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Che Y, Yang Y, Suo J, Chen C, Wang X. Intratumoral Injection of a Human Papillomavirus Therapeutic Vaccine-Induced Strong Anti-TC-1-Grafted Tumor Activity in Mice. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:7339-7354. [PMID: 34584459 PMCID: PMC8464315 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s329471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The route of administration of a therapeutic tumor vaccine is a critical factor in inducing antitumor activity. In this study, we explored the effects of three vaccination routes (subcutaneous, peritumoral, and intratumoral injection) on antitumor activity induced by a human papillomavirus (HPV) therapeutic vaccine containing HPV16 E7 peptide combined with the adjuvant CpG ODN in established TC-1 grafted tumors. Methods We used flow cytometry to evaluate splenic and tumor-infiltrating immune cells. We also assessed transcriptional changes in a sequence of immune-related genes in tumors of different treatment groups using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of molecules related to tumor infiltrating immune cells, angiogenesis, and cancer-associated fibroblasts in tumor tissues. Results Our results suggested that intratumoral and peritumoral vaccination generated enhanced antitumor activity compared to subcutaneous delivery. In particular, intratumoral vaccination elicited a stronger antitumor effect, with two of the six treated mice being nearly tumor-free at day 28. Three vaccination routes induced increases in splenic CD4+ and/or CD8+ T lymphocytes, and marked decreases in immunosuppressive cells. Peritumoral vaccination increased the tumor-infiltrating CD8+T cells in tumors, while intratumoral vaccination enhanced the tumor-infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes, as well as decreased the tumor-infiltrating of immunosuppressive cells, which may result in stronger inhibition of tumor growth and prolonged survival in mice bearing tumors. Furthermore, compared to the subcutaneous route, intratumoral vaccination led to a significant increase in antitumor cytokines and chemokines. In addition, our data showed marked downregulation of MMP-2, MMP-9, VEGF, CD31, and α-SMA in the intratumoral vaccination group, which might contribute to the suppression of tumor invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Conclusion Overall, intratumoral vaccination is superior to subcutaneous delivery and has the potential to inhibit tumor growth by improving the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Che
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinguo Suo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Chen W, Huang S, Shi K, Yi L, Liu Y, Liu W. Prognostic Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cervical Cancer: A Meta-Analysis. Cancer Control 2021; 28:10732748211033743. [PMID: 34482737 PMCID: PMC8424604 DOI: 10.1177/10732748211033743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Studies have published the association between the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and the outcome of cervical cancer. However, the prognostic value in cervical cancer remains controversial. This meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the prognostic functions of MMP expression in cervical cancer. METHODS A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science databases was conducted to identify the eligible studies according to defined selection and excluding criteria and analyzed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Fixed and random effects models were evaluated through the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) to estimate the overall survival (OS), recurrence-free survival (RFS), and progress-free survival (PFS). RESULTS A total of 18 eligible studies including 1967 patients were analyzed for prognostic value. Totally 16 selected studies including 21 tests were relevant to the cervical cancer OS, 4 studies focused on RFS, and 1 study on PFS. The combined pooled HRs and 95% CIs of OS were calculated with random-effects models (HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.01-2.65, P = .000). In the subgroup analysis for OS, there was no heterogeneity in MMP-2 (I2 = .0%, P = .880), MMP-1 (I2 = .0%, P = .587), and MMP-14 (I2 = 28.3%, P = .248). In MMP-7 and MMP-9, the heterogeneities were obvious (I2 = 99.2% (P = .000) and I2 = 77.9% (P = .000), respectively). The pooled HRs and 95% CIs of RFS were calculated with fixed-effects models (HR = 2.22, 95% CI = 1.38-3.58, P = .001) and PFS (HR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.14-4.58, P = .035). CONCLUSIONS The results indicated that MMP overexpression was associated with shorter OS and RFS in cervical cancer patients. It suggested that MMP overexpression might be a poor prognostic marker in cervical cancer. Research Registry Registration Number: reviewregistry 1159.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shenjiao Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kun Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Lisha Yi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yaqiong Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 159390Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
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Wang H, Che Y, Yang Y, Suo J, Wang X. Inhibition of Orthotopic Genital Cancer Induced by Subcutaneous Administration of Human Papillomavirus Peptide Vaccine with CpG Oligodeoxynucleotides as an Adjuvant in Mice. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:5559-5572. [PMID: 34285577 PMCID: PMC8285235 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s309226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the most common cause of cervical cancer and its precursor lesions. Although prophylactic HPV vaccines have been applied in the general population for the prevention of HPV infections, no licensed therapeutic HPV vaccine is currently available to treat preexisting HPV infections or HPV-associated diseases, including cervical cancer. Materials and Methods The most common murine cervical cancer model used for the evaluation of the efficacy of a therapeutic HPV vaccine in preclinical studies is the ectopic model, which is established by the subcutaneous inoculation of tumor cells, such as TC-1 cells, into the flank of an animal. We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of a therapeutic HPV peptide vaccine adjuvanted with unmethylated cytosine-phosphate-guanosine oligodeoxynucleotide in the clearance of ectopic subcutaneous tumors in C57BL/6 mice after vaccination. In the current study, we established orthotopic genital tumors by injecting TC-1 cells into the vaginal submucosa close to the cervix and assessed whether the subcutaneous administration of the therapeutic vaccine could inhibit the growth of genital tumors. Additionally, we evaluated the effect of the vaccination on the tumor microenvironment. Results The results showed that the vaccination induced an increase in infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, a decrease in myeloid-derived suppressor cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts, as well as the differential expression of a panel of cytokines, chemokines, and matrix metalloproteinases within the tumor microenvironment. Conclusion The administration of the vaccine resulted in the inhibition of established implanted orthotopic genital tumors by inducing strong antitumor immune responses and reversed tolerogenic local immunosuppression in a mouse model of orthotopic genital cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Nursing College, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Che
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinguo Suo
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuelian Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Azevedo Martins JM, Rabelo-Santos SH, do Amaral Westin MC, Zeferino LC. Tumoral and stromal expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, TIMP-1, TIMP-2, and VEGF-A in cervical cancer patient survival: a competing risk analysis. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:660. [PMID: 32669083 PMCID: PMC7364527 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07150-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of matrix metalloproteases 2, 9 and 14 (MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14), tissue inhibitors of metalloprotease 1 and 2 (TIMP-1, TIMP-2) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) is involved in tumor invasion and metastasis via extracellular matrix degradation and angiogenesis. This study aimed to assess whether the expression of MMP-2, MMP-9, MMP-14, TIMP-1, and TIMP-2 in tumors and in the adjacent stroma is associated with cervical cancer prognosis. METHODS This study analyzed a retrospective cohort of 64 patients. Protein expression was previously obtained by immunohistochemistry from biopsies containing both tumor and stroma. The expression and percentage of stained cells were categorized as high or low according to the cutoff points by using ROC curves. The follow-up data was collected from diagnosis to the last clinical visit. Clinical status categorized as alive without disease, alive with disease, death due to other causes, and death from the disease. The relative risk of death from the disease was evaluated according to the proteins expression using a cause-specific Cox regression model with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI). For the significant associations (p < 0.05), survival curves of patients with low and high expression were plotted for the competing risk survival curve analyses. RESULTS High expression levels of stromal MMP-2 (RR; 95%CI: 3.91; 1.17-13.02) and stromal TIMP-2 (RR, 95%CI: 8.67; 1.15-65.27) were associated with a greater relative risk of death from the disease and with lower survival (p = 0.03; p = 0.04) than lower expression levels. Low expression levels of stromal MMP-9 (RR, 95%CI: 0.19; 0.05-0.65) and tumoral MMP-9 (HR, 95%CI: 0.19; 0.04-0.90) were protective factors against death from the disease and were associated with poorer survival. CONCLUSIONS High expression levels of MMP-2 and TIMP-2 in the stroma were significantly associated with poor survival in cervical cancer patients. High expression of MMP-9 was associated with a favorable cervical cancer prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordana Maria Azevedo Martins
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo Street, 126, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887 Brazil
| | - Silvia Helena Rabelo-Santos
- School of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goias, 240 Street, Leste Universitario, Goiania, Goias 74605-170 Brazil
| | - Maria Cristina do Amaral Westin
- Laboratory of Cytopathology, Women’s Health Hospital Professor Jose Aristodemo Pinotti – (CAISM), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-881 Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Zeferino
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, School of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, UNICAMP, Tessalia Vieira de Camargo Street, 126, Campinas, Sao Paulo 13083-887 Brazil
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Herbster S, Paladino A, de Freitas S, Boccardo E. Alterations in the expression and activity of extracellular matrix components in HPV-associated infections and diseases. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e551s. [PMID: 30208169 PMCID: PMC6113921 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e551s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with human papillomaviruses is associated with a series of benign and malignant hyperproliferative diseases that impose a heavy burden on human populations. A subgroup of mucosal human papillomavirus types are associated with the majority of cervical cancers and a relevant fraction of vulvar, vaginal, anal, penile and head and neck carcinomas. Human papillomaviruses mediate cell transformation by the expression of two pleiotropic oncoproteins that alter major cellular regulatory pathways. However, these viruses are not complete carcinogens, and further alterations within the infected cells and in their microenvironment are necessary for tumor establishment and progression. Alterations in components of the extracellular matrix for instance, matrix metalloproteinases and some of their regulators such as tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases, have been consistently reported in human papillomaviruses-associated diseases. Matrix metalloproteinases function by remodeling the extracellular matrix and alterations in their expression levels and/or activity are associated with pathological processes and clinical variables including local tumor invasion, metastasis, tumor relapse and overall patient prognosis and survival. In this review we present a summarized discussion on the current data concerning the impact of human papillomavirus infection on the activity and expression of extracellular matrix components. We further comment on the possibility of targeting extracellular matrix molecules in experimental treatment protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suellen Herbster
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Andressa Paladino
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sumara de Freitas
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Enrique Boccardo
- Laboratory of Oncovirology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Barillari G, Monini P, Sgadari C, Ensoli B. The Impact of Human Papilloma Viruses, Matrix Metallo-Proteinases and HIV Protease Inhibitors on the Onset and Progression of Uterine Cervix Epithelial Tumors: A Review of Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E1418. [PMID: 29747434 PMCID: PMC5983696 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19051418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection of uterine cervix epithelial cells by the Human Papilloma Viruses (HPV) is associated with the development of dysplastic/hyperplastic lesions, termed cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). CIN lesions may regress, persist or progress to invasive cervical carcinoma (CC), a leading cause of death worldwide. CIN is particularly frequent and aggressive in women infected by both HPV and the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), as compared to the general female population. In these individuals, however, therapeutic regimens employing HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PI) have reduced CIN incidence and/or clinical progression, shedding light on the mechanism(s) of its development. This article reviews published work concerning: (i) the role of HPV proteins (including HPV-E5, E6 and E7) and of matrix-metalloproteinases (MMPs) in CIN evolution into invasive CC; and (ii) the effect of HIV-PI on events leading to CIN progression such as basement membrane and extracellular matrix invasion by HPV-positive CIN cells and the formation of new blood vessels. Results from the reviewed literature indicate that CIN clinical progression can be monitored by evaluating the expression of MMPs and HPV proteins and they suggest the use of HIV-PI or their derivatives for the block of CIN evolution into CC in both HIV-infected and uninfected women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Barillari
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 1 via Montpellier, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paolo Monini
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Cecilia Sgadari
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Ensoli
- National HIV/AIDS Research Center, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 299 viale Regina Elena, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Crasta J, Ravikumar G, Koorse S, Siddharta P, Vallikad E. Expression of adhesion molecule epithelial cadherin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 in squamous neoplasia of the uterine cervix. SOUTHERN AFRICAN JOURNAL OF GYNAECOLOGICAL ONCOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/20742835.2015.1110419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Roomi MW, Cha J, Kalinovsky T, Roomi N, Niedzwiecki A, Rath M. Effect of a nutrient mixture on the localization of extracellular matrix proteins in HeLa human cervical cancer xenografts in female nude mice. Exp Ther Med 2015; 10:901-906. [PMID: 26622412 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers and a significant cause of mortality in women worldwide. Although cervical cancer is fully treatable in the early stages, once it has metastasized, patient outcome is poor. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation with a nutrient mixture (NM) containing lysine, ascorbic acid, proline, green tea extract and other micronutrients on the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins in HeLa cell xenografts in nude female mice. After housing for 1 week, female athymic nude mice between 5 and 6 weeks of age (n=12) were inoculated subcutaneously with 3×106 HeLa cells in phosphate-buffered saline and Matrigel and randomly divided into two groups. These were the control group, in which the mice were fed with regular mouse chow, and the NM group, in which the mice were fed with the regular diet supplemented with 0.5% NM (w/w). After 4 weeks, the tumors were excised and processed for histology. Tumor growth was evaluated and the tumors were stained for the ECM proteins collagen I, collagen IV, fibronectin, laminin, periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and elastin. NM strongly inhibited (by 59%, P=0.001) the growth of HeLa xenografts in nude mice. Tumors from control mice exhibited little to no collagen I expression either internally or in the fibrous capsule, while tumors from the NM group expressed collagen I in the fibrous capsule and within the tumor. Tumors from the control group showed diffuse cytoplasmic and capsular collagen IV with abundant nucleated cells. NM treatment substantially increased collagen IV production and induced a dense fibrous network of collagen IV with chambers that surrounded live nucleated cells and large amounts of necrotic cell debris. Tumors from the mice fed with the NM exhibited a well-defined border of fibronectin in the capsule and intense areas of staining internally whereas control group tumors showed less overall fibronectin with sporadic internal staining and little in the fibrous capsule. Although laminin appeared abundantly in control and NM-treated tumors, the NM group tumors exhibited a chamber-like network of laminin internally. Tumors from the control group exhibited internal areas of intense PAS staining, whereas tumors from the NM-treated group exhibited a more uniform diffuse pattern of PAS staining. In conclusion, NM supplementation of HeLa xenograft-bearing female nude mice demonstrated a potent inhibition of tumor growth and enhancement of ECM proteins, suggesting the therapeutic value of this specific nutrient complex in the treatment of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John Cha
- Dr Rath Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA
| | | | - Nusrath Roomi
- Dr Rath Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA
| | | | - Matthias Rath
- Dr Rath Research Institute, Santa Clara, CA 95050, USA
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Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and 9 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical carcinoma among different age groups of premenopausal and postmenopausal women. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 140:1585-93. [PMID: 24804816 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1695-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The objective was to study the gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in preinvasive and invasive carcinoma of the uterine cervix. The expressions were analysed against different age groups, as to demonstrate whether the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 is an early or a late event during the progression of cervical cancer. Additionally, the diagnostic accuracy of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was evaluated with ROC curve. METHODS A total number of 180 samples of cervical tissue were studied for MMP-2 and MMP-9 gelatinolytic activity. The cases were selected as to include 63 normal cases, 94 CIN cases and 23 cervical carcinoma cases. Among 94 CIN cases, 40 were CIN1, 26 were CIN2 and 28 were CIN3, as reported by histopathology. The gelatinolytic activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 were evaluated by gelatin zymography in premenopausal and postmenopausal groups. RESULTS MMP-2 expressions (latent and active) were very low in control samples, followed by increase in CIN1, decrease in CIN2 and further increase in advance stages. MMP-9 had also shown the same expression pattern that of MMP-2. While comparing the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in different age groups, we found initial CIN stages were prevalent in early age that expressed considerable amount of MMP-2 and MMP-9, and advance stages of carcinoma cervix were prevalent at an elderly age. CONCLUSION Both MMP-2 and MMP-9 have role in cancer progression and remodelling of the ectocervix. Although expression level varies intricately, a distinctive ROC curve demonstrated MMP-2 active form and MMP-9 form could be used in diagnostic purpose in detection of cervical lesion and cancer.
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Li LN, Zhou X, Gu Y, Yan J. Prognostic value of MMP-9 in ovarian cancer: a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 14:4107-13. [PMID: 23991961 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.7.4107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase-9(MMP-9) plays an important role in tumor cell invasion. Although it has been studied frequently in ovarian cancer, its prognostic impact is still equivocal. The aim of this study was to more precisely estimate its prognostic significance. METHOD We searched Pubmed, Embase, OVID, Sciencedirect and CBM databases to identify eligible studies. Hazard ratios (HRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were pooled across studies using fixed-effects or random-effects models. We also performed subgroup analysis. RESULTS 30 studies (n=2552 patients) focusing on prognosis or expression of MM-9 were included. Increased expression of MMP-9 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients (HR=1.68, 95%CI 1.09-2.59, p=0.02). Besides, MMP-9 expression in ovarian cancer was significantly higher than non-malignant tumors (OR=11.46, 95%CI 8.47-15.50, P<0.00001). Moreover, increased expression of MMP-9 was significantly associated with FIGO stage (OR=4.85, 95%CI 2.60-9.04, P<0.00001), grade of differentiation (OR=3.34, 95%CI 2.46-4.54, P<0.00001), lymph node metastasis (OR=5.75, 95%CI 3.71-8.92, P<0.00001) and there was no association with histological type of ovarian cancer. CONCLUSIONS Increased expression of MMP- 9 was associated with poor prognosis in ovarian cancer patients. Down-regulation of MMP-9 is an attractive therapeutic approach which might improve outcome of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University , Shenyang, China
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Matheus ER, Zonta MA, Discacciati MG, Paruci P, Velame F, Cardeal LB, Barros SB, Pignatari AC, Maria-Engler SS. MMP-9 expression increases according to the grade of squamous intraepithelial lesion in cervical smears. Diagn Cytopathol 2014; 42:827-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erika R. Matheus
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Marco A. Zonta
- In Cito Laboratory-Diagnostic Cytology; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Michelle G. Discacciati
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | | | | | - Laura B.S. Cardeal
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Silvia B.M. Barros
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Antonio C. Pignatari
- Special Laboratory of Clinical Microbiology; Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
| | - Silvya S. Maria-Engler
- Laboratory of Clinical Pathology and Cytology, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo; São Paulo Brazil
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Ritonavir or saquinavir impairs the invasion of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia cells via a reduction of MMP expression and activity. AIDS 2012; 26:909-19. [PMID: 22313963 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328351f7a5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN Treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected women with the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has reduced the onset of uterine cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and halted its progression to cervical carcinoma. We and others demonstrated that the HIV protease inhibitors (HIV-PIs) used in HAART can exert direct antitumour activities also in HIV-free preclinical or clinical models. As uterine cervical carcinoma is a leading cause of death in women independently of HIV infection, herein we assessed the impact of therapeutic concentrations of HIV-PIs including indinavir (IDV), saquinavir (SQV) or ritonavir (RTV) on cells obtained from CIN or cervical carcinoma lesions of HIV-negative women. METHODS HIV-PI effects were evaluated by cell invasion, growth or toxicity assays, and by RNA, protein or zymogram analyses. RESULTS Both SQV and RTV inhibited CIN cell invasion, and this was paralleled by a reduced expression and proteolytic activity of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and 9 in treated cells. SQV and RTV also reduced CIN cell growth rate, but did not affect the invasion or growth of cells derived from highly progressed cervical carcinoma. CONCLUSION As MMP-2 and MMP-9 have a key role in CIN evolution into cervical carcinoma, these results support the use of SQV or RTV for the block of CIN clinical progression in either HIV-infected or uninfected patients.
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Schröer N, Pahne J, Walch B, Wickenhauser C, Smola S. Molecular pathobiology of human cervical high-grade lesions: paracrine STAT3 activation in tumor-instructed myeloid cells drives local MMP-9 expression. Cancer Res 2011; 71:87-97. [PMID: 21199798 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-10-2193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In many tumors, the switch from precancerous lesions to malignancy critically relies on expression of the matrix-metalloprotease MMP-9, which is predominantly provided by infiltrating inflammatory cells. Our study defines a novel molecular cascade, how human neoplastic cells instruct tumor-associated myeloid cells to produce MMP-9. In biopsies of human papillomavirus-associated precancerous cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III lesions), we show broad activation of the transcription factor STAT3 and coexpression of MMP-9 in perivascular inflammatory cells. For the first time, we establish a causative link between tumor-mediated paracrine STAT3 activation and MMP-9 production by human tumor-instructed monocytes, whereas NF-κB activation is dispensable for this response. Our data provide evidence that STAT3 does not directly induce MMP-9 but first leads to a strong production of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (CCL2) in the nanogram range. In a second phase, autocrine stimulation of the CCR2 receptor in the tumor-instructed monocytes amplifies MMP-9 expression via intracellular Ca(2+) signaling. These findings elucidate a critical mechanism in the molecular pathobiology of cervical carcinogenesis at the switch to malignancy. Particularly in tumors, which are associated with infectious agents, STAT3-driven inflammation may be pivotal to promote carcinogenesis, while at the same time limit NF-κB-dependent immune responses and thus rejection of the infected preneoplastic cells. The molecular cascade defined in this study provides the basis for a rational design of future adjuvant therapies of cervical precancerous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Schröer
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne and Institute of Virology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Lamar JM, Pumiglia KM, DiPersio CM. An immortalization-dependent switch in integrin function up-regulates MMP-9 to enhance tumor cell invasion. Cancer Res 2008; 68:7371-9. [PMID: 18794124 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Integrins, the major receptors for cell adhesion to the extracellular matrix, play important roles during tumor progression. However, it is still unclear whether genetic lesions that occur during carcinoma development can lead to altered integrin function, and how changes in integrin function contribute to subsequent carcinoma progression. Loss-of-function mutations in p53 and activating mutations in H-Ras, which immortalize and transform epithelial cells, respectively, are common causal events in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Phenotypes resulting from these two genetic lesions promote SCC progression and are, therefore, potential targets for anticancer therapies. We developed a model system of keratinocyte transformation that has allowed us to investigate the individual roles of p53 mutation and oncogenic Ras mutation in the acquisition of integrin alpha3beta1-regulated phenotypes that promote SCC progression. Using this model, we show that keratinocyte immortalization by p53-null mutation causes a switch in alpha3beta1 function that induces matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 gene expression in tumorigenic cells. This acquired alpha3beta1-dependent regulation of MMP-9 was maintained during subsequent transformation by oncogenic Ras, and it promoted invasion of tumorigenic keratinocytes. Our results show that loss of p53 function leads to changes in integrin-mediated gene regulation that occur during SCC progression and play a critical role in tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Lamar
- Center for Cell Biology and Cancer Research, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York 12208-3479, USA
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16
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Thekkek N, Richards-Kortum R. Optical imaging for cervical cancer detection: solutions for a continuing global problem. Nat Rev Cancer 2008; 8:725-31. [PMID: 19143057 PMCID: PMC2633464 DOI: 10.1038/nrc2462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer death for women in developing countries. Optical technologies can improve the accuracy and availability of cervical cancer screening. For example, battery-powered digital cameras can obtain multi-spectral images of the entire cervix, highlighting suspicious areas, and high-resolution optical technologies can further interrogate such areas, providing in vivo diagnosis with high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, targeted contrast agents can highlight changes in biomarkers of cervical neoplasia. Such advances should provide a much needed global approach to cervical cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadhi Thekkek
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA
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17
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Plasticity in tumor-promoting inflammation: impairment of macrophage recruitment evokes a compensatory neutrophil response. Neoplasia 2008; 10:329-40. [PMID: 18392134 DOI: 10.1593/neo.07871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2007] [Revised: 02/04/2008] [Accepted: 02/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies in the K14-HPV/E(2) mouse model of cervical carcinogenesis demonstrated that infiltrating macrophages are the major source of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), a metalloprotease important for tumor angiogenesis and progression. We observed increased expression of the macrophage chemoattractant, CCL2, and its receptor, CCR2, concomitant with macrophage influx and MMP-9 expression. To study the role of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in cervical tumorigenesis, we generated CCR2-deficient K14-HPV/E(2) mice. Cervixes of CCR2-null mice contained significantly fewer macrophages. Surprisingly, there was only a modest delay in time to progression from dysplasia to carcinoma in the CCR2-deficient mice, and no difference in end-stage tumor incidence or burden. Moreover, there was an unexpected persistence of MMP-9 activity, associated with increased abundance of MMP-9(+) neutrophils in tumors from CCR2-null mice. In vitro bioassays revealed that macrophages produce soluble factor(s) that can suppress neutrophil dynamics, as evidenced by reduced chemotaxis in response to CXCL8, and impaired invasion into three-dimensional tumor masses grown in vitro. Our data suggest a mechanism whereby CCL2 attracts proangiogenic CCR2(+) macrophages with the ancillary capability to limit infiltration by neutrophils. If such tumor-promoting macrophages are suppressed, MMP-9(+) neutrophils are then recruited, providing alternative paracrine support for tumor angiogenesis and progression.
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18
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Gasparian AV, Fedorova MD, Kisselev FL. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 transcription in squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix: the role of human papillomavirus gene E2 expression and activation of transcription factor NF-kappaB. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2007; 72:848-53. [PMID: 17922642 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297907080068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in initiation and progression of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of human uterine cervix. Regulation of MMP-9 expression in such tumors is insufficiently studied. Involvement of the human papillomavirus (HPV) gene E2 and transcription factor NF-kappaB in the regulation of MMP-9 transcription has been shown in some model systems and types of malignant tumors. The present work was mainly designed to reveal a possible role of the HPV gene E2 and transcription factor NF-kappaB in the induction of MMP-9 expression in SCC. Specimens of tumor and corresponding adjacent normal tissue from 26 patients with SCC of the uterine cervix were studied. The intact E2 frame was observed in 19 of 26 (73.1%), the E2 gene mRNA was expressed in 10 of 15 (66.7%), NF-kappaB was activated in 17 of 23 (73.9%), and the expression of MMP-9 mRNA was recorded in 10 of 20 (50%) of the informative cases. The MMP-9 transcription did not correlate with gene E2 status, but in all cases correlated with the activation of NF-kappaB transcription factor (10 of 10 vs. 5 of 10 MMP-9-negative cases, p = 0.016). Thus, the NF-kappaB role has been proved in the regulation of MMP-9 transcription in SCC. There was no correlation of the E2 status and MMP-9 expression with clinical/morphological characteristics of the tumors: size, local invasiveness, metastasizing into regional lymph nodes, and level of differentiation. The high intensity of NF-kappaB activation correlated with low degree of differentiation of the tumors studied (p = 0.044). These findings suggested that NF-kappaB should be a molecular factor of the poor prognosis of human SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Gasparian
- Institute of Carcinogenesis, Blokhin Cancer Research Center, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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19
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Yang SF, Wang PH, Lin LY, Ko JL, Chen GD, Yang JS, Lee HS, Hsieh YS. A Significant Elevation of Plasma Level of Matrix Metalloproteinase—9 in Patients With High-Grade Intraepithelial Neoplasia and Early Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Uterine Cervix. Reprod Sci 2007; 14:710-718. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719107307916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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20
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Drezek R, Brookner C, Pavlova I, Boiko I, Malpica A, Lotan R, Follen M, Richards-Kortum R. Autofluorescence Microscopy of Fresh Cervical-Tissue Sections Reveals Alterations in Tissue Biochemistry with Dysplasia¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730636amofct2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Rauvala M, Aglund K, Puistola U, Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T, Horvath G, Willén R, Stendahl U. Matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 in cervical cancer: different roles in tumor progression. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2007; 16:1297-302. [PMID: 16803520 DOI: 10.1111/j.1525-1438.2006.00448.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of uterine cervical cancer has increased slightly in Western countries, with an increase in relatively young women. Overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-2 and -9 has turned out as a prognostic factor in many cancers. We compared the expression of the proteins MMP-2 and MMP-9 in cervical primary tumors with clinical outcome and risk factors of cervical cancer. One hundred sixty-one patients with cervical cancer treated in Umeå University Hospital or Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sweden, between 1991 and 1995 were included in the study. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples obtained prior to treatment were examined immunohistochemically by specific antibodies for MMP-2 and MMP-9. Forty-two percent of the tumors were intensively positive for MMP-2 and 31% for MMP-9. Nineteen percent of the samples were intensively positive for both proteinases and 47% negative or weak for both. Overexpression of MMP-2 seemed to predict unfavorable survival under Kaplan-Meier analysis and in the multivariate analysis. Early sexual activity and low parity seemed to correlate to overexpression of MMP-2. MMP-9 was not associated with survival or sexual behavior. Intensive MMP-9 was noted in grade 1 tumors. We conclude that MMP-2 and MMP-9 have different roles in uterine cervical cancer. MMP-2 could be associated with aggressive behavior, but MMP-9 expression diminishes in high-grade tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Rauvala
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, the University Hospital of Oulu, PL 24, Fin-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Soares FA, da Cunha IW, Guimarães GC, Nonogaki S, Campos RSM, Lopes A. The expression of metaloproteinases-2 and -9 is different according to the patterns of growth and invasion in squamous cell carcinoma of the penis. Virchows Arch 2006; 449:637-46. [PMID: 17072641 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-006-0299-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/22/2006] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the penis is characterized by different patterns of growth and local invasion. The matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a family of proteolytic enzymes that are involved in the degradation of extracellular matrix to allow the migration of tumor cells. The present study examined whether the expression of MMP-2 and -9 is correlated with the patterns of tumor growth and invasion in penile SCC. The expression of MMP-2 and -9 was examined immunohistochemically in samples of 115 patients. The cases were divided in three groups according to the patterns of growth and invasion: group 1, exophytic growth and pushing pattern of invasion; group 2, endophytic growth and invasion in large sheets of cells; and group 3, endophytic growth and invasion in small group or isolated cells. Tumors with MMP-2 and -9 overexpression are deeply invasive and present an invasion pattern of small groups of cells. Also, expression of MMP-2 changed from membrane to cytoplasm in invasive tumors, maybe representing activation of MMP-2. These findings allow us to conclude that the less differentiated tumors, which are more invasive and with a pattern of invasion in small group of cells, are associated with the overexpression of MMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A Soares
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Medical and Research Center Hospital do Câncer A C Camargo, #211 Antonio Prudente Street, 1st floor, São Paulo, São Paulo 01509-010, Brazil.
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23
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Behren A, Simon C, Schwab RM, Loetzsch E, Brodbeck S, Huber E, Stubenrauch F, Zenner HP, Iftner T. Papillomavirus E2 protein induces expression of the matrix metalloproteinase-9 via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase/activator protein-1 signaling pathway. Cancer Res 2006; 65:11613-21. [PMID: 16357172 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-05-2672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Papillomaviruses are involved in the development of cancers of the female cervix, head and neck, and skin. An excellent model to study papillomavirus-induced tumor induction and progression is the New Zealand White rabbit, where the skin is infected with the cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV). This leads to the formation of benign tumors that progress into invasive and metastasizing carcinomas without the need for cofactors. We have shown previously that specific mutations in the transactivation domain of the transcription/replication factor E2 cause a dramatic loss in the tumor induction efficiency of the viral genome and a major deficiency in tumor progression as we show now. By comparing wild-type (WT) and mutant E2-induced skin tumors, we found high levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) protein and transcripts in WT CRPV-E2-induced tumors in contrast to certain mutant CRPV-E2-induced papillomas and normal uninfected skin. Stable cell lines and reporter assays revealed that E2 from different papillomavirus types is able to transactivate the MMP-9 promoter via the promoter-proximal activator protein-1 (AP-1) site as shown in reporter gene assays with mutant MMP-9 promoter constructs. Furthermore, WT E2 but not mutant E2 strongly transactivated a minimal promoter reporter construct with multiple AP-1 sites. The MMP-9 protein induced in cells expressing E2 degrades collagen matrices as measured in Matrigel-based invasion/mobility assays. E2-induced MMP-9 expression can be blocked by a chemical inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1 (PD 098059), suggesting that E2 activates the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway, which is further supported by the induction of ERK1 in CRPV-E2-transfected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Behren
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital of Tübingen, Germany
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24
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Fisher LW, Jain A, Tayback M, Fedarko NS. Small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein gene family expression in different cancers. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 10:8501-11. [PMID: 15623631 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Members of the small integrin binding ligand N-linked glycoprotein (SIBLING) gene family have the capacity to bind and modulate the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). The expression levels of five SIBLING gene family members [bone sialoprotein (BSP), osteopontin (OPN), dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1), matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE), and dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP)] and certain MMPs were determined using a commercial cancer array. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Cancer profiling arrays containing normalized cDNA from both tumor and corresponding normal tissues from 241 individual patients were used to screen for SIBLING and MMP expression in nine distinct cancer types. RESULTS Significantly elevated expression levels were observed for BSP in cancer of the breast, colon, stomach, rectum, thyroid, and kidney; OPN in cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, ovary, lung, rectum, and thyroid; DMP1 in cancer of the breast, uterus, colon, and lung; and dentin sialophosphoprotein in breast and lung cancer. The degree of correlation between a SIBLING and its partner MMP was found to be significant within a given cancer type (e.g., BSP and MMP-2 in colon cancer, OPN and MMP-3 in ovarian cancer; DMP1 and MMP-9 in lung cancer). The expression levels of SIBLINGs were distinct within subtypes of cancer (e.g., breast ductal tumors compared with lobular tumors). In general, SIBLING expression increased with cancer stage for breast, colon, lung, and rectal cancer. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest SIBLINGs as potential markers of early disease progression in a number of different cancer types, some of which currently lack vigorous clinical markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry W Fisher
- Craniofacial and Skeletal Diseases Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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25
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Turpeenniemi-Hujanen T. Gelatinases (MMP-2 and -9) and their natural inhibitors as prognostic indicators in solid cancers. Biochimie 2005; 87:287-97. [PMID: 15781315 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2005.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/27/2005] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neoplastic growth and dissemination involve increased proteolytic activity that is able to escape the regulative elements. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), particularly gelatinases A and B (MMP-2 and -9), play a role in tumor invasion and angiogenesis, and they participate in cancer progression in several neoplasias. The expression of tissue inhibitors of gelatinases, TIMPs-1 and -2, has also been shown to be associated with the clinical course in some cancers. The prognostic value of these markers, however, seems to vary a great deal in different neoplastic diseases. In this review, the impact of the gelatinases and their inhibitors on the clinical course in several solid cancers is evaluated based on the growing data from recent clinical studies. The clinical data most often explore the overexpression of mRNA or immunoreactive protein in tumor tissue, or measure the concentration of the circulating proteinase or its inhibitor in pretreatment or follow-up serum samples. The growing amount of recent clinical data suggests that the impact of gelatinases on treatment decisions should be tested in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Turpeenniemi-Hujanen
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Oulu University Hospital, PL22, 90029 OYS, Finland.
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26
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Vazquez-Ortiz G, Pina-Sanchez P, Vazquez K, Duenas A, Taja L, Mendoza P, Garcia JA, Salcedo M. Overexpression of cathepsin F, matrix metalloproteinases 11 and 12 in cervical cancer. BMC Cancer 2005; 5:68. [PMID: 15989693 PMCID: PMC1175083 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-5-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical carcinoma (CC) is one of the most common cancers among women worldwide and the first cause of death among the Mexican female population. CC progression shows a continuum of neoplastic transitions until invasion. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and cathepsins play a central role on the enhancement of tumor-induced angiogenesis, cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis and connective tissue degradation. MMPs -2 and -9 expression has been widely studied in cervical cancer. Nevertheless, no other metalloproteinases or cathepsins have been yet related with the progression and/or invasion of this type of cancer. METHODS Three HPV18 CC cell lines, two HPV16 CC cell lines and three HPV16 tumor CC tissues were compared with three morphologically normal, HPV negative, cervical specimens by cDNA arrays. Overexpression of selected genes was confirmed by end point semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR with densitometry. In situ hybridization and protein expression of selected genes was further studied by means of two tissue microarrays, one consisting of 10 HSIL and 15 CC and the other one of 15 normal cervical and 10 LSIL tissues. RESULTS TIMP1, Integrins alpha 1 and 4, cadherin 2 and 11, Cathepsins F, B L2, MMP 9, 10 11 and 12 were upregulated and Cathepsin S, L, H and C, Cadherins 3 and 4, TIMP3, MMP 13, Elastase 2 and Integrin beta 8 were found to be downregulated by cDNA arrays. Endpoint RT-PCR with densitometry gave consistent results with the cDNA array findings for all three genes selected for study (CTSF, MMP11 and MMP12). In situ hybridization of all three genes confirmed overexpression in all the HSIL and CC. Two of the selected proteins were detected in LSIL, HSIL and CC by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION Novel undetected CC promoting genes have been identified. Increased transcription of these genes may result in overexpression of proteins, such as CTSF, MMP11 and MMP12 which could contribute to the pathogenesis of CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guelaguetza Vazquez-Ortiz
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Patricia Pina-Sanchez
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - Karla Vazquez
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | | | - Lucia Taja
- Division of Basic Research, INCAN, SS, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mendoza
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI-IMSS, Mexico
| | - José A Garcia
- Laboratory of Theoretical Biology, Research Department, La Salle University, Mexico
| | - Mauricio Salcedo
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, Oncology Research Unit, Oncology Hospital, National Medical Center SXXI-IMSS, Mexico
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Abstract
The technological revolution in imaging during recent decades has transformed the way image-guided radiation therapy is performed. Anatomical imaging (plain radiography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging) greatly improved the accuracy of delineating target structures and has formed the foundation of 3D-based radiation treatment. However, the treatment planning paradigm in radiation oncology is beginning to shift toward a more biological and molecular approach as advances in biochemistry, molecular biology, and technology have made functional imaging (positron emission tomography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, optical imaging) of physiological processes in tumors more feasible and practical. This review provides an overview of the role of current imaging strategies in radiation oncology, with a focus on functional imaging modalities, as it relates to staging and molecular profiling (cellular proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, hypoxia, receptor status) of tumors, defining radiation target volumes, and assessing therapeutic response. In addition, obstacles such as imaging-pathological validation, optimal timing of post-therapy scans, spatial and temporal evolution of tumors, and lack of clinical outcome studies are discussed that must be overcome before a new era of functional imaging-guided therapy becomes a clinical reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smith Apisarnthanarax
- Department of Experimental Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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28
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Giraudo E, Inoue M, Hanahan D. An amino-bisphosphonate targets MMP-9-expressing macrophages and angiogenesis to impair cervical carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:623-33. [PMID: 15343380 PMCID: PMC514591 DOI: 10.1172/jci22087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2004] [Accepted: 07/06/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse model involving the human papillomavirus type-16 oncogenes develops cervical cancers by lesional stages analogous to those in humans. In this study the angiogenic phenotype was characterized, revealing intense angiogenesis in high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CIN-3) and carcinomas. MMP-9, a proangiogenic protease implicated in mobilization of VEGF, appeared in the stroma concomitant with the angiogenic switch, expressed by infiltrating macrophages, similar to what has been observed in humans. Preclinical trials sought to target MMP-9 and angiogenesis with a prototypical MMP inhibitor and with a bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid (ZA), revealing both to be antiangiogenic, producing effects comparable to a Mmp9 gene KO in impairing angiogenic switching, progression of premalignant lesions, and tumor growth. ZA therapy increased neoplastic epithelial and endothelial cell apoptosis without affecting hyperproliferation, indicating that ZA was not antimitotic. The analyses implicated cellular and molecular targets of ZA's actions: ZA suppressed MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages and inhibited metalloprotease activity, reducing association of VEGF with its receptor on angiogenic endothelial cells. Given its track record in clinical use with limited toxicity, ZA holds promise as an "unconventional" MMP-9 inhibitor for antiangiogenic therapy of cervical cancer and potentially for additional cancers and other diseases where MMP-9 expression by infiltrating macrophages is evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Giraudo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Diabetes Center, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
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29
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Giraudo E, Inoue M, Hanahan D. An amino-bisphosphonate targets MMP-9–expressing macrophages and angiogenesis to impair cervical carcinogenesis. J Clin Invest 2004. [DOI: 10.1172/jci200422087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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30
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Argüello-Ramírez J, Pérez-Cárdenas E, Delgado-Chávez R, Solorza-Luna G, Villa-Treviño S, Arenas-Huertero F. Matrix metalloproteinases-2, -3, and -9 secreted by explants of benign and malignant lesions of the uterine cervix. Int J Gynecol Cancer 2004; 14:333-40. [PMID: 15086734 DOI: 10.1111/j.1048-891x.2004.014218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) plays a critical role in extracellular matrix (EM) degradation in tumor development and prognosis of different human carcinomas. In cervical carcinoma (Ce Ca), the role of these proteinases in the biological development of this neoplasm is controversial. In the present study, we compared the secretion of MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 among 29 benign and premalignant cervical lesions (cervicitis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasias) and 46 tumoral explants of Ce Ca. The explants were cultured for 48 h. The gelatinases secreted into conditioned medium were revealed by zymography and quantified by densitometry. The results showed high levels of MMP-3 and MMP-9 in tumoral explants. In contrast, only the pro-MMP-2 was higher in benign cervical lesions, although both active and inactive MMP-2 species are associated with advanced clinical stages in tumoral samples, and only the secretion of MMP-3 was associated with unresponsiveness to radiotherapy. We can conclude that the expression of MMPs is related to the invasive process in Ce Ca and suggest that they may play a role in degradation of the EM during local invasion. In addition, MMP-3 secretion could be a marker of poor prognosis in Ce Ca.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Argüello-Ramírez
- Experimental Tumorigenesis and Metastasis Laboratory, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología-SS, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados (CINVESTAV), México City, México
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31
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Sokolov K, Aaron J, Hsu B, Nida D, Gillenwater A, Follen M, MacAulay C, Adler-Storthz K, Korgel B, Descour M, Pasqualini R, Arap W, Lam W, Richards-Kortum R. Optical systems for in vivo molecular imaging of cancer. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2004; 2:491-504. [PMID: 14640761 DOI: 10.1177/153303460300200602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Progress toward a molecular characterization of cancer would have important clinical benefits; thus, there is an important need to image the molecular features of cancer in vivo. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive strategy to develop inexpensive, rugged and portable optical imaging systems for molecular imaging of cancer, which couples the development of optically active contrast agents with advances in functional genomics of cancer. We describe initial results obtained using optically active contrast agents to image the expression of three well known molecular signatures of neoplasia: including over expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), matrix metallo-proteases (MMPs), and oncoproteins associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. At the same time, we are developing inexpensive, portable optical systems to image the morphologic and molecular signatures of neoplasia noninvasively in real time. These real-time, portable, inexpensive systems can provide tools to characterize the molecular features of cancer in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sokolov
- Department of Imaging Physics, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Sales KJ, Jabbour HN. Cyclooxygenase enzymes and prostaglandins in reproductive tract physiology and pathology. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2004; 71:97-117. [PMID: 14518555 DOI: 10.1016/s1098-8823(03)00050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Prostaglandins, thromboxanes (TX) and leukotrienes, collectively referred to as eicosanoids, are cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA). Prostaglandins, have been recognised for many years as key molecules in regulating reproductive tract physiology and pathology. Numerous recent studies in in vitro model systems and knockout mouse models have demonstrated specific functional roles for the respective cyclooxygenase enzymes, prostaglandins and prostanoid receptors. Here we review the findings obtained in several of these studies with emphasis on the roles played by cyclooxygenase enzymes and prostaglandins, specifically prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and F2alpha in reproductive tract physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Sales
- MRC Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, Center for Reproductive Biology, The University of Edinburgh Academic Center, 49 Little France Crescent, Old Dalkeith Road, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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Bazzett LB, Magnus M, Taylor DD, Gercel-Taylor C. Urinary matrix metalloproteinases as a potential screening test for gynecologic malignancies. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90:435-42. [PMID: 12893214 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This was a pilot study to determine the feasibility of using urinary matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) as a screening test for gynecologic malignancies. METHODS Urine samples from ovarian (n = 29), cervical (n = 31), endometrial (n = 31), and vulvar (n = 5) cancer patients and 19 controls were collected. Substrate gel electrophoresis (zymography) was used to determine the presence of MMP-2 (72 kDa), MMP-9 (92 kDa) and two high-molecular-weight forms (130 and 220 kDa) of MMPs. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the test for each tumor type were determined. RESULTS No association was noted between malignancy and presence of urinary MMPs in ovarian, cervical, endometrial, or vulvar cancer patients. Sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values, and likelihood ratios were determined. Sensitivities ranged from 28.1 to 51.0% for individual MMPs, peaking at 69.8% when the presence of any of the four proteinases was considered a positive test. Specificities ranged from 42.1 to 68.4%. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that the presence of MMPs in the urine of patients with a gynecologic malignancy is not an adequate screening test for disease. There was also little evidence of an association between urinary MMPs and stage or extent of disease. However, the limited number of patients in the various stages of each disease site, specifically advanced stage disease, make it difficult to state this definitively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa B Bazzett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Ochnsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70121, USA.
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Lopata A, Agresta F, Quinn MA, Smith C, Ostor AG, Salamonsen LA. Detection of endometrial cancer by determination of matrix metalloproteinases in the uterine cavity. Gynecol Oncol 2003; 90:318-24. [PMID: 12893193 DOI: 10.1016/s0090-8258(03)00328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The known overexpression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) by various tumors prompted a study to determine whether endometrial cancer could be detected by measuring MMPs in uterine cavity washings. METHODS The study populations comprised 95 women being treated for endometrial cancer and 98 women with other gynecological conditions. A simple method was developed for performing uterine lavage and preparing cell-free uterine supernatants for MMP analysis. Gelatin zymography revealed elevated levels of latent and active forms of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in patients with endometrial cancer. For each patient individual bands of gelatinase activity were scored from 0 to 5 and summed to provide a total MMP score for analysis. RESULTS The mean MMP score in uterine washings of patients with endometrial cancer was 10.0 (range 1 to 22) compared with 0.8 (range 0 to 15) in the group without this cancer (P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that an MMP cutoff score of 3 gave a sensitivity of 98% and specificity of 91% for detecting endometrial cancer. With this MMP cutoff, a positive result was 11 times as likely in endometrial cancer compared to other conditions. The mean MMP score in the group with nodal metastases (14.1) was significantly higher than that without nodal involvement (9.4, P = 0.005). MMP-9 but not MMP-2 was significantly associated with nodal metastasis (P = 0.01). There was no significant association between MMP score and histological grade of tumor, vascular invasion, or depth of myometrial invasion. CONCLUSION Gelatinase measurement in uterine washings was reliable for confirming the presence of endometrial cancer in the population studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Lopata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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Asha Nair S, Karunagaran D, Nair MB, Sudhakaran PR. Changes in matrix metalloproteinases and their endogenous inhibitors during tumor progression in the uterine cervix. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2003; 129:123-31. [PMID: 12669237 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-002-0411-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2002] [Accepted: 12/02/2002] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in cervical tumorigenesis, we analyzed 70 cervical tissue specimens that included 15 low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs), 20 high-grade SILs, 25 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) and 10 specimens of normal cervical tissue. METHODS The gelatinolytic activity of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was determined by zymographic analysis. The expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 and TIMP-1 and TIMP-2 was determined by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS All the samples had 72/66 kDa gelatinase activity; 92 kDa gelatinase activity was detected only in high-grade SILs and SCCs. Immunohistochemical analysis showed weak positivity for MMP-2 in normal cervical epithelium and low-grade SILs. However, high-grade SILs and SCCs showed intense cellular and stromal reactivity for MMP-2 and MMP-9. For TIMP-1 and TIMP-2, normal cervical epithelium and low-grade SILs showed intense immunostaining, >50% of high-grade SILs showed positivity, and 95% of SCCs showed intense stromal and cellular reactivity. CONCLUSIONS Increase in the relative activity of these gelatinases and enhanced immunostaining for MMPs and TIMPs with tumor progression suggest that they may play a crucial role in cervical cancer progression. A significant association between stage of the lesion and expression of MMPs and TIMPs ( P<0.01) was found. Immunohistochemical studies indicate that these MMPs may be of basal cell origin in cervical tissue, although the mechanism of their upregulation is not clearly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Asha Nair
- Division of Cancer Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, 695014, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
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Rudek MA, Venitz J, Figg WD. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors: do they have a place in anticancer therapy? Pharmacotherapy 2002; 22:705-20. [PMID: 12066962 DOI: 10.1592/phco.22.9.705.34062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of enzymes involved in degradation of extracellular matrix. An imbalance between MMPs and naturally occurring MMP inhibitors may cause excess extracellular matrix destruction, allowing cancer cells to invade surrounding tissues and metastasize, and permitting angiogenesis to occur. Inhibition of certain key MMPs may prevent angiogenesis, tumor growth, invasion, and metastasis. Gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 are expressed during carcinogenesis and angiogenesis. Synthetic MMP inhibitors were designed to target these enzymes and potentially prevent the tumor growth and metastases associated with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Rudek
- Clinical Pharmacology Research Core, Medical Oncology Clinical Research Unit Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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Iwasaki M, Nishikawa A, Fujimoto T, Akutagawa N, Manase K, Endo T, Yoshida K, Maekawa R, Yoshioka T, Kudo R. Anti-invasive effect of MMI-166, a new selective matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor, in cervical carcinoma cell lines. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 85:103-7. [PMID: 11925127 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of our study was to evaluate the anti-invasive effect of MMI-166, a new matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor in cervical carcinoma cell lines. METHODS We analyzed the invasive activities of cervical carcinoma cell lines (CAC-1, CaSki, and SiHa) and the gene expression of various matrix proteinases (matrix metalloproteinase-1 [MMP-1], MMP-2, MMP-9, membrane-type MMP type 1 [MT1-MMP], MT2-MMP, and MT3-MMP) and their inhibitors (tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase type 1 [TIMP-1] and TIMP-2). The effect of MMI-166 was analyzed by in vitro invasion assay. The cytotoxicity of MMI-166 was determined by MTT assay. The gelatinase activity was analyzed by gelatin zymography. RESULTS Cervical carcinoma cell lines, which produced both MMP-2 and MT1-MMP, showed invasive capacity in the in vitro invasion assay. The invasion of cervical carcinoma cells was suppressed by MMI-166. No remarkable suppression of the proliferation by MMI-166 was observed in the MTT assay. Gelatin zymography revealed complete suppression of MMP-2 activity by MMI-166. CONCLUSIONS MMI-166 inhibited the MMP-2 activity in cervical carcinoma cells and it is useful for the regulation of cervical carcinoma cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwasaki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, 060-8543, Japan
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Brummer O, Böhmer G, Hollwitz B, Flemming P, Petry KU, Kühnle H. MMP-1 and MMP-2 in the cervix uteri in different steps of malignant transformation--an immunohistochemical study. Gynecol Oncol 2002; 84:222-7. [PMID: 11812078 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2001.6413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Enzymatic degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) represents a key element in the multistage process of tumor invasion and metastasis. This process requires extensive degradation of ECM components such as basement membrane collagen (type IV) and interstitial collagen (type I, II, III). Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) specifically cleaves collagen type IV, the major collagen of the basement membrane. MMP-1 digests interstitial collagen type I and III, the main collagen types of the stromal extracellular matrix. We investigated protein levels of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in different stages of malignant transformation. METHODS Using the APAAP method we analyzed 10 normal cervical tissues, 11 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 1 (CIN 1), 8 CIN 2 and 10 CIN 3 lesions, and 15 invasive squamous cell carcinomas. These data were compared with the HPV DNA status tested by hybrid capture II. RESULTS Only a few isolated epithelial cells stained positively for MMP-1 and MMP-2 in normal cervical tissue and CIN 1 lesions. The CIN 2 and CIN 3 group displayed a heterogeneous distribution of MMP expression. 3 CIN 2 and 8 CIN 3 lesions showed strong MMP-2 and weak MMP-1 expression in the dysplastic epithelial cells. 5 CIN 2 and 2 CIN 3 lesions stained negatively. Invasive carcinomas showed a coexpression for MMP-1 and MMP-2 in malignant epithelial cells and peritumoral stroma cells. All MMP-2-positive cases tested positive for the HPV high-risk group. CONCLUSIONS The expression of MMP-2 protein in preinvasive lesions of the cervix uteri and a consecutive coexpression of MMP-1 and MMP-2 in invasive cancer suggest a gradually increasing invasive potential. MMP-2 expression, when focally observed in high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions of the cervix, may indicate tumor areas with an increased risk for invasive growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Brummer
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Germany.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Surrogate endpoint biomarkers (SEBs) are used as intermediate indicators of a reduction in cancer incidence in chemoprevention studies. SEBs should be expressed differentially in normal and high risk tissue; appear at a well defined stage of carcinogenesis; be studied with reasonable sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy; and be modulated in chemoprevention trials. The concept of SEBs may be useful in the trials of many new therapies. METHODS The current review includes a comprehensive review of the literature. Many SEBs have been the subject of intense study and include quantitative histopathology and cytology, proliferation markers, regulation markers, differentiation markers, general genomic instability markers, and tissue maintenance markers. Because of the critical biologic and epidemiologic role of the human papillomavirus (HPV) in cervical carcinogenesis, the relation between these markers and HPV should be considered. In addition, biomarkers of HPV infection and its regression should be sought. RESULTS Several chemoprevention trials have been published that have included the use of SEBs. The biomarkers that appear most promising in these clinical trials can be measured quantitatively and reproducibly: quantitative histology and cytology, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), MIB-1, MPM-2, HPV viral load, epidermal growth factor receptor, polyamines, and ploidy. The markers that have been demonstrated to be modulated in chemoprevention trials in the literature are quantitative histology and cytology, PCNA, MPM-2, HPV viral load, and polyamines. CONCLUSIONS The surrogate endpoint biomarkers of most interest in future research should correlate well with HPV infection, be modulated by several therapeutic agents, and have limited variability and ease in measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Follen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Duivenvoorden WC, Hirte HW, Singh G. Quantification of matrix metalloproteinase activity in plasma of patients enrolled in a BAY 12-9566 phase I study. Int J Cancer 2001; 91:857-62. [PMID: 11275992 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::aid-ijc1135>3.0.co;2-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is often associated with invasiveness or grade of tumours. Increased blood levels of MMP proteins, including MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9 have been detected in various types of cancers. With the exception of one study, MMPs in serum and plasma have been determined using ELISA. In the present study we measured the activity of the MMPs found in human plasma samples using gelatin enzymography and fluorimetric degradation assays. We used plasma samples from healthy control subjects and cancer patients enrolled in a dose-finding study for the MMP inhibitor, BAY 12-9566, to assess the activity of MMPs found in plasma and screen for efficacy of the MMP inhibitor. BAY 12-9566 has inhibitory activity toward MMP-2, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Patients with advanced solid tumours were enrolled in our study and plasma was collected on day 1 before dosing and at steady-state of the drug on day 15. Our results show that BAY 12-9566 was effective in lowering the plasma gelatinolytic activity in the group of 29 patients when considering the data obtained from a fluorimetric gelatinase assay. The data obtained from gelatin enzymography, however, did not reach significance. The fluorimetric degradation assay could be a useful tool to screen plasma from cancer patients in other clinical trials assessing MMP inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- W C Duivenvoorden
- Hamilton Regional Cancer Centre, McMaster University, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8V 5C2
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Yan C, Wang H, Boyd DD. KiSS-1 represses 92-kDa type IV collagenase expression by down-regulating NF-kappa B binding to the promoter as a consequence of Ikappa Balpha -induced block of p65/p50 nuclear translocation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:1164-72. [PMID: 11060311 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008681200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The 92-kDa type IV collagenase (MMP-9) plays a critical role in tissue remodeling. We undertook a study to determine whether the KiSS-1 gene, previously shown to suppress cancer spread (metastases), negatively regulates MMP-9 expression. Six cell lines positive for MMP-9 mRNA were deficient in KiSS-1 mRNA. One of these cell lines, HT-1080, stably transfected with a KiSS-1 expression construct, demonstrated substantially lower MMP-9 enzyme activity/protein and in vitro invasiveness. The lower MMP-9 enzyme activity reflected reduced steady-state mRNA levels which, in turn, was due to attenuated transcription. Activation of ERKs and JNKs by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and tumor necrosis factor alpha, respectively, leading to increased MMP-9 amounts was not antagonized by KiSS-1 expression, suggesting that MAPK pathways modulating MMP-9 synthesis are not the target of KiSS-1. Although MMP-9 expression is regulated by AP-1, Sp1, and Ets transcription factors, KiSS-1 did not alter the binding of these factors to the MMP-9 promoter. However, NF-kappaB binding to the MMP-9 promoter required for expression of this collagenase was reduced by KiSS-1 expression. Diminished NF-kappaB binding reflected less p50/p65 in the nucleus secondary to increased IkappaBalpha levels in the cytosols of the KiSS-1 transfectants. Thus, KiSS-1 diminishes MMP-9 expression by effecting reduced NF-kappaB binding to the promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yan
- Department of Cancer Biology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Huang LW, Garrett AP, Bell DA, Welch WR, Berkowitz RS, Mok SC. Differential expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 protein and mRNA in epithelial ovarian tumors. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 77:369-76. [PMID: 10831344 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.2000.5806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) can degrade gelatin and type IV collagen and is known to play an important role in tumor cell invasion across the basement membrane. The tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) is able to prevent activation of pro-MMP-9 and forms a 1:1 complex with the active form of MMP-9. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1 in benign, borderline, and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 90 patients with epithelial ovarian tumor were treated at the Brigham and Women's Hospital and were used as the study population. Immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization were performed to detect protein and mRNA expression of MMP-9 and TIMP-1. RESULTS In the 90 epithelial ovarian tumors tested, MMP-9 expression in tumor cells was found to be significantly enhanced in serous and mucinous ovarian carcinomas compared with benign and borderline tumors. We also observed the immunostaining of MMP-9 in stromal cells of benign, borderline, and invasive epithelial ovarian tumors. Moreover, the expression levels of TIMP-1 in tumor cells were significantly higher in borderline and invasive ovarian tumors than in benign tumors. CONCLUSION Using an in situ hybridization technique, we disclosed a direct correlation between the presence of mRNA and protein expression for both MMP-9 and TIMP-1. The present data suggest that high levels of MMP-9 protein in invasive epithelial ovarian carcinoma are strongly associated with tumor cell invasion. Enhanced expression of TIMP-1 protein in borderline and invasive tumors indicates that endogenous TIMP-1 protein may play a paradoxical role in ovarian tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- L W Huang
- Laboratory and Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Vegh GL, Selcuk Tuncer Z, Fulop V, Genest DR, Mok SC, Berkowitz RS. Matrix metalloproteinases and their inhibitors in gestational trophoblastic diseases and normal placenta. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 75:248-53. [PMID: 10525381 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to investigate the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in gestational trophoblastic diseases and normal first-trimester placenta. METHODS Paraffin sections of 16 partial moles, 25 complete moles, 10 gestational choriocarcinomas, and 11 normal first-trimester placentas were studied immunohistochemically for expression of MMP-1, MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). RESULTS Nine (90.0%) of the choriocarcinoma cases showed strong intensity of staining for MMP-1. Choriocarcinoma exhibited significantly stronger staining for MMP-1 than syncytiotrophoblast in normal placenta (P < 0.01), partial mole (P < 0.01), and complete mole (P < 0.01). Choriocarcinoma also showed significantly stronger staining for MMP-1 than the extravillous trophoblast in placenta (P < 0.05). MMP-2 was expressed only in syncytio- and extravillous trophoblasts in normal placenta, partial mole, and complete mole. Choriocarcinoma and the extravillous trophoblast in partial mole and complete mole had significantly stronger staining for MMP-2 than the extravillous trophoblast in placenta (P < 0.05, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). Choriocarcinoma also exhibited significantly stronger staining for MMP-2 than syncytiotrophoblasts in placenta (P < 0.01), partial mole (P = 0.05), and complete mole (P < 0.01). The expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, and MMP-13 was similar in all four tissues with the predominance of syncytiotrophoblast for MMP-3 and MMP-13 and cytotrophoblast for MMP-9. While 8 (73.0%) placentas, 14 (87.5%) partial moles, and 19 (76.0%) complete moles showed strong immunoreactivity for TIMP-1 in syncytiotrophoblasts, no strong staining was found in choriocarcinomas (P < 0.01, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION The extravillous trophoblast of first-trimester placenta has significantly less expression of MMP-1 than choriocarcinoma and significantly less expression of MMP-2 than choriocarcinoma and extravillous trophoblast of partial and complete mole. The expression of TIMP-1 was significantly less in choriocarcinoma than the syncytiotrophoblast of normal placenta, partial mole, and complete mole. MMPs and their inhibitors may play a role in the pathogenesis of gestational trophoblastic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Vegh
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics, Haynal Imre University of Health Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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Davidson B, Goldberg I, Kopolovic J, Lerner-Geva L, Gotlieb WH, Ben-Baruch G, Reich R. MMP-2 and TIMP-2 expression correlates with poor prognosis in cervical carcinoma--a clinicopathologic study using immunohistochemistry and mRNA in situ hybridization. Gynecol Oncol 1999; 73:372-82. [PMID: 10366463 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The spread of malignant neoplasms is closely associated with matrix and basement membrane degradation, mediated by various classes of proteolytic enzymes. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) appear to have a key role in the sequence of events that lead to local invasion and metastasis. The present study evaluated the role of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-2 (TIMP-2), and membrane-type metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) in cervical neoplasia. METHODS We have analyzed 49 uterine cervical squamous cell carcinomas, 10 cases of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN II-III), and 10 control cervices for the presence of MMP-2, TIMP-2, and MT1-MMP using in situ hybridization. MMP-2 protein expression was evaluated using immunohistochemistry. Results were analyzed for possible correlation with disease outcome. RESULTS MMP-2, TIMP-2, and MT1-MMP mRNA were localized to both stromal and tumor cells. However, an intense signal for MMP-2 was detected almost exclusively in tumor cells and was uniformly absent from CIN lesions and control cervices. Conversely, intense signals for TIMP-2 and MT1-MMP were detected in both stromal and tumor cells of invasive carcinomas, more often for the former. As with MMP-2, they were absent from CIN lesions. MMP-2 protein expression was enhanced in tumor cells compared to CIN cases and controls, significantly compared to the latter (P = 0.01). The presence of both MMP-2 and TIMP-2 mRNA in tumor cells correlated with advanced stage (P = 0.003 for MMP-2, P = 0.002 for TIMP-2) and with poor survival (P = 0.003 for MMP-2, P = 0.002 for TIMP-2) in univariate analysis. In addition, their presence in tumor cells intercorrelated (P = 0.002). In multivariate survival analysis, MMP-2 presence retained its association with survival (P = 0.004), in addition to patient age (P = 0.027) and advanced stage (P = 0. 0002). CONCLUSIONS Both MMP-2 and TIMP-2 have a key role in extracellular matrix invasion in cervical carcinoma, largely through their elaboration by tumor cells. The presence of mRNA for both proteins is interrelated and is associated with poor survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Davidson
- Affiliated with Sackler School of Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel.
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