hubscher SG, Strain AJ. Altered Notch ligand expression in human liver disease: further evidence for a role of the Notch signaling pathway in hepatic neovascularization and biliary ductular defects. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2002; 160:1695-703. [PMID: 12000721 PMCID: PMC1850864 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)61116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The Jagged and Delta family of transmembrane proteins are ligands for Notch receptors, which control the proliferation and/or differentiation of many cell lineages. Expression and localization of these ligands in the adult human liver has not been fully elucidated, nor whether dysregulation of these proteins contributes to liver disease processes. We have examined expression of the five known Notch ligands in human liver. Expression of Jagged-1 and Delta-4 mRNA was seen in normal and diseased liver tissue, whereas Jagged-2, Delta-1, and Delta-3 mRNA was undetectable. In primary liver cell isolates, Jagged-1 expression was found in all cell types, whereas Delta-4 was present in biliary epithelial and liver endothelial cells, but absent in hepatocytes. Interestingly, Jagged-1 mRNA expression was significantly up-regulated in diseased liver tissue. By immunohistochemistry, Jagged-1 expression was present on most structures in normal tissue. However in disease, strikingly strong Jagged-1 immunoreactivity was observed on many small neovessels and bile ductules. The expression of downstream modulators and effectors of Notch signaling was also detectable in purified cell isolates. This, together with aberrant Jagged-1 expression suggests that the Notch signaling pathway may play a role in the neovascularization and biliary defects observed in the liver during the development of cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarbjit S Nijjar
- Department of Pathology, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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25
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Leong KG, Hu X, Li L, Noseda M, Larrivée B, Hull C, Hood L, Wong F, Karsan A. Activated Notch4 inhibits angiogenesis: role of beta 1-integrin activation. Mol Cell Biol 2002; 22:2830-41. [PMID: 11909975 PMCID: PMC133705 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.22.8.2830-2841.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch4 is a member of the Notch family of transmembrane receptors that is expressed primarily on endothelial cells. Activation of Notch in various cell systems has been shown to regulate cell fate decisions. The sprouting of endothelial cells from microvessels, or angiogenesis, involves the modulation of the endothelial cell phenotype. Based on the function of other Notch family members and the expression pattern of Notch4, we postulated that Notch4 activation would modulate angiogenesis. Using an in vitro endothelial-sprouting assay, we show that expression of constitutively active Notch4 in human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1) inhibits endothelial sprouting. We also show that activated Notch4 inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in the chick chorioallantoic membrane in vivo. Activated Notch4 does not inhibit HMEC-1 proliferation or migration through fibrinogen. However, migration through collagen is inhibited. Our data show that Notch4 cells exhibit increased beta1-integrin-mediated adhesion to collagen. HMEC-1 expressing activated Notch4 do not have increased surface expression of beta 1-integrins. Rather, we demonstrate that Notch4-expressing cells display beta1-integrin in an active, high-affinity conformation. Furthermore, using function-activating beta 1-integrin antibodies, we demonstrate that activation of beta1-integrins is sufficient to inhibit VEGF-induced endothelial sprouting in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Our findings suggest that constitutive Notch4 activation in endothelial cells inhibits angiogenesis in part by promoting beta 1-integrin-mediated adhesion to the underlying matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G Leong
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia and British Columbia Cancer Agency, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
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26
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Small D, Kovalenko D, Kacer D, Liaw L, Landriscina M, Di Serio C, Prudovsky I, Maciag T. Soluble Jagged 1 represses the function of its transmembrane form to induce the formation of the Src-dependent chord-like phenotype. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:32022-30. [PMID: 11427524 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m100933200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that the expression of the soluble extracellular domain of the transmembrane ligand for Notch receptors, Jagged 1 (sJ1), in NIH 3T3 cells results in the formation of a matrix-dependent chord-like phenotype, the loss of contact inhibition of growth, and an inhibition of pro-alpha 1(I) collagen expression. In an effort to define the mechanism by which sJ1 induces this phenotype, we report that sJ1 transfectants display biochemical and cytoskeletal alterations consistent with the activation of Src. Indeed, cotransfection of sJ1 transfectants with a dominant-negative mutant of Src resulted in the loss of matrix-dependent chord formation and correlated with the restoration of type I collagen expression and contact inhibition of growth. We also report that the sJ1-mediated induction of Src activity and related phenotypes, including chord formation, may result from the inhibition of endogenous Jagged 1-mediated Notch signaling since it was not possible to detect an sJ1-dependent induction of CSL-dependent transcription in these cells. Interestingly, NIH 3T3 cells transfected with dominant-negative (but not constitutively active) mutants of either Notch 1 or Notch 2 displayed a similar Src-related phenotype as the sJ1 transfectants. These data suggest that the ability of sJ1 to mediate chord formation is Src-dependent and requires the repression of endogenous Jagged 1-mediated Notch signaling, which is tolerant to the destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton, a mediator of cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Small
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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27
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Nawijn MC, Ferreira R, Dingjan GM, Kahre O, Drabek D, Karis A, Grosveld F, Hendriks RW. Enforced expression of GATA-3 during T cell development inhibits maturation of CD8 single-positive cells and induces thymic lymphoma in transgenic mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:715-23. [PMID: 11441075 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.2.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The zinc finger transcription factor GATA-3 is of critical importance for early T cell development and commitment of Th2 cells. To study the role of GATA-3 in early T cell development, we analyzed and modified GATA-3 expression in vivo. In mice carrying a targeted insertion of a lacZ reporter on one allele, we found that GATA-3 transcription in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes correlated with the onset of positive selection events, i.e., TCRalphabeta up-regulation and CD69 expression. LacZ expression remained high ( approximately 80% of cells) during maturation of CD4 single-positive (SP) cells in the thymus, but in developing CD8 SP cells the fraction of lacZ-expressing cells decreased to <20%. We modified this pattern by enforced GATA-3 expression driven by the CD2 locus control region, which provides transcription of GATA-3 throughout T cell development. In two independent CD2-GATA3-transgenic lines, approximately 50% of the mice developed thymic lymphoblastoid tumors that were CD4(+)CD8(+/low) and mostly CD3(+). In tumor-free CD2-GATA3-transgenic mice, the total numbers of CD8 SP cells in the thymus were within normal ranges, but their maturation was hampered, as indicated by increased apoptosis of CD8 SP cells and a selective deficiency of mature CD69(low)HSA(low) CD8 SP cells. In the spleen and lymph nodes, the numbers of CD8(+) T cells were significantly reduced. These findings indicate that GATA-3 supports development of the CD4 lineage and inhibits maturation of CD8 SP cells in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Nawijn
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Dr. Molewaterplein 50, 3000 DR Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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28
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Holland LZ, Rached LA, Tamme R, Holland ND, Kortschak D, Inoko H, Shiina T, Burgtorf C, Lardelli M. Characterization and developmental expression of the amphioxus homolog of Notch (AmphiNotch): evolutionary conservation of multiple expression domains in amphioxus and vertebrates. Dev Biol 2001; 232:493-507. [PMID: 11401408 DOI: 10.1006/dbio.2001.0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Notch encodes a transmembrane protein that functions in intercellular signaling. Although there is one Notch gene in Drosophila, vertebrates have three or more with overlapping patterns of embryonic expression. We cloned the entire 7575-bp coding region of an amphioxus Notch gene (AmphiNotch), encoding 2524 amino acids, and obtained the exon/intron organization from a genomic cosmid clone. Southern blot and PCR data indicate that AmphiNotch is the only Notch gene in amphioxus. AmphiNotch, like Drosophila Notch and vertebrate Notch1 and Notch2, has 36 EGF repeats, 3 Notch/lin-12 repeats, a transmembrane region, and 6 ankyrin repeats. Phylogenetic analysis places it at the base of all the vertebrate genes, suggesting it is similar to the ancestral gene from which the vertebrate Notch family genes evolved. AmphiNotch is expressed in all three embryonic germ layers in spatiotemporal patterns strikingly similar to those of all the vertebrate homologs combined. In the developing nerve cord, AmphiNotch is first expressed in the posteriormost part of the neural plate, then it becomes more broadly expressed and later is localized dorsally in the anteriormost part of the nerve cord corresponding to the diencephalon. In late embryos and larvae, AmphiNotch is also expressed in parts of the pharyngeal endoderm, in the anterior gut diverticulum, and, like AmphiPax2/5/8, in the rudiment of Hatschek's kidney. A comparison with Notch1 and Pax5 and Pax8 expression in the embryonic mouse kidney helps support homology of the amphioxus and vertebrate kidneys. AmphiNotch is also an early marker for presumptive mesoderm, transcripts first being detectable at the gastrula stage in a ring of mesendoderm just inside the blastopore and subsequently in the posterior mesoderm, notochord, and somites. As in sea urchins and vertebrates, these domains of AmphiNotch expression overlap with those of several Wnt genes and brachyury. These relationships suggest that amphioxus shares with other deuterostomes a common mechanism for patterning along the anterior/posterior axis involving a posterior signaling center in which the Notch and Wnt pathways and brachyury interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Z Holland
- Marine Biology Research Division, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0202, USA
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HONDO E, KOBAYASHI T, AITA T, MANABE N, KITAMURA N, YAMADA J, NAMBA Y, NAGAHAMA Y, KISO Y. Molecular Cloning and Expression of Suppressor of Potassium Transport Defect 3 (SKD3) in Rat Testis. J Reprod Dev 2001. [DOI: 10.1262/jrd.47.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eiichi HONDO
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | - Tohru KOBAYASHI
- Laboratory of Reproductive Biology, National Institute of Basic Biology
| | - Tsunehiko AITA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
| | - Noboru MANABE
- Unit of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Animal Sciences, Kyoto University
| | - Nobuo KITAMURA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
| | - Junzo YAMADA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Obihiro University of Agriculture & Veterinary Medicine
| | - Yasuharu NAMBA
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
| | | | - Yasuo KISO
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Yamaguchi University
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Bertrand FE, Eckfeldt CE, Lysholm AS, LeBien TW. Notch-1 and Notch-2 exhibit unique patterns of expression in human B-lineage cells. Leukemia 2000; 14:2095-102. [PMID: 11187898 DOI: 10.1038/sj.leu.2401942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The Notch genes encode a conserved family of receptors that influence developmental fate in many species. Prior studies have indicated that Notch-1 and Notch-2 signaling influence the development of hematopoietic stems cells and thymocytes, but little is known regarding Notch expression and function in B-lineage cells. We analyzed the expression of Notch receptors and Notch ligands in human B-lineage cells and bone marrow (BM) stromal cells. Notch-1 mRNA and protein is expressed throughout normal B cell development and in leukemic B-lineage cells. In contrast, Notch-2 expression is limited to pre-B cells expressing low levels of surface mu. The Notch ligand Delta is expressed in BM B-lineage cells. The Notch ligand Jagged-1 is not expressed in B-lineage cells, but is expressed in BM stromal cells. These results suggest a model wherein lateral signaling between Notch and Delta on B-lineage cells and/or Notch/Jagged-1 interactions between B-lineage cells and BM stromal cells may regulate human B cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- F E Bertrand
- University of Minnesota Cancer Center, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Abstract
Linkage disequilibrium mapping of the MHC region in 80 British parent-offspring trios showed that NOTCH4 was highly associated with schizophrenia. The A-->G substitution in the promoter region and the (CTG)n repeat in exon 1 of NOTCH4 may be candidate sites conferring susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain, Bryn Hyfryd, The Crescent, Bangor, Gwynedd, UK.
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Yung Yu C, Yang Z, Blanchong CA, Miller W. The human and mouse MHC class III region: a parade of 21 genes at the centromeric segment. IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:320-8. [PMID: 10871871 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(00)01664-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class III region contains 57-60 structural genes spanning 654-759 kb of genomic DNA. Analysis of the sequence identities of the human and mouse genomic regions between NOTCH4 and complement C2 yields important information on the locations of the coding and regulatory sequences. It also provides insights into the relationship between protein function and level of sequence conservation, and on the clustering of genes with related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yung Yu
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Children's Research Institute and College of Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43205, USA.
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Imatani A, Callahan R. Identification of a novel NOTCH-4/INT-3 RNA species encoding an activated gene product in certain human tumor cell lines. Oncogene 2000; 19:223-31. [PMID: 10645000 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Ectopic expression of the intracellular domain of NOTCH-4/INT-3 leads to tumorigenesis in the mouse mammary gland. This results from a gain-of-function mutation. To evaluate gain-of-function NOTCH-4/INT-3 activity in human cancers we have surveyed human breast, lung, and colon carcinoma tissue culture cell lines for evidence of increased NOTCH-4/INT-3 RNA expression. High levels of a 1.8 Kb NOTCH-4/INT-3 RNA species are detected in normal human testis but not in other tissues where a 6.5 Kb species is prevalent. Transformed human cancer cell lines express the 1.8 Kb NOTCH-4/INT-3 RNA species. We show that this RNA species encodes a truncated form of the NOTCH-4/INT-3 intracellular domain (ICD). This novel NOTCH-4/INT-3 protein includes the CDC10 repeats and amino acid residues C-terminal to them, but is missing the CBF-1 binding region of the NOTCH-4/INT-3 ICD. This suggests that it has a different mode of action. Furthermore, we show that a transgene which expresses the 1.8 Kb NOTCH-4/INT-3 RNA species in the 'normal' human mammary epithelial cell line MCF-10A enables these cells to grow in soft agar.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Imatani
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, MD 20892, USA
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Deng Y, Madan A, Banta AB, Friedman C, Trask BJ, Hood L, Li L. Characterization, chromosomal localization, and the complete 30-kb DNA sequence of the human Jagged2 (JAG2) gene. Genomics 2000; 63:133-8. [PMID: 10662552 DOI: 10.1006/geno.1999.6045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The genomic sequence of the human Jagged2 (JAG2) gene, which encodes a ligand for the Notch receptors, was determined. The 30-kb DNA sequence spanning the JAG2 gene contains 26 exons and a putative promoter region. Several potential binding sites for transcription factors, including NF-kappab, E47, E12, E2F, Ets-1, MyoD, and OCT-1, were found in the human JAG2 promoter region. The JAG2 gene was also mapped to the chromosomal region 14q32 using fluorescence in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Deng
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Dawkins R, Leelayuwat C, Gaudieri S, Tay G, Hui J, Cattley S, Martinez P, Kulski J. Genomics of the major histocompatibility complex: haplotypes, duplication, retroviruses and disease. Immunol Rev 1999; 167:275-304. [PMID: 10319268 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1999.tb01399.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The genomic region encompassing the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) contains polymorphic frozen blocks which have developed by local imperfect sequential duplication associated with insertion and deletion (indels). In the alpha block surrounding HLA-A, there are ten duplication units or beads on the 62.1 ancestral haplotype. Each bead contains or contained sequences representing Class I, PERB11 (MHC Class I chain related (MIC) and human endogenous retrovirus (HERV) 16. Here we consider explanations for co-occurrence of genomic polymorphism, duplication and HERVs and we ask how these features encode susceptibility to numerous and very diverse diseases. Ancestral haplotypes differ in their copy number and indels in addition to their coding regions. Disease susceptibility could be a function of all of these differences. We propose a model of the evolution of the human MHC. Population-specific integration of retroviral sequences could explain rapid diversification through duplication and differential disease susceptibility. If HERV sequences can be protective, there are exciting prospects for manipulation. In the meanwhile, it will be necessary to understand the function of MHC genes such as PERB11 (MIC) and many others discovered by genomic sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Dawkins
- Centre for Molecular Immunology and Instrumentation, University of Western Australia, Queen Elizabeth II Medical Centre, Nedlands, Australia.
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