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Yang Z, Chen S, Ying H, Yao W. Targeting Syndecan-1: New Opportunities in Cancer Therapy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C29-C45. [PMID: 35584326 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00024.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (SDC1, CD138) is one of the heparan sulfate proteoglycans and is essential for maintaining normal cell morphology, interacting with extracellular and intracellular protein repertoire as well as mediating signaling transduction upon environmental stimuli. The critical role of SDC1 in promoting tumorigenesis and metastasis has been increasingly recognized in various cancer types, implying a promising potential of utilizing SDC1 as a novel target for cancer therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on SDC1 structure and functions, including its role in tumor biology. We also discuss the highlights and limitations of current SDC1-targeted therapies as well as the obstacles in developing new therapeutic methods, offering our perspective on the future directions to target SDC1 for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zecheng Yang
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shuaitong Chen
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States.,MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Haoqiang Ying
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Wantong Yao
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
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Hilgers K, Ibrahim SA, Kiesel L, Greve B, Espinoza-Sánchez NA, Götte M. Differential Impact of Membrane-Bound and Soluble Forms of the Prognostic Marker Syndecan-1 on the Invasiveness, Migration, Apoptosis, and Proliferation of Cervical Cancer Cells. Front Oncol 2022; 12:803899. [PMID: 35155241 PMCID: PMC8828476 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.803899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer ranks fourth among the most commonly diagnosed malignant tumors in women worldwide. Previously published evidence suggested a possible connection between the expression of the membrane-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 (Sdc-1) and the development of cervical carcinoma. Sdc-1 serves as a matrix receptor and coreceptor for receptor tyrosine kinases and additional signaling pathways. It influences cell proliferation, adhesion, and migration and is seen as a modulator of the tumor microenvironment. Following proteolytic cleavage of its extracellular domain in a process called shedding, Sdc-1 can act as a paracrine effector. The loss of Sdc-1 expression is associated with low differentiation of cervical carcinoma and with an increased rate of lymph node metastases. Here, we analyzed the clinical impact of Sdc-1 expression by analysis of public gene expression datasets and studied the effect of an overexpression of Sdc-1 and its membrane-bound and soluble forms on the malignant properties of the human cervical carcinoma cell line HeLa through functional analysis. For this purpose, the HeLa cells were stably transfected with the control plasmid pcDNA3.1 and three different Sdc-1-DNA constructs,encoding wild-type, permanently membrane-bound, and constitutively soluble Sdc-1. In clinical specimens, Sdc-1 mRNA was more highly expressed in local tumor tissues than in normal and metastatic cervical cancer tissues. Moreover, high Sdc-1 expression correlated with a poor prognosis in Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, suggesting the important role of Sdc-1 in the progression of this type of cancer. In vitro, we found that the soluble, as well as the permanently membrane-bound forms of Sdc-1 modulated the proliferation and the cell cycle, while membrane-bound Sdc1 regulated HeLa cell apoptosis. The overexpression of Sdc-1 and its soluble form increased invasiveness. In vitro scratch/wound healing assay, showed reduced Sdc-1-dependent cell motility which was linked to the Rho-GTPase signaling pathway. In conclusion, in cervical cancer Sdc-1 modulates pathogenetically relevant processes, which depend on the membrane-association of Sdc-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Hilgers
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ludwig Kiesel
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Greve
- Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Nancy A Espinoza-Sánchez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany.,Department of Radiotherapy-Radiooncology, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Götte
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Münster University Hospital, Münster, Germany
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Karászi K, Vigh R, Máthé M, Fullár A, Oláh L, Füle T, Papp Z, Kovalszky I. Aberrant Expression of Syndecan-1 in Cervical Cancers. Pathol Oncol Res 2020; 26:2255-2264. [PMID: 32388727 PMCID: PMC7471205 DOI: 10.1007/s12253-020-00816-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Syndecan-1, is a transmembrane heparan/chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan necessary for cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Its decreased level on the cell surface correlates with poor prognosis in several tumor types. Aberrant stromal localization of syndecan-1 is also considered an unfavorable prognostic factor in various human malignancies. In the presented work the question was addressed if changes in syndecan-1 expression are related to the prognosis of cervical cancer. Immunohistochemistry for syndecan-1 extracellular domain was performed on surgical specimens of primary cervical cancer. To follow the communication between tumor cells and stromal fibroblasts, their mono-and co-cultures were studied, detecting the expression of syndecan-1, smooth muscle actin, vimentin, and desmin. Immunohistochemistry of tumorous specimens revealed that while cell surface syndecan-1 expression was reduced on cancer cells, it appeared on the surface of tumor-associated fibroblasts. Until year 7, the cohort with high cell surface syndecan-1 expression had significantly longer survival. No difference in the same time-period could be detected when stromal syndecan-1 expression was analyzed. In vitro analysis revealed, that tumor cells can induce syndecan-1 expression on fibroblast, and fibroblasts showed that fibroblast-like cells are built by two cell types: (a) syndecan-1 positive, cytokeratin negative real fibroblasts, and (b) syndecan-1 and cytokeratin positive epithelial-mesenchymal transformed tumor cells. Syndecan-1 on the surface of cancer cells appears to be a positive prognostic marker. Although syndecan-1 positive fibroblasts promote tumor cell proliferation in vitro, we failed to detect their cancer promoting effect in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Karászi
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Renáta Vigh
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Miklós Máthé
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Alexandra Fullár
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Lászlóné Oláh
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Tibor Füle
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Papp
- 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, H-1082, Budapest, Hungary.,Maternity Obstetrics and Gynecology Private Clinic, H-1126, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovalszky
- 1st Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Üllői út 26, Budapest, H-1085, Hungary.
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Prevalence of Syndecan-1 (CD138) Expression in Different Kinds of Human Tumors and Normal Tissues. DISEASE MARKERS 2019; 2019:4928315. [PMID: 31976021 PMCID: PMC6954471 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4928315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (CD138) is a transmembrane proteoglycan known to be expressed in various normal and malignant tissues. It is of interest because of a possible prognostic role of differential expression in tumors and its role as a target for indatuximab, a monoclonal antibody coupled with a cytotoxic agent. To comprehensively analyze CD138 in normal and neoplastic tissues, we used tissue microarrays (TMAs) for analyzing immunohistochemically detectable CD138 expression in 2,518 tissue samples from 85 different tumor entities and 76 different normal tissue types. The data showed that CD138 expression is abundant in tumors. At least an occasional weak CD138 immunostaining could be detected in 71 of 82 (87%) different tumor types, and 58 entities (71%) had at least one tumor with a strong positivity. In normal tissues, a particularly strong expression was found in normal squamous epithelium of various organs, goblet and columnar cells of the gastrointestinal tract, and in hepatocytes. The highly standardized analysis of most human cancer types resulted in a ranking order of tumors according to the frequency and levels of CD138 expression. CD138 immunostaining was highest in squamous cell carcinomas such as from the esophagus (100%), cervix uteri (79.5%), lung (85.7%), vagina (89.7%) or vulva (73.3%), and in invasive urothelial cancer (76.2%). In adenocarcinomas, CD138 was also high in lung (82.9%) and colorectal cancer (85.3%) but often lower in pancreas (73.3%), stomach (54.2% in intestinal type), or prostate carcinomas (16.3%). CD138 expression was usually low or absent in germ cell tumors, sarcomas, endocrine tumors including thyroid cancer, and neuroendocrine tumors. In summary, the preferential expression in squamous cell carcinomas of various sites makes these cancers prime targets for anti-CD138 treatments once these might become available. Abundant expression in many different normal tissues might pose obstacles to exploiting CD138 as a therapeutic target, however.
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Malek-Hosseini Z, Jelodar S, Talei A, Ghaderi A, Doroudchi M. Elevated Syndecan-1 levels in the sera of patients with breast cancer correlate with tumor size. Breast Cancer 2017; 24:742-747. [PMID: 28382590 DOI: 10.1007/s12282-017-0773-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the leading type of cancer in Iranian women and affects them at least one decade younger than their counterparts in developed countries. Breast tumor progression and metastasis is accompanied by a decrease in the membranous expression of Syndecan-1 and an increase in its shedding. We measured the level of soluble Syndecan-1 in the sera of Iranian patients with breast cancer. METHODS The study population included 61 chemotherapy-naïve breast cancer patients and 30 age/sex-matched healthy individuals. Blood was collected by venipuncture method and serum was separated, aliquoted and kept at -40 °C until used. A commercial ELISA was used to detect Syndecan-1 levels in the sera. RESULTS Soluble Syndecan-1 levels were increased in the sera of patients with breast cancer compared to healthy controls (87.89 ± 89.29 vs. 47.57 ± 46.46 ng/ml, p = 0.005). There was a positive correlation between soluble Syndecan-1 levels and tumor size (p = 0.017). The serum level of Syndecan-1 in patients without calcification showed a trend of increase compared to that of patients with calcification (108.80 ± 101.76 vs. 59.82 ± 57.13 ng/ml). CONCLUSION The positive correlation between soluble Syndecan-1 levels and tumor size in the present study highlights the importance of different varieties (cell-bound and soluble) of this molecule in the breast tumor progression and their significance as tumor biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Malek-Hosseini
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Sina Jelodar
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran
| | - Abdolrasoul Talei
- Breast Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Ghaderi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran.,Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Doroudchi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 71345-3119, Shiraz, 71348-45794, Iran. .,Institute for Cancer Research, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Čunderlíková B. Clinical significance of immunohistochemically detected extracellular matrix proteins and their spatial distribution in primary cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2016; 105:127-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Wei HT, Guo EN, Dong BG, Chen LS. Prognostic and clinical significance of syndecan-1 in colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:152. [PMID: 26518017 PMCID: PMC4628393 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Syndecan-1 plays a vital role in the suppression, transformation, and migration of several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). However, the prognostic and clinical significance of syndecan-1 in CRC remains conflicting. Therefore, we performed a meta-analysis to clarify this relationship. Methods A comprehensive literature search for relevant studies published up to December 2014 was performed using PubMed, EMBASE, and Ovid library database. The odds ratio (OR) and pooled hazard ratio (HR) with their 95 % confidence intervals (CI) were used to estimate the effects. Results Ten studies with 888 CRC patients were selected for evaluation. The results showed that syndecan-1 expression was lower in CRC tissue than in normal colorectal tissue (OR = 0.02, 95 % CI = 0.00–0.09), and lower in the advanced stage than in the early stage (OR = 2.24, 95 % CI = 1.14 − 4.42). Additionally, syndecan-1 expression was higher in well and moderately differentiated CRC than in poorly differentiated CRC (OR = 2.91, 95 % CI = 1.21–6.98); no significant difference was found in patients with or without lymph node metastasis (OR = 0.91, 95 % CI = 0.34–2.43) and distant metastasis (OR = 0.89, 95 % CI = 0.19-4.21). The pooled results showed that syndecan-1 expression was not associated with survival in CRC patients (HR = 0.93, 95 % CI = 0.86–1.01). Conclusion This meta-analysis indicated that loss of syndecan-1 expression is associated with CRC development, histological differentiation, and clinical stage, but not with lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis. In addition, these findings fail to support the prognostic significance of syndecan-1 in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tang Wei
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Er-Na Guo
- Institute of International Education, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Bao-Guo Dong
- Department of gastrointestinal surgery, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, China
| | - Li-Sheng Chen
- Department of Colorectal & Anal Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Shuangyong Road 6, Nanning, 530021, China.
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Akl MR, Nagpal P, Ayoub NM, Prabhu SA, Gliksman M, Tai B, Hatipoglu A, Goy A, Suh KS. Molecular and clinical profiles of syndecan-1 in solid and hematological cancer for prognosis and precision medicine. Oncotarget 2015; 6:28693-715. [PMID: 26293675 PMCID: PMC4745686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndecan-1 (SDC1, CD138) is a key cell surface adhesion molecule essential for maintaining cell morphology and interaction with the surrounding microenvironment. Deregulation of SDC1 contributes to cancer progression by promoting cell proliferation, metastasis, invasion and angiogenesis, and is associated with relapse through chemoresistance. SDC1 expression level is also associated with responses to chemotherapy and with prognosis in multiple solid and hematological cancers, including multiple myeloma and Hodgkin lymphoma. At the tissue level, the expression levels of SDC1 and the released extracellular domain of SDC1 correlate with tumor malignancy, phenotype, and metastatic potential for both solid and hematological tumors in a tissue-specific manner. The SDC1 expression profile varies among cancer types, but the differential expression signatures between normal and cancer cells in epithelial and stromal compartments are directly associated with aggressiveness of tumors and patient's clinical outcome and survival. Therefore, relevant biomarkers of SDC signaling may be useful for selecting patients that would most likely respond to a particular therapy at the time of diagnosis or perhaps for predicting relapse. In addition, the reciprocal expression signature of SDC between tumor epithelial and stromal compartments may have synergistic value for patient selection and the prediction of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Akl
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Poonam Nagpal
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Nehad M. Ayoub
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Sathyen A. Prabhu
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Matthew Gliksman
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Betty Tai
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Ahmet Hatipoglu
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Andre Goy
- Lymphoma Division, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - K. Stephen Suh
- Genomics and Biomarkers Program, The John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
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Szatmári T, Dobra K. The role of syndecan-1 in cellular signaling and its effects on heparan sulfate biosynthesis in mesenchymal tumors. Front Oncol 2013; 3:310. [PMID: 24392351 PMCID: PMC3867677 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycans (PGs) and in particular the syndecans are involved in the differentiation process across the epithelial-mesenchymal axis, principally through their ability to bind growth factors and modulate their downstream signaling. Malignant tumors have individual proteoglycan profiles, which are closely associated with their differentiation and biological behavior, mesenchymal tumors showing a different profile from that of epithelial tumors. Syndecan-1 is the main syndecan of epithelial malignancies, whereas in sarcomas its expression level is generally low, in accordance with their mesenchymal phenotype and highly malignant behavior. This proteoglycan is often overexpressed in adenocarcinoma cells, whereas mesothelioma and fibrosarcoma cells express syndecan-2 and syndecan-4 more abundantly. Increased expression of syndecan-1 in mesenchymal tumors changes the tumor cell morphology to an epithelioid direction whereas downregulation results in a change in shape from polygonal to spindle-like morphology. Although syndecan-1 plays major roles on the cell-surface, there are also intracellular functions, which are not very well studied. On the functional level, syndecan-1 affects mesenchymal tumor cell proliferation, adhesion, migration and motility, and the effect varies with the different domains of the core protein. Syndecan-1 may exert stimulatory or inhibitory effects, depending on the concentration of various mitogens, enzymes, and signaling molecules, the ratio between the shed and membrane-associated syndecan-1 and histological grade of the tumour. Growth factor signaling seems to be delicately controlled by regulatory loops involving the syndecan expression levels and their sulfation patterns. Overexpression of syndecan-1 modulates the biosynthesis and sulfation of heparan sulfate and it also affects the expression of other PGs. On transcriptomic level, syndecan-1 modulation results in profound effects on genes involved in regulation of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tünde Szatmári
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Katalin Dobra
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
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Syndecan-1 expression in human glioma is correlated with advanced tumor progression and poor prognosis. Mol Biol Rep 2012; 39:8979-85. [PMID: 22714920 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-012-1767-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 has been implicated in tumorigenesis and progression of various human malignancies. Recent studies have demonstrated that syndecan-1 may have a different function and biological activity depending on the specific tumor type. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of syndecan-1 in human gliomas. One hundred and sixteen glioma patients (26 World Health Organization (WHO) grade I, 30 WHO grade II, 30 WHO grade III, and 30 WHO grade IV) and 15 normal brain specimens acquired from 15 patients undergoing surgery for epilepsy as control were collected. Immunohistochemistry assay, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis were carried out to detect the expression of syndecan-1 at gene and protein levels in glioma samples with different WHO grades. Syndecan-1 gene and protein levels were both higher in glioma tissues compared to controls (both P < 0.001). In addition, its expression levels increased with ascending tumor WHO grades according to the results of immunohistochemistry assay, quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis. Moreover, the survival rate of syndecan-1-positive patients was significantly lower than that of syndecan-1-negative patients (P = 0.006). We further confirmed that the increased expression of syndecan-1 was an independent prognostic indicator in glioma by multivariate analysis (P = 0.01). Our data suggest for the first time that the increased expression of syndecan-1 at gene and protein levels is correlated with advanced tumor progression and poor outcome in patients with glioma. Syndecan-1 might serve as a potential prognosis predictor of this dismal tumor.
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Kim YI, Lee A, Lee BH, Kim SY. Prognostic significance of syndecan-1 expression in cervical cancers. J Gynecol Oncol 2011; 22:161-7. [PMID: 21998758 PMCID: PMC3188714 DOI: 10.3802/jgo.2011.22.3.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Syndecans are reported to have variable expression in several solid tumors and blood cancers. The cause provoking altered expression of syndecans is not known to date. We studied copy number status of syndecan-1 (SDC1) and significance of SDC1 gene product (syndecan-1, SDC1) expression in cervical cancers. Methods Using 121 cases of cervical cancer tissues, we screened SDC1 expression pattern using immunohistochemistry. We analyzed the relationship between SDC1 expression and clinicopathological parameters. To find possible causes of the expression change, we exploited interphase fluorescent in situ hybridization to screen copy number alteration of SDC1. Results Among 121 cases, 101 (83.5%) were positive and 20 (16.4%) were negative for SDC1. Among the parameters, age, histological type, and grade were significantly associated with SDC1 expression (p<0.05). Strong SDC1 expression in the cytoplasm showed better patient survival (p=0.02). In multivariate regression model, grade and SDC1 expression were independent prognostic factors (p<0.05). SDC1 in cervical cancers did not show copy number alteration. Conclusion Strong SDC1 expression in the cytoplasm of tumor cells predicts better patient survival. The change of SDC1 expression in cervical cancers is not caused by copy number alteration of the gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Im Kim
- Department of Pathology, The Catholic University of Korea School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Expression of syndecan-1 and cathepsins D and K in advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010; 47:571-8. [PMID: 20430722 DOI: 10.2478/v10042-008-0012-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The key features of malignant neoplasms are their local invasiveness and metastatic potential. Syndecan-1 - integral membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan and cathepsins D and K - lysosomal proteases are important factors influencing different aspects of these processes. The study was undertaken to determine their expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, and analyze relationship to selected clinicopathological features as well as to survival. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 39 advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma were used for immunohistochemical staining. The epithelial and stromal staining were evaluated separately and compared to conventional clinicopathological features and one-year survival. Positive epithelial immunostaining for syndecan-1, cathepsin D and K were observed in 82.05%, 56.41% and 30.77% of tumors, respectively. However, stromal staining was noted in 51.28%, 51.28% and 46.15% ones, respectively. Epithelial syndecan-1-positive cases were significantly more frequent in well- and moderately differentiated carcinomas. Stromal cathepsin D expression predominated in tumors with infiltrative growth pattern. However, there were no statistically significant differences between any marker-positive and -negative groups with respect to other clinicopathological features studied. The only factors significantly influencing one-year survival were epithelial cathepsin D staining and distant metastasis. In a group of patients who survived one year post surgery, the percentage of cases with negative epithelial cathepsin D staining and without features of distant metastasis were higher. The results may suggest a relationship between syndecan-1 and cathepsins D and K with growth and invasiveness of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, but such thesis requires further study on a larger and more heterogeneous population.
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Gomes CC, Duarte AP, Diniz MG, Gomez RS. Review article: Current concepts of ameloblastoma pathogenesis. J Oral Pathol Med 2010; 39:585-91. [PMID: 20618608 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2010.00908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is a locally destructive and invasive tumour that can recur despite adequate surgical removal. Molecular studies have offered interesting findings regarding ameloblastoma pathogenesis. In the present review, the following topics are discussed regarding its molecular nature: clonality, cell cycle proliferation, apoptosis, tumour suppressor genes, ameloblastin and other enamel matrix proteins, osteoclastic mechanism and matrix metalloproteinases and other signalling molecules. It is clear from the literature reviewed that translational studies are necessary to identify prognostic markers of ameloblastoma behaviour and to establish new diagnostic tools to the differential diagnosis of unicystic from multicystic ameloblastoma. Finally, molecular biology studies are also important to develop more effective alternative approaches to the treatment of this aggressive odontogenic tumour.
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Fadnes B, Rekdal O, Uhlin-Hansen L. The anticancer activity of lytic peptides is inhibited by heparan sulfate on the surface of the tumor cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:183. [PMID: 19527490 PMCID: PMC2703650 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAPs) with antitumor activity constitute a promising group of novel anticancer agents. These peptides induce lysis of cancer cells through interactions with the plasma membrane. It is not known which cancer cell membrane components influence their susceptibility to CAPs. We have previously shown that CAPs interact with the two glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), which are present on the surface of most cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the two GAGs in the cytotoxic activity of CAPs. METHODS Various cell lines, expressing different levels of cell surface GAGs, were exposed to bovine lactoferricin (LfcinB) and the designer peptide, KW5. The cytotoxic effect of the peptides was investigated by use of the colorimetric MTT viability assay. The cytotoxic effect on wild type CHO cells, expressing normal amounts of GAGs on the cell surface, and the mutant pgsA-745, that has no expression of GAGs on the cell surface, was also investigated. RESULTS We show that cells not expressing HS were more susceptible to CAPs than cells expressing HS at the cell surface. Further, exogenously added heparin inhibited the cytotoxic effect of the peptides. Chondroitin sulfate had no effect on the cytotoxic activity of KW5 and only minor effects on LfcinB cytotoxicity. CONCLUSION Our results show for the first time that negatively charged molecules at the surface of cancer cells inhibit the cytotoxic activity of CAPs. Our results indicate that HS at the surface of cancer cells sequesters CAPs away from the phospholipid bilayer and thereby impede their ability to induce cytolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodil Fadnes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Biology, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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Contreras HR, Ledezma RA, Vergara J, Cifuentes F, Barra C, Cabello P, Gallegos I, Morales B, Huidobro C, Castellón EA. The expression of syndecan-1 and -2 is associated with Gleason score and epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers, E-cadherin and beta-catenin, in prostate cancer. Urol Oncol 2009; 28:534-40. [PMID: 19450993 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2009.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is considered a key step in tumor progression, where the invasive cancer cells change from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype. During this process, a decrease or loss in adhesion molecules expression and an increase in migration molecules expression are observed. The aim of this work was to determine the expression and cellular distribution of syndecan-1 and -2 (migration molecules) and E-cadherin and beta-catenin (adhesion molecules) in different stages of prostate cancer progression. A quantitative immunohistochemical study of these molecules was carried out in tissue samples from benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate carcinoma, with low and high Gleason score, obtained from biopsies archives of the Clinic Hospital of the University of Chile and Dipreca Hospital. Polyclonal specific antibodies and amplification system of estreptavidin-biotin peroxidase and diaminobenzidine were used. Syndecan-1 was uniformly expressed in basolateral membranes of normal epithelium, changing to a granular cytoplasmatic expression pattern in carcinomas. Syndecan-2 was observed mainly in a cytoplasmatic granular pattern, with high immunostaining intensity in areas of low Gleason score. E-cadherin was detected in basolateral membrane of normal epithelia showing decreased expression in high Gleason score samples. beta-Catenin was found in cell membranes of normal epithelia changing its distribution toward the nucleus and cytoplasm in carcinoma samples. We concluded that changes in expression and cell distribution of E-cadherin and beta-catenin correlated with the progression degree of prostate adenocarcinoma, suggesting a role of these molecules as markers of progression and prognosis. Furthermore, changes in the pattern expression of syndecan-1 and -2 indicate that both molecules may be involved in the EMT and tumor progression of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector R Contreras
- Physiology and Biophysics Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile.
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17
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Fay J, Kelehan P, Lambkin H, Schwartz S. Increased expression of cellular RNA-binding proteins in HPV-induced neoplasia and cervical cancer. J Med Virol 2009; 81:897-907. [PMID: 19319956 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.21406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The expression profile of a panel of RNA-binding proteins (heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) A1, hnRNP C1/C2, hnRNP H, hnRNP I, ASF/SF2, SR proteins, HuR and U2AF(65)) and markers of differentiation, proliferation and neoplasia (cytokeratin (CK) 13, CK-14, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), Syndecan-1 and p16INK4a) were analyzed in 50 formalin fixed paraffin embedded cervical tissues using immunohistochemistry. The samples included histologically normal cervical epithelium, human papillomavirus (HPV) induced low-grade and high-grade pre-malignant lesions and cervical cancers. All samples were tested for HPV DNA using nested PCR. Forty-nine of the 50 tissue samples tested positive for HPV, 27 tissue samples (54%) were HPV-16 positive and 4 samples (8%) were HPV-18 positive. The immunohistochemistry results detected different expression levels of the various proteins in basal epithelial cells in histologically normal epithelium followed by an increase in expression in the intermediate layers, whereas the superficial layers remained negative for all tested RNA-binding proteins. Expression of all RNA-binding proteins increased in neoplastic lesions and highest expression was detected in cervical cancers. p16INK4a had a stronger association with high-grade lesions when compared with the RNA-binding proteins. The expression profile of the RNA-binding proteins is similar to PCNA expression in histologically normal epithelium as well as in lesions (low-grade and high-grade) and cervical cancers. As PCNA expression has been suggested to mimic HPV E6/E7 expression in cervical epithelium, the results suggest the RNA-binding protein analyzed here regulate HPV early gene expression directly and late gene expression indirectly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Fay
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Bologna-Molina R, Mosqueda-Taylor A, Lopez-Corella E, Almeida OP, Carrasco-Daza D, Garcia-Vazquez F, Farfan-Morales JE, Irigoyen-Camacho ME, Damián-Matsumura P. Syndecan-1 (CD138) and Ki-67 expression in different subtypes of ameloblastomas. Oral Oncol 2008; 44:805-11. [PMID: 18207448 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2007] [Revised: 10/07/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is the most frequent odontogenic tumor and is considered a benign, but locally invasive, neoplasm with variable clinico-pathological expression. Syndecan-1 is a cell surface proteoglycan that binds cells to the extracellular matrix and its expression is down-regulated in many cellular transformation models. The aims of this study were to examine the pattern of syndecan-1 expression, to evaluate the proliferating activity in a large series of solid/multicystic (SA) and unicystic ameloblastomas (UA), and to study its possible correlation to their biological behavior. Immunohistochemical studies were performed for syndecan-1 (clone MI15) and Ki-67 (clone MIB-1) in 120 ameloblastomas (75 SA and 45 UA). The salient finding was that expression of syndecan-1 was related to the histological subtype of tumors, as there was a lower expression in SA (40.2%) as compared to UA (49.7%) (p<0.05). These findings did not correlate with Ki-67 expression, as this was similar in both types of ameloblastomas. Our results suggest that the reduced expression of syndecan-1 supports the view that SA has a more aggressive biological behavior than the UA. The lack of correlation between reduction of the syndecan-1 and Ki-67 index may be due to the different histomorphologies of both types of ameloblastoma, and more studies are necessary to better understand the role of this protein in the biological behavior of these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Bologna-Molina
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, Mexico.
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19
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Gökden N, Greene GF, Bayer-Garner IB, Spencer HJ, Sanderson RD, Gökden M. Expression of CD138 (Syndecan-1) in renal cell carcinoma is reduced with increasing nuclear grade. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2007; 14:173-7. [PMID: 16785785 DOI: 10.1097/01.pai.0000168592.58721.7d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
CD138/Syndecan-1 is a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed on most epithelial cells, and decreased CD138 expression is associated with increased invasive and metastatic potential in carcinomas. CD138 expression has not been investigated previously in renal neoplasms. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections of 50 renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) (40 clear-cell RCCs of various nuclear grades, 10 of which harbored metastases; 6 papillary RCCs, 4 chromophobe RCCs) and 4 oncocytomas were stained immunohistochemically for CD138 using the monoclonal antibody B-B4 (CD138). Staining intensity and distribution were scored and results related to histologic type, nuclear grade, and local stage (pT). Immunoreactivity was membranous in all clear-cell RCCs, chromophobe RCCs, and oncocytomas and was located at the basal aspect of cytoplasm in papillary RCCs. In clear-cell RCCs, the extent of CD138 immunoreactivity decreased with increasing nuclear grade (P<0.001). No significant correlation was found between CD138 immunoreactivity and histologic type (P=0.2) or local stage (P=0.7). Metastatic foci showed a mild to moderate decrease in intensity compared with primary tumor. Decreased expression of CD138 may have a role in more aggressive behavior of clear-cell RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neriman Gökden
- Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA.
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Expression of syndecans, cell-cell interaction regulating heparan sulfate proteoglycans, within the human endometrium and their regulation throughout the menstrual cycle. Fertil Steril 2006; 87:657-63. [PMID: 17123519 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2006.07.1526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2006] [Revised: 07/19/2006] [Accepted: 07/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the expression of syndecan-1, -2, -3, and -4 in different phases of eutopic endometrium of normal cycling women. DESIGN Prospective observational study. SETTING University-based research center for reproductive medicine. PATIENT(S) Twenty-nine healthy ovulatory volunteers. INTERVENTION(S) mRNA and protein expression of syndecan-1 to -4 in human endometrium. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Real-time polymerase chain reaction of syndecan members and further characterization of mRNA expression of syndecan-1 and -4 with multiprobe RNase protection assays of epithelial and stromal cells after purification with antibody-coated magnetic beads. For confirmation of results, protein expression and localization using immunohistochemistry for syndecan-1 and -4 was performed. RESULT(S) All syndecans were expressed within human endometrium. Syndecan-1 and -4 proved to be significantly upregulated in whole endometrium during the secretory phase (2.73-fold and 2.85-fold, respectively). Using multiprobe RNase protection assays, a significant upregulation of mRNA was noted in epithelial cells during the secretory phase for both syndecan-1 and -4 (7.46-fold and 2.52-fold, respectively) and confirmed by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSION(S) Cycle-dependent expression of syndecan-1 and -4 suggests that these adhesion proteins are involved in the regulation of the cycling endometrium.
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Ro Y, Muramatsu T, Shima K, Yajima Y, Shibahara T, Noma H, Shimono M. Correlation between reduction of syndecan-1 expression and clinico-pathological parameters in squamous cell carcinoma of tongue. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2006; 35:252-7. [PMID: 16280239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijom.2005.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2004] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We examined expression of syndecan-1 in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of tongue using immunohistochemistry. Forty-three cases of SCC arising in lateral border of tongue were investigated. From the immunohistochemical staining pattern, the cases were divided into two groups based on expression of syndecan-1 at the supra-peripheral cells of the tumor nest: Group A, completely or mainly positive; Group B, sporadically positive or negative. Most poorly differentiated SCC cases were classified into Group B (81.8%). The number of Group B cases in T1-2 was different from that in T3-4. The number of cases where syndecan-1 expression was reduced was much greater in T3-4, and represented the majority of Group B (86.7%). More than 80% of Grade 4D cases were in Group B (83.3%) based on the Yamamoto-Kohama criteria. These results indicate that reduction of syndecan-1 correlates to histological grade, tumor size and mode of invasion in tongue SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Tokyo Dental College, 1-2-2, Masago, Mihama-ku, Chiba 261-8502, Japan
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22
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Lundin M, Nordling S, Lundin J, Isola J, Wiksten JP, Haglund C. Epithelial syndecan-1 expression is associated with stage and grade in colorectal cancer. Oncology 2005; 68:306-13. [PMID: 16020957 DOI: 10.1159/000086969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/03/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Loss of epithelial heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 has been associated with a more aggressive behavior in various cancer forms, but the prognostic significance of syndecan-1 expression in colorectal cancer is unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prognostic value of immunohistochemical syndecan-1 expression in a series of 237 patients with colorectal cancer. METHODS Paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed specimens were stained with a syndecan-1-specific monoclonal antibody, and both the epithelial and stromal expression were analyzed. RESULTS Epithelial expression of syndecan-1 was seen in 222 tumors (94%), and it was associated with low stage of disease (p = 0.002) and low histological differentiation grade (p = 0.048). The cumulative 5-year survival of patients with weak and strong syndecan-1 expression was 49 and 54 %, respectively (p = 0.234). Syndecan-1 stromal immunoreactivity was observed in 138 tumors (58%), but lacked prognostic significance. Staining pattern and distribution can be viewed from digitized representative microscope slides (virtual slides) at http://www.webmicroscope.net/supplements/syndecan. CONCLUSIONS The results are in line with previous reports in that low epithelial syndecan-1 expression was associated with a higher histological grade and a more advanced clinical stage of the patients. This study shows that syndecan-1 is expressed also in stromal tissue of colorectal cancer, but it does not support the proposed role of stromal syndecan-1 expression as a marker of poor clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lundin
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Shinyo Y, Kodama J, Kusumoto T, Hiramatsu Y. Loss of cell-surface heparan sulfate expression in both cervical intraepithelial neoplasm and invasive cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2005; 96:776-83. [PMID: 15810155 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Syndecan-1 binds to various extracellular matrix components via its heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS-GAG) and most of its biological functions are considered to be associated with this process. The aims of this study are to investigate its expression in cervical neoplasms. METHODS We investigated the expression of both the syndecan-1 core protein and cell-surface HS-GAG by immunohistochemistry in 53 cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN), 19 microinvasive, 143 invasive cervical cancers, and 29 metastatic lymph node samples, and analyzed correlations with various clinicopathological features. RESULTS The progression of CIN to early invasive cancer was found to associate with reduced levels of both syndecan-1 and HS-GAG expression. In squamous cell carcinomas, HS-GAG expression was significantly lower in cases with lymph-vascular space invasion. Additionally, the overall survival rates for patients exhibiting low HS-GAG expression was significantly lower than patients exhibiting high HS-GAG expression (P = 0.019). Low HS-GAG expression in positive nodes was determined to be a disease-free and overall survival prognostic factor (P = 0.028 and P = 0.018, respectively). CONCLUSION The loss of syndecan-1 and HS-GAG expression is an early event in cervical carcinogenesis. The loss of HS-GAG expression particularly in positive nodes can serve as an indicator of aggressive disease potential and poor prognosis in patients with invasive cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shinyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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Sobel G, Szabó I, Páska C, Kiss A, Kovalszky I, Kádár A, Paulin F, Schaff Z. Changes of cell adhesion and extracellular matrix (ECM) components in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. Pathol Oncol Res 2005; 11:26-31. [PMID: 15800679 DOI: 10.1007/bf03032402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/16/2005] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix interaction is crucial in tumor progression. Tight junction (TJ) proteins as occludin and claudins (CLDNs) play important role in this process together with several extracellular matrix components, as syndecan. Our previous work suggested significant changes in the expression of claudins even in the early stages of cervical carcinogenesis. The aim of our present work was to study the expression of occludin and syndecan-1, as compared to CLDNs, in early phases of cervical carcinogenesis. Paraffin sections of 50 samples were studied by immunohistochemistry, including cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINI-II-III), in situ carcinomas (CIS) and normal cervical samples. Occludin and CLDN-2 were found colocalized in the basal layer, while syndecan-1 and CLDN-1, -4 and -7 were coexpressed in the parabasal and intermedier layers in normal epithelia. Intensity of occludin staining decreased in CIN/CIS lesions, although it was more extended towards the upper epithelial layers with inverse relation with grades, as seen in the case of CLDN-2 expression. CLDN-1, -2, -4 and -7 were detected in the entire epithelium in CIN, showing decrease in CIS. The progression of CIN was associated with reduced syndecan-1 expression, in contrast to CLDN-1, -4 and -7 which increased toward CIS. The obtained data suggest that significant changes occur in the composition of cell adhesion complexes even in early stages of cervical carcinogenesis. The pattern of expression is characteristic for the alteration, the changes in the different components, however, are not parallel with each other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sobel
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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25
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Sobel G, Páska C, Szabó I, Kiss A, Kádár A, Schaff Z. Increased expression of claudins in cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia and invasive carcinoma. Hum Pathol 2005; 36:162-9. [PMID: 15754293 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Claudins (CLDNs), of which 24 types have been identified, are integral transmembrane proteins of the tight junctions that are critical for maintaining cell adhesion and polarity. They also act as selective barriers. Cells and tissues are characterized by individual CLDN patterns; the composition and levels of expression change during differentiation and tumor formation. Alterations in the expression of individual CLDNs have been detected in several carcinomas and shown to be related to progression and invasion; however, their role in carcinogenesis is controversial. Using a panel of polyclonal (CLDNs 1, 3, and 7) and monoclonal (CLDNs 2 and 4) antibodies, CLDN pattern and expression were studied by immunohistochemistry in 105 cervical tissue specimens, including normal epithelia (n = 20), cervical intraepithelial neoplasias (CINs; CIN 1/2, n = 27; CIN 3, n = 10), carcinoma in situ (CIS, n = 15), and 33 squamous keratinizing and nonkeratinizing invasive carcinomas. No CLDN 3 was observed in normal or intraepithelial neoplastic cells, but significantly increased expression of CLDNs 1, 2, 4, and 7 was detected in the CIN/CIS lesions and invasive carcinomas compared with the normal tissues (P < .001) and reduced reactivity of CLDNs 1 and 2 was observed in invasive cervical cancers compared with CIN 3/CIS (P = .0001) and of CLDNs 2, 4, and 7 compared with CIN 1/2. These results indicate increased expression of CLDNs in the early phase of carcinogenesis in intraepithelial lesions, which decreases during progression to invasive disease. Expression of CLDN 1 was strongest in premalignant stages; thus, it may serve as a good diagnostic marker for the detection of CIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gábor Sobel
- 2nd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Semmelweis University, H-1091 Budapest, Hungary
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Kiviniemi J, Kallajoki M, Kujala I, Matikainen MT, Alanen K, Jalkanen M, Salmivirta M. Altered expression of syndecan-1 in prostate cancer. APMIS 2004; 112:89-97. [PMID: 15056224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2004.apm1120202.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1 is a cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed by epithelial cells. It interacts with growth factors, matrix components, and other extracellular proteins, and is thought to be involved in processes such as cell growth, differentiation and adhesion. The expression of syndecan-1 appears generally downregulated in human carcinomas and in experimental cancer models, whereas transfectional expression of syndecan-1 in cultured cancer cells has been shown to inhibit their growth and other aspects of malignant behavior. These findings suggest that analysis of syndecan-1 expression might be of prognostic value in cancer diagnosis, and studies on some carcinomas indeed point to an inverse correlation between syndecan-1 expression and cancer prognosis. So far, little information has been available on the expression of syndecan-1 in human prostate and prostate disease. We have generated and characterized novel antibodies against syndecan-1 and applied them to immunohistochemical staining of specimens representing normal prostate as well as benign and malignant (n=23) prostate disease. The results indicate that syndecan-1 expression is altered but not uniformly absent in prostate cancer, which is in contrast to the expression of high-molecular-weight cytokeratins. The data initially suggest an inverse correlation between syndecan-1 expression and Gleason grade of the tumor, and warrant a larger study to assess the potential prognostic value of analysing syndecan-1 expression in prostate carcinoma.
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27
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Ziouti N, Triantaphyllidou IE, Assouti M, Papageorgakopoulou N, Kyriakopoulou D, Anagnostides ST, Vynios DH. Solid phase assays in glycoconjugate research: applications to the analysis of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans and metalloproteinases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 34:771-89. [PMID: 15019055 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(03)00565-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2003] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Glycoconjugates are a class of macromolecules consisting of different constituents, one of which is sugar moieties. Glycoconjugates comprise the majority of tissue constituents, both intracellular and extracellular. Extracellular glycoconjugates (glycoproteins and proteoglycans) participate in a wide variety of interactions, through which they maintain tissue integrity. Therefore, their analysis or the study of their possible interactions would give evidence for the state of tissues. Since the amounts of some of the extracellular glycoconjugates are usually low or the amounts of tissue to be examined come from biopsies, specific analytical systems are developed for their study, the most familiar being solid phase assays, which have the advantages of analysis of multiple samples on the same time, cheap instrumentation and high specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ziouti
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
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28
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Chen D, Adenekan B, Chen L, Vaughan ED, Gerald W, Feng Z, Knudsen BS. Syndecan-1 expression in locally invasive and metastatic prostate cancer. Urology 2004; 63:402-7. [PMID: 14972511 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2003.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2003] [Accepted: 08/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the significance of syndecan-1 expression, a cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan in localized and metastatic prostate cancer. METHODS We performed a retrospective analysis of 76 men with Gleason sum 6 or 7 prostate cancer treated by radical prostatectomy and a separate cohort of 75 men with metastatic prostate cancer. Syndecan-1 immunoreactivity was measured in primary prostate specimens or in samples from metastatic sites and correlated with patient outcome. RESULTS Syndecan-1 was expressed in normal basal and secretory epithelial cells, 26% of radical prostatectomy specimens, and 35% of metastatic disease. No association was found between syndecan-1 positivity and prostate-specific antigen recurrence in the collective cohort of Gleason sum 6 and 7 cancers. However, when stratified by Gleason sum, syndecan-1 immunoreactivity (immunoreactivity score 150 or greater) was associated with a greater recurrence rate in Gleason sum 7 cancers. Expression of syndecan-1 was significantly greater in soft tissue than in bone metastasis (P = 0.048, Fisher's exact test). CONCLUSIONS Consistent with a possible biochemical role for syndecan-1 in prostate cancer progression and metastasis, syndecan-1 expression correlated with serologic recurrence in Gleason sum 7 prostate cancer and was highly expressed in soft-tissue metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Chen
- Department of Urology, New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Couchman JR. Syndecans: proteoglycan regulators of cell-surface microdomains? Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2004; 4:926-37. [PMID: 14685171 DOI: 10.1038/nrm1257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 329] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- John R Couchman
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Beauvais DM, Rapraeger AC. Syndecans in tumor cell adhesion and signaling. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2:3. [PMID: 14711376 PMCID: PMC320497 DOI: 10.1186/1477-7827-2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2003] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Anchorage of cells to "heparin"--binding domains that are prevalent in extracellular matrix (ECM) components is thought to occur primarily through the syndecans, a four-member family of transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycans that communicate environmental cues from the ECM to the cytoskeleton and the signaling apparatus of the cell. Known activities of the syndecans trace to their highly conserved cytoplasmic domains and to their heparan sulfate chains, which can serve to regulate the signaling of growth factors and morphogens. However, several emerging studies point to critical roles for the syndecans' extracellular protein domains in tumor cell behavior to include cell adhesion and invasion. Although the mechanisms of these activities remain largely unknown, one possibility involves "co-receptor" interactions with integrins that may regulate integrin function and the cell adhesion-signaling phenotype. Thus, alterations in syndecan expression, leading to either overexpression or loss of expression, both of which take place in tumor cells, may have dramatic effects on tumor cell invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- DeannaLee M Beauvais
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 1300 University Avenue, 6459 Medical Sciences Center (MSC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1510, USA
| | - Alan C Rapraeger
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 1300 University Avenue, 6459 Medical Sciences Center (MSC), University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706-1510, USA
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Harada K, Masuda S, Hirano M, Nakanuma Y. Reduced expression of syndecan-1 correlates with histologic dedifferentiation, lymph node metastasis, and poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Hum Pathol 2003; 34:857-63. [PMID: 14562280 DOI: 10.1016/s0046-8177(03)00336-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Syndecan-1, a cell-surface transmembrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been reported to correlate with the biologic behavior of malignant tumors in various organs. We examined the correlation between the expression of syndecan-1 at the protein and mRNA levels and clinicopathologic features of 37 intrahepatic cholangiocarcinomas (ICCs). Noncancerous bile duct epithelial cells showed basolateral membranous expression of syndecan-1, whereas ICC cells showed membranous and also diffuse cytoplasmic expression. In situ hybridization demonstrated a distribution of syndecan-1 mRNA similar to that of the protein in carcinoma tissue, suggesting that syndecan-1 expression in ICC is regulated at the transcriptional level. Reduction of syndecan-1 expression in carcinoma was associated with poor histological differentiation (P <0.01): syndecan-1 expression was intense and extensive in well-differentiated (10 cases) and largely negative or weakly positive in poorly differentiated (13 cases) adenocarcinoma, and its expression in moderately differentiated tumors (14 cases) was intermediate. Patients with ICCs demonstrating negative or weak expression of syndecan-1 frequently had lymph node metastases and had a rather poor prognosis after surgical resection compared with those whose tumors demonstrated moderate or strong expression (P <0.05). However, syndecan-1 expression was not correlated with tumor size, stromal desmoplasia, gross classification, vascular invasion, or perineural invasion. We conclude that expression of syndecan-1 could correlate with some aspects of the biologic behaviors of ICCs and may be a useful prognostic marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Harada
- Department of Human Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Ito Y, Yoshida H, Nakano K, Takamura Y, Miya A, Kobayashi K, Yokozawa T, Matsuzuka F, Matsuura N, Kuma K, Miyauchi A. Syndecan-1 expression in thyroid carcinoma: stromal expression followed by epithelial expression is significantly correlated with dedifferentiation. Histopathology 2003; 43:157-64. [PMID: 12877731 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2003.01656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the expression of syndecan-1 in thyroid neoplasia. Syndecan-1 is a proteoglycan regulating cell adhesion. Previous studies have demonstrated that decreased expression of syndecan-1 is linked to malignant progression. METHODS AND RESULTS Syndecan-1 expression in thyroid neoplasia was studied immunohistochemically. Syndecan-1 was expressed in stromal cells as well as neoplastic epithelial cells. Stromal syndecan-1 expression was observed more frequently in papillary carcinomas larger than 10 mm in size than in microcarcinomas and in widely invasive than in minimally invasive follicular carcinomas. Furthermore, poorly differentiated carcinomas showed this phenomenon more than well-differentiated carcinomas, but the expression in undifferentiated carcinomas was similar to that of poorly differentiated carcinomas. Epithelial syndecan-1 expression was more frequently observed in anaplastic (undifferentiated) carcinomas than in papillary and follicular carcinomas. No significant difference in epithelial expression was found between well and poorly differentiated carcinomas, but undifferentiated carcinomas expressed epithelial syndecan-1 more frequently than did poorly differentiated carcinomas. CONCLUSIONS These results are in contrast to those previously reported for carcinomas at other sites. It is suggested that the role of syndecan-1 in thyroid carcinomas might be unique. Stromal syndecan-1 expression followed by its epithelial expression is significantly related to progression, including dedifferentiation of thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ito
- Kuma Hospital, Kobe, Japan.
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Burbach BJ, Friedl A, Mundhenke C, Rapraeger AC. Syndecan-1 accumulates in lysosomes of poorly differentiated breast carcinoma cells. Matrix Biol 2003; 22:163-77. [PMID: 12782143 DOI: 10.1016/s0945-053x(03)00009-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Expression patterns of syndecan-1, the cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) predominant on epithelial cells, were analyzed in tissue samples from 30 infiltrating human breast carcinomas and in 9 human breast carcinoma cell lines. Immunohistochemical staining demonstrates that while a subset of the breast carcinomas lose syndecan-1, this proteoglycan is expressed or overexpressed in a majority of the cases. Interestingly, cells in poor grade tumors contain intracellular syndecan-1, an observation that has not been previously described and was thus further investigated. Examination of cultured breast carcinoma cell lines indicates that they also display the phenotype of the syndecan-1 positive tumors and thereby provide a model system for analysis of intracellular syndecan-1. All cell lines examined express syndecan-1, and poorly differentiated lines such as BT549 cells internalize the proteoglycan from the cell surface where it accumulates as intact HSPG in intracellular vesicles. Colocalization studies using fluorescent markers identify these to be lysosomes. This finding is unexpected, as the accepted mechanism for degradation of syndecan HSPG following endocytosis is fragmentation of the protein core and glycosaminoglycan chains in endosomes, followed by delivery of the fragments to lysosomes. Lysosomal inactivation using ammonium chloride demonstrates that well-differentiated lines such as T47D and MCF-7 cells, which maintain the majority of syndecan-1 on their cell surfaces, also target intact constitutively endocytosed syndecan-1 to lysosomes. Taken together, these results suggest that mammary epithelial cells utilize a previously uncharacterized mechanism for syndecan-1 catabolism. In this pathway the proteoglycan remains intact as it passes through the endosomal system, prior to arriving at its site of intracellular degradation in lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Burbach
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1300 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Mikami S, Ohashi K, Usui Y, Nemoto T, Katsube K, Yanagishita M, Nakajima M, Nakamura K, Koike M. Loss of syndecan-1 and increased expression of heparanase in invasive esophageal carcinomas. Jpn J Cancer Res 2001; 92:1062-73. [PMID: 11676857 PMCID: PMC5926620 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2001.tb01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate proteoglycans play important biological roles in cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion, and are closely associated with growth factor actions. Loss of syndecan-1, a cell surface-bound heparan sulfate proteoglycan, has been reported for advanced head and neck carcinomas, and expression of endoglycosidic heparanase, which cleaves heparan sulfate glycosaminoglycans (HS-GAGs), is associated with invasion and metastatic potential of malignant tumors. Paraffin sections of 103 primary esophageal squamous cell carcinomas were immunohistochemically examined for the expression of syndecan-1 core protein, HS-GAGs and heparanase protein, and the results were compared with various clinicopathological parameters, such as invasion depth. For 16 cases, fresh tumor samples were quantitatively analyzed for heparanase and syndecan-1 mRNA expression by real-time RT-PCR in addition to the immunohistochemical studies. Syndecan-1 core protein and HS-GAGs expression was significantly decreased in pT2 and pT3 cases compared with their pTis and pT1 counterparts. Decreased expression of core protein and HS-GAGs was correlated with the incidence of lymphatic invasion, and venous involvement. Furthermore, decreased expression of HS-GAGs was correlated positively with the incidence of nodal metastasis and distant organ metastasis, and negatively with the grade of tumor cell differentiation. The percentage of cytoplasmic heparanase protein-positive cases increased significantly in pT2 and pT3 cases compared to that in pTis and pT1 cases, and this was associated with lymphatic invasion, and venous and lymph nodal involvement. The level of heparanase mRNA was inversely correlated with the degree of HS-GAGs expression rather than core protein. In conclusion, loss of syndecan-1 and heparanase overexpression in esophageal squamous cell carcinomas are closely associated with malignant potential. Regarding the mechanism of loss of HS-GAGs, heparanase upregulation appears to play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mikami
- Department of Human Pathology, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519.
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Anttonen A, Heikkilä P, Kajanti M, Jalkanen M, Joensuu H. High syndecan-1 expression is associated with favourable outcome in squamous cell lung carcinoma treated with radical surgery. Lung Cancer 2001; 32:297-305. [PMID: 11390011 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-5002(00)00230-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Expression of syndecan-1 is down-regulated in many cellular transformation models. We studied the clinical significance of syndecan-1 expression in 116 squamous cell lung carcinomas treated with radical surgery. Paraffin-embedded tissue samples were immunostained with two antibodies against human syndecan-1 (B-B4 and 104-9). Syndecan-1 expression was higher in well differentiated cancers than in moderately or poorly differentiated cancers with either antibody (P=0.001 for B-B4, and P<0.0001 for 104-9), but no significant association was found with the primary tumour size (T-stage) or the clinical stage. When the median expression (10% of cancer cells positive in B-B4 staining) was used as the cut-off value, cancers with high expression were associated with more favourable survival than those with low expression (the 2-year survival rate corrected for intercurrent deaths 84% vs 61%, P=0.026). However, syndecan-1 expression was not an independent prognostic factor in a multivariate survival analysis. We conclude that syndecan-1 expression decreases in parallel with histological dedifferentiation in squamous cell carcinoma of the lung, and that low syndecan-1 expression is associated with unfavourable outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Anttonen
- Department of Oncology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, FIN-00029 HUS, Helsinki, Finland
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Abstract
Now that transmembrane signaling through primary cell-matrix receptors, integrins, is being elucidated, attention is turning to how integrin-ligand interactions can be modulated. Syndecans are transmembrane proteoglycans implicated as coreceptors in a variety of physiological processes, including cell adhesion, migration, response to growth factors, development, and tumorigenesis. This review will describe this family of proteoglycans in terms of their structures and functions and their signaling in conjunction with integrins, and indicate areas for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Couchman
- Department of Cell Biology and Cell Adhesion and Matrix Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 35294, USA
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