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Sow MMG, Zhang Z, Sow CH, Lim SX. Upcycling fish scales through heating for steganography and Rhodamine B adsorption application. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6508. [PMID: 37845200 PMCID: PMC10579236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
With increasing population and limited resources, a potential route for improving sustainability is increased reuse of waste materials. By re-looking at wastes, interesting properties and multifunctionalities can be discovered in materials previously explored. Despite years of research on bio-compatible fish scales, there is limited study on the fluorescence property of this abundant waste material. Controlled denaturation of collagen and introduction of defects can serve as a means to transform the fluorescence property of these fish scale wastes while providing more adsorption sites for pollutant removal, turning multifunctional fish scales into a natural steganographic material for transmitting text and images at both the macroscopic and microscopic levels and effectively removing Rhodamine B pollutants (91 % removal) within a short contact time (10 minutes). Our work offers a glimpse into the realm of engineering defects-induced fluorescence in natural material with potential as bio-compatible fluorescence probes while encouraging multidimensional applicability to be established in otherwise overlooked waste resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Miao Geng Sow
- NUS High School of Mathematics and Science, 20 Clementi Avenue 1, Singapore, 129957, Singapore
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Chorng Haur Sow
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
| | - Sharon Xiaodai Lim
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, Singapore, 117542, Singapore.
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2
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Wen SM, Chen SM, Gao W, Zheng Z, Bao JZ, Cui C, Liu S, Gao HL, Yu SH. Biomimetic Gradient Bouligand Structure Enhances Impact Resistance of Ceramic-Polymer Composites. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2211175. [PMID: 36891767 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202211175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Biological materials relied on multiple synergistic structural design elements typically exhibit excellent comprehensive mechanical properties. Hierarchical incorporation of different biostructural elements into a single artificial material is a promising approach to enhance mechanical properties, but remains challenging. Herein, a biomimetic structural design strategy is proposed by coupling gradient structure with twisted plywood Bouligand structure, attempting to improve the impact resistance of ceramic-polymer composites. Via robocasting and sintering, kaolin ceramic filaments reinforced by coaxially aligned alumina nanoplatelets are arranged into Bouligand structure with a gradual transition in filament spacing along the thickness direction. After the following polymer infiltration, biomimetic ceramic-polymer composites with a gradient Bouligand (GB) structure are eventually fabricated. Experimental investigations reveal that the incorporation of gradient structure into Bouligand structure improves both the peak force and total energy absorption of the obtained ceramic-polymer composites. Computational modeling further suggests the substantial improvement in impact resistance by adopting GB structure, and clarifies the underlying deformation behavior of the biomimetic GB structured composites under impact. This biomimetic design strategy may provide valuable insights for developing lightweight and impact-resistant structural materials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Meng Wen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Si-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Weitao Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Zhijun Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jia-Zheng Bao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Chen Cui
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mechanical Behavior and Design of Materials, Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Huai-Ling Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials & Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, Division of Nanomaterials & Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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3
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Extraction and Characterization of Pepsin- and Acid-Soluble Collagen from the Swim Bladders of Megalonibea fusca. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21030159. [PMID: 36976208 PMCID: PMC10059086 DOI: 10.3390/md21030159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
There is a growing demand for the identification of alternative sources of collagen not derived from land-dwelling animals. The present study explored the use of pepsin- and acid-based extraction protocols to isolate collagen from the swim bladders of Megalonibea fusca. After extraction, these acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) samples respectively were subjected to spectral analyses and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) characterization, revealing both to be comprised of type I collagen with a triple-helical structure. The imino acid content of these ASC and PSC samples was 195 and 199 residues per 1000 residues, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that samples of freeze-dried collagen exhibited a compact lamellar structure, while transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy confirmed the ability of these collagens to undergo self-assembly into fibers. ASC samples exhibited a larger fiber diameter than the PSC samples. The solubility of both ASC and PSC was highest under acidic pH conditions. Neither ASC nor PSC caused any cytotoxicity when tested in vitro, which met one of the requirements for the biological evaluation of medical devices. Thus, collagen isolated from the swim bladders of Megalonibea fusca holds great promise as a potential alternative to mammalian collagen.
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Effect of bleaching and defatting treatment of camel skin on the color, structural and interfacial properties of extracted gelatin. FOOD STRUCTURE 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2022.100275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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5
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Shuttleworth L, Oosthuizen CJ. Comparing DNA yield from fish scales following different extraction protocols. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2836. [PMID: 35181723 PMCID: PMC8857249 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06889-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on genetic diversity, adaptive potential and fitness of species have become a major tool in conservation biology. These studies require biological material containing a reliable source of DNA which can be extracted and analysed. Recently, non-invasive sampling has become the preferred sampling method of such biological material; particularly when studying endangered species. Elasmoid scales from teleost fish are an example of non-invasive samples from which DNA can successfully be extracted. This study compared different extraction protocols to find an optimal method for extracting DNA from teleost fish scales. This was done with the intent to use the protocol that yielded the highest quantity of DNA on dried, archived scales. The protocols tested in this study included (1) phenol/chloroform with a TNES-urea digestion buffer, (2) phenol/chloroform with an amniocyte digestion buffer and (3) Qiagen DNeasy Blood and Tissue Kit with variations in incubation times and temperatures of each protocol. While the phenol/chloroform with TNES-urea digestion buffer yielded significantly higher concentrations of DNA compared to the other protocols, all protocols followed in this study yielded sufficient quantities of DNA for further downstream applications. Therefore, while there are multiple viable options when selecting a DNA extraction protocol, each research project’s individual needs, requirements and resources need to be carefully considered in order to choose the most effective protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loraine Shuttleworth
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa
| | - Carel Jakobus Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X20, Hatfield, 0028, South Africa.
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6
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Bergen DJM, Tong Q, Shukla A, Newham E, Zethof J, Lundberg M, Ryan R, Youlten SE, Frysz M, Croucher PI, Flik G, Richardson RJ, Kemp JP, Hammond CL, Metz JR. Regenerating zebrafish scales express a subset of evolutionary conserved genes involved in human skeletal disease. BMC Biol 2022; 20:21. [PMID: 35057801 PMCID: PMC8780716 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-01209-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Scales are mineralised exoskeletal structures that are part of the dermal skeleton. Scales have been mostly lost during evolution of terrestrial vertebrates whilst bony fish have retained a mineralised dermal skeleton in the form of fin rays and scales. Each scale is a mineralised collagen plate that is decorated with both matrix-building and resorbing cells. When removed, an ontogenetic scale is quickly replaced following differentiation of the scale pocket-lining cells that regenerate a scale. Processes promoting de novo matrix formation and mineralisation initiated during scale regeneration are poorly understood. Therefore, we performed transcriptomic analysis to determine gene networks and their pathways involved in dermal scale regeneration. Results We defined the transcriptomic profiles of ontogenetic and regenerating scales of zebrafish and identified 604 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). These were enriched for extracellular matrix, ossification, and cell adhesion pathways, but not in enamel or dentin formation processes indicating that scales are reminiscent to bone. Hypergeometric tests involving monogenetic skeletal disorders showed that DEGs were strongly enriched for human orthologues that are mutated in low bone mass and abnormal bone mineralisation diseases (P< 2× 10−3). The DEGs were also enriched for human orthologues associated with polygenetic skeletal traits, including height (P< 6× 10−4), and estimated bone mineral density (eBMD, P< 2× 10−5). Zebrafish mutants of two human orthologues that were robustly associated with height (COL11A2, P=6× 10−24) or eBMD (SPP1, P=6× 10−20) showed both exo- and endo- skeletal abnormalities as predicted by our genetic association analyses; col11a2Y228X/Y228X mutants showed exoskeletal and endoskeletal features consistent with abnormal growth, whereas spp1P160X/P160X mutants predominantly showed mineralisation defects. Conclusion We show that scales have a strong osteogenic expression profile comparable to other elements of the dermal skeleton, enriched in genes that favour collagen matrix growth. Despite the many differences between scale and endoskeletal developmental processes, we also show that zebrafish scales express an evolutionarily conserved sub-population of genes that are relevant to human skeletal disease. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12915-021-01209-8.
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7
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Rawat P, Liu P, Zhang C, Guo S, Jawad LA, Sadighzadeh Z, Zhu D. Hierarchical structure and mechanical properties of fish scales from Lutjanidae with different habitat depths. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2022; 100:242-252. [PMID: 34739135 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent days, many researchers are focusing on emerging a new class of bio-inspired architectured materials. The primary strategy of these architecture designs is directly dependent on the types of available literature based on higher-ordered species such as nacre and fish scales. In this study, the authors have investigated the microstructural features and mechanical properties of five different ray-finned fish scales from Lutjanidae family collected in Iran. It was found that habitat depth and habits may result in significant changes in scale's surface morphology and mechanical properties. Interestingly, the variations in cross-sectional microstructural features such as fibre orientation and layer thickness ratios in scales did not show noticeable differences. It has also been proved that the mechanical performance of fish scales is influenced by the shape, array pattern and compactness of strips on posterior edges in a scale. Moreover, the radii count at anterior positions is higher in fishes living in wide-ranging depth; it supports in achieving higher scale stiffness and flexibility during movement. Consideration of these factors may help in optimising the performance of newly designed architectured materials subjected to mechanical loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Rawat
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Shuaicheng Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Laith A Jawad
- School of Environmental and Animal Sciences, Unitec Institute of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zahra Sadighzadeh
- Marine Biology Department, Graduate school of Marine Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Deju Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials and Application Technology of Hunan Province, College of Civil Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
- International Science Innovation Collaboration Base for Green & Advanced Civil Engineering Materials of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, P. R. China
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8
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Senarathna PDS, Marapana RAUJ. Comparative Analysis of the Effect of Ultrasound-Assisted and Conventional Water Bath Extraction Methods on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Tilapia Scales Gelatin. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC FOOD PRODUCT TECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2021.1950252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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9
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Bandyopadhyay A, Traxel KD, Bose S. Nature-inspired materials and structures using 3D Printing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. R, REPORTS : A REVIEW JOURNAL 2021; 145:100609. [PMID: 33986582 PMCID: PMC8112572 DOI: 10.1016/j.mser.2021.100609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Emulating the unique combination of structural, compositional, and functional gradation in natural materials is exceptionally challenging. Many natural structures have proved too complex or expensive to imitate using traditional processing techniques despite recent advances. Recent innovations within the field of additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D Printing (3DP) have shown the ability to create structures that have variations in material composition, structure, and performance, providing a new design-for-manufacturing platform for the imitation of natural materials. AM or 3DP techniques are capable of manufacturing structures that have significantly improved properties and functionality over what could be traditionally-produced, giving manufacturers an edge in their ability to realize components for highly-specialized applications in different industries. To this end, the present work reviews fundamental advances in the use of naturally-inspired design enabled through 3DP / AM, how these techniques can be further exploited to reach new application areas, and the challenges that lie ahead for widespread implementation. An example of how these techniques can be applied towards a total hip arthroplasty application is provided to spur further innovation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Bandyopadhyay
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Kellen D. Traxel
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Susmita Bose
- W. M. Keck Biomedical Materials Research Laboratory, School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
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10
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Fiber reorientation in hybrid helicoidal composites. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 110:103914. [PMID: 32957213 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.103914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring biological materials with stiff fibers embedded in a ductile matrix are commonly known to achieve excellent balance between stiffness, strength and ductility. In particular, biological composite materials with helicoidal architecture have been shown to exhibit enhanced damage tolerance and increased impact energy absorption. However, the role of fiber reorientation inside the flexible matrix of helicoid composites on their mechanical behaviors have not yet been extensively investigated. In the present work, we introduce a Discontinuous Fiber Helicoid (DFH) composite inspired by both the helicoid microstructure in the cuticle of mantis shrimp and the nacreous architecture of the red abalone shell. We employ 3D printed specimens, analytical models and finite element models to analyze and quantify in-plane fiber reorientation in helicoid architectures with different geometrical features. We also introduce additional architectures, i.e., single unidirectional lamina and mono-balanced architectures, for comparison purposes. Compared with associated mono-balanced architectures, helicoid architectures exhibit less fiber reorientation values and lower values of strain stiffening. The explanation for this difference is addressed in terms of the measured in-plane deformation, due to uniaxial tensile of the laminae, correlated to lamina misorientation with respect to the loading direction and lay-up sequence.
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11
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Ghods S, Waddell S, Weller E, Renteria C, Jiang HY, Janak JM, Mao SS, Linley TJ, Arola D. On the regeneration of fish scales: structure and mechanical behavior. J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb211144. [PMID: 32321752 PMCID: PMC7322541 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.211144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Fish scales serve as a dermal armor that provides protection from physical injury. Owing to a number of outstanding properties, fish scales are inspiring new concepts for layered engineered materials and next-generation flexible armors. Although past efforts have primarily focused on the structure and mechanical behavior of ontogenetic scales, the structure-property relationships of regenerated scales have received limited attention. In the present study, common carp (Cyprinus carpio) acquired from the wild were held live in an aquatic laboratory at 10°C and 20°C. Ontogenetic scales were extracted from the fish for analysis, as well as regenerated scales after approximately 1 year of development and growth. Their microstructure was characterized using microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, and the mechanical properties were evaluated in uniaxial tension to failure under hydrated conditions. The strength, strain to fracture and toughness of the regenerated scales were significantly lower than those of ontogenetic scales from the same fish, regardless of the water temperature. Scales that regenerated at 20°C exhibited significantly higher strength, strain to fracture and toughness than those regenerated at 10°C. The regenerated scales exhibited a highly mineralized outer layer, but no distinct limiting layer or external elasmodine; they also possessed a significantly lower number of plies in the basal layer than the ontogenetic scales. The results suggest that a mineralized layer develops preferentially during scale regeneration with the topology needed for protection, prior to the development of other qualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ghods
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - S Waddell
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - E Weller
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - C Renteria
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - H-Y Jiang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Mechanics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - J M Janak
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - S S Mao
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, 200 444 Shanghai, China
| | - T J Linley
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
| | - D Arola
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, School of Mechanics and Engineering Science, Shanghai University, 200 444 Shanghai, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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12
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Vedhanayagam M, Anandasadagopan S, Nair BU, Sreeram KJ. Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) grafted collagen scaffold reinforced by PdO–TiO2 nanocomposites. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 108:110378. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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13
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Naffa R, Maidment C, Ahn M, Ingham B, Hinkley S, Norris G. Molecular and structural insights into skin collagen reveals several factors that influence its architecture. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:509-520. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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Sykes D, Hartwell R, Bradley RS, Burnett TL, Hornberger B, Garwood RJ, Withers PJ. Time-lapse three-dimensional imaging of crack propagation in beetle cuticle. Acta Biomater 2019; 86:109-116. [PMID: 30660007 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Arthropod cuticle has extraordinary properties. It is very stiff and tough whilst being lightweight, yet it is made of rather ordinary constituents. This desirable combination of properties results from a hierarchical structure, but we currently have a poor understanding of how this impedes damage propagation. Here we use non-destructive, time-lapse in situ tensile testing within an X-ray nanotomography (nCT) system to visualise crack progression through dry beetle elytron (wing case) cuticle in 3D. We find that its hierarchical pseudo-orthogonal laminated microstructure exploits many extrinsic toughening mechanisms, including crack deflection, fibre and laminate pull-out and crack bridging. We highlight lessons to be learned in the design of engineering structures from the toughening methods employed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We present the first comprehensive study of the damage and toughening mechanisms within arthropod cuticle in a 3D time-lapse manner, using X-ray nanotomography during crack growth. This technique allows lamina to be isolated despite being convex, which limits 2D analysis of microstructure. We report toughening mechanisms previously unobserved in unmineralised cuticle such as crack deflection, fibre and laminate pull-out and crack bridging; and provide insights into the effects of hierarchical microstructure on crack propagation. Ultimately the benefits of the hierarchical microstructure found here can not only be used to improve biomimetic design, but also helps us to understand the remarkable success of arthropods on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sykes
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Rebecca Hartwell
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Rob S Bradley
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Timothy L Burnett
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | | | - Russell J Garwood
- School of Earth and Environmental Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK; Earth Sciences Department, Natural History Museum, London SW7 5BD, UK
| | - Philip J Withers
- Henry Moseley X-ray Imaging Facility, The Royce Institute, School of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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15
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Bazarin G, Módenes AN, Vieira MGA, Borba CE, Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Scariotto MC. Tilapia scales: characterization and study of Cu(II) removal by ion exchange with Ca(II). SEP SCI TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2019.1577260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Bazarin
- Department of Chemical Engineering – Post graduate Program, West Parana State University, Toledo, Brazil
| | - Aparecido Nivaldo Módenes
- Department of Chemical Engineering – Post graduate Program, West Parana State University, Toledo, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Borba
- Department of Chemical Engineering – Post graduate Program, West Parana State University, Toledo, Brazil
| | | | - Mônica Carminati Scariotto
- Department of Engineering and Science – Environmental Science Post graduate Program, West Parana State University, Toledo, Brazil
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16
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Gao C, Zhao K, Lin L, Wang J, Liu Y, Zhu P. Preparation and Characterization of Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals by Using Partially Hydrolyzed Keratin as Template Agent. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9020241. [PMID: 30754714 PMCID: PMC6409535 DOI: 10.3390/nano9020241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HA), a typical inorganic component of bone, is a widely utilized biomaterial for bone tissue repair and regeneration due to its excellent properties. Inspired by the recent findings on the important roles of protein in biomineralization and natural structure of fish scales, keratin was chosen as a template for modulating the assembly of HA nanocrystals. A series of HA nanocrystals with different sizes were synthesized by adjusting the concentration of partially hydrolyzed keratin. The structure and compositions of the prepared HA were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectrum, and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results revealed that the size of the synthesized HA nanocrystals can be controlled by adjusting the concentration of partially hydrolyzed keratin. Specifically, the size of synthesized HA decreased from 63 ± 1.5 nm to 27 ± 0.9 nm with the increasing concentration of partially hydrolyzed keratin from 0 to 0.6g. In addition, in vitro cytocompatibility of synthesized HA nanocrystals were evaluated using the MG-63 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Ke Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Liwei Lin
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jinyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Peizhi Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu 225009, China.
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17
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Ghods S, Murcia S, Ossa E, Arola D. Designed for resistance to puncture: The dynamic response of fish scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 90:451-459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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18
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Arola D, Ghods S, Son C, Murcia S, Ossa EA. Interfibril hydrogen bonding improves the strain-rate response of natural armour. J R Soc Interface 2019; 16:20180775. [PMID: 30958147 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2018.0775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish scales are laminated composites that consist of plies of unidirectional collagen fibrils with twisted-plywood stacking arrangement. Owing to their composition, the toughness of scales is dependent on the intermolecular bonding within and between the collagen fibrils. Adjusting the extent of this bonding with an appropriate stimulus has implications for the design of next-generation bioinspired flexible armours. In this investigation, scales were exposed to environments of water or a polar solvent (i.e. ethanol) to influence the extent of intermolecular bonding, and their mechanical behaviour was evaluated in uniaxial tension and transverse puncture. Results showed that the resistance to failure of the scales increased with loading rate in both tension and puncture and that the polar solvent treatment increased both the strength and toughness through interpeptide bonding; the largest increase occurred in the puncture resistance of scales from the tail region (a factor of nearly 7×). The increase in strength and damage tolerance with stronger intermolecular bonding is uncommon for structural materials and is a unique characteristic of the low mineral content. Scales from regions of the body with higher mineral content underwent less strengthening, which is most likely the result of interference posed by the mineral crystals to intermolecular bonding. Overall, the results showed that flexible bioinspired composite materials for puncture resistance should enrol constituents and complementary processing that capitalize on interfibril bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Arola
- 1 Department of Mechanics, Shanghai University , Shanghai , People's Republic of China.,2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA.,3 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - S Ghods
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - C Son
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - S Murcia
- 2 Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington Seattle , Seattle, WA , USA
| | - E A Ossa
- 4 School of Engineering, Universidad EAFIT , Medellín , Colombia
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19
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Preparation of gold/hydroxyapatite hybrids using natural fish scale template and their effective albumin interactions. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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Murcia S, Miyamoto Y, Varma MP, Ossa A, Arola D. Contributions of the layer topology and mineral content to the elastic modulus and strength of fish scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 78:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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21
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Zhang X, Cai ZB, Li W, Zhu MH. Understanding hydration effects on mechanical and impacting properties of turtle shell. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 78:116-123. [PMID: 29156290 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Study of the properties of natural biomaterials provides a reliable experimental basis for the design of biomimetic materials. The mechanical properties and impact wear behaviors of turtle shell with different soaking time were investigated on a micro-amplitude impact wear tester. The damage behavior of turtle shells with different soaking time and impact cycles were systematically analyzed, also the impact dynamics behavior was inspected during the impact wear progress. The results showed that the energy absorption and impact contact force were significantly different with varied soaking time. Under different impact cycles, the peak contact force of shell samples with same soaking time were approximate to each other in value and the values of impact contact time change in a small range. However, the damage extent of shells were distinct with varied impact cycles. It was found that impact worn scars of shells increase with impact cycles increasing. However, under the same impact cycles, energy absorption and contact time increased with the extending of soaking time, but the peak contact force decrease. Especially shell without soaking, the absorption rate is the lowest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhang
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Zhen-Bing Cai
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China.
| | - Wei Li
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Min-Hao Zhu
- Tribology Research Institute, Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
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22
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23
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The natural armors of fish: A comparison of the lamination pattern and structure of scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2017; 73:17-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Abstract
Liquid crystals play an important role in biology because the combination of order and mobility is a basic requirement for self-organisation and structure formation in living systems. Cholesteric liquid crystals are omnipresent in living matter under both in vivo and in vitro conditions and address the major types of molecules essential to life. In the animal and plant kingdoms, the cholesteric structure is a recurring design, suggesting a convergent evolution to an optimised left-handed helix. Herein, we review the recent advances in the cholesteric organisation of DNA, chromatin, chitin, cellulose, collagen, viruses, silk and cholesterol ester deposition in atherosclerosis. Cholesteric structures can be found in bacteriophages, archaea, eukaryotes, bacterial nucleoids, chromosomes of unicellular algae, sperm nuclei of many vertebrates, cuticles of crustaceans and insects, bone, tendon, cornea, fish scales and scutes, cuttlebone and squid pens, plant cell walls, virus suspensions, silk produced by spiders and silkworms, and arterial wall lesions. This article specifically aims at describing the consequences of the cholesteric geometry in living matter, which are far from being fully defined and understood, and discusses various perspectives. The roles and functions of biological cholesteric liquid crystals include maximisation of packing efficiency, morphogenesis, mechanical stability, optical information, radiation protection and evolution pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Mitov
- Centre d'Elaboration de Matériaux et d'Etudes Structurales (CEMES), CNRS, BP 94347, 29 rue Jeanne-Marvig, F-31055 Toulouse Cedex 4, France.
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25
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Romdhane Y, Quilichini Y, Tekaya S. Surface ultrastructure and internal properties of the Erpobdella testacea (Hirudinae, Arynchobdellidae) cocoon membrane. Micron 2017; 95:7-15. [PMID: 28152416 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The Erpobdella testacea cocoon membrane is studied for the first time by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. It has an ovoid form, displays a cambered dorsal side in which various micro-organisms are attached and a flattened ventral side. Symmetrically positioned, 2 opercula occur at the distal ends of the cocoon. The internal ultrastructure reveals fibrils (17.5nm) packed in layers forming C, S, bow shaped, parallel and stippling patterns lines, interrupted by Polygon-shaped cavities (1.8μm). Transverse sections show that each fibril presents an external dark part (6nm) and a central hole approximately 5.06nm in diameter. These features are discussed with bibliographic data signalized for other species. Phylogenetic and functional significations of the cocoon wall structure in leeches are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Romdhane
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, UR11ES12 Biologie de la reproduction de du développement animal, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
| | - Yann Quilichini
- CNRS - Università di Corsica, Service d'Etudes et de Recherches en Microscopie Electronique, France.
| | - Saida Tekaya
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté des sciences de Tunis, UR11ES12 Biologie de la reproduction de du développement animal, 2092, Tunis, Tunisia.
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26
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Sherman VR, Yaraghi NA, Kisailus D, Meyers MA. Microstructural and geometric influences in the protective scales of Atractosteus spatula. J R Soc Interface 2016; 13:20160595. [PMID: 27974575 PMCID: PMC5221522 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2016.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atractosteus spatula has been described as a living fossil (having existed for 100 Myr), retaining morphological characteristics of early ancestors such as the ability to breathe air and survive above water for hours. Its highly effective armour consists of ganoid scales. We analyse the protective function of the scales and identify key features which lead to their resistance to failure. Microstructural features include: a twisted cross-plied mineral arrangement that inhibits crack propagation in the external ganoine layer, mineral crystals that deflect cracks in the bony region in order to activate the strength of mineralized collagen fibrils, and saw-tooth ridges along the interface between the two scale layers which direct cracks away from the intrinsically weak interface. The macroscale geometry is additionally evaluated and it is shown that the scales retain full coverage in spite of minimal overlap between adjacent scales while conforming to physiologically required strain and maintaining flexibility via a process in which adjacent rows of scales slide and concurrently reorient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent R Sherman
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nicholas A Yaraghi
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David Kisailus
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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27
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Nalyanya KM, Rop RK, Onyuka A, Migunde PO, Ngumbu RG. Thermal and mechanical analysis of pickled and tanned cowhide: Effect of solar radiations. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.43208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kallen Mulilo Nalyanya
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Ronald K. Rop
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Arthur Onyuka
- Kenya Industrial Research and Development Institute (KIRDI)-Leather Development Centre; Nairobi. P.O.BOX 30650-00100 NAIROBI Kenya
| | - Peter O. Migunde
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
| | - Richard G. Ngumbu
- Department of Physics; Faculty of Science, Egerton University; P.O. Box 536 Egerton 20115 Kenya
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28
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Gil-Duran S, Arola D, Ossa E. Effect of chemical composition and microstructure on the mechanical behavior of fish scales from Megalops Atlanticus. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2016; 56:134-145. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2015.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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29
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Wang JK, Xiong GM, Luo B, Choo CC, Yuan S, Tan NS, Choong C. Surface modification of PVDF using non-mammalian sources of collagen for enhancement of endothelial cell functionality. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE. MATERIALS IN MEDICINE 2016; 27:45. [PMID: 26758892 PMCID: PMC4710638 DOI: 10.1007/s10856-015-5651-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Although polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) is non-toxic and stable in vivo, its hydrophobic surface has limited its bio-applications due to poor cell-material interaction and thrombus formation when used in blood contacting devices. In this study, surface modification of PVDF using naturally derived non-mammalian collagen was accomplished via direct surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) to enhance its cytocompatibility and hemocompatibility. Results showed that Type I collagen was successfully extracted from fish scales and bullfrog skin. The covalent immobilisation of fish scale-derived collagen (FSCOL) and bullfrog skin-derived collagen (BFCOL) onto the PVDF surface improves the attachment and proliferation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, both FSCOL and BFCOL had comparable anti-thrombogenic profiles to that of commercially available bovine collagen (BVCOL). Also, cell surface expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecule was lower on HUVECs cultured on non-mammalian collagen surfaces than on BVCOL, which is an indication of lower pro-inflammatory response. Overall, results from this study demonstrated that non-mammalian sources of collagen could be used to confer bioactivity to PVDF, with comparable cell-material interactions and hemocompatibility to BVCOL. Additionally, higher expression levels of Type IV collagen in HUVECs cultured on FSCOL and BFCOL were observed as compared to BVCOL, which is an indication that the non-mammalian sources of collagen led to a better pro-angiogenic properties, thus making them suitable for blood contacting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kit Wang
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre (R3C), Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute (NEWRI), Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, Singapore, 637141, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Gordon Minru Xiong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Baiwen Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chee Chong Choo
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
| | - Shaojun Yuan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 19 Wangjiang Road, Wuhou, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 637551, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, A*STAR, Singapore, 138673, Singapore
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore
| | - Cleo Choong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore.
- KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, Singapore, 229899, Singapore.
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30
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Kemp A, Heaslop M, Carr A. Scale structure in the Australian lungfish,Neoceratodus forsteri(Osteichthyes: Dipnoi). J Morphol 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kemp
- School of Environment and the School of Biomolecular and Physical Sciences; Griffith University; 170 Kessels Road Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Meg Heaslop
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072
| | - Andrew Carr
- Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland; St. Lucia Queensland 4072
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31
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Chou CH, Chen YG, Lin CC, Lin SM, Yang KC, Chang SH. Bioabsorbable fish scale for the internal fixation of fracture: a preliminary study. Tissue Eng Part A 2015; 20:2493-502. [PMID: 25211643 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fish scales, which consist of type I collagen and hydroxyapatite (HA), were used to fabricate a bioabsorbable bone pin in this study. Fresh fish scales were decellularized and characterized to provide higher biocompatibility. The mechanical properties of fish scales were tested, and the microstructure of an acellular fish scale was examined. The growth curve of a myoblastic cell line (C2C12), which was cultured on the acellular fish scales, implied biocompatibility in vitro, and the morphology of the cells cultured on the scales was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A bone pin made of decellularized fish scales was used for the internal fixation of femur fractures in New Zealand rabbits. Periodic X-ray evaluations were obtained, and histologic examinations were performed postoperatively. The present results show good cell growth on decellularized fish scales, implying great biocompatibility in vitro. Using SEM, the cell morphology revealed great adhesion on a native, layered collagen structure. The Young's modulus was 332 ± 50.4 MPa and the tensile strength was 34.4 ± 6.9 MPa for the decellularized fish scales. Animal studies revealed that a fish-scale-derived bone pin improved the healing of bone fractures and degraded with time. After an 8-week implantation, the bone pin integrated with the adjacent tissue, and new extracellular matrix was synthesized around the implant. Our results proved that fish-scale-derived bone pins are a promising implant material for bone healing and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hung Chou
- 1 Department of Research, Body Organ Biomedical Corp., Taipei, Taiwan
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32
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Chemical and biophysical properties of gelatins extracted from the skin of octopus (Octopus vulgaris). Lebensm Wiss Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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33
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Murcia S, McConville M, Li G, Ossa A, Arola D. Temperature effects on the fracture resistance of scales from Cyprinus carpio. Acta Biomater 2015; 14:154-63. [PMID: 25481741 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In this investigation the fracture resistance of scales from Cyprinus carpio was evaluated as a function of environmental temperature. Tear specimens were prepared from scales obtained from three characteristic regions (i.e. head, mid-length and tail) of multiple fish. The fracture resistance was characterized in Mode III loading and over temperatures ranging from -150°C to 21°C. Results showed that there was a significant reduction in tear resistance with decreasing temperature and the lowest resistance to fracture was obtained at -150°C. There was a significant difference in the relative tear toughness between scales from the three locations at ambient conditions (21°C), but not below freezing. Scales obtained near the head exhibited the largest resistance to fracture (energy ≈ 150 ± 25 kJm(-2)) overall. The fracture resistance was found to be primarily dependent on the thickness of the external mineralized layer and the number of external elasmodine plies, indicating that both the anatomical position and the corresponding microstructure are important to the mechanical behavior of elasmoid fish scales. These variables may be exploited in the design of bioinspired armors and should be considered in future studies concerning the mechanical behavior of these interesting natural materials.
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34
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Fang Z, Wang Y, Feng Q, Kienzle A, Müller WE. Hierarchical structure and cytocompatibility of fish scales from Carassius auratus. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2014; 43:145-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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35
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Yang W, Sherman VR, Gludovatz B, Mackey M, Zimmermann EA, Chang EH, Schaible E, Qin Z, Buehler MJ, Ritchie RO, Meyers MA. Protective role of Arapaima gigas fish scales: structure and mechanical behavior. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:3599-614. [PMID: 24816264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The scales of the arapaima (Arapaima gigas), one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, can serve as inspiration for the design of flexible dermal armor. Each scale is composed of two layers: a laminate composite of parallel collagen fibrils and a hard, highly mineralized surface layer. We review the structure of the arapaima scales and examine the functions of the different layers, focusing on the mechanical behavior, including tension and penetration of the scales, with and without the highly mineralized outer layer. We show that the fracture of the mineral and the stretching, rotation and delamination of collagen fibrils dissipate a significant amount of energy prior to catastrophic failure, providing high toughness and resistance to penetration by predator teeth. We show that the arapaima's scale has evolved to minimize damage from penetration by predator teeth through a Bouligand-like arrangement of successive layers, each consisting of parallel collagen fibrils with different orientations. This inhibits crack propagation and restricts damage to an area adjoining the penetration. The flexibility of the lamellae is instrumental to the redistribution of the compressive stresses in the underlying tissue, decreasing the severity of the concentrated load produced by the action of a tooth. The experimental results, combined with small-angle X-ray scattering characterization and molecular dynamics simulations, provide a complete picture of the mechanisms of deformation, delamination and rotation of the lamellae during tensile extension of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Vincent R Sherman
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bernd Gludovatz
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Mason Mackey
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research Facility, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Zimmermann
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Edwin H Chang
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Eric Schaible
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Zhao Qin
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Marc A Meyers
- Materials Science & Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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36
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Jridi M, Nasri R, Lassoued I, Souissi N, Mbarek A, Barkia A, Nasri M. Chemical and biophysical properties of gelatins extracted from alkali-pretreated skin of cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) using pepsin. Food Res Int 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2013.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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37
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Zimmermann EA, Gludovatz B, Schaible E, Dave NKN, Yang W, Meyers MA, Ritchie RO. Mechanical adaptability of the Bouligand-type structure in natural dermal armour. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2634. [DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 221] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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38
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Yang W, Chen IH, Gludovatz B, Zimmermann EA, Ritchie RO, Meyers MA. Natural flexible dermal armor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:31-48. [PMID: 23161399 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Fish, reptiles, and mammals can possess flexible dermal armor for protection. Here we seek to find the means by which Nature derives its protection by examining the scales from several fish (Atractosteus spatula, Arapaima gigas, Polypterus senegalus, Morone saxatilis, Cyprinius carpio), and osteoderms from armadillos, alligators, and leatherback turtles. Dermal armor has clearly been developed by convergent evolution in these different species. In general, it has a hierarchical structure with collagen fibers joining more rigid units (scales or osteoderms), thereby increasing flexibility without significantly sacrificing strength, in contrast to rigid monolithic mineral composites. These dermal structures are also multifunctional, with hydrodynamic drag (in fish), coloration for camouflage or intraspecies recognition, temperature and fluid regulation being other important functions. The understanding of such flexible dermal armor is important as it may provide a basis for new synthetic, yet bioinspired, armor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, 92093, USA
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Mota JA, Chagas RA, Vieira EFS, Cestari AR. Synthesis and characterization of a novel fish scale-immobilized chitosan adsorbent--preliminary features of dichlorophenol sorption by solution calorimetry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:346-353. [PMID: 22771344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian Corvina fish scales were cross linked with polyglutaraldehyde and chemically modified with chitosan gel. Characterization has pointed that chitosan has good and stable adhesion on the fish scales. The sorption of dichlorophenol-2,6-indophenol (DPI) on the novel material was studied by isothermal solution calorimetry. The non-symmetric shapes of the calorimetric plots indicate that the DPI sorption sites of the adsorbent are not energetically uniform. The enthalpies of the DPI sorption processes were highly exothermic (from -536.7 to -50.9 kJ mol(-1)). The analysis of both the characterization of the materials and the calorimetric results has suggested that the interactions at the fish scales/DPI interface are due to surface reactions. The present work underlines the excellent features of the new fish scale-based adsorbent for use in phenol sorption applications at solid/solution interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackeline A Mota
- Department of Materials Science/CCET, Federal University of Sergipe, CEP 49100-000, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, Brazil
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Marino Cugno Garrano A, La Rosa G, Zhang D, Niu LN, Tay F, Majd H, Arola D. On the mechanical behavior of scales from Cyprinus carpio. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2012; 7:17-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Moura KO, Vieira EFS, Cestari AR. Poly(glutaraldehyde)-stabilized fish scale fibrillar collagen-some features of a new material for heavy metal sorption. J Appl Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/app.35398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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42
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Mechanical properties and the laminate structure of Arapaima gigas scales. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2011; 4:1145-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 03/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Okuda M, Ogawa N, Takeguchi M, Hashimoto A, Tagaya M, Chen S, Hanagata N, Ikoma T. Minerals and aligned collagen fibrils in tilapia fish scales: structural analysis using dark-field and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy and electron tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:788-798. [PMID: 21899811 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611011949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The mineralized structure of aligned collagen fibrils in a tilapia fish scale was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques after a thin sample was prepared using aqueous techniques. Electron diffraction and electron energy loss spectroscopy data indicated that a mineralized internal layer consisting of aligned collagen fibrils contains hydroxyapatite crystals. Bright-field imaging, dark-field imaging, and energy-filtered TEM showed that the hydroxyapatite was mainly distributed in the hole zones of the aligned collagen fibrils structure, while needle-like materials composed of calcium compounds including hydroxyapatite existed in the mineralized internal layer. Dark-field imaging and three-dimensional observation using electron tomography revealed that hydroxyapatite and needle-like materials were mainly found in the matrix between the collagen fibrils. It was observed that hydroxyapatite and needle-like materials were preferentially distributed on the surface of the hole zones in the aligned collagen fibrils structure and in the matrix between the collagen fibrils in the mineralized internal layer of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Okuda
- Biomaterials Center, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-2-1 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
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Zhang F, Xu S, Wang Z. Pre-treatment optimization and properties of gelatin from freshwater fish scales. FOOD AND BIOPRODUCTS PROCESSING 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbp.2010.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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de Vrieze E, Sharif F, Metz JR, Flik G, Richardson MK. Matrix metalloproteinases in osteoclasts of ontogenetic and regenerating zebrafish scales. Bone 2011; 48:704-12. [PMID: 21185415 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2010.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are key enzymes in the turnover of extracellular matrix in health, disease, development and regeneration. We have studied zebrafish scale regeneration to ascertain the role of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in these processes. Scales were plucked from the surface of anaesthetised adult male zebrafish, and the scales that regenerated in the scale pocket were recovered at various time points after plucking. Analyses consisted of (i) mmp-9 in situ hybridisation; (ii) MMP-9+TRAcP double-staining; (iii) qRT-PCR for mmp-2 and mmp-9; (iv) zymography for gelatinolytic activity and (v) a hydroxyproline assay. We found that mmp-9 positive cells were confined to the episquamal side of the scales. Ontogenetic scales had irregular clusters of mono- and multinucleated mmp-9 expressing cells along their lateral margins and radii. During regeneration, mmp-9 positive cells were seen on the scale plate, but not along the lateral margins. Double staining for TRAcP and MMP-9 revealed the osteoclastic nature of these cells. During early scale regeneration, mmp-2 and mmp-9 transcripts increased in abundance in the scale, enzymatic MMP activity increased and collagen degradation was detected by means of hydroxyproline measurements. Near the end of regeneration, all of these parameters returned to the basal values seen in ontogenetic scales. These findings suggest that MMPs play an important role in remodelling of the scale plate during regeneration, and that this function resides in mononucleated and multinucleated osteoclasts which co-express TRAcP and mmp-9. Our findings suggest that the fish scale regeneration model may be a useful system in which to study the cells and mechanisms responsible for regeneration, development and skeletal remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Organismal Animal Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Faculty of Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525AJ, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zhang F, Wang A, Li Z, He S, Shao L. Preparation and Characterisation of Collagen from Freshwater Fish Scales. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.28112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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From diffraction to imaging: New avenues in studying hierarchical biological tissues with x-ray microbeams (Review). Biointerphases 2010; 3:FB16. [PMID: 20408678 DOI: 10.1116/1.2955443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Load bearing biological materials such as bone or arthropod cuticle have optimized mechanical properties which are due to their hierarchical structure ranging from the atomic/molecular level up to macroscopic length scales. Structural investigations of such materials require new experimental techniques with position resolution ideally covering several length scales. Beside light and electron microscopy, synchrotron radiation based x-ray imaging techniques offer excellent possibilities in this respect, ranging from full field imaging with absorption or phase contrast to x-ray microbeam scanning techniques. A particularly useful approach for the study of biological tissues is the combination x-ray microbeam scanning with nanostructural information obtained from x-ray scattering [small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) and wide-angle x-ray scattering (WAXS)]. This combination allows constructing quantitative images of nanostructural parameters with micrometer scanning resolution, and hence, covers two length scales at once. The present article reviews recent scanning microbeam SAXS/WAXS work on bone and some other biological tissues with particular emphasis on the imaging capability of the method. The current status of instrumentation and experimental possibilities is also discussed, and a short outlook about actual and desirable future developments in the field is given.
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Supramolecular assembly of collagen fibrils into collagen fiber in fish scales of red seabream, Pagrus major. J Struct Biol 2009; 168:332-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Revised: 07/16/2009] [Accepted: 08/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Meek KM, Boote C. The use of X-ray scattering techniques to quantify the orientation and distribution of collagen in the corneal stroma. Prog Retin Eye Res 2009; 28:369-92. [PMID: 19577657 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The bulk of the corneal stroma is comprised of a layered network of fibrillar collagen. Determining the architecture of this unique structure may help us to better understand the cornea's biomechanical and optical function. The analysis of diffraction patterns obtained when X-rays are passed through the regularly arranged collagen molecules and fibrils of the stromal matrix yields quantitative data on fibrillar organisation, including the orientation and distribution of collagen lamellae within the corneal plane. In recent years, by exploiting the radiation from powerful synchrotron sources, techniques have been developed to enable the mapping of collagen fibril, and therefore lamellar, directions across whole corneas. This article aims to summarise the use of X-ray diffraction to map the orientation and distribution of collagen in the corneal stroma. The implications of the knowledge gained so far are discussed in relation to the optical and biomechanical properties of the cornea, and their alteration due to disease and surgical intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith M Meek
- Structural Biophysics Group, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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50
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Englert C, Blunk T, Müller R, von Glasser SS, Baumer J, Fierlbeck J, Heid IM, Nerlich M, Hammer J. Bonding of articular cartilage using a combination of biochemical degradation and surface cross-linking. Arthritis Res Ther 2008; 9:R47. [PMID: 17504533 PMCID: PMC2206351 DOI: 10.1186/ar2202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 04/30/2007] [Accepted: 05/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
After trauma, articular cartilage often does not heal due to incomplete bonding of the fractured surfaces. In this study we investigated the ability of chemical cross-linkers to facilitate bonding of articular cartilage, either alone or in combination with a pre-treatment with surface-degrading agents. Articular cartilage blocks were harvested from the femoropatellar groove of bovine calves. Two cartilage blocks, either after pre-treatment or without, were assembled in a custom-designed chamber in partial apposition and subjected to cross-linking treatment. Subsequently, bonding of cartilage was measured as adhesive strength, that is, the maximum force at rupture of bonded cartilage blocks divided by the overlap area. In a first approach, bonding was investigated after treatment with cross-linking reagents only, employing glutaraldehyde, 1-ethyl-3-diaminopropyl-carbodiimide (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), genipin, or transglutaminase. Experiments were conducted with or without compression of the opposing surfaces. Compression during cross-linking strongly enhanced bonding, especially when applying EDC/NHS and glutaraldehyde. Therefore, all further experiments were performed under compressive conditions. Combinations of each of the four cross-linking agents with the degrading pre-treatments, pepsin, trypsin, and guanidine, led to distinct improvements in bonding compared to the use of cross-linkers alone. The highest values of adhesive strength were achieved employing combinations of pepsin or guanidine with EDC/NHS, and guanidine with glutaraldehyde. The release of extracellular matrix components, that is, glycosaminoglycans and total collagen, from cartilage blocks after pre-treatment was measured, but could not be directly correlated to the determined adhesive strength. Cytotoxicity was determined for all substances employed, that is, surface degrading agents and cross-linkers, using the resazurin assay. Taking the favourable cell vitality after treatment with pepsin and EDC/NHS and the cytotoxic effects of guanidine and glutaraldehyde into account, the combination of pepsin and EDC/NHS appeared to be the most advantageous treatment in this study. In conclusion, bonding of articular cartilage blocks was achieved by chemical fixation of their surface components using cross-linking reagents. Application of compressive forces and prior modulation of surface structures enhanced cartilage bonding significantly. Enzymatic treatment in combination with cross-linkers may represent a promising addition to current techniques for articular cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Englert
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Torsten Blunk
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Müller
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sabine Schulze von Glasser
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Julia Baumer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johann Fierlbeck
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Applied Sciences, Galgenbergstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Iris M Heid
- GSF-National Research Centre, Institute of Epidemiology, Ingolstädter Landstrasse, 85674 Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry, and Epidemiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Nerlich
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Centre Regensburg, Franz-Josef-Strauss-Allee, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Joachim Hammer
- Mechanical Engineering Faculty, University of Applied Sciences, Galgenbergstrasse, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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