1
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Triccas A, Laidlaw F, Singleton MR, Nudelman F. Control of crystal growth during coccolith formation by the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108066. [PMID: 38350555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Coccolithophores are marine phytoplankton that produce calcite mineral scales called coccoliths. Many stages in the synthesis of these structures are still unresolved, making it difficult to accurately quantify the energetic costs involved in calcification, required to determine the response coccolith mineralization will have to rising ocean acidification and temperature created by an increase in global CO2 concentrations. To clarify this, an improved understanding of how coccolithophores control the fundamental processes of crystallization, including nucleation, growth, and morphology, is needed. Here, we study how crystal growth and morphology is controlled in the coccolithophore Gephyrocapsa oceanica by imaging coccoliths at various stages of maturity using cryo-transmission electron microscopy (cryoTEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and focused ion beam SEM (FIB-SEM). We reveal that coccolith units tightly interlock with each other due to the non-vertical alignment of the two-layered tube element, causing these mineral units to extend over the adjacent crystals. In specific directions, the growth of the coccolith tube seems to be impacted by the physical constraint created by the close association of neighbouring units around the ring, influencing the overall morphology and organization of the crystals that develop. Our findings contribute to the overall understanding of how biological systems can manipulate crystallization to produce functional mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Triccas
- EaSTCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Fraser Laidlaw
- School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, UK
| | - Martin R Singleton
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Max Born Crescent, Edinburgh EH9 3BF, UK
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- EaSTCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK.
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2
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Guerreiro CV, Ziveri P, Cavaleiro C, Stuut JBW. Coccolith-calcite Sr/Ca as a proxy for transient export production related to Saharan dust deposition in the tropical North Atlantic. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4295. [PMID: 38383618 PMCID: PMC10881577 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric dust deposition can modulate the earth's climate and atmospheric CO2 through fertilising the ocean (nutrient source) and by accelerating the biological carbon pump through fuelling the ballasting process. To distinguish the biogeochemical effects of Saharan dust with respect to fertilization and ballasting, and to gain a broader perspective on the coccolith calcite Sr/Ca in relation to the drivers of coccolith export production, we determined the coccolith-Sr/Ca from a one-year (2012-2013) time-series sediment trap record in the western tropical North Atlantic (M4-49°N/12°W). High Sr/Ca were linked to enhanced export production in the upper part of the photic zone, most notably under windier, dry, and dustier conditions during spring. Attenuated Sr/Ca in the autumn probably reflect a combination of lower Sr-incorporation by dominant but small-size placolith-bearing species and the presence of "aged" coccoliths rapidly scavenged during a highly productive and usually fast export event, likely added by (wet) dust ballasting. Higher Sr/Ca observed in the large coccolith size fractions support the existing notion that larger-sized coccolithophores incorporate more Sr during calcification under the same environmental conditions. The presence of the abnormally Sr-rich species Scyphosphaera apsteinii is also shown in the separated large fraction of our Sr/Ca seasonal data.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Guerreiro
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre/ARNET - Aquatic Research Network, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Lisbon (FCUL), Lisbon, Portugal.
- IDL, Instituto Dom Luiz, FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal.
- Department of Plant Biology, FCUL, Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - P Ziveri
- ICREA, Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona, Spain
- ICTA-UAB, Institut de Ciència i Tecnologia Ambientals-Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Cavaleiro
- Marine Geology and Georesources (DivGM), IPMA - Portuguese Institute for Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - J-B W Stuut
- Department of Ocean Systems, NIOZ Royal - Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Den Burg, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit (VU), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Avrahami EM, Eyal Z, Varsano N, Zagoriy I, Mahamid J, Gal A. Transport-Limited Growth of Coccolith Crystals. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2309547. [PMID: 38088507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Biogenic crystals present a variety of complex morphologies that form with exquisite fidelity. In the case of the intricate morphologies of coccoliths, calcite crystals produced by marine algae, only a single set of crystallographic facets is utilized. It is unclear which growth process can merge this simple crystallographic habit with the species-specific architectures. Here, a suite of state-of-the-art electron microscopies is used to follow both the growth trajectories of the crystals ex situ, and the cellular environment in situ, in the species Emiliania huxleyi. It is shown that crystal growth alternates between a space filling and a skeletonized growth mode, where the crystals elongate via their stable crystallographic facets, but the final morphology is a manifestation of growth arrest. This process is reminiscent of the balance between reaction-limited and transport-limited growth regimes underlying snowflake formation. It is suggested that localized ion transport regulates the kinetic instabilities that are required for transport-limited growth, leading to reproducible morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel M Avrahami
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Zohar Eyal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Neta Varsano
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Ievgeniia Zagoriy
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Julia Mahamid
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
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4
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Archontikis OA, Millán JG, Andruleit H, Cros L, Kleijne A, Heldal M, Doan-Nhu H, Winter A, Blanco-Bercial L, Young JR. Taxonomy and morphology of Calciopappus curvus sp. nov. (Syracosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae), a novel appendage-bearing coccolithophore. Protist 2023; 174:125983. [PMID: 37573812 DOI: 10.1016/j.protis.2023.125983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Based on scanning electron microscopy observations, a new species of the coccolithophore genus Calciopappus (Syracosphaeraceae, Prymnesiophyceae) is described from the surface waters off Bergen and from the lower photic zone of sub-tropical and tropical waters. Morphological, coccolith rim structure and biometric analyses strongly support separation of this morphotype from the two described Calciopappus species, but inclusion of it within the genus. The new form differs from the other species in being noticeably smaller and in morpho-structural details of each of the three coccolith types that form the coccosphere: (1) the body coccoliths have an open central area; (2) the whorl coccoliths have a wide central opening and two thumb-like protrusions; and (3) the appendage coccoliths are curved. On this basis, the species is formally described as Calciopappus curvus sp. nov., its systematic affinity is discussed and compared with other extant coccolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odysseas A Archontikis
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK; Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Josué G Millán
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Harald Andruleit
- Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655 Hannover, Germany
| | - Lluïsa Cros
- Institut de Ciències del Mar, CSIC, Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Annelies Kleijne
- Plankton Diversity and Evolution Group, Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Darwinweg 2, 2333 CR Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mikal Heldal
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Thormøhlensgate 53 A/B, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hai Doan-Nhu
- Institute of Oceanography, Viet Nam Academy of Science and Technology, 01 Cau Da, Nha Trang, Viet Nam
| | - Amos Winter
- Department of Earth and Environmental Systems, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Leocadio Blanco-Bercial
- Bermuda Institute of Ocean Sciences - Arizona State University, 17 Biological Station, St. George's GE01, Bermuda
| | - Jeremy R Young
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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5
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Bordiga M, Lupi C, Langer G, Gianoncelli A, Birarda G, Pollastri S, Bonanni V, Bedolla DE, Vaccari L, Gariani G, Cerino F, Cabrini M, Beran A, Zuccotti M, Fiorentino G, Zanoni M, Garagna S, Cobianchi M, Di Giulio A. Unexpected silicon localization in calcium carbonate exoskeleton of cultured and fossil coccolithophores. Sci Rep 2023; 13:7417. [PMID: 37150777 PMCID: PMC10164752 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-34003-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Coccolithophores, marine calcifying phytoplankton, are important primary producers impacting the global carbon cycle at different timescales. Their biomineral structures, the calcite containing coccoliths, are among the most elaborate hard parts of any organism. Understanding the morphogenesis of coccoliths is not only relevant in the context of coccolithophore eco-physiology but will also inform biomineralization and crystal design research more generally. The recent discovery of a silicon (Si) requirement for crystal shaping in some coccolithophores has opened up a new avenue of biomineralization research. In order to develop a mechanistic understanding of the role of Si, the presence and localization of this chemical element in coccoliths needs to be known. Here, we document for the first time the uneven Si distribution in Helicosphaera carteri coccoliths through three synchrotron-based techniques employing X-ray Fluorescence and Infrared Spectromicroscopy. The enrichment of Si in specific areas of the coccoliths point to a targeted role of this element in the coccolith formation. Our findings mark a key step in biomineralization research because it opens the door for a detailed mechanistic understanding of the role Si plays in shaping coccolith crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bordiga
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, Via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151, Trieste, Italy
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - C Lupi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy.
| | - G Langer
- ICTA, Autonomous University of Barcelona (UAB), 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - A Gianoncelli
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - G Birarda
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - S Pollastri
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - V Bonanni
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - D E Bedolla
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
- AREA Science Park, Padriciano 99, 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - L Vaccari
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - G Gariani
- Elettra-Sincrotrone Trieste, Strada Statale 14, km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34049, Trieste-Basovizza, Italy
| | - F Cerino
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, Via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Cabrini
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, Via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - A Beran
- National Institute of Oceanography and Applied Geophysics-OGS, Via Auguste Piccard 54, 34151, Trieste, Italy
| | - M Zuccotti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - G Fiorentino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Zanoni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - S Garagna
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - M Cobianchi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - A Di Giulio
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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6
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Langer G, Probert I, Cox MB, Taylor A, Harper GM, Brownlee C, Wheeler G. The Effect of cytoskeleton inhibitors on coccolith morphology in Coccolithus braarudii and Scyphosphaera apsteinii. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2023; 59:87-96. [PMID: 36380706 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The calcite platelets of coccolithophores (Haptophyta), the coccoliths, are among the most elaborate biomineral structures. How these unicellular algae accomplish the complex morphogenesis of coccoliths is still largely unknown. It has long been proposed that the cytoskeleton plays a central role in shaping the growing coccoliths. Previous studies have indicated that disruption of the microtubule network led to defects in coccolith morphogenesis in Emiliania huxleyi and Coccolithus braarudii. Disruption of the actin network also led to defects in coccolith morphology in E. huxleyi, but its impact on coccolith morphology in C. braarudii was unclear, as coccolith secretion was largely inhibited under the conditions used. A more detailed examination of the role of actin and microtubule networks is therefore required to address the wider role of the cytoskeleton in coccolith morphogenesis. In this study, we have examined coccolith morphology in C. braarudii and Scyphosphaera apsteinii following treatment with the microtubule inhibitors vinblastine and colchicine (S. apsteinii only) and the actin inhibitor cytochalasin B. We found that all cytoskeleton inhibitors induced coccolith malformations, strongly suggesting that both microtubules and actin filaments are instrumental in morphogenesis. By demonstrating the requirement for the microtubule and actin networks in coccolith morphogenesis in diverse species, our results suggest that both of these cytoskeletal elements are likely to play conserved roles in defining coccolith morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Langer
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Ian Probert
- Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680, Roscoff, France
| | - Madison B Cox
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403-591, USA
| | - Alison Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina, 28403-591, USA
| | - Glenn M Harper
- Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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7
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Johns CT, Bondoc-Naumovitz KG, Matthews A, Matson PG, Iglesias-Rodriguez MD, Taylor AR, Fuchs HL, Bidle KD. Adsorptive exchange of coccolith biominerals facilitates viral infection. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadc8728. [PMID: 36662866 PMCID: PMC9858585 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adc8728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Marine coccolithophores are globally distributed, unicellular phytoplankton that produce nanopatterned, calcite biominerals (coccoliths). These biominerals are synthesized internally, deposited into an extracellular coccosphere, and routinely released into the external medium, where they profoundly affect the global carbon cycle. The cellular costs and benefits of calcification remain unresolved. Here, we show observational and experimental evidence, supported by biophysical modeling, that free coccoliths are highly adsorptive biominerals that readily interact with cells to form chimeric coccospheres and with viruses to form "viroliths," which facilitate infection. Adsorption to cells is mediated by organic matter associated with the coccolith base plate and varies with biomineral morphology. Biomineral hitchhiking increases host-virus encounters by nearly an order of magnitude and can be the dominant mode of infection under stormy conditions, fundamentally altering how we view biomineral-cell-virus interactions in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T. Johns
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | | | - Alexandra Matthews
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Paul G. Matson
- Ecology, Evolution, and Marine Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93117, USA
| | | | - Alison R. Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA
| | - Heidi L. Fuchs
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Kay D. Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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8
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Liu F, Gledhill M, Tan QG, Zhu K, Zhang Q, Salaün P, Tagliabue A, Zhang Y, Weiss D, Achterberg EP, Korchev Y. Phycosphere pH of unicellular nano- and micro- phytoplankton cells and consequences for iron speciation. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:2329-2336. [PMID: 35798938 PMCID: PMC9478132 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Surface ocean pH is declining due to anthropogenic atmospheric CO2 uptake with a global decline of ~0.3 possible by 2100. Extracellular pH influences a range of biological processes, including nutrient uptake, calcification and silicification. However, there are poor constraints on how pH levels in the extracellular microenvironment surrounding phytoplankton cells (the phycosphere) differ from bulk seawater. This adds uncertainty to biological impacts of environmental change. Furthermore, previous modelling work suggests that phycosphere pH of small cells is close to bulk seawater, and this has not been experimentally verified. Here we observe under 140 μmol photons·m−2·s−1 the phycosphere pH of Chlamydomonas concordia (5 µm diameter), Emiliania huxleyi (5 µm), Coscinodiscus radiatus (50 µm) and C. wailesii (100 µm) are 0.11 ± 0.07, 0.20 ± 0.09, 0.41 ± 0.04 and 0.15 ± 0.20 (mean ± SD) higher than bulk seawater (pH 8.00), respectively. Thickness of the pH boundary layer of C. wailesii increases from 18 ± 4 to 122 ± 17 µm when bulk seawater pH decreases from 8.00 to 7.78. Phycosphere pH is regulated by photosynthesis and extracellular enzymatic transformation of bicarbonate, as well as being influenced by light intensity and seawater pH and buffering capacity. The pH change alters Fe speciation in the phycosphere, and hence Fe availability to phytoplankton is likely better predicted by the phycosphere, rather than bulk seawater. Overall, the precise quantification of chemical conditions in the phycosphere is crucial for assessing the sensitivity of marine phytoplankton to ongoing ocean acidification and Fe limitation in surface oceans.
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9
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Simoni M, Hanein T, Woo CL, Provis J, Kinoshita H. Effect of Impurities on the Decarbonization of Calcium Carbonate Using Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2022; 10:11913-11925. [PMID: 36118363 PMCID: PMC9472277 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.2c02913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonizing calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is a crucial step for a wide range of major industrial processes and materials, including Portland cement (PC) production. Apart from the carbon footprint linked to fuel combustion, the process CO2 embodied within CaCO3 represents the main concern for the sustainability of production. Our recent works demonstrated that it is possible to avoid both the fuel and process CO2 by reacting CaCO3 with aqueous NaOH and obtain Ca(OH)2 and Na2CO3·xH2O (x = 0 and 1). This present study provides a further understanding of the process by testing different raw calcareous sources. A high decarbonization (∼80%) of CaCO3 was achieved for silica-rich chalk, whereas a lower extent was obtained (∼50%) for limestone. To understand the difference in their reaction behavior, the effect of impurities was studied. The effects of the major impurities (Si, Al, and Fe) were found to be marginal, which is advantageous to process industrial grade materials, while the morphology of the raw materials presents a significant impact. The applicability of our decarbonization technology was also demonstrated on magnesite (MgCO3).
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10
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Fan X, Batchelor-McAuley C, Yang M, Barton S, Rickaby REM, Bouman HA, Compton RG. Quantifying the Extent of Calcification of a Coccolithophore Using a Coulter Counter. Anal Chem 2022; 94:12664-12672. [PMID: 36074349 PMCID: PMC9494302 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Although, in principle,
the Coulter Counter technique yields an
absolute measure of particle volume, in practice, calibration is near-universally
employed. For regularly shaped and non-biological samples, the use
of latex beads for calibration can provide sufficient accuracy. However,
this is not the case with particles encased in biogenically formed
calcite. To date, there has been no effective route by which a Coulter
Counter can be calibrated to enable the calcification of coccolithophores—single
cells encrusted with biogenic calcite—to be quantified. Consequently,
herein, we seek to answer the following question: to what
extent can a Coulter Counter be used to provide accurate information
regarding the calcite content of a single-species
coccolithophore population? Through the development of a
new calibration methodology, based on the measurement and dynamic
tracking of the acid-driven calcite dissolution reaction, a route
by which the cellular calcite content can be determined is presented.
This new method allows, for the first time, a Coulter Counter to be
used to yield an absolute measurement of the amount of calcite per
cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinmeng Fan
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Minjun Yang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
| | - Samuel Barton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, Great Britain
| | - Rosalind E M Rickaby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, Great Britain
| | - Heather A Bouman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, Great Britain
| | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, Great Britain
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11
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Eyal Z, Krounbi L, Joseph OB, Avrahami EM, Pinkas I, Peled-Zehavi H, Gal A. The variability in the structural and functional properties of coccolith base plates. Acta Biomater 2022; 148:336-344. [PMID: 35738389 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Biomineralization processes exert varying levels of control over crystallization, ranging from poorly ordered polycrystalline arrays to intricately shaped single crystals. Coccoliths, calcified scales formed by unicellular algae, are a model for a highly controlled crystallization process. The coccolith crystals nucleate next to an organic oval structure that was termed the base plate, leading to the assumption that the base plate is responsible for the oriented nucleation of the crystals via stereochemical interactions. In recent years, several works focusing on a well-characterized model species demonstrated a fundamental role for indirect interactions that facilitate coccolith crystallization. Here, we develop the tools to extract the base plates from five different species, giving the opportunity to systematically explore the relations between base plate and coccolith properties. We used multiple imaging techniques to evaluate the structural and chemical features of the base plates under native hydrated conditions. The results show a wide range of properties, overlaid on a common rudimentary scaffold that lacks any detectable structural or chemical motifs that can explain direct nucleation control. This work emphasizes that it is the combination between the base plate and the chemical environment inside the cell that cooperatively facilitate the exquisite control over the crystallization process. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Biological organic scaffolds can serve as functional surfaces that guide the formation of inorganic materials. However, in many cases the specific interactions that facilitate such tight regulation are complex and not fully understood. In this work, we elucidate the architecture of such model biological template, an organic scale that directs the assembly of exquisite crystalline arrays of marine microalgae. By using cryo electron microscopy, we reveal the native state organization of these scales from several species. The observed similarities and differences allow us to propose that the chemical microenvironment, rather than stereochemical matching, is the pivotal regulator of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohar Eyal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Leilah Krounbi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Oz Ben Joseph
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Emanuel M Avrahami
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Iddo Pinkas
- Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001 Israel
| | - Hadas Peled-Zehavi
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel.
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12
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Evolutionary Rates in the Haptophyta: Exploring Molecular and Phenotypic Diversity. JOURNAL OF MARINE SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/jmse10060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Haptophytes are photosynthetic protists found in both freshwater and marine environments with an origin possibly dating back to the Neoproterozoic era. The most recent molecular phylogeny reveals several haptophyte “mystery clades” that await morphological verification, but it is otherwise highly consistent with morphology-based phylogenies, including that of the coccolithophores (calcifying haptophytes). The fossil coccolith record offers unique insights into extinct lineages, including the adaptive radiations that produced extant descendant species. By combining molecular data of extant coccolithophores and phenotype-based studies of their ancestral lineages, it has become possible to probe the modes and rates of speciation in more detail, although this approach is still limited to only few taxa because of the lack of whole-genome datasets. The evolution of calcification likely involved several steps, but its origin can be traced back to an early association with organic scales typical for all haptophytes. Other key haptophyte traits, including the haplo-diplontic life cycle, are herein mapped upon the coccolithophorid phylogeny to help navigate a discussion of their ecological benefits and trade-offs in a rapidly changing ocean.
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13
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Lai YS, Eustance E, Shesh T, Frias Z, Rittmann BE. Achieving superior carbon transfer efficiency and pH control using membrane carbonation with a wide range of CO 2 contents for the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 822:153592. [PMID: 35122858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The economic viability of microalgal-derived products relies on rapid CO2 transfer in a cost-effective manner. Many industrial gas streams contain concentrated CO2 that, if converted to useful products, would lower greenhouse gas emissions and valorize the wasted CO2. Membrane carbonation (MC) uses non-porous hollow-fiber gas-transfer membranes to deliver CO2 without bubble formation, which makes it possible to achieve a high carbon-transfer efficiency (CTE). However, inert gasses in the industrial streams (e.g., N2, O2, and H2O) can significantly lower the CO2-delivery rate. The means to overcome the buildup of inert gases in the membrane lumen is to manage the distal end of the membranes to sweep out inert gases while not wasting significant CO2. A MC-venting strategy was evaluated for CO2 inputs from 5% to 100%. Abiotic tests using a restricted exit flow could achieve >95% CTEabiotic for industrial CO2 streams. When integrated with semi-continuous cultivation of a marine coccolithophore, Emiliania huxleyi, CO2 delivery and venting were on-demand based on a pH set points and pH-actuated feed and venting valves. MC using the venting strategy achieved 100% CTEbiotic when delivering 100% and 50% CO2, which was better than 50% CTEbiotic obtained from pH-controlled sparging of 100% CO2-sparging. E. huxleyi consistently fixed ~80% of the delivered CO2 into biomass, and the remaining ~20% to calcite coccoliths. The compact size of MC modules, stable pH control, and no shear forces from bubble agitation during the CO2 delivery made MC an ideal match for cultivation of coccolithophores, which are sensitive to shear forces and pH fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- YenJung Sean Lai
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA.
| | - Everett Eustance
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Tarun Shesh
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Zoe Frias
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
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14
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Kanazawa S, Oaki Y, Imai H. Designed nanostructures created via physicochemical switching of the growth mode between single crystals and mesocrystals. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1538-1544. [PMID: 36134373 PMCID: PMC9418645 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00784j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Most biominerals are composed of mesocrystals, in which individual nanoparticle building units have a defined long-range order on the atomic scale in at least one direction. Although the crystal size and orientation of the mesostructures are spatially designed in biological architectures, it has been difficult to achieve adequate control of the crystal growth to produce modulated mesostructures in artificial aqueous systems. Here, we propose a simple physicochemical approach for the spatial design of nanostructures using an aqueous solution system. The ordered arrays of oriented fluorapatite (FA) rods similar to tooth enamel are produced on a polymer substrate in a supersaturated solution. We succeeded in reversible switching of the growth mode of FA between single-crystalline rods and mesocrystalline grains through the disturbance of the solution. The primary crystal size was tuned between micrometric rods ∼0.5 μm wide and >5 μm long and nanoscale grains ∼10 nm wide and 50 nm long without a drastic change in the c direction. Hierarchical architectures consisting of iso-oriented FA microrods and nanograins were constructed via temporal control of the crystal growth mode by switching a physicochemical parameter, such as the degree of supersaturation at the growth front.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayako Kanazawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kohoku-ku Yokohama 223-8522 Japan
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15
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Ou Z, Liang B, Liang Z, Tan F, Dong X, Gong L, Zhao P, Wang H, Zou Y, Xia Y, Chen X, Liu W, Qi H, Kaiser U, Zheng Z. Oriented Growth of Thin Films of Covalent Organic Frameworks with Large Single-Crystalline Domains on the Water Surface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3233-3241. [PMID: 35147035 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
It has been a longstanding challenge to rationally synthesize thin films of organic two-dimensional (2D) crystals with large single-crystalline domains. Here, we present a general strategy for the creation of 2D crystals of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) on the water surface, assisted by a charged polymer. The morphology of the preorganized monomers underneath the charged polymer on the water surface and their diffusion were crucial for the formation of the organic 2D crystals. Thin films of 2D COFs with an average single-crystalline domain size of around 3.57 ± 2.57 μm2 have been achieved, and their lattice structure, molecular structure, and grain boundaries were identified with a resolution down to 3 Å. The swing of chain segments and lattice distortion were revealed as key factors in compensating for the misorientation between adjacent grains and facilitating error corrections at the grain boundaries, giving rise to larger single-crystalline domains. The generality of the synthesis method was further proved with three additional 2D COFs. The oriented single-crystalline domains and clear grain boundaries render the films as model materials to study the dependence of the vertical conductivity of organic 2D crystals on domain sizes and chemical structures, and significant grain boundary effects were illustrated. This study presents a breakthrough in the controlled synthesis of organic 2D crystals with structural control at the molecular level. We envisage that this work will inspire further investigation into the microstructure-intrinsic property correlation of 2D COFs and boost their application in electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Ou
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baokun Liang
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zihao Liang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Fanglin Tan
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Dong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li Gong
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Pei Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yuhai Zou
- Departments of Cardiology, General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command of PLA, 510010 Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanjun Xia
- Guangdong Key Lab of Orthopedic Technology and Implant Materials, Department of Orthopaedics, General Hospital of Southern Theater Command of PLA, The First School of Clinical Medicine of Southern Medical University, 510010 Guangzhou, China
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Haoyuan Qi
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany.,Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed) and Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technical University of Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ute Kaiser
- Central Facility of Materials Science Electron Microscopy, Universität Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Zhikun Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, and State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Sun Yat-sen University, 510275 Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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16
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Frada MJ, Keuter S, Koplovitz G, Avrahami Y. Divergent fate of coccolithophores in a warming tropical ecosystem. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:1560-1568. [PMID: 34808010 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Rising ocean temperatures will alter the diversity of marine phytoplankton communities, likely leading to modifications in food-web and biogeochemical dynamics. Here we focus on coccolithophores, a prominent group of calcifying phytoplankton that plays a central role in the global carbon cycle. Using both new (2017-2020) and historical (1975-1976) data from the northern Red Sea, we found that during 'mild summers', the most common coccolithophores - Emiliania huxleyi and Gephyrocapsa ericsonii - co-exist at similar densities. Both species then particularly flourish during subsequent winter periods where nutrient availability is higher due to convective mixing. However, during 'hot summers', which have become progressively the norm over the last decades with average surface temperatures exceeding 27°C for long time-periods, G. ericsonii density markedly declined. Moreover, G. ericsonii remains at low background levels even during winter mixing periods, while E. huxleyi succession and development during winter appears unchanged. Further incubation assays using native assemblages confirmed that G. ericsonii's growth over 27°C is significantly reduced relative to E. huxleyi. Additional factors likely contribute to impair G. ericsonii populations at sea, but temperature is a key factor. Our results illustrate the divergent impact of ongoing ocean warming in tropical phytoplankton species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel José Frada
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sabine Keuter
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gil Koplovitz
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
| | - Yoav Avrahami
- The Interuniversity Institute for Marine Sciences in Eilat, Eilat, Israel
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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17
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Mock T. Silicon drives the evolution of complex crystal morphology in calcifying algae. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1663-1666. [PMID: 34165808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mock
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR47TJ, UK
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18
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Langer G, Taylor AR, Walker CE, Meyer EM, Ben Joseph O, Gal A, Harper GM, Probert I, Brownlee C, Wheeler GL. Role of silicon in the development of complex crystal shapes in coccolithophores. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:1845-1857. [PMID: 33483994 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of calcification by the coccolithophores had a profound impact on ocean carbon cycling, but the evolutionary steps leading to the formation of these complex biomineralized structures are not clear. Heterococcoliths consisting of intricately shaped calcite crystals are formed intracellularly by the diploid life cycle phase. Holococcoliths consisting of simple rhombic crystals can be produced by the haploid life cycle stage but are thought to be formed extracellularly, representing an independent evolutionary origin of calcification. We use advanced microscopy techniques to determine the nature of coccolith formation and complex crystal formation in coccolithophore life cycle stages. We find that holococcoliths are formed in intracellular compartments in a similar manner to heterococcoliths. However, we show that silicon is not required for holococcolith formation and that the requirement for silicon in certain coccolithophore species relates specifically to the process of crystal morphogenesis in heterococcoliths. We therefore propose an evolutionary scheme in which the lower complexity holococcoliths represent an ancestral form of calcification in coccolithophores. The subsequent recruitment of a silicon-dependent mechanism for crystal morphogenesis in the diploid life cycle stage led to the emergence of the intricately shaped heterococcoliths, enabling the formation of the elaborate coccospheres that underpin the ecological success of coccolithophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Langer
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Alison R Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403-591, USA
| | - Charlotte E Walker
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Erin M Meyer
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 28403-591, USA
| | - Oz Ben Joseph
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Assaf Gal
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Glenn M Harper
- Plymouth Electron Microscopy Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Ian Probert
- FR2424 Sorbonne University / CNRS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, 29680, France
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth, PL1 2PB, UK
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19
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Yang M, Batchelor-McAuley C, Barton S, Rickaby REM, Bouman HA, Compton RG. Opto-Electrochemical Dissolution Reveals Coccolith Calcium Carbonate Content. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20999-21006. [PMID: 34288323 PMCID: PMC8518593 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Coccoliths are plates of biogenic calcium carbonate secreted by calcifying marine phytoplankton; annually these phytoplankton are responsible for exporting >1 billion tonnes (1015 g) of calcite to the deep ocean. Rapid and reliable methods for assessing the degree of calcification are technically challenging because the coccoliths are micron sized and contain picograms (pg) of calcite. Here we pioneer an opto‐eletrochemical acid titration of individual coccoliths which allows 3D reconstruction of each individual coccolith via in situ optical imaging enabling direct inference of the coccolith mass. Coccolith mass ranging from 2 to 400 pg are reported herein, evidencing both inter‐ and intra‐species variation over four different species. We foresee this scientific breakthrough, which is independent of knowledge regarding the species and calibration‐free, will allow continuous monitoring and reporting of the degree of coccolith calcification in the changing marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Christopher Batchelor-McAuley
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Samuel Barton
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Rosalind E M Rickaby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Heather A Bouman
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
| | - Richard G Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, UK
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20
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Yang M, Batchelor‐McAuley C, Barton S, Rickaby REM, Bouman HA, Compton RG. Opto‐Electrochemical Dissolution Reveals Coccolith Calcium Carbonate Content. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Minjun Yang
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Christopher Batchelor‐McAuley
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Samuel Barton
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | | | - Heather A. Bouman
- Department of Earth Sciences University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
| | - Richard G. Compton
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford UK
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21
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Villiot N, Poulton AJ, Butcher ET, Daniels LR, Coggins A. Allometry of carbon and nitrogen content and growth rate in a diverse range of coccolithophores. JOURNAL OF PLANKTON RESEARCH 2021; 43:511-526. [PMID: 34326702 PMCID: PMC8315238 DOI: 10.1093/plankt/fbab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
As both photoautotrophs and calcifiers, coccolithophores play important roles in ecosystems and biogeochemical cycles. Though some species form blooms in high-latitude waters, low-latitude communities exhibit high diversity and niche diversification. Despite such diversity, our understanding of the clade relies on knowledge of Emiliana huxleyi. To address this, we examine carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content of strains (n = 9) from the main families of the calcifying Haptophyceae, as well as allometry and cell size frequency across extant species. Coccolithophore cell size is constrained, with ~71% of 159 species smaller than 10 μm in diameter. Growth rates scale with cell biovolume (μ = 1.83 × cell volume-0.19), with an exponent close to metabolic theory. Organic carbon (C) per cell is lower than for other phytoplankton, providing a coccolithophore-specific relationship between cell organic C content and biovolume (pg C cell-1 = 0.30 × cell volume0.70). Organic C to N ratios (~8.3 mol:mol) are similar to other phytoplankton, implying little additional N cost for calcification and efficient retention and recycling of cell N. Our results support observations that coccolithophores are efficient competitors in low-nutrient conditions, able to photosynthesize, calcify and run the routine metabolic machinery necessary without any additional need for N relative to noncalcifying algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Villiot
- The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alex J Poulton
- The Lyell Centre for Earth and Marine Science and Technology, Heriot-Watt University, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Elizabeth T Butcher
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO18 3ZH, UK
| | - Lucie R Daniels
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO18 3ZH, UK
| | - Aimee Coggins
- Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre Southampton, University of Southampton, Waterfront Campus, Southampton, SO18 3ZH, UK
- Atmospheric and Ocean Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Prince of Wales Road, Exeter EX4 4PS, UK
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22
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Coccolith crystals: Pure calcite or organic-mineral composite structures? Acta Biomater 2021; 125:83-89. [PMID: 33631395 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The localization of organic material within biominerals is central to developing biomineral formation mechanisms. Coccoliths, morphologically sophisticated calcite platelets of intracellularly calcifying coccolithophores, are not only eco-physiologically important, but also influence biogeochemical cycles through mass production. Despite their importance and over a century of research, the formation mechanism of coccoliths is still poorly understood. Crucial unsolved questions include the localization of organic material within coccoliths. In extracellular calcifiers the discovery of an organics-containing nano-structure within seemingly single crystals has led to the formulation of a two-step crystallization mechanism. Coccoliths are traditionally thought of as being formed by a different mechanism, but it is unclear whether coccolith crystals possess a nano-structure. Here we review the evidence for and against such a nano-structure. Current SXPD analyses suggest a nano-structure of some kind, while imaging methods (SEM, TEM, AFM) provide evidence against it. We suggest directions for future research which should help solve this puzzle. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coccolithophores, unicellular calcifying algae, are important primary producers and contribute significantly to pelagic calcium carbonate export. Their calcite platelets, the coccoliths, are amongst the most sophisticated biomineral structures. Understanding the crystallization mechanism of coccolith crystals is not only central to coccolithophore cell biology but also lies at the heart of biomineralization research more generally. The crystallization mechanism of coccoliths has remained largely elusive, not least because it is still an open question whether the micron sized coccolith crystals are pure calcite, or contain organic material. Here we review the state of the art and suggest a way to solve this central problem.
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23
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Brownlee C, Langer G, Wheeler GL. Coccolithophore calcification: Changing paradigms in changing oceans. Acta Biomater 2021; 120:4-11. [PMID: 32763469 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Coccolithophores represent a major component of the marine phytoplankton and contribute to the bulk of biogenic calcite formation on Earth. These unicellular protists produce minute calcite scales (coccoliths) within the cell, which are secreted to the cell surface. Individual coccoliths and their arrangements on the cell surface display a wide range of morphological variations. This review explores some of the recent evidence that points to similarities and differences in the mechanisms of calcification, focussing on the transport mechanisms that bring substrates to, and remove products from the site of calcification, together with new findings on factors that regulate coccolith morphology. We argue that better knowledge of these mechanisms and their variations is needed to inform more generally how different species of coccolithophore are likely to respond to changes in ocean chemistry. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Coccolithophores, minute single celled phytoplankton are the major producers of biogenic carbonate on Earth. They also represent an important component of the ocean's biota and contribute significantly to global carbon fluxes. Coccolithophores produce intricate calcite scales (coccoliths) internally that they secrete onto their external surface. This review presents some recent key findings on the mechanisms underlying the production of coccoliths. It also considers the factors that regulate the rate of production as well as the variety of shapes of individual coccoliths and their arrangements at the cell surface. Understanding these processes is needed to allow better predictions of how coccolithophores may respond to changing ocean chemistry associated with climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK; School of Ocean and Earth Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK.
| | - Gerald Langer
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Glen L Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
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24
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Sugiura M, Yasumoto K, Iijima M, Oaki Y, Imai H. Morphological study of fibrous aragonite in the skeletal framework of a stony coral. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00357g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The overall calcareous skeletons, including a low-crystalline core and surrounding fibrous crystals, of juvenile stony corals were characterized to clarify the entire calcic architecture and the contribution of abiotic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikihiro Sugiura
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Ko Yasumoto
- School of Marine Biosciences
- Kitasato University
- Sagamihara
- Japan
| | - Mariko Iijima
- Marine Geo-Environment Research Group
- Research Institute of Geology and Geoinformation, Geological Survey of Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- 305-8567 Japan
| | - Yuya Oaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imai
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science and Technology
- Keio University
- Yokohama
- Japan
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Archontikis OA, Young JR, Cros L. Taxonomic Revision and Classification of Extant Holococcolithophores Previously Placed in the Genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne 1991. ACTA PROTOZOOL 2021. [DOI: 10.4467/16890027ap.20.010.13265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The genus Anthosphaera Kamptner emend. Kleijne is one of the most taxonomically confusing modern coccolithophores and its species level taxonomy has long been in a state of flux. Based on the review of imaged specimens from our collections, we attempt to rectify the nomenclatural problems and elucidate the obfuscated taxonomy of the genus. Review of included formally and informally described species shows that they are a distinctive group with shared characters, including ten different morphotypes of probable species level. Two of these, including the type species A. fragaria, have been shown to form life-cycle associations with heterococcoliths of the Syracosphaera molischii type. Hence, all species are transferred to Syracosphaera and the new combinations S. periperforata, S. lafourcadii, and S. origami are proposed. In addition, various informally described morphotypes are now formally described as Syracosphaera molischii var. pertusa, S. periperforata var. cylindrata, S. periperforata var. tridentata, S. rotaconica, and S. elevata.
urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:0E5D4BD7-BC3B-4D30-B319-964AC887DDDE
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lluïsa Cros
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Silvestri A, Pätzold J, Fratzl P, Scheffel A, Faivre D. Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Microspectroscopy Enables the Direct Characterization of Biomineral-Associated Organic Material on Single Calcareous Microskeletons. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8623-8629. [PMID: 32960608 PMCID: PMC7584362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Biominerals are composite materials with inorganic and organic components. The latter provide insights into how organisms control mineralization and, if derived from micro/nannofossils, into past climates. Many calcifying organisms cannot be cultured or are extinct; the only materials available for their study are therefore complex environmental samples in which the organism of interest may only be a minor component. There is currently no method for characterizing the biomineral-associated organic material from single particles within such assemblages, so its compositional diversity is unknown. Focusing on coccoliths, we demonstrate that surface-enhanced Raman scattering microspectroscopy can be used to determine the origin and composition of fossil organic matter at the single-particle level in a heterogeneous micro/nannofossil assemblage. This approach may find applications in the study of micro/nannofossil assemblages and uncultivated species, providing evolutionary insights into the macromolecular repertoire involved in biomineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Silvestri
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Max
Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Jürgen Pätzold
- University
of Bremen, MARUM-Center for
Marine Environmental Sciences, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Peter Fratzl
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - André Scheffel
- Max
Planck Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Damien Faivre
- Max
Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Aix-Marseille
Université, CEA, CNRS, BIAM, 13108 Saint Paul lez Durance, France
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27
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Nam O, Suzuki I, Shiraiwa Y, Jin E. Association of Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C with Calcium-Induced Biomineralization in the Coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1389. [PMID: 32927844 PMCID: PMC7563939 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Biomineralization by calcifying microalgae is a precisely controlled intracellular calcification process that produces delicate calcite scales (or coccoliths) in the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi (Haptophycea). Despite its importance in biogeochemical cycles and the marine environment globally, the underlying molecular mechanism of intracellular coccolith formation, which requires calcium, bicarbonate, and coccolith-polysaccharides, remains unclear. In E. huxleyi CCMP 371, we demonstrated that reducing the calcium concentration from 10 (ambient seawater) to 0.1 mM strongly restricted coccolith production, which was then recovered by adding 10 mM calcium, irrespective of inorganic phosphate conditions, indicating that coccolith production could be finely controlled by the calcium supply. Using this strain, we investigated the expression of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) to observe the cellular events induced by changes in calcium concentrations. Intriguingly, DEG analysis revealed that the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) gene was upregulated and coccolith production by cells was blocked by the PI-PLC inhibitor U73122 under conditions closely associated with calcium-induced calcification. These findings imply that PI-PLC plays an important role in the biomineralization process of the coccolithophore E. huxleyi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyou Nam
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Iwane Suzuki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (I.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yoshihiro Shiraiwa
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan; (I.S.); (Y.S.)
| | - EonSeon Jin
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
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28
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Johnsen SAL, Bollmann J. Segmentation, retardation and mass approximation of birefringent particles on a standard light microscope. J Microsc 2020; 280:30-50. [PMID: 32496576 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.12932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a simple technique for the approximation of retardation, thickness and mass of birefringent particles with a retardation from 8 to 231 nm retardation. Tuning of the imaging system (standard light microscope equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer) to match grey values of polymer retarder films of known retardation with rendered grey values allows for a robust calibration and accurate approximation of retardation. In addition, a technique for accurate particle segmentation using a Canny-Deriche algorithm was used to minimize the bias on mass estimated from different thresholding techniques. The technique was tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published coccolith mass estimates obtained from volumetric analysis. LAY DESCRIPTION: Material with certain optical properties display interference colours when observed in a light microscope under circular polarized light. This study presents a simple technique for measuring the thickness and retardation of small particles within the 8 to 231 nm retardation range based on the grey values of their interference colours. Retardation is a measure of the distance between waves of two mutually perpendicular polarized light waves after passing through material. The technique involves the tuning of a standard light microscope system equipped with a left and a right circular polarizer and a digital camera to match grey values of polymer retarder films with a known retardation with grey values of a digitially rendered Michel-Lévy chart. A technique for accurate isolation of particles from the image background using a Canny-Deriche algorithm is also described, which avoids possible biased results from thresholding. The techniques were tested using microscopic calcitic plates called coccoliths produced by the marine algal group coccolithophores, and the results compare well with published estimates obtained from volumetric analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Linge Johnsen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Bollmann
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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29
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Chairopoulou MA, Kratzer F, Gross R, Herrmann M, Teipel U. Influence of the Temperature on Coccolith‐Containing Systems from Emiliania huxleyiCultivations. Chem Eng Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201900507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makrina A. Chairopoulou
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon OhmFaculty of Process EngineeringResearch Group “Particle Technology and Raw Materials Innovation” (FPR) Wassertorstrasse 10 90489 Nuremberg Germany
| | - Fabian Kratzer
- PhysChem Analytics GmbH Schottenfeld 5 90537 Feucht Germany
| | - Roland Gross
- PhysChem Analytics GmbH Schottenfeld 5 90537 Feucht Germany
| | - Michael Herrmann
- Fraunhofer Institut für Chemische Technologie ICT Joseph-von-Fraunhofer-Strasse 7 76327 Pfinztal Germany
| | - Ulrich Teipel
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon OhmFaculty of Process EngineeringResearch Group “Particle Technology and Raw Materials Innovation” (FPR) Wassertorstrasse 10 90489 Nuremberg Germany
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30
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Auer G, Piller WE. Nanocrystals as phenotypic expression of genotypes-An example in coralline red algae. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay2126. [PMID: 32095524 PMCID: PMC7015681 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay2126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coralline red algae (CRA) are important ecosystem engineers in the world's oceans. They play key roles as primary food source and carbonate producers in marine habitats. CRA are also vital for modern reef systems where they act as substrate for coral growth and stabilizers of reef frameworks. However, morphotaxonomic identification of these important marine organisms is hampered by the fact that morphological concepts used for their classification do not correspond to molecular data. We present the first analysis of nanoscale features in calcified cell walls of CRA in a globally distributed sample set. We use new morphological traits based on these cell wall ultrastructures to construct an independent morphological phyletic tree that shows a promising congruency with existing CRA molecular phylogenies. Our results highlight cellular ultrastructures as a tool to define the phenotypic expression of genotypic information showing their potential to unify morphology with molecular phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Auer
- Research Institute for Marine Resources Utilization (Biogeochemistry Program), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), 2-15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061, Japan
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences (Geology and Paleontology), NAWI Graz Geocenter, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Werner E. Piller
- University of Graz, Institute of Earth Sciences (Geology and Paleontology), NAWI Graz Geocenter, Heinrichstraße 26, 8010 Graz, Austria
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31
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Three-dimensional architecture and surface functionality of coccolith base plates. J Struct Biol 2019; 208:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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32
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Chen X, Kameshwar AKS, Chio C, Lu F, Qin W. Effect of KNO 3 on Lipid Synthesis and CaCO 3 Accumulation in Pleurochrysis dentata Coccoliths with a Special Focus on Morphological Characters of Coccolithophores. Int J Biol Sci 2019; 15:2844-2858. [PMID: 31853222 PMCID: PMC6909966 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleurochrysis genus algae are widely distributed in ocean waters. Pleurochrysis sp. algae are popularly known for its coccolithophores. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) shells are major components of the coccolithophore, and they are key absorbers of carbondioxide. In this study, we have reported the effects of potassium nitrate (KNO3) concentration on calcium accumulation and total lipid, carbohydrate and protein contents of Pleurochrysis dentata. Results obtained from complexometric titration and scanning electron microscopy analysis showed higher rates of CaCO3 accumulation on Pleurochrysis dentata cell surface. We have also observed that overall cell size of Pleurochrysis dentata reached maximum when it was cultured at 0.75 mmol L-1 of KNO3. During 10 days of Pleurochrysis dentata culture total lipids and carbohydrate contents decreased, with slightly increased protein content. Results obtained from Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) also reported an increase in protein and decrease in lipids and carbohydrate contents, respectively. Similarly, Pleurochrysis dentata cultured at 1 mmol L-1 concentration of KNO3 exhibited the lowest carbohydrate (21.08%) and highest protein (32.87%) contents. Interestingly, Pleurochrysis dentata cultured without KNO3 exhibited 33.61% of total lipid content which reduced to a total lipid content of 13.67% when cultured at 1 mmol L-1 concentration of KNO3. Thus, culture medium containing higher than 1 mmol L-1 of KNO3 could inhibit the cell size of Pleurochrysis dentata and CaCO3 accumulation in shells but it could promote its cell growth. For the first time we have reported a relatively complete coccolith structure devoid of its protoplast. In this study, we have also described about the special planar structure of Pleurochrysis dentata CaCO3 shells present on its inner tube of the R unit and parallel to the outer tube of the V unit which we named it as "doornail structure". We believe that this doornail structure provides structural stability and support to the developing coccoliths in Pleurochrysis dentata. Also, we have discussed about the "double-disc" structure of coccoliths which are closely arranged and interlocked with each other. The double-disc structure ensures fixation of each coccolith and objecting its free horizontal movement and helps in attaining a complementary coccolith structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuantong Chen
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
- Faculty of Natural Resources Management, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | | | - Chonlong Chio
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
| | - Fan Lu
- School of Civil Engineering, Architecture and Environment, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, China, 430068
| | - Wensheng Qin
- Department of Biology, Lakehead University, 955 Oliver Road, Thunder Bay, Ontario, P7B 5E1, Canada
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33
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Application of the kinetic and isotherm models for better understanding of the mechanism of biomineralization process induced by Purpureocillium lilacinum Y3. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:207-214. [PMID: 31146244 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Purpureocillium lilacinum can promote the biomineralization of jarosite by secreting extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), but the detailed mechanism is not clear. In this study, the biosynthesis process of jarosite induced by P. lilacinum Y3 and hypha cell surface characterization were investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis indicated that P. lilacinum Y3 could induce the formation of jarosite crystal and enhance mineralization kinetics. The kinetic and isotherm models confirmed that the metal ions transferring from the solution to the mycelium surface was controlled by diffusion process and the active interfacial sites on hypha cell surface played a pivotal role in the biomineralization process. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures illustrated that the P. lilacinum Y3 mainly induced the generation of mineral precipitate extracellularly, but not intracellularly. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM) fluorescence spectrum results further revealed the extracellular compounds such as fulvic-acid-like and protein-like substances participated in the mineralization process.
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34
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Green DW, Watson JA, Jung HS, Watson GS. Natural History Collections as Inspiration for Technology. Bioessays 2019; 41:e1700238. [PMID: 30775795 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Living organisms are the ultimate survivalists, having evolved phenotypes with unprecedented adaptability, ingenuity, resourcefulness, and versatility compared to human technology. To harness these properties, functional descriptions and design principles from all sources of biodiversity information must be collated - including the hundreds of thousands of possible survival features manifest in natural history museum collections, which represent 12% of total global biodiversity. This requires a consortium of expert biologists from a range of disciplines to convert the observations, data, and hypotheses into the language of engineering. We hope to unite multidisciplinary biologists and natural history museum scientists to maximize the coverage of observations, descriptions, and hypotheses relating to adaptation and function across biodiversity, to make it technologically useful. This is to be achieved by developments in meta- taxonomic classification, phylogenetics, systematics, biological materials research, structure and morphological characterizations, and ecological data gathering from the collections - the aim being to identify and catalogue features essential for good biomimetic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Green
- Dr. D. W. Green, Prof. H.-S. Jung, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jolanta A Watson
- Dr. J. A. Watson, Dr. G. S. Watson, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Fraser Coast, Hervey Bay, QL, 4655, Australia
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Dr. D. W. Green, Prof. H.-S. Jung, Division in Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Department of Oral Biology, Oral Science Research Center, BK21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gregory S Watson
- Dr. J. A. Watson, Dr. G. S. Watson, School of Science and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Fraser Coast, Hervey Bay, QL, 4655, Australia
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35
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Creatto EJ, Ceccacci F, Mancini G, Sabadini E. Effect of the Hydrophobic Tail of a Chiral Surfactant on the Chirality of Aggregates and on the Formation of Wormlike Micelles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13288-13295. [PMID: 30350684 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The micellization of chiral enantiopure surfactants, dodecyl- N, N-dimethyl- N-( S)-(1-phenyl)ethylammonium bromide and hexadecyl- N, N-dimethyl- N-( S)-(1-phenyl)ethylammonium bromide, was investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry. The formation of wormlike micelles (WLMs) upon the addition of sodium salicylate to the aqueous solutions of the surfactant was observed only in the case of hexadecyl- N, N-dimethyl- N-( S)-(1-phenyl)ethylammonium bromide. The presence of WLMs was assessed by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, rheology, and isothermal titration calorimetry experiments, and their supramolecular chirality was investigated by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Depending on the length of the hydrophobic tail, molecular chirality is transferred into a different chiral supramolecular trait. Our findings demonstrate that hydrophobic interactions by controlling the organization and functions of self-assemblies also control the transcription of the chiral information from molecules to complex supramolecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo J Creatto
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , P.O. Box 6154, 13084-862 Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Francesca Ceccacci
- CNR-Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche, Sezione Meccanismi di Reazione, Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Roma "Sapienza" , P.le A. Moro 5 , 00185 Roma , Italy
| | - Giovanna Mancini
- CNR-Istituto di Metodologie Chimiche , Via Salaria km 29.300 , Monterotondo Scalo, 00016 Rome , Italy
| | - Edvaldo Sabadini
- Department of Physical-Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry , University of Campinas , P.O. Box 6154, 13084-862 Campinas , São Paulo , Brazil
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36
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Johns CT, Grubb AR, Nissimov JI, Natale F, Knapp V, Mui A, Fredricks HF, Van Mooy BAS, Bidle KD. The mutual interplay between calcification and coccolithovirus infection. Environ Microbiol 2018; 21:1896-1915. [PMID: 30043404 PMCID: PMC7379532 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Two prominent characteristics of marine coccolithophores are their secretion of coccoliths and their susceptibility to infection by coccolithoviruses (EhVs), both of which display variation among cells in culture and in natural populations. We examined the impact of calcification on infection by challenging a variety of Emiliania huxleyi strains at different calcification states with EhVs of different virulence. Reduced cellular calcification was associated with increased infection and EhV production, even though calcified cells and associated coccoliths had significantly higher adsorption coefficients than non-calcified (naked) cells. Sialic acid glycosphingolipids, molecules thought to mediate EhV infection, were generally more abundant in calcified cells and enriched in purified, sorted coccoliths, suggesting a biochemical link between calcification and adsorption rates. In turn, viable EhVs impacted cellular calcification absent of lysis by inducing dramatic shifts in optical side scatter signals and a massive release of detached coccoliths in a subpopulation of cells, which could be triggered by resuspension of healthy, calcified host cells in an EhV-free, 'induced media'. Our findings show that calcification is a key component of the E. huxleyi-EhV arms race and an aspect that is critical both to the modelling of these host-virus interactions in the ocean and interpreting their impact on the global carbon cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Johns
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Austin R Grubb
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Jozef I Nissimov
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Frank Natale
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Viki Knapp
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,University of South Carolina, Honors College, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
| | - Alwin Mui
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Helen F Fredricks
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Benjamin A S Van Mooy
- Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Kay D Bidle
- Department of Marine and Coastal Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
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37
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Jaggers RW, Bon SAF. Structure and behaviour of vesicles in the presence of colloidal particles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:6949-6960. [PMID: 30117508 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm01223g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review highlights recent studies that investigate the structural changes and behaviour of synthetic vesicles when they are exposed to colloidal particles. We will show examples to demonstrate the power of combining particles and vesicles in generating exciting supracolloidal structures. These suprastructures have a wide range of often responsive behaviours that take advantage of both the mechanical and morphological support provided by the vesicles and the associated particles with preset functionality. This review includes applications spanning a variety of disciplines, including chemistry, biology, physics and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross W Jaggers
- BonLab, Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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38
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Blueprints for the Next Generation of Bioinspired and Biomimetic Mineralised Composites for Bone Regeneration. Mar Drugs 2018; 16:md16080288. [PMID: 30127281 PMCID: PMC6117730 DOI: 10.3390/md16080288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccolithophores are unicellular marine phytoplankton, which produce intricate, tightly regulated, exoskeleton calcite structures. The formation of biogenic calcite occurs either intracellularly, forming ‘wheel-like’ calcite plates, or extracellularly, forming ‘tiled-like’ plates known as coccoliths. Secreted coccoliths then self-assemble into multiple layers to form the coccosphere, creating a protective wall around the organism. The cell wall hosts a variety of unique species-specific inorganic morphologies that cannot be replicated synthetically. Although biomineralisation has been extensively studied, it is still not fully understood. It is becoming more apparent that biologically controlled mineralisation is still an elusive goal. A key question to address is how nature goes from basic building blocks to the ultrafine, highly organised structures found in coccolithophores. A better understanding of coccolithophore biomineralisation will offer new insight into biomimetic and bioinspired synthesis of advanced, functionalised materials for bone tissue regeneration. The purpose of this review is to spark new interest in biomineralisation and gain new insight into coccolithophores from a material science perspective, drawing on existing knowledge from taxonomists, geologists, palaeontologists and phycologists.
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39
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Chairopoulou MA, Pereyra C, Teipel U. Formation and Separation of Particles from Emiliania huxleyi. Chem Eng Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ceat.201700594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Makrina Artemis Chairopoulou
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm; Faculty of Process Engineering, FPR; Wassertorstrasse 10 90489 Nuremberg Germany
- Universidad of Cádiz; Departamento de Ingeniería Quimíca y Tecnología de Alimentos; Facultad de Ciencias; Avda. República Saharaui s/n 11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - Clara Pereyra
- Universidad of Cádiz; Departamento de Ingeniería Quimíca y Tecnología de Alimentos; Facultad de Ciencias; Avda. República Saharaui s/n 11510 Puerto Real Spain
| | - Ulrich Teipel
- Technische Hochschule Nürnberg Georg Simon Ohm; Faculty of Process Engineering, FPR; Wassertorstrasse 10 90489 Nuremberg Germany
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A coastal coccolithophore maintains pH homeostasis and switches carbon sources in response to ocean acidification. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2857. [PMID: 30030435 PMCID: PMC6054640 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04463-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocean acidification will potentially inhibit calcification by marine organisms; however, the response of the most prolific ocean calcifiers, coccolithophores, to this perturbation remains under characterized. Here we report novel chemical constraints on the response of the widespread coccolithophore species Ochrosphaera neapolitana (O. neapolitana) to changing-CO2 conditions. We cultured this algae under three pCO2-controlled seawater pH conditions (8.05, 8.22, and 8.33). Boron isotopes within the algae's extracellular calcite plates show that this species maintains a constant pH at the calcification site, regardless of CO2-induced changes in pH of the surrounding seawater. Carbon and oxygen isotopes in the algae's calcite plates and carbon isotopes in the algae's organic matter suggest that O. neapolitana utilize carbon from a single internal dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) pool for both calcification and photosynthesis, and that a greater proportion of dissolved CO2 relative to HCO3- enters the internal DIC pool under acidified conditions. These two observations may explain how O. neapolitana continues calcifying and photosynthesizing at a constant rate under different atmospheric-pCO2 conditions.
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Fungal-type carbohydrate binding modules from the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi show binding affinity to cellulose and chitin. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197875. [PMID: 29782536 PMCID: PMC5962083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Six fungal-type cellulose binding domains were found in the genome of the coccolithophore Emiliania huxleyi and cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. Sequence comparison indicate high similarity to fungal cellulose binding domains, raising the question of why these domains exist in coccolithophores. The proteins were tested for binding with cellulose and chitin as ligands, which resulted in the identification of two functional carbohydrate binding modules: EHUX2 and EHUX4. Compared to benchmark fungal cellulose binding domain Cel7A-CBM1 from Trichoderma reesei, these proteins showed slightly lower binding to birch and bacterial cellulose, but were more efficient chitin binders. Finally, a set of cellulose binding domains was created based on the shuffling of one well-functioning and one non-functional domain. These were characterized in order to get more information of the binding domain’s sequence–function relationship, indicating characteristic differences between the molecular basis of cellulose versus chitin recognition. As previous reports have showed the presence of cellulose in coccoliths and here we find functional cellulose binding modules, a possible connection is discussed.
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Miao H, Beardall J, Gao K. Calcification Moderates the Increased Susceptibility to UV Radiation of the Coccolithophorid Gephryocapsa oceanica Grown under Elevated CO 2 Concentration: Evidence Based on Calcified and Non-calcified Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:994-1002. [PMID: 29701244 DOI: 10.1111/php.12928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The physiological performance of calcified and non-calcified cells of Gephyrocapsa oceanica (NIES-1318) and their short-term responses to UV radiation were compared for cultures grown under present-day (LC, 400 μatm) and high pCO2 (HC, 1000 μatm) conditions. Similar growth rates and Fv /Fm values were observed in both types of cell under LC conditions, indicating that the loss of calcification in the non-calcified cells did not lead to a competitive disadvantage under such conditions. Detrimental effects of elevated pCO2 were observed in both cell types, with the growth rate of non-calcified cells decreasing more markedly, which might reflect a negative impact of higher cytoplasmic H+ . When exposed to short-term UV radiation, similar trends in effective quantum yield were observed in both cell types acclimated to LC conditions. Elevated pCO2 and associated seawater chemical changes strongly reduced effective quantum yield in non-calcified cells but no significant influence was observed in calcified cells. Based on these findings and comparisons with previous studies, we suggest that the negative impact of elevated cytoplasmic H+ would exacerbate the detrimental effects of UV radiation while the possession of calcification attenuated this influence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hangbin Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - John Beardall
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Vic, Australia
| | - Kunshan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science/College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Yin X, Ziegler A, Kelm K, Hoffmann R, Watermeyer P, Alexa P, Villinger C, Rupp U, Schlüter L, Reusch TBH, Griesshaber E, Walther P, Schmahl WW. Formation and mosaicity of coccolith segment calcite of the marine algae Emiliania huxleyi. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2018; 54:85-104. [PMID: 29092105 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores belong to the most abundant calcium carbonate mineralizing organisms. Coccolithophore biomineralization is a complex and highly regulated process, resulting in a product that strongly differs in its intricate morphology from the abiogenically produced mineral equivalent. Moreover, unlike extracellularly formed biological carbonate hard tissues, coccolith calcite is neither a hybrid composite, nor is it distinguished by a hierarchical microstructure. This is remarkable as the key to optimizing crystalline biomaterials for mechanical strength and toughness lies in the composite nature of the biological hard tissue and the utilization of specific microstructures. To obtain insight into the pathway of biomineralization of Emiliania huxleyi coccoliths, we examine intracrystalline nanostructural features of the coccolith calcite in combination with cell ultrastructural observations related to the formation of the calcite in the coccolith vesicle within the cell. With TEM diffraction and annular dark-field imaging, we prove the presence of planar imperfections in the calcite crystals such as planar mosaic block boundaries. As only minor misorientations occur, we attribute them to dislocation networks creating small-angle boundaries. Intracrystalline occluded biopolymers are not observed. Hence, in E. huxleyi calcite mosaicity is not caused by occluded biopolymers, as it is the case in extracellularly formed hard tissues of marine invertebrates, but by planar defects and dislocations which are typical for crystals formed by classical ion-by-ion growth mechanisms. Using cryo-preparation techniques for SEM and TEM, we found that the membrane of the coccolith vesicle and the outer membrane of the nuclear envelope are in tight proximity, with a well-controlled constant gap of ~4 nm between them. We describe this conspicuous connection as a not yet described interorganelle junction, the "nuclear envelope junction". The narrow gap of this junction likely facilitates transport of Ca2+ ions from the nuclear envelope to the coccolith vesicle. On the basis of our observations, we propose that formation of the coccolith utilizes the nuclear envelope-endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ -store of the cell for the transport of Ca2+ ions from the external medium to the coccolith vesicle and that E. huxleyi calcite forms by ion-by-ion growth rather than by a nanoparticle accretion mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yin
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Andreas Ziegler
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Klemens Kelm
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Ramona Hoffmann
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Philipp Watermeyer
- Institute of Materials Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, 51147, Germany
| | - Patrick Alexa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Clarissa Villinger
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
- Institute of Virology, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Ulrich Rupp
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Lothar Schlüter
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Thorsten B H Reusch
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Marine Ecology - Evolutionary Ecology, Kiel, 24105, Germany
| | - Erika Griesshaber
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, University of Ulm, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Schmahl
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, 80333, Germany
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Bao P, Xia M, Liu A, Wang M, Shen L, Yu R, Liu Y, Li J, Wu X, Fang C, Chen M, Qiu G, Zeng W. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) secreted byPurpureocillium lilacinumstrain Y3 promote biosynthesis of jarosite. RSC Adv 2018; 8:22635-22642. [PMID: 35539736 PMCID: PMC9081351 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra03060j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We proved fungal extracellular polymeric substances promoted biomineralization and the formation of P–O–Fe played a key role in this process.
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Taylor AR, Brownlee C, Wheeler G. Coccolithophore Cell Biology: Chalking Up Progress. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2017; 9:283-310. [PMID: 27814031 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-122414-034032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coccolithophores occupy a special position within the marine phytoplankton because of their production of intricate calcite scales, or coccoliths. Coccolithophores are major contributors to global ocean calcification and long-term carbon fluxes. The intracellular production of coccoliths requires modifications to cellular ultrastructure and metabolism that are surveyed here. In addition to calcification, which appears to have evolved with a diverse range of functions, several other remarkable features that likely underpin the ecological and evolutionary success of coccolithophores have recently been uncovered. These include complex and varied life cycle strategies related to abiotic and biotic interactions as well as a range of novel metabolic pathways and nutritional strategies. Together with knowledge of coccolithophore genetic and physiological variability, these findings are beginning to shed new light on species diversity, distribution, and ecological adaptation. Further advances in genetics and functional characterization at the cellular level will likely to lead to a rapid increase in this understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison R Taylor
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, North Carolina 28403;
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom; ,
- School of Ocean and Earth Science, National Oceanography Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton SO14 3ZH, United Kingdom
| | - Glen Wheeler
- Marine Biological Association, Plymouth PL1 2PB, United Kingdom; ,
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Gal A, Wirth R, Kopka J, Fratzl P, Faivre D, Scheffel A. Macromolecular recognition directs calcium ions to coccolith mineralization sites. Science 2016; 353:590-3. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf7889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Monteiro FM, Bach LT, Brownlee C, Bown P, Rickaby REM, Poulton AJ, Tyrrell T, Beaufort L, Dutkiewicz S, Gibbs S, Gutowska MA, Lee R, Riebesell U, Young J, Ridgwell A. Why marine phytoplankton calcify. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1501822. [PMID: 27453937 PMCID: PMC4956192 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1501822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Calcifying marine phytoplankton-coccolithophores- are some of the most successful yet enigmatic organisms in the ocean and are at risk from global change. To better understand how they will be affected, we need to know "why" coccolithophores calcify. We review coccolithophorid evolutionary history and cell biology as well as insights from recent experiments to provide a critical assessment of the costs and benefits of calcification. We conclude that calcification has high energy demands and that coccolithophores might have calcified initially to reduce grazing pressure but that additional benefits such as protection from photodamage and viral/bacterial attack further explain their high diversity and broad spectrum ecology. The cost-benefit aspect of these traits is illustrated by novel ecosystem modeling, although conclusive observations remain limited. In the future ocean, the trade-off between changing ecological and physiological costs of calcification and their benefits will ultimately decide how this important group is affected by ocean acidification and global warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny M. Monteiro
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Lennart T. Bach
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Colin Brownlee
- Marine Biological Association, The Laboratory, Citadel Hill, Plymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Paul Bown
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Rosalind E. M. Rickaby
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Alex J. Poulton
- Ocean Biogeochemistry and Ecosystems, National Oceanography Centre, Southampton SO14 3ZH, UK
| | - Toby Tyrrell
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Luc Beaufort
- Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, Centre Européen de Recherche et d’Enseignement des Géosciences de l’Environnement (CEREGE), 13545 Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Stephanie Dutkiewicz
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samantha Gibbs
- Ocean and Earth Science, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Magdalena A. Gutowska
- Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, 7700 Sandholdt Road, Moss Landing, CA 95039, USA
| | - Renee Lee
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3AN, UK
| | - Ulf Riebesell
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Düsternbrooker Weg 20, 24105 Kiel, Germany
| | - Jeremy Young
- Museum of Natural History, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Andy Ridgwell
- School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol BS8 1SS, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Huang T, Li H, Huang L, Li S, Li K, Zhou Y. Hybrid Vesicles with Alterable Fully Covered Armors of Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Catalysis, and Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:991-996. [PMID: 26766236 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the facile preparation of hybrid polymer vesicles with alterable armors of metal nanoparticles by using a novel hyperbranched polymer vesicle as the templates. The vesicles were prepared through the aqueous self-assembly of a hyperbranched multiarm copolymers with many tertiary amino groups on the surface, which can electrostatically complexed or coordinated with metal ions like AuCl4(-), PtCl6(2-), and Ag(+) ions. Subsequently, the vesicles coated with metal ions can be in situ reduced into metal nanoparticles, through which a series of surface-engineered vesicles (Au@vesicles, Ag@vesicles, Pt@vesicles) with an advantage of fully covered metal nanoparticles on the surface could be readily prepared. The morphologies, structures, and formation mechanism of the as-prepared hybrid vesicles were carefully characterized, and the obtained hybrid vesicles also showed great potentials in catalysis and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huimei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology , Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Shanlong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Yongfeng Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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50
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Lu Y, Cai C, Lin J, Zhuang Q. Formation of CaCO3 fibres directed by polypeptide vesicles. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:3721-3732. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00759g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Under the mediation of polypeptide vesicles self-assembled from PLGA-b-PPO-b-PLGA triblock copolymers, calcium carbonate fibres are generated through a solution–precursor–solid process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingqing Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Chunhua Cai
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Jiaping Lin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
| | - Qixin Zhuang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
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