1
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Mei R, Qiu W, Yang Y, Xu S, Rao Y, Li Q, Luo Y, Huang H, Yang A, Tao H, Qiu M, Zhao X. Evidence That DDR1 Promotes Oligodendrocyte Differentiation during Development and Myelin Repair after Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10318. [PMID: 37373466 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes generate myelin sheaths vital for the formation, health, and function of the central nervous system. Mounting evidence suggests that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are crucial for oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the CNS. It was recently reported that discoidin domain receptor 1 (Ddr1), a collagen-activated RTK, is expressed in oligodendrocyte lineage. However, its specific expression stage and functional role in oligodendrocyte development in the CNS remain to be determined. In this study, we report that Ddr1 is selectively upregulated in newly differentiated oligodendrocytes in the early postnatal CNS and regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Ddr1 knock-out mice of both sexes displayed compromised axonal myelination and apparent motor dysfunction. Ddr1 deficiency alerted the ERK pathway, but not the AKT pathway in the CNS. In addition, Ddr1 function is important for myelin repair after lysolecithin-induced demyelination. Taken together, the current study described, for the first time, the role of Ddr1 in myelin development and repair in the CNS, providing a novel molecule target for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruyi Mei
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Wanwan Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Siyu Xu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yueyu Rao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Qingxin Li
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yuhao Luo
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Aifen Yang
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Huaping Tao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Mengsheng Qiu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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2
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Shafqat A, Albalkhi I, Magableh HM, Saleh T, Alkattan K, Yaqinuddin A. Tackling the glial scar in spinal cord regeneration: new discoveries and future directions. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1180825. [PMID: 37293626 PMCID: PMC10244598 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1180825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Axonal regeneration and functional recovery are poor after spinal cord injury (SCI), typified by the formation of an injury scar. While this scar was traditionally believed to be primarily responsible for axonal regeneration failure, current knowledge takes a more holistic approach that considers the intrinsic growth capacity of axons. Targeting the SCI scar has also not reproducibly yielded nearly the same efficacy in animal models compared to these neuron-directed approaches. These results suggest that the major reason behind central nervous system (CNS) regeneration failure is not the injury scar but a failure to stimulate axon growth adequately. These findings raise questions about whether targeting neuroinflammation and glial scarring still constitute viable translational avenues. We provide a comprehensive review of the dual role of neuroinflammation and scarring after SCI and how future research can produce therapeutic strategies targeting the hurdles to axonal regeneration posed by these processes without compromising neuroprotection.
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3
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Yao L, Brice R, Shippy T. A Protein Composite Neural Scaffold Modulates Astrocyte Migration and Transcriptome Profile. Macromol Biosci 2022; 22:e2100406. [PMID: 35014754 PMCID: PMC9012687 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bioscaffold implantation is a promising approach to facilitate the repair and regeneration of wounded neural tissue after injury to the spinal cord or peripheral nerves. However, such bioscaffold grafts currently result in only limited functional recovery. The generation of a neural scaffold using a combination of collagen and glutenin is reported. The conduit material and mechanical properties, as well as its effect on astrocyte behavior is tested. After neural injuries, astrocytes move into the lesion and participate in the process of remodeling the micro-architecture of the wounded neural tissue. In this study, human astrocytes grown on glutenin-collagen scaffolds show higher motility and a lower proliferation rate compared with those grown on collagen scaffolds. RNA sequencing reveals that astrocytes grown on the two types of scaffolds show differentially expressed genes in Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways such as actin cytoskeleton and focal adhesion that regulate astrocyte migration on scaffolds. The gene expression of aggrecan and versican, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans that inhibit axonal growth, is down-regulated in astrocytes grown on glutenin-collagen scaffolds. These outcomes indicate that the implantation of glutenin-collagen scaffolds may promote astrocyte function in the neural regeneration process by enhanced cell migration and reduced glial scar formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Yao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Ryan Brice
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Teresa Shippy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount Street, Wichita, KS, 67260, USA
- KSU Bioinformatics Center, Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
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4
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Schwann cells contribute to keloid formation. Matrix Biol 2022; 108:55-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Tanga N, Kuboyama K, Kishimoto A, Kiyonari H, Shiraishi A, Suzuki R, Watanabe T, Fujikawa A, Noda M. The PTN-PTPRZ signal activates the AFAP1L2-dependent PI3K-AKT pathway for oligodendrocyte differentiation: Targeted inactivation of PTPRZ activity in mice. Glia 2019; 67:967-984. [PMID: 30667096 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) maintains oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) in an undifferentiated state. The inhibition of PTPase by its ligand pleiotrophin (PTN) promotes OPC differentiation; however, the substrate molecules of PTPRZ involved in the differentiation have not yet been elucidated in detail. We herein demonstrated that the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2, paxillin, ERBB4, GIT1, p190RhoGAP, and NYAP2 was enhanced in OPC-like OL1 cells by a treatment with PTN. AFAP1L2, an adaptor protein involved in the PI3K-AKT pathway, exhibited the strongest response to PTN. PTPRZ dephosphorylated AFAP1L2 at tyrosine residues in vitro and in HEK293T cells. In OL1 cells, the knockdown of AFAP1L2 or application of a PI3K inhibitor suppressed cell differentiation as well as the PTN-induced phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR. We generated a knock-in mouse harboring a catalytically inactive Cys to Ser (CS) mutation in the PTPase domain. The phosphorylation levels of AFAP1L2, AKT, and mTOR were higher, and the expression of oligodendrocyte markers, including myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin regulatory factor (MYRF), was stronger in CS knock-in brains than in wild-type brains on postnatal day 10; however, these differences mostly disappeared in the adult stage. Adult CS knock-in mice exhibited earlier remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination through the accelerated differentiation of OPCs. These phenotypes in CS knock-in mice were similar to those in Ptprz-deficient mice. Therefore, we conclude that the PTN-PTPRZ signal stimulates OPC differentiation partly by enhancing the tyrosine phosphorylation of AFAP1L2 in order to activate the PI3K-AKT pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cuprizone/toxicity
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Demyelinating Diseases/chemically induced
- Demyelinating Diseases/diagnostic imaging
- Disease Models, Animal
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoprecipitation
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Luminescent Proteins/genetics
- Luminescent Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microfilament Proteins/metabolism
- Myelin Proteins/metabolism
- Oligodendroglia/physiology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/genetics
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5/metabolism
- Signal Detection, Psychological/drug effects
- Signal Detection, Psychological/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Transfection
- X-Ray Microtomography
- Red Fluorescent Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Tanga
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kazuya Kuboyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ayako Kishimoto
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resource Development, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Aki Shiraishi
- Laboratory for Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences, Nara Women's University, Nara, Japan
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
- Research Center for Cell Biology, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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6
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Tran AP, Warren PM, Silver J. The Biology of Regeneration Failure and Success After Spinal Cord Injury. Physiol Rev 2018. [PMID: 29513146 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00017.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 497] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Since no approved therapies to restore mobility and sensation following spinal cord injury (SCI) currently exist, a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms following SCI that compromise regeneration or neuroplasticity is needed to develop new strategies to promote axonal regrowth and restore function. Physical trauma to the spinal cord results in vascular disruption that, in turn, causes blood-spinal cord barrier rupture leading to hemorrhage and ischemia, followed by rampant local cell death. As subsequent edema and inflammation occur, neuronal and glial necrosis and apoptosis spread well beyond the initial site of impact, ultimately resolving into a cavity surrounded by glial/fibrotic scarring. The glial scar, which stabilizes the spread of secondary injury, also acts as a chronic, physical, and chemo-entrapping barrier that prevents axonal regeneration. Understanding the formative events in glial scarring helps guide strategies towards the development of potential therapies to enhance axon regeneration and functional recovery at both acute and chronic stages following SCI. This review will also discuss the perineuronal net and how chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposited in both the glial scar and net impede axonal outgrowth at the level of the growth cone. We will end the review with a summary of current CSPG-targeting strategies that help to foster axonal regeneration, neuroplasticity/sprouting, and functional recovery following SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Phuong Tran
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Philippa Mary Warren
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
| | - Jerry Silver
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio ; and School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds , Leeds , United Kingdom
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7
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Gyetvai G, Hughes T, Wedmore F, Roe C, Heikal L, Ghezzi P, Mengozzi M. Erythropoietin Increases Myelination in Oligodendrocytes: Gene Expression Profiling Reveals Early Induction of Genes Involved in Lipid Transport and Metabolism. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1394. [PMID: 29123527 PMCID: PMC5662872 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown that erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective or neuroreparative actions on diseases of the nervous system and that improves oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and myelination in vivo and in vitro. This study aims at investigating the early molecular mechanisms for the pro-myelinating action of EPO at the gene expression level. For this purpose, we used a differentiating OL precursor cell line, rat central glia-4 cells. Cells were differentiated or not, and then treated with EPO for 1 or 20 h. RNA was extracted and changes in the gene expression profile were assessed using microarray analysis. Experiments were performed in biological replicates of n = 4. Differentiation alone changed the expression of 11% of transcripts (2,663 out of 24,272), representing 2,436 genes, half of which were upregulated and half downregulated. At 20 h of treatment, EPO significantly affected the expression of 99 genes that were already regulated by differentiation and of 150 genes that were not influenced by differentiation alone. Analysis of the transcripts most upregulated by EPO identified several genes involved in lipid transport (e.g., Cd36) and lipid metabolism (Ppargc1a/Pgc1alpha, Lpin1, Pnlip, Lpin2, Ppard, Plin2) along with Igf1 and Igf2, growth factors known for their pro-myelinating action. All these genes were only induced by EPO and not by differentiation alone, except for Pnlip which was highly induced by differentiation and augmented by EPO. Results were validated by quantitative PCR. These findings suggest that EPO might increase remyelination by inducing insulin-like growth factors and increasing lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyetvai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Trisha Hughes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Florence Wedmore
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Cieron Roe
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Lamia Heikal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Pietro Ghezzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Manuela Mengozzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, United Kingdom
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8
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Kuboyama K, Fujikawa A, Suzuki R, Tanga N, Noda M. Role of Chondroitin Sulfate (CS) Modification in the Regulation of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type Z (PTPRZ) Activity: PLEIOTROPHIN-PTPRZ-A SIGNALING IS INVOLVED IN OLIGODENDROCYTE DIFFERENTIATION. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18117-28. [PMID: 27445335 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.742536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein-tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (PTPRZ) is predominantly expressed in the developing brain as a CS proteoglycan. PTPRZ has long (PTPRZ-A) and short type (PTPRZ-B) receptor forms by alternative splicing. The extracellular CS moiety of PTPRZ is required for high-affinity binding to inhibitory ligands, such as pleiotrophin (PTN), midkine, and interleukin-34; however, its functional significance in regulating PTPRZ activity remains obscure. We herein found that protein expression of CS-modified PTPRZ-A began earlier, peaking at approximately postnatal days 5-10 (P5-P10), and then that of PTN peaked at P10 at the developmental stage corresponding to myelination onset in the mouse brain. Ptn-deficient mice consistently showed a later onset of the expression of myelin basic protein, a major component of the myelin sheath, than wild-type mice. Upon ligand application, PTPRZ-A/B in cultured oligodendrocyte precursor cells exhibited punctate localization on the cell surface instead of diffuse distribution, causing the inactivation of PTPRZ and oligodendrocyte differentiation. The same effect was observed with the removal of CS chains with chondroitinase ABC but not polyclonal antibodies against the extracellular domain of PTPRZ. These results indicate that the negatively charged CS moiety prevents PTPRZ from spontaneously clustering and that the positively charged ligand PTN induces PTPRZ clustering, potentially by neutralizing electrostatic repulsion between CS chains. Taken altogether, these data indicate that PTN-PTPRZ-A signaling controls the timing of oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation in vivo, in which the CS moiety of PTPRZ receptors maintains them in a monomeric active state until its ligand binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Kuboyama
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Akihiro Fujikawa
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Ryoko Suzuki
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and
| | - Naomi Tanga
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
| | - Masaharu Noda
- From the Division of Molecular Neurobiology, National Institute for Basic Biology (NIBB) and the School of Life Science, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), 5-1 Higashiyama, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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9
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Rao SNR, Pearse DD. Regulating Axonal Responses to Injury: The Intersection between Signaling Pathways Involved in Axon Myelination and The Inhibition of Axon Regeneration. Front Mol Neurosci 2016; 9:33. [PMID: 27375427 PMCID: PMC4896923 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2016.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Following spinal cord injury (SCI), a multitude of intrinsic and extrinsic factors adversely affect the gene programs that govern the expression of regeneration-associated genes (RAGs) and the production of a diversity of extracellular matrix molecules (ECM). Insufficient RAG expression in the injured neuron and the presence of inhibitory ECM at the lesion, leads to structural alterations in the axon that perturb the growth machinery, or form an extraneous barrier to axonal regeneration, respectively. Here, the role of myelin, both intact and debris, in antagonizing axon regeneration has been the focus of numerous investigations. These studies have employed antagonizing antibodies and knockout animals to examine how the growth cone of the re-growing axon responds to the presence of myelin and myelin-associated inhibitors (MAIs) within the lesion environment and caudal spinal cord. However, less attention has been placed on how the myelination of the axon after SCI, whether by endogenous glia or exogenously implanted glia, may alter axon regeneration. Here, we examine the intersection between intracellular signaling pathways in neurons and glia that are involved in axon myelination and axon growth, to provide greater insight into how interrogating this complex network of molecular interactions may lead to new therapeutics targeting SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudheendra N R Rao
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damien D Pearse
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of MedicineMiami, FL, USA; Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical CenterMiami, FL, USA
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10
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Zhu Q, Tan Z, Zhao S, Huang H, Zhao X, Hu X, Zhang Y, Shields CB, Uetani N, Qiu M. Developmental expression and function analysis of protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type D in oligodendrocyte myelination. Neuroscience 2015; 308:106-14. [PMID: 26341907 PMCID: PMC4600676 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.08.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are extensively expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), and have distinct spatial and temporal patterns in different cell types during development. Previous studies have demonstrated possible roles for RPTPs in axon outgrowth, guidance, and synaptogenesis. In the present study, our results revealed that protein tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type D (PTPRD) was initially expressed in mature neurons in embryonic CNS, and later in oligodendroglial cells at postnatal stages when oligodendrocytes undergo active axonal myelination process. In PTPRD mutants, oligodendrocyte differentiation was normal and a transient myelination delay occurred at early postnatal stages, indicating the contribution of PTPRD to the initiation of axonal myelination. Our results also showed that the remyelination process was not affected in the absence of PTPRD function after a cuprizone-induced demyelination in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Zhu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Z Tan
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - S Zhao
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - H Huang
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - X Zhao
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China
| | - X Hu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Y Zhang
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - C B Shields
- Norton Neuroscience Institute, Norton Healthcare, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - N Uetani
- McGill Cancer Centre and Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - M Qiu
- Department of Anatomical Sciences and Neurobiology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA; Institute of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Zhejiang Key Lab of Organ Development and Regeneration, College of Life Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, China.
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11
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Karus M, Ulc A, Ehrlich M, Czopka T, Hennen E, Fischer J, Mizhorova M, Qamar N, Brüstle O, Faissner A. Regulation of oligodendrocyte precursor maintenance by chondroitin sulphate glycosaminoglycans. Glia 2015; 64:270-86. [PMID: 26454153 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) have been proven to inhibit morphological maturation of oligodendrocytes as well as their myelination capabilities. Yet, it remained unclear, whether CSPGs and/or their respective chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycan (CS-GAG) side chains also regulate the oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Here, we initially show that CS-GAGs detected by the monoclonal antibody 473HD are expressed by primary rat NG2-positive oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) and O4-positive immature oligodendrocytes. CS-GAGs become down-regulated with ongoing oligodendrocyte differentiation. Enzymatic removal of the CS-GAG chains by the bacterial enzyme Chondroitinase ABC (ChABC) promoted spontaneous differentiation of proliferating rat OPCs toward O4-positive immature oligodendrocytes. Upon forced differentiation, the enzymatic removal of the CS-GAGs accelerated oligodendrocyte differentiation toward both MBP-positive and membrane forming oligodendrocytes. These processes were attenuated on enriched CSPG fractions, mainly consisting of Phosphacan/RPTPβ/ζ and to less extent of Brevican and NG2. To qualify CS-GAGs as universal regulators of oligodendrocyte biology, we finally tested the effect of CS-GAG removal on OPCs from different sources such as mouse cortical oligospheres, mouse spinal cord neurospheres, and most importantly human-induced pluripotent stem cell-derived radial glia-like neural precursor cells. For all culture systems used, we observed a similar inhibitory effect of CS-GAGs on oligodendrocyte differentiation. In conclusion, this study clearly suggests an important fundamental principle for complex CS-GAGs to regulate the oligodendrocyte lineage progression. Moreover, the use of ChABC in order to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation toward myelin gene expressing cells might be an applicable therapeutic option to enhance white matter repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Karus
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Ulc
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Marc Ehrlich
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Tim Czopka
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Eva Hennen
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,International Graduate School of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Fischer
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marija Mizhorova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Naila Qamar
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE&BRAIN Center, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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12
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Dwyer CA, Katoh T, Tiemeyer M, Matthews RT. Neurons and glia modify receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/phosphacan with cell-specific O-mannosyl glycans in the developing brain. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:10256-73. [PMID: 25737452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.614099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein O-mannosylation is a glycan modification that is required for normal nervous system development and function. Mutations in genes involved in protein O-mannosyl glycosylation give rise to a group of neurodevelopmental disorders known as congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated CNS abnormalities. Our previous work demonstrated that receptor protein-tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ)/phosphacan is hypoglycosylated in a mouse model of one of these CMDs, known as muscle-eye-brain disease, a disorder that is caused by loss of an enzyme (protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 1) that modifies O-mannosyl glycans. In addition, monoclonal antibodies Cat-315 and 3F8 were demonstrated to detect O-mannosyl glycan modifications on RPTPζ/phosphacan. Here, we show that O-mannosyl glycan epitopes recognized by these antibodies define biochemically distinct glycoforms of RPTPζ/phosphacan and that these glycoforms differentially decorate the surface of distinct populations of neural cells. To provide a further structural basis for immunochemically based glycoform differences, we characterized the O-linked glycan heterogeneity of RPTPζ/phosphacan in the early postnatal mouse brain by multidimensional mass spectrometry. Structural characterization of the O-linked glycans released from purified RPTPζ/phosphacan demonstrated that this protein is a significant substrate for protein O-mannosylation and led to the identification of several novel O-mannose-linked glycan structures, including sulfo-N-acetyllactosamine containing modifications. Taken together, our results suggest that specific glycan modifications may tailor the function of this protein to the unique needs of specific cells. Furthermore, their absence in CMDs suggests that hypoglycosylation of RPTPζ/phosphacan may have different functional consequences in neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrissa A Dwyer
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210 and
| | - Toshihiko Katoh
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Russell T Matthews
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13210 and
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13
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Miyamoto K, Tanaka N, Moriguchi K, Ueno R, Kadomatsu K, Kitagawa H, Kusunoki S. Chondroitin 6-O-sulfate ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Glycobiology 2014; 24:469-75. [PMID: 24584141 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the main component of the extracellular matrix in the central nervous system (CNS) and influence neuroplasticity. Although CSPG is considered an inhibitory factor for nerve repair in spinal cord injury, it is unclear whether CSPG influences the pathogenetic mechanisms of neuroimmunological diseases. We induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in chondroitin 6-O-sulfate transferase 1-deficient (C6st1(-/-)) mice. C6ST1 is the enzyme that transfers sulfate residues to position 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine in the sugar chain of CSPG. The phenotypes of EAE in C6st1(-/-) mice were more severe than those in wild-type (WT) mice were. In adoptive-transfer EAE, in which antigen-reactive T cells from WT mice were transferred to C6st1(-/-) and WT mice, phenotypes were significantly more severe in C6st1(-/-) than in WT mice. The recall response of antigen-reactive T cells was not significantly different among the groups. Furthermore, the number of pathogenic T cells within the CNS was also not considerably different. When EAE was induced in C6ST1 transgenic mice with C6ST1 overexpression, the mice showed considerably milder symptoms compared with those in WT mice. In conclusion, the presence of sulfate at position 6 of N-acetylgalactosamine of CSPG may influence the effecter phase of EAE to prevent the progression of pathogenesis. Thus, modification of the carbohydrate residue of CSPG may be a novel therapeutic strategy for neuroimmunological diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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MESH Headings
- Acetylglucosamine/genetics
- Acetylglucosamine/immunology
- Acetylglucosamine/metabolism
- Animals
- Chondroitin Sulfates/genetics
- Chondroitin Sulfates/immunology
- Chondroitin Sulfates/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/genetics
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/genetics
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Sulfotransferases/genetics
- Sulfotransferases/immunology
- Sulfotransferases/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Carbohydrate Sulfotransferases
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuichi Miyamoto
- Department of Neurology, Kinki University School of Medicine, Osaka-Sayama, Japan
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14
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Harlow DE, Macklin WB. Inhibitors of myelination: ECM changes, CSPGs and PTPs. Exp Neurol 2013; 251:39-46. [PMID: 24200549 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
After inflammation-induced demyelination, such as in the disease multiple sclerosis, endogenous remyelination often fails. However, in animal models of demyelination induced with toxins, remyelination can be quite robust. A significant difference between inflammation-induced and toxin-induced demyelination is the response of local cells within the lesion, including astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia/macrophages, and NG2+ cells, which respond to inflammatory stimuli with increased extracellular matrix (ECM) protein and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG) production and deposition. Here, we summarize current knowledge of ECM changes in demyelinating lesions, as well as oligodendrocyte responses to aberrant ECM proteins and CSPGs after various types of demyelinating insults. The discovery that CSPGs act through the receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) and the Rho-ROCK pathway to inhibit oligodendrocyte process extension and myelination, but not oligodendrocyte differentiation (Pendleton et al., Experimental Neurology (2013) vol. 247, pp. 113-121), highlights the need to better understand the ECM changes that accompany demyelination and their influence on oligodendrocytes and effective remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle E Harlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Wendy B Macklin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Center for NeuroScience, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Research Complex 1 South, Mail Stop 8108, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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15
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Pendleton JC, Shamblott MJ, Gary DS, Belegu V, Hurtado A, Malone ML, McDonald JW. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans inhibit oligodendrocyte myelination through PTPσ. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:113-21. [PMID: 23588220 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
CNS damage often results in demyelination of spared axons due to oligodendroglial cell death and dysfunction near the injury site. Although new oligodendroglia are generated following CNS injury and disease, the process of remyelination is typically incomplete resulting in long-term functional deficits. Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are upregulated in CNS grey and white matter following injury and disease and are a major component of the inhibitory scar that suppresses axon regeneration. CSPG inhibition of axonal regeneration is mediated, at least in part, by the protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma (PTPσ) receptor. Recent evidence demonstrates that CSPGs inhibit OL process outgrowth, however, the means by which their effects are mediated remains unclear. Here we investigate the role of PTPσ in CSPG inhibition of OL function. We found that the CSPGs, aggrecan, neurocan and NG2 all imposed an inhibitory effect on OL process outgrowth and myelination. These inhibitory effects were reversed by degradation of CSPGs with Chondroitinase ABC prior to OL exposure. RNAi-mediated down-regulation of PTPσ reversed the inhibitory effect of CSPGs on OL process outgrowth and myelination. Likewise, CSPG inhibition of process outgrowth and myelination was significantly reduced in cultures containing PTPσ(-/-) OLs. Finally, inhibition of Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) increased OL process outgrowth and myelination during exposure to CSPGs. These results suggest that in addition to their inhibitory effects on axon regeneration, CSPGs have multiple inhibitory actions on OLs that result in incomplete remyelination following CNS injury. The identification of PTPσ as a receptor for CSPGs, and the participation of ROCK downstream of CSPG exposure, reveal potential therapeutic targets to enhance white matter repair in the damaged CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Pendleton
- International Center for Spinal Cord Injury, Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, USA
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16
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Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type z negatively regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48797. [PMID: 23144976 PMCID: PMC3492236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Fyn tyrosine kinase-mediated down-regulation of Rho activity through activation of p190RhoGAP is crucial for oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Therefore, the loss of function of its counterpart protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) may enhance myelination during development and remyelination in demyelinating diseases. To test this hypothesis, we investigated whether Ptprz, a receptor-like PTP (RPTP) expressed abuntantly in oligodendrocyte lineage cells, is involved in this process, because we recently revealed that p190RhoGAP is a physiological substrate for Ptprz. Methodology/Principal Findings We found an early onset of the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), a major protein of the myelin sheath, and early initiation of myelination in vivo during development of the Ptprz-deficient mouse, as compared with the wild-type. In addition, oligodendrocytes appeared earlier in primary cultures from Ptprz-deficient mice than wild-type mice. Furthermore, adult Ptprz-deficient mice were less susceptible to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by active immunization with myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide than were wild-type mice. After EAE was induced, the tyrosine phosphorylation of p190RhoGAP increased significantly, and the EAE-induced loss of MBP was markedly suppressed in the white matter of the spinal cord in Ptprz-deficient mice. Here, the number of T-cells and macrophages/microglia infiltrating into the spinal cord did not differ between the two genotypes after MOG immunization. All these findings strongly support the validity of our hypothesis. Conclusions/Significance Ptprz plays a negative role in oligodendrocyte differentiation in early central nervous system (CNS) development and remyelination in demyelinating CNS diseases, through the dephosphorylation of substrates such as p190RhoGAP.
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17
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Huang JK, Ferrari CC, Monteiro de Castro G, Lafont D, Zhao C, Zaratin P, Pouly S, Greco B, Franklin RJM. Accelerated axonal loss following acute CNS demyelination in mice lacking protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1518-23. [PMID: 22940073 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptprz) is widely expressed in the mammalian central nervous system and has been suggested to regulate oligodendrocyte survival and differentiation. We investigated the role of Ptprz in oligodendrocyte remyelination after acute, toxin-induced demyelination in Ptprz null mice. We found neither obvious impairment in the recruitment of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, astrocytes, or reactive microglia/macrophage to lesions nor a failure for oligodendrocyte precursor cells to differentiate and remyelinate axons at the lesions. However, we observed an unexpected increase in the number of dystrophic axons by 3 days after demyelination, followed by prominent Wallerian degeneration by 21 days in the Ptprz-deficient mice. Moreover, quantitative gait analysis revealed a deficit of locomotor behavior in the mutant mice, suggesting increased vulnerability to axonal injury. We propose that Ptprz is necessary to maintain central nervous system axonal integrity in a demyelinating environment and may be an important target of axonal protection in inflammatory demyelinating diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and periventricular leukomalacia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey K Huang
- Wellcome Trust and MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
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18
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Dwyer CA, Baker E, Hu H, Matthews RT. RPTPζ/phosphacan is abnormally glycosylated in a model of muscle-eye-brain disease lacking functional POMGnT1. Neuroscience 2012; 220:47-61. [PMID: 22728091 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) with associated brain abnormalities are a group of disorders characterized by muscular dystrophy and brain and eye abnormalities that are frequently caused by mutations in known or putative glycotransferases involved in protein O-mannosyl glycosylation. Previous work identified α-dystroglycan as the major substrate for O-mannosylation and its altered glycosylation the major cause of these disorders. However, work from several labs indicated that other proteins in the brain are also O-mannosylated and therefore could contribute to CMD pathology in patients with mutations in the protein O-mannosylation pathway, however few of these proteins have been identified and fully characterized in CMDs. In this study we identify receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ζ (RPTPζ) and its secreted variant, phosphacan, as another potentially important substrate for protein O-mannosylation in the brain. Using a mouse model of muscle-eye-brain disease lacking functional protein O-mannose β-1,2-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (POMGnT1), we show that RPTPζ/phosphacan is shifted to a lower molecular weight and distinct carbohydrate epitopes normally detected on the protein are either absent or substantially reduced, including Human Natural Killer-1 (HNK-1) reactivity. The spatial and temporal expression patterns of these O-mannosylated forms of RPTPζ/phosphacan and its hypoglycosylation and loss of HNK-1 glycan epitopes in POMGnT1 knockouts are suggestive of a role in the neural phenotypes observed in patients and animal models of CMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Dwyer
- The Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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19
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Liu X, Li Y, Zhang Y, Lu Y, Guo W, Liu P, Zhou J, Xiang Z, He C. SHP-2 promotes the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells through Akt and ERK1/2 signaling in vitro. PLoS One 2011; 6:e21058. [PMID: 21701583 PMCID: PMC3118803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) differentiate into oligodendrocytes (OLs), which are responsible for myelination. Myelin is essential for saltatory nerve conduction in the vertebrate nervous system. However, the molecular mechanisms of maturation and myelination by oligodendrocytes remain elusive. Methods and Findings In the present study, we showed that maturation of oligodendrocytes was attenuated by sodium orthovanadate (a comprehensive inhibitor of tyrosine phosphatases) and PTPi IV (a specific inhibitor of SHP-2). It is also found that SHP-2 was persistently expressed during maturation process of OPCs. Down-regulation of endogenous SHP-2 led to impairment of oligodendrocytes maturation and this effect was triiodo-L-thyronine (T3) dependent. Furthermore, over-expression of SHP-2 was shown to promote maturation of oligodendrocytes. Finally, it has been identified that SHP-2 was involved in activation of Akt and extracellular-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) induced by T3 in oligodendrocytes. Conclusions SHP-2 promotes oligodendrocytes maturation via Akt and ERK1/2 signaling in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiujie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhenghua Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng He
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Neuroscience, Ministry of Education, Neuroscience Research Centre of Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Wang PS, Wang J, Xiao ZC, Pallen CJ. Protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha acts as an upstream regulator of Fyn signaling to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:33692-702. [PMID: 19812040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.061770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase Fyn plays a key role in oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination in the central nervous system, but the molecules responsible for regulating Fyn activation in these processes remain poorly defined. Here we show that receptor-like protein-tyrosine phosphatase alpha (PTPalpha) is an important positive regulator of Fyn activation and signaling that is required for the differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). PTPalpha is expressed in OPCs and is up-regulated during differentiation. We used two model systems to investigate the role of PTPalpha in OPC differentiation: the rat CG4 cell line where PTPalpha expression was silenced by small interfering RNA, and oligosphere-derived primary OPCs isolated from wild-type and PTPalpha-null mouse embryos. In both cell systems, the ablation of PTPalpha inhibited differentiation and morphological changes that accompany this process. Although Fyn was activated upon induction of differentiation, the level of activation was severely reduced in cells lacking PTPalpha, as was the activation of Fyn effector molecules focal adhesion kinase, Rac1, and Cdc42, and inactivation of Rho. Interestingly, another downstream effector of Fyn, p190RhoGAP, which is responsible for Rho inactivation during differentiation, was not affected by PTPalpha ablation. In vivo studies revealed defective myelination in the PTPalpha(-/-) mouse brain. Together, our findings demonstrate that PTPalpha is a critical regulator of Fyn activation and of specific Fyn signaling events during differentiation, and is essential for promoting OPC differentiation and central nervous system myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 4H4, Canada
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21
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Reinhard J, Horvat-Bröcker A, Illes S, Zaremba A, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A. Protein tyrosine phosphatases expression during development of mouse superior colliculus. Exp Brain Res 2009; 199:279-97. [PMID: 19727691 PMCID: PMC2845883 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) are key regulators of different processes during development of the central nervous system. However, expression patterns and potential roles of PTPs in the developing superior colliculus remain poorly investigated. In this study, a degenerate primer-based reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) approach was used to isolate seven different intracellular PTPs and nine different receptor-type PTPs (RPTPs) from embryonic E15 mouse superior colliculus. Subsequently, the expression patterns of 11 PTPs (TC-PTP, PTP1C, PTP1D, PTP-MEG2, PTP-PEST, RPTPJ, RPTPε, RPTPRR, RPTPσ, RPTPκ and RPTPγ) were further analyzed in detail in superior colliculus from embryonic E13 to postnatal P20 stages by quantitative real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Each of the 11 PTPs exhibits distinct spatiotemporal regulation of mRNAs and proteins in the developing superior colliculus suggesting their versatile roles in genesis of neuronal and glial cells and retinocollicular topographic mapping. At E13, additional double-immunohistochemical analysis revealed the expression of PTPs in collicular nestin-positive neural progenitor cells and RC-2-immunoreactive radial glia cells, indicating the potential functional importance of PTPs in neurogenesis and gliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Reinhard
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Andrea Horvat-Bröcker
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Illes
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine University, Moorenstr. 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Angelika Zaremba
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, PO Box 12233, Durham, NC 27709 USA
| | - Piotr Knyazev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Axel Ullrich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max-Planck-Institute, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Andreas Faissner
- Department of Cell Morphology and Molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Universitaetsstr 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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22
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A novel role for receptor like protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta in modulation of sensorimotor responses to noxious stimuli: evidences from knockout mice studies. Behav Brain Res 2009; 201:29-40. [PMID: 19428613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Receptor like protein tyrosine phosphatase zeta (RPTPz) (also known as RPTPbeta or PTPxi) is a tyrosine phosphatase widely expressed in the nervous system, thought to play a role in cell-cell communication. However, knocking out RPTPz does not induce major neural abnormalities in mice. In order to better assess the potential role of RPTPz in various neural functions, we performed a comprehensive behavioural characterization of CNS/PNS functions in knockout mice (RPTPz -/-) confirming previously observed impaired working memory functions and further demonstrating an altered motor coordination. Moreover, RPTPz -/- mice displayed reduced responses to moderate thermal and tactile stimuli, both in baseline and under inflammatory conditions. These findings assign novel functional role of RPTPz in motor coordination and nociception.
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23
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Horvat-Bröcker A, Reinhard J, Illes S, Paech T, Zoidl G, Harroch S, Distler C, Knyazev P, Ullrich A, Faissner A. Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases are expressed by cycling retinal progenitor cells and involved in neuronal development of mouse retina. Neuroscience 2008; 152:618-45. [PMID: 18308476 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) appear to coordinate many aspects of neural development, including cell proliferation, migration and differentiation. Here we investigated potential roles of RPTPs in the developing mouse retina. Using a degenerate oligonucleotide-based reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction approach, we identified 11 different RPTPs in the retina at embryonic stage 13 (E13). Subsequently, the expression patterns of RPTPkappa, RPTPJ, RPTPRR, RPTPsigma, RPTPepsilon and RPTPgamma in the retina from embryonic stages to adult were analyzed in detail using quantitative real-time-PCR, in situ hybridization, immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. At E13, all six RPTPs are expressed in actively cycling retinal progenitor cells and postmitotic newborn retinal neurons. With ongoing maturation, RPTPkappa, RPTPJ, RPTPRR, RPTPsigma, RPTPepsilon and RPTPgamma display a different spatiotemporal regulation of mRNAs and proteins in the pre- and postnatal retina. Finally, in adulthood these six RPTPs localize to distinct cellular compartments of multiple retinal neurons. Additional studies in RPTPgamma(-/-) and RPTPbeta/zeta(-/-) (also known as PTPRZ1, RPTPbeta or RPTPzeta) mice at postnatal stage P1 reveal no apparent differences in retinal laminar organization or in the expression pattern of specific retinal cell-type markers when compared with wild type. However, in RPTPbeta/zeta(-/-) retinas, immunoreactivity of vimentin, a marker of Müller glial cells, is selectively reduced and the morphology of vimentin-immunoreactive radial processes of Müller cells is considerably disturbed. Our results suggest distinct roles of RPTPs in cell proliferation and establishing phenotypes of different retinal cells during retinogenesis as well as later in the maintenance of mature retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horvat-Bröcker
- Department of Cell Morphology and molecular Neurobiology, Faculty of Biology, Ruhr-University-Bochum, Universitaetsstr. 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
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Dennis J, White MA, Forrest AD, Yuelling LM, Nogaroli L, Afshari FS, Fox MA, Fuss B. Phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin's MORFO domain regulates oligodendroglial process network formation and focal adhesion organization. Mol Cell Neurosci 2007; 37:412-24. [PMID: 18164210 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2007.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2007] [Revised: 10/23/2007] [Accepted: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of a complex process network by maturing oligodendrocytes is a critical but currently poorly characterized step toward myelination. Here, we demonstrate that the matricellular oligodendrocyte-derived protein phosphodiesterase-Ialpha/autotaxin (PD-Ialpha/ATX) and especially its MORFO domain are able to promote this developmental step. In particular, the single EF hand-like motif located within PD-Ialpha/ATX's MORFO domain was found to stimulate the outgrowth of higher order branches but not process elongation. This motif was also observed to be critical for the stimulatory effect of PD-Ialpha/ATX's MORFO domain on the reorganization of focal adhesions located at the leading edge of oligodendroglial protrusions. Collectively, our data suggest that PD-Ialpha/ATX promotes oligodendroglial process network formation and expansion via the cooperative action of multiple functional sites located within the MORFO domain and more specifically, a novel signaling pathway mediated by the single EF hand-like motif and regulating the correlated events of process outgrowth and focal adhesion organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jameel Dennis
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
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25
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Romanelli RJ, LeBeau AP, Fulmer CG, Lazzarino DA, Hochberg A, Wood TL. Insulin-like Growth Factor Type-I Receptor Internalization and Recycling Mediate the Sustained Phosphorylation of Akt. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:22513-24. [PMID: 17545147 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704309200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously we demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor-I mediates the sustained phosphorylation of Akt, which is essential for long term survival and protection of glial progenitors from glutamate toxicity. These prosurvival effects correlated with prolonged activation and stability of the insulin-like growth factor type-I receptor. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms whereby insulin-like growth factor-I signaling, through the insulin-like growth factor type-I receptor, mediates the sustained phosphorylation of Akt. We showed that insulin-like growth factor-I stimulation induced loss of receptors from the cell surface but that surface receptors recovered over time. Blocking receptor internalization inhibited Akt phosphorylation, whereas inhibition of receptor trafficking blocked receptor recovery at the cell surface and the sustained phosphorylation of Akt. Moreover the insulin-like growth factor type-I receptor localized with the transferrin receptor and Rab11-positive endosomes in a ligand-dependent manner, further supporting the conclusion that this receptor follows a recycling pathway. Our results provide evidence that ligand stimulation leads to internalization of the insulin-like growth factor type-I receptor, which mediates Akt phosphorylation, and that receptor recycling sustains Akt phosphorylation in glial progenitors. Mathematical modeling of receptor trafficking further supports these results and predicts an additional kinetic state of the receptor consistent with sustained Akt phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Romanelli
- Department of Neurology and Neurosciences, New Jersey Medical School, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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26
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Muja N, Lovas G, Romm E, Machleder D, Ranjan M, Gallo V, Hudson LD. Expression of a catalytically inactive transmembrane protein tyrosine phosphatase epsilon (tm-PTP epsilon) delays optic nerve myelination. Glia 2005; 48:278-97. [PMID: 15390114 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reversible tyrosine phosphorylation is integral to the process of oligodendrocyte differentiation. To interfere with the subset of the phosphorylation cycle overseen by protein tyrosine phosphatase epsilon (PTP epsilon) in oligodendrocytes, we applied a substrate-trapping approach in the development of transgenic mice overexpressing a catalytically inactive, transmembrane PTP epsilon-hemaglutinin (tm-PTP epsilon-HA) from the dual promoter element of the gene encoding the myelin protein 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNP). Transgene expression peaked during the active myelinating period, at 2-3 weeks postnatal. Two tyrosine phosphoproteins, alpha-enolase and beta-actin, were phosphorylated to a greater degree in transgenic mice. Despite a high degree of tm-PTP epsilon-HA expression, myelin was grossly normal in nearly all axonal tracts. Phenotypic abnormalities were limited to optic nerve, where a decrease in the degree of myelination was reflected by reduced levels of myelin proteins on postnatal day 21 (PND21), as well as a decrease in the density of differentiated oligodendrocytes. The optic chiasm was reduced in thickness in transgenic mice; optic nerves similarly exhibited a reduction in transverse width. Further analyses of the optic pathway demonstrated that transgenic protein was unexpectedly present in retinal ganglion cells, whose axons are the targets of myelination by optic nerve oligodendrocytes. On PND28, transgenic protein declined dramatically in both oligodendrocytes and retinal ganglion cells contributing to the recovery of optic nerve myelination. Thus, delayed myelination arises only when tm-PTP epsilon-HA is simultaneously expressed in myelin-forming glia and their neuronal targets. While tm-PTP epsilon related signaling pathways may figure in axon-glial interactions, interfering with tm-PTP epsilon activity does not perceptibly affect the development or myelinating capacity of most oligodendrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naser Muja
- Section of Developmental Genetics, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4160, USA
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27
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Harroch S, Furtado GC, Brueck W, Rosenbluth J, Lafaille J, Chao M, Buxbaum JD, Schlessinger J. A critical role for the protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z in functional recovery from demyelinating lesions. Nat Genet 2002; 32:411-4. [PMID: 12355066 DOI: 10.1038/ng1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2002] [Accepted: 08/12/2002] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that tyrosine phosphorylation is a key element in myelin formation, differentiation of oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells, and recovery from demyelinating lesions. Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease of the human central nervous system, and studies of experimental demyelination indicate that remyelination in vivo requires the local generation, migration or maturation of new oligodendrocytes, or some combination of these. Failure of remyelination in multiple sclerosis could result from the failure of any of these processes or from the death of oligodendrocytes. Ptprz encodes protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptpz, also designated Rptpbeta), which is expressed primarily in the nervous system but also in oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and neurons. Here we examine the susceptibility of mice deficient in Ptprz to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of multiple sclerosis. We observe that mice deficient in Ptprz show impaired recovery from EAE induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) peptide. This sustained paralysis is associated with increased apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes in the spinal cords of mutant mice at the peak of inflammation. We further demonstrate that expression of PTPRZ1, the human homolog of Ptprz, is induced in multiple sclerosis lesions and that the gene is specifically expressed in remyelinating oligodendrocytes in these lesions. These results support a role for Ptprz in oligodendrocyte survival and in recovery from demyelinating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Harroch
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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28
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Buttery PC, ffrench-Constant C. Process extension and myelin sheet formation in maturing oligodendrocytes. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:115-30. [PMID: 11544981 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)32070-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Buttery
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair and Department of Medical Genetics, University Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
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29
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Haynes L, Rumsby M. The pleiotropin/midkine family of cytokines: role in glial-neuronal signalling. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:313-24. [PMID: 11545000 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(01)32085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- L Haynes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1UG, UK
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30
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Garcion E, Faissner A, ffrench-Constant C. Knockout mice reveal a contribution of the extracellular matrix molecule tenascin-C to neural precursor proliferation and migration. Development 2001; 128:2485-96. [PMID: 11493565 DOI: 10.1242/dev.128.13.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix glycoprotein tenascin-C is widely expressed in the vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) during development and repair. Despite multiple effects of tenascin-C on cell behaviour in culture, no structural abnormalities of the CNS and other organs have been found in adult tenascin-C-null mice, raising the question of whether this glycoprotein has a significant role in vivo. Using a transgenic approach, we have demonstrated that tenascin-C regulates both cell proliferation and migration in oligodendrocyte precursors during development. Knockout mice show increased rates of oligodendrocyte precursor migration along the optic nerve and reduced rates of oligodendrocyte precursor proliferation in different regions of the CNS. Levels of programmed cell death were reduced in areas of myelination at later developmental stages,providing a potential corrective mechanism for any reduction in cell numbers that resulted from the proliferation phenotype. The effects on cell proliferation are mediated via the αvβ3 integrin and an interaction with the platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated mitogenic pathway, emphasising the importance of both CNS extracellular matrix and integrin growth factor interactions in the regulation of neural precursor behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Garcion
- Department of Medical Genetics and Cambridge Center for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, UK
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31
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Yim SH, Hammer JA, Quarles RH. Differences in signal transduction pathways by which platelet-derived and fibroblast growth factors activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase in differentiating oligodendrocytes. J Neurochem 2001; 76:1925-34. [PMID: 11259511 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2001.00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of cultured rat oligodendroglial progenitors with either platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) activated extracellular signal regulated kinase 2 (ERK2). Activation was transient in response to PDGF, whereas it was greater and more prolonged in response to FGF-2. ERK2 activation by PDGF was preceded by a very rapid, robust and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of the PDGF receptor. Although there was consistently more activation of ERK2 in response to FGF-2 than to PDGF, immunostaining of FGF receptors 1 (FGFR1) and 2 (FGFR2) and their tyrosine phosphorylation in progenitors was very weak, and both receptors were up-regulated during differentiation to oligodendrocytes. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the FGF receptors was maximal from 15 to 60 min of treatment and was sustained for many hours. Binding of radioiodinated FGF-2 to FGFR1 was predominant in progenitors, whereas binding to FGFR2 was predominant in oligodendrocytes. ERK2 activation by PDGF was more sensitive to inhibition of tyrosine kinases, whereas ERK2 activation by FGF-2 was relatively more sensitive to inhibitors of protein kinase C. These differences in signal transduction pathways probably contribute to the different cellular responses of oligodendroglial lineage cells to PDGF and FGF-2, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S H Yim
- Myelin and Brain Development Section, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, NINDS, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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32
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Harroch S, Palmeri M, Rosenbluth J, Custer A, Okigaki M, Shrager P, Blum M, Buxbaum JD, Schlessinger J. No obvious abnormality in mice deficient in receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase beta. Mol Cell Biol 2000; 20:7706-15. [PMID: 11003666 PMCID: PMC86347 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.20.20.7706-7715.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of neurons and glia is governed by a multitude of extracellular signals that control protein tyrosine phosphorylation, a process regulated by the action of protein tyrosine kinases and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Receptor PTPbeta (RPTPbeta; also known as PTPzeta) is expressed predominantly in the nervous system and exhibits structural features common to cell adhesion proteins, suggesting that this phosphatase participates in cell-cell communication. It has been proposed that the three isoforms of RPTPbeta play a role in regulation of neuronal migration, neurite outgrowth, and gliogenesis. To investigate the biological functions of this PTP, we have generated mice deficient in RPTPbeta. RPTPbeta-deficient mice are viable, are fertile, and showed no gross anatomical alterations in the nervous system or other organs. In contrast to results of in vitro experiments, our study demonstrates that RPTPbeta is not essential for neurite outgrowth and node formation in mice. The ultrastructure of nerves of the central nervous system in RPTPbeta-deficient mice suggests a fragility of myelin. However, conduction velocity was not altered in RPTPbeta-deficient mice. The normal development of neurons and glia in RPTPbeta-deficient mice demonstrates that RPTPbeta function is not necessary for these processes in vivo or that loss of RPTPbeta can be compensated for by other PTPs expressed in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harroch
- Department of Pharmacology and the Skirball Institute, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 10016, USA
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33
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Althaus HH, Richter-Landsberg C. Glial cells as targets and producers of neurotrophins. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CYTOLOGY 2000; 197:203-77. [PMID: 10761118 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7696(00)97005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Glial cells fulfill important tasks within the neural network of the central and peripheral nervous systems. The synthesis and secretion of various polypeptidic factors (cytokines) and a number of receptors, with which glial cells are equipped, allow them to communicate with their environment. Evidence has accumulated during recent years that neurotrophins play an important role not only for neurons but also for glial cells. This brief update of some morphological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical characteristics of glial cell lineages conveys our present knowledge about glial cells as targets and producers of neurotrophins under normal and pathological conditions. The chapter discusses the presence of neurotrophin receptors on glial cells, glial cells as producers of neurotrophins, signaling pathways downstream Trk and p75NTR, and the significance of neurotrophins and their receptors for glial cells during development, in cell death and survival, and in neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- H H Althaus
- AG Neural Regeneration, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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34
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35
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Probstmeier R, Michels M, Franz T, Chan BM, Pesheva P. Tenascin-R interferes with integrin-dependent oligodendrocyte precursor cell adhesion by a ganglioside-mediated signalling mechanism. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:2474-88. [PMID: 10383637 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00670.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte (OL) lineage progression is characterized by the transient expression of the disialoganglioside GD3 by OL precursor (preOL) cells followed by the sequential expression of myelin-specific lipids and proteins. Whereas GD3+ preOLs are highly motile cells, the migratory capacity of OLs committed to terminal differentiation is strongly reduced, and we have recently shown that the extracellular matrix protein tenascin-R (TN-R) promotes the stable adhesion and differentiation of O4+ OLs by a sulphatide-mediated autocrine mechanism (O4 is a monoclonal antibody recognizing sulphatides/seminolipids expressed by OLs and in myelin). Using culture conditions that allow the isolation of mouse OLs at distinct lineage stages, here we demonstrate that TN-R is antiadhesive for GD3+ preOLs and inhibits their integrin-dependent adhesion to fibronectin (FN) by a disialoganglioside-mediated signalling mechanism affecting the tyrosine phosphorylation of the focal adhesion kinase. This responsive mechanism appears to be common to various cell types expressing disialogangliosides as: (i) disialogangliosides interfered with the inhibition of cell adhesion of different neural and non-neural cells on substrata containing TN-R and FN or RGD-containing FN fragments. TN-R interacted specifically with disialoganglioside-expressing cells or immobilized gangliosides, and ganglioside treatment of TN-R substrata resulted in a delayed preOL cell detachment as a function of time. We conclude that OL response to one and the same signal in the extracellular matrix critically depends on the molecular repertoire expressed by OLs at different lineage stages and could thus define their final positioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Probstmeier
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Anatomy and Physiology, University of Bonn, 53115, Germany
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36
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Schumann G, Fiebich BL, Menzel D, Hüll M, Butcher R, Nielsen P, Bauer J. Cytokine-induced transcription of protein-tyrosine-phosphatases in human astrocytoma cells. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1998; 62:56-64. [PMID: 9795134 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(98)00237-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Tumor Necrosis Factor-a (TNFalpha) are potent mediators of inflammatory reactions in the brain. Although much is known about the effects of IL-1 on expression of secretory proteins, few studies have addressed the question of a selective, IL-1-dependent expression of genes involved in neuromodulatory effects of inflammation. Protein-tyrosine-phosphatases (PTP's) have been shown to regulate signal transduction and adhesion processes in the developing nervous system. They are candidates for inflammation-induced neuromodulation. Therefore, we investigated if IL-1 regulates expression of PTP's. We applied a DNA-fingerprinting method based on the PCR-amplification of conserved domains of gene families and observed IL-1-dependent induction of two PTP's, cytoplasmic PTPvarepsilon and receptor-PTPgamma, RPTPgamma, in human U373-MG astrocytoma cells. Using Northern blot analysis, we confirmed this result and also show that in addition to IL-1, TNFalpha but not IL-6 induces the transcription of cytoplasmic PTPvarepsilon and RPTPgamma in human astrocytoma cells. Given the important role for PTP's in neuromodulatory aspects such as axonal guidance and neurite outgrowth, cytokine-induced induction of PTP's may play an important pathenogenic role in the development of chronic inflammatory diseases in the brain.
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MESH Headings
- Astrocytoma/enzymology
- Astrocytoma/genetics
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Cytokines/pharmacology
- DNA, Complementary/analysis
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Interleukin-1/pharmacology
- Interleukin-6/pharmacology
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/chemistry
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/biosynthesis
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/chemistry
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/drug effects
- Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 4
- Receptor-Like Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases, Class 5
- Receptors, Cell Surface
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- G Schumann
- Department of Psychiatry, Albert-Ludwigs Universität, Hauptstrasse 5, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
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37
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Abstract
During neural development, cells interact dynamically with each other and with the extracellular matrix, using cell signaling to control differentiation, axonogenesis, and survival. Enzymes that regulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation often lie at the core of such cell signaling. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases) are recognized as being of central importance here, and a growing family of PTPases are now known to be expressed in embryonic neurons and glia. Both receptor-like and cytoplasmic enzymes have been identified. The receptor family includes immunoglobulin superfamily members that influence cell-cell adhesion, proteoglycans that control neurite growth, and enzymes in Drosophila that regulate axon guidance and target cell recognition. Cytoplasmic PTPases are implicated in nerve cell commitment and potentially in the regulation of cell survival. This review outlines what we currently know about PTPases in the nervous system and presents concepts concerning their possible modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stoker
- Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, UK.
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