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Hu HL, Khatri L, Santacruz M, Church E, Moore C, Huang TT, Chao MV. Confronting the loss of trophic support. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1179209. [PMID: 37456526 PMCID: PMC10338843 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1179209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Classic experiments with peripheral sympathetic neurons established an absolute dependence upon NGF for survival. A forgotten problem is how these neurons become resistant to deprivation of trophic factors. The question is whether and how neurons can survive in the absence of trophic support. However, the mechanism is not understood how neurons switch their phenotype to lose their dependence on trophic factors, such as NGF and BDNF. Here, we approach the problem by considering the requirements for trophic support of peripheral sympathetic neurons and hippocampal neurons from the central nervous system. We developed cellular assays to assess trophic factor dependency for sympathetic and hippocampal neurons and identified factors that rescue neurons in the absence of trophic support. They include enhanced expression of a subunit of the NGF receptor (Neurotrophin Receptor Homolog, NRH) in sympathetic neurons and an increase of the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor in hippocampal neurons. The results are significant since levels and activity of trophic factors are responsible for many neuropsychiatric conditions. Resistance of neurons to trophic factor deprivation may be relevant to the underlying basis of longevity, as well as an important element in preventing neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Lan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Latika Khatri
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Marilyn Santacruz
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Emily Church
- Department of Neuroscience, Pomona College, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Moore
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Tony T. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Moses V. Chao
- Skirball Institute for Biomolecular Medicine, Neuroscience Institute, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Cell Biology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Psychiatry, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, New York Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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Conroy JN, Coulson EJ. High-affinity TrkA and p75 neurotrophin receptor complexes: a twisted affair. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101568. [PMID: 35051416 PMCID: PMC8889134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Dusan M, Jastrow C, Alyce MM, Yingkai W, Shashikanth M, Andelain E, Christine BM, Stuart BM, Oliver BG, Michael MZ, Nicolas VH, Damien KJ, Rainer HV. Differentiation of the 50B11 dorsal ganglion cells into NGF and GDNF responsive nociceptor subtypes. Mol Pain 2021; 16:1744806920970368. [PMID: 33307981 PMCID: PMC7745567 DOI: 10.1177/1744806920970368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The embryonic rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuron-derived 50B11 cell line is a promising sensory neuron model expressing markers characteristic of NGF and GDNF-dependent C-fibre nociceptors. Whether these cells have the capacity to develop into distinct nociceptive subtypes based on NGF- or GDNF-dependence has not been investigated. Here we show that by augmenting forskolin (FSK) and growth factor supplementation with NGF or GDNF, 50B11 cultures can be driven to acquire differential functional responses to common nociceptive agonists capsaicin and ATP respectively. In addition, to previous studies, we also demonstrate that a differentiated neuronal phenotype can be maintained for up to 7 days. Western blot analysis of nociceptive marker proteins further demonstrates that the 50B11 cells partially recapitulate the functional phenotypes of classical NGF-dependent (peptidergic) and GDNF-dependent (non-peptidergic) neuronal subtypes described in DRGs. Further, 50B11 cells differentiated with NGF/FSK, but not GDNF/FSK, show sensitization to acute prostaglandin E2 treatment. Finally, RNA-Seq analysis confirms that differentiation with NGF/FSK or GDNF/FSK produces two 50B11 cell subtypes with distinct transcriptome expression profiles. Gene ontology comparison of the two subtypes of differentiated 50B11 cells to rodent DRG neurons studies shows significant overlap in matching or partially matching categories. This transcriptomic analysis will aid future suitability assessment of the 50B11 cells as a high-throughput nociceptor model for a broad range of experimental applications. In conclusion, this study shows that the 50B11 cell line is capable of partially recapitulating features of two distinct types of embryonic NGF and GDNF-dependent nociceptor-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matusica Dusan
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Canlas Jastrow
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Martin M Alyce
- Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wei Yingkai
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Marri Shashikanth
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erickson Andelain
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Barry M Christine
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brierley M Stuart
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Best G Oliver
- Flow Cytometry Facility, Department of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Z Michael
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Voelcker H Nicolas
- Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University and Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Keating J Damien
- Human Physiology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Haberberger V Rainer
- Anatomy and Histology, Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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4
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Matusica D, Alfonsi F, Turner BJ, Butler TJ, Shepheard SR, Rogers ML, Skeldal S, Underwood CK, Mangelsdorf M, Coulson EJ. Inhibition of motor neuron death in vitro and in vivo by a p75 neurotrophin receptor intracellular domain fragment. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:517-30. [PMID: 26503157 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.173864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR); also known as NGFR) can mediate neuronal apoptosis in disease or following trauma, and facilitate survival through interactions with Trk receptors. Here we tested the ability of a p75(NTR)-derived trophic cell-permeable peptide, c29, to inhibit p75(NTR)-mediated motor neuron death. Acute c29 application to axotomized motor neuron axons decreased cell death, and systemic c29 treatment of SOD1(G93A) mice, a common model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, resulted in increased spinal motor neuron survival mid-disease as well as delayed disease onset. Coincident with this, c29 treatment of these mice reduced the production of p75(NTR) cleavage products. Although c29 treatment inhibited mature- and pro-nerve-growth-factor-induced death of cultured motor neurons, and these ligands induced the cleavage of p75(NTR) in motor-neuron-like NSC-34 cells, there was no direct effect of c29 on p75(NTR) cleavage. Rather, c29 promoted motor neuron survival in vitro by enhancing the activation of TrkB-dependent signaling pathways, provided that low levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were present, an effect that was replicated in vivo in SOD1(G93A) mice. We conclude that the c29 peptide facilitates BDNF-dependent survival of motor neurons in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusan Matusica
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia Department of Anatomy & Histology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Fabienne Alfonsi
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Bradley J Turner
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria 3051, Australia
| | - Tim J Butler
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Stephanie R Shepheard
- Department of Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Mary-Louise Rogers
- Department of Human Physiology, Centre for Neuroscience, Flinders University, GPO Box 2100, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Sune Skeldal
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Clare K Underwood
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Marie Mangelsdorf
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Elizabeth J Coulson
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Toni T, Dua P, van der Graaf PH. Systems Pharmacology of the NGF Signaling Through p75 and TrkA Receptors. CPT-PHARMACOMETRICS & SYSTEMS PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 3:e150. [PMID: 25470184 PMCID: PMC4288001 DOI: 10.1038/psp.2014.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nerve growth factor (NGF) pathway has been shown to play a key role in pain treatment. Recently, a systems pharmacology model has been proposed that can aid in the identification and validation of drug targets in the NGF pathway. However, this model did not include the role of the p75 receptor, which modulates the signaling of NGF through the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). The precise mechanism of the interaction between these two receptors has not been completely elucidated, and we therefore adopted a systems pharmacology modeling approach to gain understanding of the effect of p75 on the dynamics of NGF signal transduction. Specifically, models were developed for the so-called heterodimer and for the ligand-passing hypotheses. We used the model to compare the effect of inhibition of NGF and TrkA and its implication for drug discovery and development for pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Toni
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - P Dua
- Pharmatherapeutics Research Clinical Pharmacology, Pfizer Neusentis, Cambridge, UK
| | - P H van der Graaf
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Systems Pharmacology Cluster, Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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Verge VMK, Andreassen CS, Arnason TG, Andersen H. Mechanisms of disease: role of neurotrophins in diabetes and diabetic neuropathy. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2014; 126:443-60. [PMID: 25410238 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-53480-4.00032-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathy is an insidious and devastating consequence of diabetes. Early studies provided a strong rationale for deficient neurotrophin support in the pathogenesis of diabetic neuropathy in a number of critical tissues and organs. It has now been over a decade since the first failed human neurotrophin supplementation clinical trials, but mounting evidence still implicates these trophic factors in diabetic neuropathy. Since then, tremendous advances have been made in our understanding of the complexities of neurotrophin signaling and processing and how the diabetic milieu might impact this. This in turn changes both our perception of how the altered trophic environment contributes to the etiology of diabetic neuropathy and the design of future neurotrophin therapeutic interventions. This chapter summarizes some of these findings and attempts to integrate neurotrophin actions on the nervous system with an increasing appreciation of their role in the regulation of metabolic processes in diabetes that impact the diabetic neuropathic state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie M K Verge
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Cameco MS Neuroscience Research Center, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon City Hospital, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Christer S Andreassen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Terra G Arnason
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Henning Andersen
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Oliveira SLB, Pillat MM, Cheffer A, Lameu C, Schwindt TT, Ulrich H. Functions of neurotrophins and growth factors in neurogenesis and brain repair. Cytometry A 2012; 83:76-89. [PMID: 23044513 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The identification and isolation of multipotent neural stem and progenitor cells in the brain, giving rise to neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes initiated many studies in order to understand basic mechanisms of endogenous neurogenesis and repair mechanisms of the nervous system and to develop novel therapeutic strategies for cellular regeneration therapies in brain disease. A previous review (Trujillo et al., Cytometry A 2009;75:38-53) focused on the importance of extrinsic factors, especially neurotransmitters, for directing migration and neurogenesis in the developing and adult brain. Here, we extend our review discussing the effects of the principal growth and neurotrophic factors as well as their intracellular signal transduction on neurogenesis, fate determination and neuroprotective mechanisms. Many of these mechanisms have been elucidated by in vitro studies for which neural stem cells were isolated, grown as neurospheres, induced to neural differentiation under desired experimental conditions, and analyzed for embryonic, progenitor, and neural marker expression by flow and imaging cytometry techniques. The better understanding of neural stem cells proliferation and differentiation is crucial for any therapeutic intervention aiming at neural stem cell transplantation and recruitment of endogenous repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia L B Oliveira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Davis JA, Visscher MO, Wickett RR, Hoath SB. Role of TNF-α polymorphism -308 in neurosensory irritation. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:105-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Tran PV, Georgieff MK, Engeland WC. Sodium depletion increases sympathetic neurite outgrowth and expression of a novel TMEM35 gene-derived protein (TUF1) in the rat adrenal zona glomerulosa. Endocrinology 2010; 151:4852-60. [PMID: 20685870 PMCID: PMC2946141 DOI: 10.1210/en.2010-0487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The adrenal zona glomerulosa (ZG) secretes aldosterone to regulate sodium balance. Chronic sodium restriction increases aldosterone accompanied by ZG expansion. The ZG is innervated by sympathetic, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), and sensory, calcitonin gene-related peptide, nerves. It is unclear whether innervation is affected by ZG growth. Therefore, we measured neurite outgrowth in the ZG of adult male rats after dietary sodium manipulation. In response to 1 wk sodium restriction, VIP and NPY fibers elongated in parallel with expansion of the ZG, shown by aldosterone synthase (AS) expression, but calcitonin gene-related peptide fibers were not affected. Sodium repletion resulted in parallel regression in VIP and NPY fiber length and AS expression. These results show that sympathetic, but not sensory, innervation is coordinated with ZG growth. Mediators underlying changes in innervation are unknown; therefore, we characterized a novel gene TMEM35 [termed the unknown factor-1 (TUF1) due to its unknown function] that shows extensive overlap with AS in ZG. After sodium restriction, TUF1 expanded in parallel with the ZG. TUF1 bound the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, which was expressed in NPY fibers and showed a response similar to TUF1 after sodium manipulation. TUF1- p75NTR binding was competitively displaced by nerve growth factor but not by TUF1 lacking the p75NTR binding motif. Moreover, TUF1 mRNA in rat ZG cells increased after angiotensin II exposure in vitro. Collectively, these findings suggest that TMEM35/TUF1 is a candidate for modulating neurite outgrowth in the ZG after sodium depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phu V Tran
- Center for Neurobehavioral Development, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, MMC 39 Mayo, 420 Delaware Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.
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10
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Schecterson LC, Bothwell M. Neurotrophin receptors: Old friends with new partners. Dev Neurobiol 2010; 70:332-8. [PMID: 20186712 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.20767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins are important regulators of embryonic development and adult function of most populations of neurons in vertebrate nervous systems. This signaling system regulates many diverse activities, including survival, axon outgrowth, and synaptic plasticity. In mammals, neurotrophin action is mediated by four receptors, p75(NTR), TrkA, TrkB, and TrkC. Although early studies viewed these receptors as solitary agents in the cells outer membrane, recent discoveries reveal that the cell outer membrane is a crowded and highly interactive neighborhood. Neurotrophin receptors partner with a diverse array of membrane proteins, dramatically expanding their functional repertoire. This review will focus on some of the most recent discoveries concerning the promiscuous partnering of neurotrophin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslayann C Schecterson
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
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Davies AM. Extracellular signals regulating sympathetic neuron survival and target innervation during development. Auton Neurosci 2009; 151:39-45. [PMID: 19660992 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The comparative ease with which paravertebral sympathetic neurons are studied in vitro and in vivo at stages throughout their development has facilitated major advances in our understanding of several key aspects of neuronal development. Detailed anatomical descriptions of the in vivo development of these neurons, studies of the effects of various extracellular signalling molecules on these neurons in vitro and analysis of the sympathetic phenotype of relevant transgenic mice have provided an in-depth understanding of how different extracellular signals orchestrate sequential steps in the establishment and refinement of sympathetic innervation. In this review, I will document the roles of neurotrophic factors, cytokines and other extracellular signals in regulating sympathetic neuron survival and target innervation at sequential stages of development.
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Wong AW, Willingham M, Xiao J, Kilpatrick TJ, Murray SS. Neurotrophin receptor homolog-2 regulates nerve growth factor signaling. J Neurochem 2008; 106:1964-76. [PMID: 18624909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05539.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The neurotrophin receptor homolog (NRH2) is closely related to the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR); however, its function and role in neurotrophin signaling are unclear. NRH2 does not bind to nerve growth factor (NGF), however, is able to form a receptor complex with tropomyosin-related kinase receptor A (TrkA) and to generate high-affinity NGF binding sites. Despite this, the mechanisms underpinning the interaction between NRH2 and TrkA remain unknown. Here, we identify that the intracellular domain of NRH2 is required to form an association with TrkA. Our data suggest extensive intracellular interaction between NRH2 and TrkA, as either the juxtamembrane or death domain regions of NRH2 are sufficient for interaction with TrkA. In addition, we demonstrate that TrkA signaling is dramatically influenced by the co-expression of NRH2. Importantly, NRH2 did not influence all downstream TrkA signaling pathways, but rather exerted a specific effect, enhancing src homology 2 domain-containing transforming protein (Shc) activation. Moreover, downstream of Shc, the co-expression of NRH2 resulted in TrkA specifically modulating mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway activation, but not the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt pathway. These results indicate that NRH2 utilizes intracellular mechanisms to not only regulate NGF binding to TrkA, but also specifically modulate TrkA receptor signaling, thus adding further layers of complexity and specificity to neurotrophin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes W Wong
- Neurotrophin Signaling Laboratory, The Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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14
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Li N, Yang H, Lu L, Duan C, Zhao C, Zhao H. Spontaneous expression of neural phenotype and NGF, TrkA, TrkB genes in marrow stromal cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 356:561-8. [PMID: 17379182 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have the ability to provide growth factors and differentiate into neural-like cells on treating with EGF, bFGF and other factors. We wanted to explore whether growth factors secreted by MSCs itself could induce self-differentiation into neural-like cells. Here, we show that even in the absence of inducing factors, rMSCs spontaneously differentiate into neural-like cells expressing neural markers, such as nestin, beta-tubulin III, Doublecortin (DCX), microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) and neuron-specific enolase (NSE). Furthermore, some cells become neurosphere-like growing in suspension. Compared with control and neural-like rMSCs induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), we found using real-time PCR that self-differentiating rMSCs (SDrMSCs) expressed significantly higher levels of neurotrophic high-affinity receptors (TrkA and TrkB). Coincident with neural marker expression, nerve growth factor (NGF) mRNA was significantly higher than controls despite lower protein levels in the supernatant. Our study suggests that rMSCs have the potential to differentiate into neural cells spontaneously in culture and may contribute towards the natural function of MSCs for neural system in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Beijing Institute for Neuroscience, Capital Medical University, Beijing Center of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Beijing 100069, China.
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Rodríguez-Gallardo L, Lineros-Domínguez MDC, Francisco-Morcillo J, Martín-Partido G. Macrophages during retina and optic nerve development in the mouse embryo: relationship to cell death and optic fibres. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 210:303-16. [PMID: 16217650 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-005-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We compared the spatial and temporal patterns of distribution of macrophages, with patterns of naturally occurring cell death and optic fibre growth during early retina and optic nerve development, in the mouse. We used embryos between day 10 of embryogenesis (E10; before the first optic fibres are generated in the retina) and E13 (when the first optic fibres have crossed the chiasmatic anlage). The macrophages and optic axons were identified by immunocytochemistry, and the apoptotic cells were detected by the TUNEL technique, which specifically labels fragmented DNA. Cell death was observed in the retina and the optic stalk long before the first optic axons appeared in either region. Subsequently, specialized F4/80-positive phagocytes were detected in chronological and topographical coincidence with cell death, which disappeared progressively. As development proceeded, the pioneer ganglion cell axons reached the regions where the macrophages were located. As the number of optic fibres increased, the macrophages disappeared. Therefore, cell death, accompanied by macrophages, preceded the growth of fibres in the retina and the optic nerve. Moreover, these macrophages synthesized NGF and the optic axons were p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR))- and TrkA-positive. These findings suggest that macrophages may be involved in optic axon guidance and fasciculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Rodríguez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain.
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Ozdinler PH, Ulupinar E, Erzurumlu RS. Dose and age-dependent axonal responses of embryonic trigeminal neurons to localized NGF via p75NTR receptor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 62:189-206. [PMID: 15459897 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) and related neurotrophins are target-derived survival factors for sensory neurons. In addition, these peptides modulate neuronal differentiation, axon guidance, and synaptic plasticity. We tested axonal behavior of embryonic trigeminal neurons towards localized sources of NGF in collagen gel assays. Trigeminal axons preferentially grow towards lower doses of localized NGF and grow away from higher concentrations at earlier stages of development, but do not show this response later. Dorsal root ganglion axons also show similar responses to NGF, but NGF-dependent superior cervical ganglion axons do not. Such axonal responses to localized NGF sources were also observed in Bax-/- mice, suggesting that the axonal effects are largely independent of cell survival. Immunocytochemical studies indicated that axons, which grow towards or away from localized NGF are TrkA-positive, and TrkA-/- TG axons do not respond to any dose of NGF. We further show that axonal responses to NGF are absent in TG derived from mice that lack the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR). Collectively, our results suggest that localized sources of NGF can direct axon outgrowth from trigeminal ganglion in a dose- and age-dependent fashion, mediated by p75NTR signaling through TrkA expressing axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Hande Ozdinler
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, LSU Health Sciences Center, 1901 Perdido Street, New Orleans, Louisiana 70112, USA
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Gascon E, Vutskits L, Zhang H, Barral-Moran MJ, Kiss PJ, Mas C, Kiss JZ. Sequential activation of p75 and TrkB is involved in dendritic development of subventricular zone-derived neuronal progenitors in vitro. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 21:69-80. [PMID: 15654844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03849.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic arbor development of subventricular zone-derived interneurons is a critical step in their integration into functional circuits of the postnatal olfactory bulb. However, the mechanism and molecular control of this process remain unknown. In this study, we have developed a culture model where dendritic development of purified subventricular zone cells proceeds under serum-free conditions in the absence of added growth factors and non-neural cells. We demonstrate that the large majority of these cells in culture express GABA and elaborate dendritic arbors with spine-like protrusions but they do not possess axons. These neurons expressed receptors for neurotrophins including p75, TrkB and TrkC but not TrkA. Application of exogenous neurotrophins, including brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and nerve growth factor (NGF), to cultures stimulated dendritic growth and led to more complex dendritic arbors during the initial 3 days in culture. Our results suggest that these effects are independent of Trk receptors and mediated by the p75/ceramide signaling pathway. We also show that brain-derived neurotrophic factor is the only neurotrophin that is able to influence late-phase dendritic development via TrkB receptor activation. These results suggest that dendritic arbor development of subventricular zone-derived cells may be regulated by neurotrophins through the activation of p75 and the TrkB receptor signaling pathways in a sequentially defined temporal pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gascon
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, 1 Rue Michel Servet, CH-1211, Geneva, Switzerland
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18
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Gatzinsky KP, Thrasivoulou C, Campioni-Noack M, Underwood C, Cowen T. The role of NGF uptake in selective vulnerability to cell death in ageing sympathetic neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2005; 20:2848-56. [PMID: 15579138 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03780.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We have examined the hypothesis that differences in nerve growth factor (NGF) uptake and transport determine vulnerability to age-related neurodegeneration. Neurons projecting to cerebral blood vessels (CV) in aged rats are more vulnerable to age-related degeneration than those projecting to the iris. Uptake of NGF was therefore examined in sympathetic neurons projecting from the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) to CV and iris in young and old rats by treating the peripheral processes of these neurons with different doses of I125-NGF. Total uptake of I125-NGF was reduced in old CV-projecting, but not iris-projecting, neurons. Numbers of radiolabelled neurons projecting to each target were counted in sectioned ganglia. The data showed age-related reductions in numbers of labelled neurons projecting to CV, but no change in numbers of neurons projecting to the iris. Calculation of uptake of I125-NGF per neuron unexpectedly showed no major age-related differences in either of the two neuron populations. However, uptake per neuron was considerably lower for young and old CV-projecting, compared to iris-projecting, SCG neurons. We hypothesized that variations in NGF uptake might affect neuronal survival in old age. Counts of SCG neurons using a physical disector following retrograde tracing with Fluorogold confirmed the selective vulnerability of CV-projecting neurons by showing a significant 37% loss of these neurons in the period between 15 and 24 months. In contrast, there was no significant loss of iris-projecting neurons. We conclude that vulnerability to, or protection from, age-related neurodegeneration and neuronal cell death are associated with life-long low, or high, levels of NGF uptake, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kliment P Gatzinsky
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
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19
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Kohli R, Gabriel JP, Clarke PGH. Mathematical analysis of competition between sensory ganglion cells for neurotrophic factor in the skin. Math Biosci 2004; 191:207-25. [PMID: 15363654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2004.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2003] [Revised: 05/10/2004] [Accepted: 06/30/2004] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A model is presented of competition between sensory axons for trophic molecules (e.g. a neurotrophin such as NGF), produced in a region of skin small enough to permit their free diffusion throughout it; e.g., a touch dome, or a vibrissal follicle hair sinus. The variables specified are the number of high affinity trophic factor receptors per axon terminal and the concentration of trophic factor in the extracellular space. Previous models of this class predicted the loss of all the axons innervating the region except the one requiring least trophic factor for its maintenance, even with high rates of trophic factor production. In the present model, we have imposed upper limits to axonal growth, thereby introducing new equilibria, and we show by a global analysis using LaSalle's theorem, and also by local analysis, that several axons can then coexist if the rate of production of trophic molecules is sufficiently high.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kohli
- Département de Biologie cellulaire et de Morphologie, Université de Lausanne, Rue du Bugnon 9, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland
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20
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Lad SP, Peterson DA, Bradshaw RA, Neet KE. Individual and combined effects of TrkA and p75NTR nerve growth factor receptors. A role for the high affinity receptor site. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:24808-17. [PMID: 12702729 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m212270200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A long-standing question in neurotrophin signal transduction is whether heteromeric TrkA-p75NTR complexes possess signaling capabilities that are significantly different from homo-oligomeric TrkA or p75NTR alone. To address this issue, various combinations of transfected PC12 cells expressing a platelet-derived growth factor receptor-TrkA chimera and the p75NTR-selective nerve growth factor mutant (Delta9/13 NGF) were utilized to selectively stimulate TrkA or p75NTR signaling, respectively. The contribution of individual and combined receptor effects was analyzed in terms of downstream signaling and certain end points. The results suggest two unique functions for the high affinity heteromeric NGF receptor site: (a) integration of both the MAPK and Akt pathways in the production of NGF-induced neurite outgrowth, and (b) rapid and sustained activation of the Akt pathway, with consequent long term cellular survival. Whereas activation of TrkA signaling is sufficient for eliciting neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells, signaling through p75NTR plays a modulatory role, especially in the increased formation of fine, synaptic "bouton-like" structures, in which both TrkA and p75NTR appear to co-localize. In addition, a new interaction in the TrkA/p75NTR heteromeric receptor signal transduction network was revealed, namely that NGF-induced activation of the MAPK pathway appears to inhibit the parallel NGF-induced Akt pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivanand P Lad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Health Sciences/The Chicago Medical School, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, USA
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21
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Abstract
Cell death is a prominent feature of the developing vertebrate nervous system, affecting neurons, glial cells and their progenitors. The most extensively studied and best understood phase of cell death occurs in populations of neurons shortly after they begin establishing connections with other neurons and/or non-neural tissues. This phase of cell death makes appropriate adjustments to the relative sizes of interconnected groups of neurons and matches the size of neuronal populations that innervate non-neural tissues to the optimal requirements of these tissues. The fate of neurons during this period of development is regulated by a variety of secreted proteins that either promote survival or bring about cell death after binding to receptors expressed on the neurons. These proteins may be derived from the targets the neurons innervate, the afferents they receive or from associated glial cells, or they may be secreted by the neurons themselves. In this review, I will outline the established and emerging principles that modulate neuronal number in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alun M Davies
- Department of Preclinical Veterinary Sciences, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Summerhall Square, Edinburgh EH9 1QH, UK.
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22
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Cowen T, Woodhoo A, Sullivan CD, Jolly R, Crutcher KA, Wyatt S, Michael GJ, Orike N, Gatzinsky K, Thrasivoulou C. Reduced age-related plasticity of neurotrophin receptor expression in selected sympathetic neurons of the rat. Aging Cell 2003; 2:59-69. [PMID: 12882335 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-9728.2003.00035.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Selective vulnerability of particular groups of neurons is a characteristic of the aging nervous system. We have studied the role of neurotrophin (NT) signalling in this phenomenon using rat sympathetic (SCG) neurons projecting to cerebral blood vessels (CV) and iris which are, respectively, vulnerable to and protected from atrophic changes during old age. RT-PCR was used to examine NT expression in iris and CV in 3- and 24-month-old rats. NGF and NT3 expression in iris was substantially higher compared to CV; neither target showed any alterations with age. RT-PCR for the principal NT receptors, trkA and p75, in SCG showed increased message during early postnatal life. However, during mature adulthood and old age, trkA expression remained stable while p75 declined significantly over the same period. In situ hybridization was used to examine receptor expression in subpopulations of SCG neurons identified using retrograde tracing. Eighteen to 20 h following local treatment of iris and CV with NGF, NT3 or vehicle, expression of NT receptor protein and mRNA was higher in iris- compared with CV-projecting neurons from both young and old rats. NGF and NT3 treatment had no effect on NT receptor expression in CV-projecting neurons at either age. However, similar treatment up-regulated p75 and trkA expression in iris-projecting neurons from 3-month-old, but not 24-month-old, rats. We conclude that lifelong exposure to low levels of NTs combined with impaired plasticity of NT receptor expression are predictors of neuronal vulnerability to age-related atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Cowen
- Department of Anatomy & Developmental Biology, University College London, UK.
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23
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Hutson LD, Bothwell M. Expression and function of Xenopus laevis p75(NTR) suggest evolution of developmental regulatory mechanisms. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2001; 49:79-98. [PMID: 11598917 DOI: 10.1002/neu.1067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neurotrophins signal through two different classes of receptors, members of the trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases, and p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. While neurotrophin binding to trks results in, among other things, increased cell survival, p75(NTR) has enigmatically been implicated in promoting both survival and cell death. Which of these two signals p75(NTR) imparts depends on the specific cellular context. Xenopus laevis is an excellent system in which to study p75(NTR) function in vivo because of its amenability to experimental manipulation. We therefore cloned partial cDNAs of two p75(NTR) genes from Xenopus, which we have termed p75(NTR)a and p75(NTR)b. We then cloned two different cDNAs, both of which encompass the full coding region of p75(NTR)a. Early in development both p75(NTR)a and p75(NTR)b are expressed in developing cranial ganglia and presumptive spinal sensory neurons, similar to what is observed in other species. Later, p75(NTR)a expression largely continues to parallel p75(NTR) expression in other species. However, Xenopus p75(NTR)a is additionally expressed in the neuroepithelium of the anterior telencephalon, all layers of the retina including the photoreceptor layer, and functioning axial skeletal muscle. Finally, misexpression of full length p75(NTR) and each of two truncated mutants in developing retina reveal that p75(NTR) probably signals for cell survival in this system. This result contrasts with the reported role of p75(NTR) in developing retinae of other species, and the possible implications of this difference are discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Central Nervous System/embryology
- Central Nervous System/growth & development
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Chickens
- Consensus Sequence
- Cranial Nerves/embryology
- Cranial Nerves/growth & development
- Cranial Nerves/metabolism
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Evolution, Molecular
- Eye Proteins/biosynthesis
- Eye Proteins/genetics
- Eye Proteins/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes
- Genes, Synthetic
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- In Situ Nick-End Labeling
- Larva
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Muscle Proteins/biosynthesis
- Muscle Proteins/genetics
- Muscle Proteins/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/embryology
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/biosynthesis
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/physiology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Organ Specificity
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Receptor, Nerve Growth Factor
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/genetics
- Receptors, Nerve Growth Factor/physiology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/physiology
- Retina/embryology
- Retina/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Species Specificity
- Transfection
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
- Xenopus laevis/embryology
- Xenopus laevis/genetics
- Xenopus laevis/growth & development
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Affiliation(s)
- L D Hutson
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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24
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Fanburg-Smith JC, Miettinen M. Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75) in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans and other nonneural tumors: a study of 1,150 tumors and fetal and adult normal tissues. Hum Pathol 2001; 32:976-83. [PMID: 11567228 DOI: 10.1053/hupa.2001.27602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (p75) is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family. It may modulate the binding of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the functional high-affinity receptor tyrosine kinase (trk) A. NGF is thought to be responsible for growth, apoptosis, and function of the nervous system. The presence of this receptor (p75) was determined in a large group of neural and nonneural tumors and fetal and adult tissues. One thousand one hundred fifty tumors were analyzed with monoclonal antibody for p75, along with selected normal fetal and adult tissues. Immunoreactivity for p75 was present in adult pericytes, perivascular fibroblasts, basal cells of several types of epithelia, perineurial cells, and dendritic reticulum cells. Additionally, a wide zone of subepithelial mesenchyme and skeletal muscle were positive in the first-trimester fetus, but were diminished or negative in the adult. Consistently positive nonneural mesenchymal tumors included dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), embryonal and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma, synovial sarcoma, and spindle cell hemangio(endotheli)oma. Schwann cell tumors, ganglioneuroma, granular cell tumor, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) were also p75 positive. Mesenchymal nonneural tumors that were variably positive (32% to 69%) for p75 included fibrosarcoma variants, solitary fibrous tumor, hemangiopericytoma, spindle cell lipoma, Ewing's sarcoma, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, and malignant melanoma. Nervous system tumors such as paragangliomas, neuroblastoma, meningioma, and perineurioma and nonneural mesenchymal tumors, including extraskeletal osteosarcoma, benign fibrous histiocytomas, fibromas, alveolar soft part sarcoma, epithelioid sarcoma, smooth muscle and gastrointestinal stromal tumors, and angiosarcomas, were almost always negative for p75. Epithelial tumors that were consistently positive included mixed tumor and adenoid cystic carcinoma, whereas mesothelioma, adenocarcinomas, and most squamous cell carcinomas were negative. p75 is not a specific marker for nerve sheath tumors. It is present in a variety of other mesenchymal tumors including synovial sarcoma and in CD34-positive tumors such as DFSP, spindle cell lipoma, and hemangiopericytoma. The presence of p75 in nonneural tumors such as DFSP and rhabdomyosarcoma mimic its presence in early fetal mesenchyme and skeletal muscle, suggesting oncofetal expression in these tumors. p75 may be useful to distinguish DFSP from benign fibrous histiocytoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Fanburg-Smith
- Department of Soft Tissue Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, DC 20306-6000, USA
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25
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Krol KM, Stein EJ, Elliott J, Kawaja MD. TrkA-expressing trigeminal sensory neurons display both neurochemical and structural plasticity despite a loss of p75NTR function: responses to normal and elevated levels of nerve growth factor. Eur J Neurosci 2001. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2001.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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26
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Krol KM, Stein EJ, Elliott J, Kawaja MD. TrkA-expressing trigeminal sensory neurons display both neurochemical and structural plasticity despite a loss of p75 NTRfunction: responses to normal and elevated levels of nerve growth factor. Eur J Neurosci 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2001.01358.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Bibel M, Barde YA. Neurotrophins: key regulators of cell fate and cell shape in the vertebrate nervous system. Genes Dev 2000; 14:2919-37. [PMID: 11114882 DOI: 10.1101/gad.841400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M Bibel
- Department of Neurobiochemistry, Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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28
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Middleton G, Hamanoue M, Enokido Y, Wyatt S, Pennica D, Jaffray E, Hay RT, Davies AM. Cytokine-induced nuclear factor kappa B activation promotes the survival of developing neurons. J Cell Biol 2000; 148:325-32. [PMID: 10648565 PMCID: PMC2174280 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.148.2.325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1), and interleukin 6 (IL-6) comprise a group of structurally related cytokines that promote the survival of subsets of neurons in the developing peripheral nervous system, but the signaling pathways activated by these cytokines that prevent neuronal apoptosis are unclear. Here, we show that these cytokines activate NF-kappaB in cytokine-dependent developing sensory neurons. Preventing NF-kappaB activation with a super-repressor IkappaB-alpha protein markedly reduces the number of neurons that survive in the presence of cytokines, but has no effect on the survival response of the same neurons to brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF), an unrelated neurotrophic factor that binds to a different class of receptors. Cytokine-dependent sensory neurons cultured from embryos that lack p65, a transcriptionally active subunit of NF-kappaB, have a markedly impaired ability to survive in response to cytokines, but respond normally to BDNF. There is increased apoptosis of cytokine- dependent neurons in p65(-/)- embryos in vivo, resulting in a reduction in the total number of these neurons compared with their numbers in wild-type embryos. These results demonstrate that NF-kappaB plays a key role in mediating the survival response of developing neurons to cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayle Middleton
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Makoto Hamanoue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Yasushi Enokido
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Sean Wyatt
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Diane Pennica
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Ellis Jaffray
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Ronald T. Hay
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
| | - Alun M. Davies
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Biomedical Science Building, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife KY16 9AJ, Scotland
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29
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Abstract
We have studied the influence of neurotrophin-3 (NT3) on the expression of its receptor tyrosine kinase, trkC, in embryonic mice. The expression of trkC transcripts encoding full-length and kinase-deficient receptors was almost entirely restricted to neurons in the trigeminal ganglion and increased markedly throughout development. In NT3(+/-) embryos, the level of trkC mRNA in the trigeminal ganglion was much lower than that in wild-type embryos, although there was no significant reduction in the total number of neurons in the ganglion. This demonstrates that endogenous NT3 regulates trkC expression in trigeminal neurons independently of changes in population size. In NT3(-/-) embryos, the number of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion was much lower than in wild-type embryos, and there was a further reduction in the mean neuronal level of trkC mRNA. Direct regulation of trkC mRNA expression in cultured trigeminal neurons was also observed, although the finding that trkC mRNA levels were sustained better in explant cultures than in dissociated cultures irrespective of the presence of NT3 suggests that trkC mRNA expression is regulated by additional factors within the ganglion. In contrast to trigeminal neurons, the level of trkC mRNA was sustained at normal levels in neurons of the sympathetic chain of NT3(-/-) embryos and was not increased by NT3 in sympathetic neuron cultures. TrkC mRNA expression in developing cutaneous tissues was also unaffected by the NT3 null mutation. In summary, our findings provide the first clear evidence that the expression of a trk receptor, tyrosine kinase, is regulated by physiological levels of its ligand in vivo and show that regulation by NT3 is cell type-specific.
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30
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Brennan C, Rivas-Plata K, Landis SC. The p75 neurotrophin receptor influences NT-3 responsiveness of sympathetic neurons in vivo. Nat Neurosci 1999; 2:699-705. [PMID: 10412058 DOI: 10.1038/11158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
To determine the role of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) in sympathetic neuron development, we crossed transgenic mice with mutations in p75NTR, nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 (NT-3). Neuron number is normal in sympathetic ganglia of adult p75NTR-/- mice. Mice heterozygous for a NGF deletion (NGF+/-) have 50% fewer sympathetic neurons. In the absence of p75NTR (p75NTR-/- NGF+/-), however, neuron number is restored to wild-type levels. When NT-3 levels are reduced (p75NTR-/- NGF+/- NT3 +/-), neuron number decreases compared to p75NTR-/- NGF+/- NT3+/+. Thus, without p75NTR, NT3 substitutes for NGF, suggesting that p75 alters the neurotrophin specificity of TrkA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brennan
- Neural Development Section, National Institutes of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, 36 Convent Dr., Bldg. 36/Rm. 2B08, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4064, USA.
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31
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Hamanoue M, Middleton G, Wyatt S, Jaffray E, Hay RT, Davies AM. p75-mediated NF-kappaB activation enhances the survival response of developing sensory neurons to nerve growth factor. Mol Cell Neurosci 1999; 14:28-40. [PMID: 10433815 DOI: 10.1006/mcne.1999.0770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We have investigated whether the transcription factor NF-kappaB plays a role in regulating neuronal survival by manipulating NF-kappaB activation in the nerve growth factor (NGF)-dependent sensory neurons of the embryonic mouse trigeminal ganglion. Overexpression of either the p65 or the p50 NF-kappaB subunits resulted in NF-kappaB activation and promoted in vitro survival as effectively as NGF. Expression of a superrepressor IkappaB-alpha protein prevented NF-kappaB activation in p65/p50-overexpressing neurons and caused the neurons to die as rapidly as NGF-deprived neurons. NGF treatment also activated NF-kappaB, and preventing this activation with superrepressor IkappaB-alpha reduced the NGF survival response. Antibodies that block binding of NGF to the p75 receptor prevented NGF-induced NF-kappaB activation and reduced the NGF survival response to the same extent as superrepressor IkappaB-alpha. Trigeminal neurons cultured from p65(-/-) embryos showed a reduced survival response to NGF compared with neurons from wild-type embryos and there was increased apoptosis of neurons in the trigeminal ganglia of p65(-/-) embryos in vivo. However, as with p75-deficient sensory neurons, p65-deficient sensory neurons showed a normal survival response to BDNF. These results reveal a role for NF-kappaB in regulating neuronal survival during embryonic development and suggest that in addition to the well-established Trk receptor tyrosine kinase signaling cascade, NGF enhances neuronal survival by signaling via a p75-mediated pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hamanoue
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of St. Andrews, Biomedical Science Building, St. Andrews, KY16 9AJ, Scotland
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32
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Abstract
The p75 receptor is the founding member of the TNF receptor superfamily. Members in this receptor family share a common cysteine motif repeated two to six times that serves as the ligand binding domain. In addition, several members contain a cytoplasmic region designated the death domain. The neurotrophins NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4 each bind to the p75 receptor and also more selectively to members of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases. Although the biological functions of p75 have been elusive, recent experimental evidence supports an involvement of this receptor in apoptosis. This presents a counter-intuitive function for neurotrophins, which are normally required for the survival of neurons during development. The life-and-death decisions by neurotrophins appear to be governed by the level of expression and signaling activities of the p75 and Trk tyrosine kinase receptors and their downstream effector molecules. The generation of the correct number of cells in the nervous system is a highly controlled and coordinated process that is the consequence of cell proliferation and cell death decisions. The appropriate number of neuronal and glial cells formed during development guarantees the establishment of proper innervation and functional synaptic connections. One common mechanism to account for the number of viable cells is the ability to form ligand-receptor complexes that promote cell survival under conditions of limiting concentrations of trophic factors. Another diametrically opposed mechanism is to produce ligand-receptor interactions that can activate programmed cell death directly.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Casaccia-Bonnefil
- Molecular Neurobiology Program, Skirball Institute, Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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33
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Abstract
We have studied the effect of retinoic acid on the expression of the neurotrophin receptors trkA, trkC, and p75 by neuroblasts and neurons at different axial levels along the embryonic mouse paravertebral sympathetic chain. In dissociated cultures of sympathetic neuroblasts, retinoic acid inhibited the developmental increase in trkA mRNA expression and the developmental decrease in trkC mRNA expression that normally occurs in these cells but did not affect p75 mRNA expression. At higher concentrations, retinoic acid also increased the proliferation of sympathetic neuroblasts. After sympathetic neuroblasts became postmitotic, retinoic acid no longer affected receptor expression. Studies with retinoic acid receptor agonists and antagonists indicated that the effects of retinoic acid on neurotrophin receptor expression were mediated mainly by alpha retinoic acid receptors, not beta or gamma receptors. The observation that alpha-antagonists increased trkA mRNA expression in intact sympathetic ganglion explants suggests that endogenous retinoic acid is a physiological regulator of trkA receptor expression.
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Bibel M, Hoppe E, Barde YA. Biochemical and functional interactions between the neurotrophin receptors trk and p75NTR. EMBO J 1999; 18:616-22. [PMID: 9927421 PMCID: PMC1171154 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/18.3.616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurotrophins bind to two structurally unrelated receptors, the trk tyrosine kinases and the neurotrophin receptor p75(NTR). Ligand activation of these two types of receptor can lead to opposite actions, in particular the prevention or activation of programmed cell death. Many cells co-express trk receptors and p75(NTR), and we found that p75(NTR) was co-precipitated with trkA, trkB and trkC in cells transfected with both receptor types. Co-precipitation of p75(NTR) was not observed with the epidermal growth factor receptor. Experiments with deletion constructs of trkB (the most abundant trk receptor in the brain) and p75(NTR) revealed that both the extracellular and intracellular domains of trkB and p75(NTR) contribute to the interaction. Blocking autophosphorylation of trkB substantially reduced the interactions between p75(NTR) and trkB constructs containing the intracellular, but not the extracellular, domains. We also found that co-expression of p75(NTR) with trkB resulted in a clear increase in the specificity of trkB activation by brain-derived neurotrophic factor, compared with neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4/5. These results indicate a close proximity of the two neurotrophin receptors within cell membranes, and suggest that the signalling pathways they initiate may interact soon after their activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bibel
- Max-Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neurobiochemistry, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.
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Davey F, Davies AM. TrkB signalling inhibits p75-mediated apoptosis induced by nerve growth factor in embryonic proprioceptive neurons. Curr Biol 1998; 8:915-8. [PMID: 9707403 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(07)00371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurotrophins mediate their effects by binding to members of the Trk family of receptor tyrosine kinases and the neurotrophin receptor p75 [1]. Whereas Trks are essential for the trophic effects of neurotrophins [1], p75 has distinct functions in different cells. For example, it enhances the survival response of certain neurons to nerve growth factor (NGF) [2], but mediates a cytotoxic response to NGF in certain other cell types and neurons [3] [4] [5] [6]. We investigated whether the p75-mediated responses to NGF can be modulated through the activation of different signalling pathways in the same neurons. Neurons of the embryonic trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus (TMN) are supported in culture by brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and an unrelated neurotrophic factor, ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), but not by NGF [7] [8] [9]. We found that NGF killed TMN neurons that were grown in the presence of CNTF; this effect of NGF was inhibited by anti-p75 antibodies and therefore occurred via a p75-dependent mechanism. NGF did not affect the survival of neurons grown in the presence of BDNF, and very low concentrations of BDNF inhibited NGF cytotoxicity. These results indicate that the activation of different signalling pathways in TMN neurons influences their susceptibility to p75-mediated NGF cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Davey
- School of Biological and Medical Sciences Bute Medical Buildings University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Fife, KY16 9AJ, Scotland, UK
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