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De Lorenzi G, Gherpelli Y, Luppi A, Pupillo G, Bassi P, Dottori M, Di Donato A, Merialdi G, Bonilauri P. In vitro susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains isolated in pigs in northern Italy between 2005 and 2022. Res Vet Sci 2024; 168:105152. [PMID: 38219471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2024.105152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins (tiamulin and valnemulin) are often used to treat swine dysentery due to recurrent resistance to macrolides and lincosamides. Recently, reduced susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae to pleuromutilin has been reported. 536 strains of B. hyodysenteriae were isolated from symptomatic pigs weighing 30-150 kg in northern Italy between 2005 and 2022. B. hyodysenteriae was isolated by standard methods and confirmed by PCR. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) to doxycycline, lincomycin, tiamulin, tylosin, tylvalosine and valnemulin was evaluated according to CLSI procedures and MIC data were reported as MIC 50 and MIC 90. The temporal trend of the MIC values was evaluated by dividing the data into two groups (2005-2013 and 2014-2022). Comparison of the distribution in frequency classes in the two periods was performed using Pearson's chi-squared test (p < 0.01). MIC 50 was close to the highest values tested for lincomycin and tylosin, while MIC 90 was close to the highest values tested for all antibiotics. 71.7% of the strains were susceptible to tylvalosin, while 75%-80.4% had reduced susceptibility to valnemulin and tiamulin, respectively. The difference in the distribution of MIC classes was statistically significant in the two periods for doxycycline, tiamulin, tylvalosin and valnemulin, and more MIC classes above the epidemiological cut-off were observed in 2014-2022 compared with 2005-2013. The evaluation of the trends during the period considered shows a decreasing rate of wild-type strains with MIC values below the epidemiological cut-off over time and confirms the presence of resistant strains in northern Italy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia De Lorenzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Yuri Gherpelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Andrea Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Pupillo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Bassi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Michele Dottori
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Di Donato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via A. Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
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Daniel AGS, Pereira CER, Dorella F, Pereira FL, Laub RP, Andrade MR, Barrera-Zarate JA, Gabardo MP, Otoni LVA, Macedo NR, Correia PA, Costa CM, Vasconcellos AO, Wagatsuma MM, Marostica TP, Figueiredo HCP, Guedes RMC. Synergic Effect of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis Coinfection: Anatomopathological and Microbiome Evaluation. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2611. [PMID: 37627402 PMCID: PMC10451556 DOI: 10.3390/ani13162611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Lawsonia intracellularis coinfection has been observed in the diagnostic routine; however, no studies have evaluated their interaction. This study aimed to characterize lesions and possible synergisms in experimentally infected pigs. Four groups of piglets, coinfection (CO), B. hyodysenteriae (BRA), L. intracellularis (LAW), and negative control (NEG), were used. Clinical signals were evaluated, and fecal samples were collected for qPCR. At 21 days post infection (dpi), all animals were euthanized. Gross lesions, bacterial isolation, histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and fecal microbiome analyses were performed. Diarrhea started at 12 dpi, affecting 11/12 pigs in the CO group and 5/11 pigs in the BRA group. Histopathological lesions were significantly more severe in the CO than the other groups. B. hyodysenteriae was isolated from 11/12 pigs in CO and 5/11 BRA groups. Pigs started shedding L. intracellularis at 3 dpi, and all inoculated pigs tested positive on day 21. A total of 10/12 CO and 7/11 BRA animals tested positive for B. hyodysenteriae by qPCR. A relatively low abundance of microbiota was observed in the CO group. Clinical signs and macroscopic and microscopic lesions were significantly more severe in the CO group compared to the other groups. The presence of L. intracellularis in the CO group increased the severity of swine dysentery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda G. S. Daniel
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Carlos E. R. Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Fernanda Dorella
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Felipe L. Pereira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (F.L.P.); (H.C.P.F.)
| | - Ricardo P. Laub
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Mariana R. Andrade
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Javier A. Barrera-Zarate
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Michelle P. Gabardo
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Luísa V. A. Otoni
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Nubia R. Macedo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Paula A. Correia
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Camila M. Costa
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Amanda O. Vasconcellos
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Mariane M. Wagatsuma
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Thaire P. Marostica
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
| | - Henrique C. P. Figueiredo
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (F.L.P.); (H.C.P.F.)
| | - Roberto M. C. Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil; (A.G.S.D.); (C.E.R.P.); (F.D.); (R.P.L.); (M.R.A.); (J.A.B.-Z.); (M.P.G.); (L.V.A.O.); (P.A.C.); (C.M.C.); (A.O.V.); (M.M.W.); (T.P.M.)
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Heckmann M, Sadova N, Drotarova I, Atzmüller S, Schwarzinger B, Guedes RMC, Correia PA, Hirtenlehner S, Potthast C, Klanert G, Weghuber J. Extracts Prepared from Feed Supplements Containing Wood Lignans Improve Intestinal Health by Strengthening Barrier Integrity and Reducing Inflammation. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27196327. [PMID: 36234864 PMCID: PMC9572150 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27196327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignans are known to exhibit a broad spectrum of biological activities, indicating their potential as constituents of feed supplements. This study investigated two extracts derived from the feed supplements ‘ROI’ and ‘Protect’—which contain the wood lignans magnolol and honokiol (‘ROI’), or soluble tannins additional to the aforementioned lignans (‘Protect’)—and their impact on selected parameters of intestinal functionality. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the extracts were determined by measuring their effects on reactive oxygen species (ROS) and pro-inflammatory cytokine production in vitro. The impact on intestinal barrier integrity was evaluated in Caco-2 cells and Drosophila melanogaster by examining leaky gut formation. Furthermore, a feeding trial using infected piglets was conducted to study the impact on the levels of superoxide dismutase, glutathione and lipid peroxidation. The Protect extract lowered ROS production in Caco-2 cells and reversed the stress-induced weakening of barrier integrity. The ROI extract inhibited the expression or secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). Moreover, the ROI extract decreased leaky gut formation and mortality rates in Drosophila melanogaster. Dietary supplementation with Protect improved the antioxidant status and barrier integrity of the intestines of infected piglets. In conclusion, wood lignan-enriched feed supplements are valuable tools that support intestinal health by exerting antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and barrier-strengthening effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Heckmann
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Nadiia Sadova
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
| | - Ivana Drotarova
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Stefanie Atzmüller
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Bettina Schwarzinger
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Roberto Mauricio Carvalho Guedes
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil
| | - Paula Angelica Correia
- Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Veterinary School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 130161-970, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gerald Klanert
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Julian Weghuber
- Center of Excellence Food Technology and Nutrition, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, 4600 Wels, Austria
- FFoQSI GmbH–Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1D, 3430 Tulln, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Experimental Infection of Pigs with a ST 245 Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Isolated from an Asymptomatic Pig in a Herd with No History of Swine Dysentery. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060286. [PMID: 35737338 PMCID: PMC9229277 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is characterized by a severe mucohemorrhagic colitis caused by infection with Brachyspira species. In infected herds the disease causes considerable financial loss due to mortality, slow growth rates, poor feed conversion, and costs of treatment. B. hyodysenteriae is the most common etiological agent of SD and infection is usually associated with disease. However, isolated reports have described low pathogenic strains of B. hyodysenteriae. The aim of this study was to describe an experimental infection trial using a subclinical B. hyodysenteriae isolated from an animal without clinical signs and from a disease-free herd, to evaluate the pathogenicity and clinical pathological characteristics compared to a highly clinical isolate. Forty-eight 5-week-old pigs were divided into three groups: control, clinical and the subclinical isolates. The first detection/isolation of B. hyodysenteriae in samples of the animals challenged with a known clinical B. hyodysenteriae strain (clinical group) occurred 5th day post inoculation. Considering the whole period of the study, 11/16 animals from this group were qPCR positive in fecal samples, and diarrhea was observed in 10/16 pigs. In the subclinical isolate group, one animal had diarrhea. There were SD large intestine lesions in 3 animals at necropsy and positive B. hyodysenteriae isolation in 7/15 samples of the subclinical group. In the control group, no diarrhea, gross/microscopic lesions, or qPCR positivity were observed. Clinical signs, bacterial isolation, macroscopic and histologic lesions were significantly difference among groups, demonstrating low pathogenicity of the subclinical isolate in susceptible pigs.
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Sato JPH, Daniel AG, Leal CA, Barcellos DE, Guedes RM. Diversity and potential genetic relationships amongst Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from cases of swine dysentery. Vet Microbiol 2022; 266:109369. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Scherrer S, Stephan R. Novel multiplex TaqMan assay for differentiation of the four major pathogenic Brachyspira species in swine. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1169. [PMID: 33650802 PMCID: PMC7887428 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel TaqMan 5-plex real-time PCR using a combination of locked nucleic acid-modified (LNA)- and minor groove binding (MGB)-conjugated DNA probes was developed for identification and differentiation between the four main pathogenic Brachyspira species in swine. B. hyodysenteriae, B. pilosicoli, and B. suanatina are identified using three hydrolysis probes targeting cpn60, while B. hampsonii is recognized by another nox specific probe. The assay also includes an exogenous internal control simultaneously verifying the PCR competency of the DNA samples. Validation of the novel assay was performed using DNA samples from 18 Brachyspira reference strains and 477 clinical samples obtained from porcine rectal swabs by comparing them with different PCR-based methods targeting nox, 16S rDNA, and 23S rDNA. The specificity of the assay was 100% without cross-reactivity or detection of different pathogens. Depending on the Brachyspira species, the limit of detection was between 10 and 20 genome equivalents with a cut-off threshold cycle (Ct) value of 37. The developed highly sensitive and specific 5-plex real-time PCR assay is easy to implement in routine veterinary diagnostic laboratories and enables rapid differentiation between the main four pathogenic Brachyspira species recognized in pigs using a single-tube approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Scherrer
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger Stephan
- Department of Veterinary Bacteriology, Institute for Food Safety and Hygiene, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cuvertoret-Sanz M, Weissenbacher-Lang C, Lunardi M, Brunthaler R, Coma M, Weissenböck H, Segalés J. Coinfection with Entamoeba polecki and Brachyspira hyodysenteriae in a pig with severe diarrhea. J Vet Diagn Invest 2019; 31:298-302. [PMID: 30741127 DOI: 10.1177/1040638719829800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric disease in pigs is usually of multifactorial etiology, including infectious and non-infectious factors. In many cases of endemic diarrhea in weaner-to-finisher pigs, the combination of 2 or more microorganisms leads to aggravation of intestinal lesions and, consequently, clinical signs. We autopsied a 4-mo-old fattening pig with diarrhea and diagnosed severe fibrinonecrotizing typhlocolitis. Numerous spiral-shaped bacteria and amoeba-like PAS-positive protozoa were observed in the cecal and colonic mucosa and submucosa. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae was detected by PCR from colonic content. By in situ hybridization, large numbers of Entamoeba polecki were found within the lamina propria and submucosa; moderate numbers of Blastocystis sp. and scattered trichomonads were present in intestinal content. In addition, Entamoeba polecki, Balantidium spp., Blastocystis sp., and Trichomonas sp. were also detected by PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cuvertoret-Sanz
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Christiane Weissenbacher-Lang
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Madeleine Lunardi
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - René Brunthaler
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Mònica Coma
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Herbert Weissenböck
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Servei de Diagnòstic de Patologia Veterinaria (SDPV).,Departament de Sanitat i d'Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autonòma de Barcelona (Cuvertoret-Sanz, Segalés).,UAB, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB).,Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (Segalés).,Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria (Weissenbacher-Lang, Lunardi, Brunthaler, Weissenböck).,Cooperativa Plana de Vic, Barcelona, Spain (Coma)
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The Spirochete Brachyspira pilosicoli, Enteric Pathogen of Animals and Humans. Clin Microbiol Rev 2017; 31:31/1/e00087-17. [PMID: 29187397 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00087-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira pilosicoli is a slow-growing anaerobic spirochete that colonizes the large intestine. Colonization occurs commonly in pigs and adult chickens, causing colitis/typhlitis, diarrhea, poor growth rates, and reduced production. Colonization of humans also is common in some populations (individuals living in village and peri-urban settings in developing countries, recent immigrants from developing countries, homosexual males, and HIV-positive patients), but the spirochete rarely is investigated as a potential human enteric pathogen. In part this is due to its slow growth and specialized growth requirements, meaning that it is not detectable in human fecal samples using routine diagnostic methods. Nevertheless, it has been identified histologically attached to the colon and rectum in patients with conditions such as chronic diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and/or nonspecific abdominal discomfort, and one survey of Australian Aboriginal children showed that colonization was significantly associated with failure to thrive. B. pilosicoli has been detected in the bloodstream of elderly patients or individuals with chronic conditions such as alcoholism and malignancies. This review describes the spirochete and associated diseases. It aims to encourage clinicians and clinical microbiologists to consider B. pilosicoli in their differential diagnoses and to develop and use appropriate diagnostic protocols to identify the spirochete in clinical specimens.
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Mahu M, Pasmans F, Vranckx K, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Vyt P, Vandersmissen T, Martel A, Haesebrouck F, Boyen F. Presence and mechanisms of acquired antimicrobial resistance in Belgian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates belonging to different clonal complexes. Vet Microbiol 2017; 207:125-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Daniel AG, Sato JP, Gabardo MP, Resende TP, Barcellos DED, Pereira CE, Vannucci FA, Guedes RM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8μg/ml for doxycycline, >4μg/ml for valnemulin, 8μg/ml for tiamulin, 32μg/ml for tylvalosin, >64μg/ml for lincomycin and >128μg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fábio A. Vannucci
- Microvet-Microbiologia Veterinária Especial, Brasil; University of Minnesota, USA
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Borgström A, Scherrer S, Kirchgässner C, Schmitt S, Frei D, Wittenbrink MM. A novel multiplex qPCR targeting 23S rDNA for diagnosis of swine dysentery and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:42. [PMID: 28173799 PMCID: PMC5297149 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A multiplex qPCR targeting a 128 bp region on the 23S rDNA gene was developed for detection of Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli, the agents of swine dysentery (SD) and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis (PIS), together with a triplet of apathogenic Brachyspira spp. (B. innocens, B. intermedia, B. murdochii) in porcine feces. The multiplex qPCR was evaluated against a duplex PCR (La et al., J Clin Microbiol 41:3372–5, 2003). Results Using DNA extracted from fecal culture, the multiplex qPCR showed excellent agreement with the duplex PCR (κ = 0.943 and 0.933). In addition, thanks to the three probes whereof one detecting the apathogenic Brachyspria spp., a more diversified overview of the brachyspiral flora in porcine fecal samples can be delivered as a part of the routine diagnostic. The multiplex qPCR with a limit of detection of 5–10 genomic equivalents (GE) per reaction (6 × 102 GE per gram) allows reliable detection of Brachyspira species directly from fecal swab DNA. In line with this, analysis of 202 fecal swabs in comparison with culture-based qPCR showed a high agreement for the causative agents of SD (B.hyodysenteriae: κ = 0.853, sensitivity 87% specificity 98%). Conclusion The novel multiplex qPCR is robust and has a high analytical sensitivity and is therefore suitable for high-throughput screening of porcine fecal swabs for the causative agents of SD. This assay can therefore be used for the direct proof of the pathogenic B. spp. in fecal swabs within the scope of a monitoring program. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0939-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borgström
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Simone Scherrer
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Constanze Kirchgässner
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Schmitt
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Frei
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Max M Wittenbrink
- Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
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12
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Aller-Morán LM, Martínez-Lobo FJ, Rubio P, Carvajal A. Cross-reactions in specific Brachyspira spp. PCR assays caused by "Brachyspira hampsonii" isolates: implications for detection. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:755-759. [PMID: 27664096 DOI: 10.1177/1040638716667528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An emerging novel spirochete in swine, provisionally designated "Brachyspira hampsonii," has been detected worldwide. It has been associated with swine dysentery and cannot be differentiated from B. hyodysenteriae, the classical etiologic agent of this disease, using standard phenotypic methods. We evaluated cross-reactions of "B. hampsonii" isolates recovered from avian species in some of the currently available species-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays for the identification of swine Brachyspira species. Ten avian "B. hampsonii" isolates recovered from wild waterfowl were used. No false-positive results were recorded with a B. pilosicoli-specific PCR based on the amplification of a fragment of the 16S rRNA gene. However, the percentage of false-positive results varied, with a range of 10-80%, in the evaluated B. hyodysenteriae-specific assays based on the amplification of the 23S rRNA, nox, and tlyA genes. Similarly, results of the B. intermedia-specific PCR assays yielded poor specificity, with up to 80% of the "B. hampsonii" isolates tested giving false-positive results. Finally, 2 "B. hampsonii" avian isolates yielded a positive result in a B. innocens- and B. murdochii-specific PCR. This result should be interpreted very cautiously as these 2 isolates could represent a recombinant genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis M Aller-Morán
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
| | - F Javier Martínez-Lobo
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology, Veterinary Faculty, University of León, León, Spain
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Abstract
Swine dysentery is a severe enteric disease in pigs, which is characterized by bloody to mucoid diarrhea and associated with reduced growth performance and variable mortality. This disease is most often observed in grower–finisher pigs, wherein susceptible pigs develop a significant mucohemorrhagic typhlocolitis following infection with strongly hemolytic spirochetes of the genus Brachyspira. While swine dysentery is endemic in many parts of the world, the disease had essentially disappeared in much of the United States by the mid-1990s as a result of industry consolidation and effective treatment, control, and elimination methods. However, since 2007, there has been a reported increase in laboratory diagnosis of swine dysentery in parts of North America along with the detection of novel pathogenic Brachyspira spp worldwide. Accordingly, there has been a renewed interest in swine dysentery and Brachyspira spp infections in pigs, particularly in areas where the disease was previously eliminated. This review provides an overview of knowledge on the etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of swine dysentery, with insights into risk factors and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. R. Burrough
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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Mahu M, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Verlinden M, Boyen F, Ducatelle R, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Pasmans F. Variation in hemolytic activity of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains from pigs. Vet Res 2016; 47:66. [PMID: 27338265 PMCID: PMC4917944 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0353-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the primary cause of swine dysentery, which is responsible for major economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. The hemolytic activity of 10 B. hyodysenteriae strains isolated from stools of pigs with mild to mucohemorrhagic diarrhea was compared and seven hemolysis associated genes were sequenced. Hemolysis induced by these strains varied from strong to near absent. One weakly hemolytic B. hyodysenteriae strain showed sequence changes in five hemolysis associated genes (tlyA, tlyB, hemolysin III, hemolysin activation protein and hemolysin III channel protein) resulting in amino acid substitutions. The occurrence of weakly hemolytic strains identifiable as B. hyodysenteriae should be taken into account in swine dysentery diagnostics. The presence of these strains may affect herd dysentery status, with great impact on a farms trading opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Mahu
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nele De Pauw
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lien Vande Maele
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.,Technology and Food Science Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Brusselsesteenweg 370, B-9090, Melle, Belgium
| | - Marc Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Filip Boyen
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Richard Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Freddy Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - An Martel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Frank Pasmans
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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15
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Mahu M, de Jong E, De Pauw N, Vande Maele L, Vandenbroucke V, Vandersmissen T, Miry C, Pasmans F, Haesebrouck F, Martel A, Boyen F. First isolation of “Brachyspira hampsonii”
from pigs in Europe. Vet Rec 2014; 174:47. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.101868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Mahu
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - E. de Jong
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - N. De Pauw
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - L. Vande Maele
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO); Brusselsesteenweg 370 Melle B-9090 Belgium
| | - V. Vandenbroucke
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - T. Vandersmissen
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - C. Miry
- Animal Health Care Flanders; Deinse Horsweg 1 Drongen B-9031 Belgium
| | - F. Pasmans
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Haesebrouck
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - A. Martel
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
| | - F. Boyen
- Department of Pathology; Bacteriology and Poultry Diseases; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Salisburylaan 133 Merelbeke 9820 Belgium
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Mappley LJ, La Ragione RM, Woodward MJ. Brachyspira and its role in avian intestinal spirochaetosis. Vet Microbiol 2013; 168:245-60. [PMID: 24355534 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2013.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The fastidious, anaerobic spirochaete Brachyspira is capable of causing enteric disease in avian, porcine and human hosts, amongst others, with a potential for zoonotic transmission. Avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS), the resulting disease from colonisation of the caeca and colon of poultry by Brachyspira leads to production losses, with an estimated annual cost of circa £ 18 million to the commercial layer industry in the United Kingdom. Of seven known and several proposed species of Brachyspira, three are currently considered pathogenic to poultry; B. alvinipulli, B. intermedia and B. pilosicoli. Currently, AIS is primarily prevented by strict biosecurity controls and is treated using antimicrobials, including tiamulin. Other treatment strategies have been explored, including vaccination and probiotics, but such developments have been hindered by a limited understanding of the pathobiology of Brachyspira. A lack of knowledge of the metabolic capabilities and little genomic information for Brachyspira has resulted in a limited understanding of the pathobiology. In addition to an emergence of antibiotic resistance amongst Brachyspira, bans on the prophylactic use of antimicrobials in livestock are driving an urgent requirement for alternative treatment strategies for Brachyspira-related diseases, such as AIS. Advances in the molecular biology and genomics of Brachyspira heralds the potential for the development of tools for genetic manipulation to gain an improved understanding of the pathogenesis of Brachyspira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke J Mappley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK.
| | - Roberto M La Ragione
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal Health and Veterinary Laboratories Agency, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Martin J Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, Berkshire RG6 6AP, UK
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Prohaska S, Pflüger V, Ziegler D, Scherrer S, Frei D, Lehmann A, Wittenbrink M, Huber H. MALDI-TOF MS for identification of porcine Brachyspira
species. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:292-8. [DOI: 10.1111/lam.12189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Prohaska
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | | | | | - S. Scherrer
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - D. Frei
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - A. Lehmann
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - M.M. Wittenbrink
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
| | - H. Huber
- Vetsuisse Faculty; Institute of Veterinary Bacteriology; University of Zurich; Zurich Switzerland
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18
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Burrough ER, Wilberts BL, Bower LP, Jergens AE, Schwartz KJ. Fluorescent in situ hybridization for detection of "Brachyspira hampsonii" in porcine colonic tissues. J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:407-12. [PMID: 23572452 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713485228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine dysentery is classically associated with infection by the strongly beta-hemolytic Brachyspira hyodysenteriae; however, the proposed novel species "Brachyspira hampsonii" has also been isolated from clinical cases of dysentery in the United States and Canada. Microbial culture is highly sensitive for detecting Brachyspira in clinical samples but requires several days for completion and is often followed by molecular testing for speciation. Alternatively, in situ hybridization using molecular probes applied to sections of formalin-fixed tissue can provide rapid, culture-independent identification of agents observed histologically. Accordingly, a fluorescent in situ hybridization assay was developed for confirmation of a clinical diagnosis of swine dysentery associated with infection by "B. hampsonii." An oligonucleotide probe (Hamp1210) targeting a specific 23S ribosomal RNA sequence of "B. hampsonii" was developed following sequence analysis and comparison of numerous Brachyspira spp. clinical isolates with reference sequences available in GenBank. The application of Hamp1210 and a previously published probe for B. hyodysenteriae (Hyo1210) to diseased colonic tissues successfully detected the target species in both experimentally infected pigs and naturally infected pigs from field cases, and the Hamp1210 probe consistently detected both clade I and clade II isolates of "B. hampsonii"; however, a strong positive signal was also observed in a single case where the Hamp1210 probe was applied to tissues infected with Brachyspira intermedia. In situ hybridization incorporating the Hamp1210 probe can reduce the delay from sample submission to pathogen identification in cases of swine dysentery associated with "B. hampsonii" infection where formalin-fixed tissues are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Burrough
- 1655 Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Effects of efflux-pump inducers and genetic variation of the multidrug transporter cmeB in biocide resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. J Med Microbiol 2013; 62:400-411. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.052316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
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Mavri A, Smole Možina S. Resistance to bile salts and sodium deoxycholate in macrolide- and fluoroquinolone-susceptible and resistant Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli strains. Microb Drug Resist 2013; 19:168-74. [PMID: 23289436 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2012.0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Campylobacter are the most commonly reported bacterial causes of human gastroenteritis, and they are becoming increasingly resistant to antibiotics, including macrolides and fluoroquinolones, those most frequently used for the treatment of campylobacteriosis. Active efflux mechanisms are involved in resistance of Campylobacter to a broad spectrum of antimicrobials, and are also essential for Campylobacter colonization in the animal intestine, through mediation of bile resistance. Acquisition of antibiotic resistance through resistance-conferring mutations can impose a fitness cost of Campylobacter. The aim of the present study was to determine whether macrolide and fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter affects their tolerance to bile salts and sodium deoxycholate through the most frequent resistance-conferring mutations. Antimicrobial efflux was studied on the basis of restored sensitivity in the presence of the efflux-pump inhibitors (EPIs) phenylalanine-arginine beta-naphthylamide (PAβN) and 1-(1-naphthylmethyl)-piperazine. In the 15 Campylobacter jejuni and 23 Campylobacter coli strains examined here, both of these EPIs partially reversed the resistance to bile salts and sodium deoxycholate. Erythromycin-sensitive C. coli strains were more resistant to bile salts and sodium deoxycholate than erythromycin-resistant strains. PAβN had greater effects on bile salt and sodium deoxycholate resistance in these erythromycin-resistant strains compared to erythromycin-sensitive strains. However, no differences were seen between the ciprofloxacin-sensitive and ciprofloxacin-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mavri
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Osorio J, Carvajal A, Naharro G, La T, Phillips ND, Rubio P, Hampson DJ. Dissemination of clonal groups of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae amongst pig farms in Spain, and their relationships to isolates from other countries. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39082. [PMID: 22723934 PMCID: PMC3378525 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Swine dysentery (SD) is a widespread diarrhoeal disease of pigs caused by infection of the large intestine with the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Understanding the dynamics of SD, and hence being able to develop more effective measures to counter its spread, depends on the ability to characterise B. hyodysenteriae variants and trace relationships of epidemic strains. Methodology/Principal Findings A collection of 51 Spanish and 1 Portuguese B. hyodysenteriae isolates was examined using a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme based on the sequences of seven conserved genomic loci. The isolates were allocated to 10 sequence types (STs) in three major groups of descent. Isolates in four of the STs were widely distributed in farms around Spain. One farm was infected with isolates from more than one ST. Sequence data obtained from PubMLST for 111 other B. hyodysenteriae strains from other countries then were included in the analysis. Two of the predominant STs that were found in Spain also were present in other European countries. The 73 STs were arranged in eleven clonal complexes (Cc) containing between 2 and 26 isolates. A population snapshot based on amino acid types (AATs) placed 75% of the isolates from 32 of the 48 AATs into one major cluster. The founder type AAT9 included 22 isolates from 10 STs that were recovered in Spain, Australia, Sweden, Germany, Belgium, the UK, Canada, and the USA. Conclusions/Significance This MLST scheme provided sufficient resolution power to unambiguously characterise B. hyodysenteriae isolates, and can be recommended as a routine typing tool that rapidly enables comparisons of isolates. Using this method it was shown that some of the main genetic lineages of B. hyodysenteriae in Spain also occurred in other countries, providing further evidence for international transmission. Finally, analysis of AATs appeared useful for deducing putative ancestral relationships between strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Osorio
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Ana Carvajal
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Germán Naharro
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nyree D. Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Pedro Rubio
- Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of León, León, Spain
| | - David J. Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Science, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Phenotypic and genetic diversity among intestinal spirochaetes (genus Brachyspira) in free-living wild mallards (Anas platyrhynchos) sampled in southern Sweden. Syst Appl Microbiol 2011; 34:566-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Backhans A, Jansson D, Aspán A, Fellström C. Typing of Brachyspira spp. from rodents, pigs and chickens on Swedish farms. Vet Microbiol 2011; 153:156-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2010] [Revised: 03/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Demonstration of genes encoding virulence and virulence life-style factors in Brachyspira spp. isolates from pigs. Vet Microbiol 2011; 155:438-43. [PMID: 22047713 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2011.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2011] [Revised: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of many genes encoding virulence and virulence life-style (VL-S) factors in Brachyspira (B.) hyodysenteriae and other Brachyspira species are largely unknown. Their knowledge is essential e.g. for the improvement of diagnostic methods targeting the detection and differentiation of the species. Thus 121 German Brachyspira field isolates from diarrhoeic pigs were characterized down to the species level by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the nox gene and subsequently subjected to polymerase chain reaction detecting VL-S genes for inner (clpX) and outer membrane proteins (OMPs: bhlp16, bhlp17.6, bhlp29.7, bhmp39f, bhmp39h), hemolysins (hlyA/ACP, tlyA), iron metabolism (ftnA, bitC), and aerotolerance (nox). For comparison, B. hyodysenteriae reference strains from the USA (n=7) and Australia (2) were used. Of all genes tested only nox was detected in all isolates. The simultaneous presence of both the tlyA and hlyA/ACP was restricted to the species B. hyodysenteriae. The hlyA infrequently occurred also in weakly hemolytic Brachyspira. Similarly to tlyA and hlyA all B. hyodysenteriae strains contained the ferritin gene ftnA which was also found in two Brachyspira intermedia isolates. OMP encoding genes were present in B. hyodysenteriae field isolates in rates of 0% (bhlp17.6, bhmp39h), 58.1% (bhlp29.7), and 97.3% (bhmp39f). Since the study revealed a high genetic heterogeneity among German B. hyodysenteriae field isolates differentiating them from USA as well as Australian strains, targets for diagnostic PCR were limited to the nox gene (genus specific PCR) as well as to the species specific nox(hyo) gene and the combination of hlyA and tlyA which allow to specifically detect B. hyodysenteriae.
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Backhans A, Johansson KE, Fellström C. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from wild rodents. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2010; 2:720-727. [PMID: 23766276 DOI: 10.1111/j.1758-2229.2010.00165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of intestinal spirochaetes of genus Brachyspira in wild rodents was studied by cultivating 209 caecal samples. Spirochaetal cultures were obtained from 83% of rats and 33% of house mice. Biochemical characterization and six different species-specific PCR methods were applied to 101 of 118 isolates and a selection of 34 brachyspiras were further studied by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that isolates representing all the established biochemical phenotypes could be cultured from the rodents, including the porcine pathogens Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. Phylogenetic studies indicated that rodents carry Brachyspira spp. that are closely related to porcine and avian isolates, as well as variants previously not described. One group of hippurate-negative rat isolates were shown to possess the 16S rRNA gene hexa(T) nucleotide segment, previously described only in B. pilosicoli and 'Brachyspira corvi', and phylogenetically they formed a sister lineage of the B. pilosicoli cluster. Furthermore, a large number of the rodents were colonized by slowly growing, non- or weakly haemolytic spirochaetes. Most of these brachyspiras were isolated at 37°C and phylogenetically they formed two separate clusters. Sequence analysis of their 16S rRNA genes indicated that the new variants of Brachyspira spp. may constitute novel species of the genus Brachyspira.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Backhans
- Departments of Clinical Sciences and Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden. National Veterinary Institute, Department of Bacteriology, Uppsala, Sweden
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Stephens C, Hampson DJ. Prevalence and disease association of intestinal spirochaetes in chickens in eastern Australia. Avian Pathol 2010; 28:447-54. [DOI: 10.1080/03079459994461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Tsinganou E, Gebbers JO. Human intestinal spirochetosis--a review. GERMAN MEDICAL SCIENCE : GMS E-JOURNAL 2010; 8:Doc01. [PMID: 20200654 PMCID: PMC2830567 DOI: 10.3205/000090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human intestinal spirochetosis (IS) is a condition defined histologically by the presence of spirochetal microorganisms attached to the apical cell membrane of the colorectal epithelium. Intestinal spirochetes comprise a heterogeneous group of bacteria. In humans, Brachyspira aalborgi and Brachyspira pilosicoli predominate. Prevalence rates of IS are low where living standards are high, in contrast to poorly developed areas where IS is common. Homosexuals and HIV-infected individuals are at high risk of being colonized. Clinical significance in individual cases has remained unclear up to now. A review of the literature assumes that invasion of spirochetes beyond the surface epithelium may be associated with gastrointestinal symptoms which respond to antibiotic treatment (metronidazole), whereas individuals lacking this feature may be mostly asymptomatic. Of unknown reason, homosexual and HIV-positive men as well as children are more likely to be symptomatic irrespective of invasion. Rare cases of spirochetemia and multiple organ failure have been reported in critically ill patients with IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efstathia Tsinganou
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Luzerner Kantonsspital, Luzern, Switzerland
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Characterization and epidemiological relationships of Spanish Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates. Epidemiol Infect 2009; 138:76-85. [PMID: 19480724 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268809002817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to describe the genetic and phenotypic diversity of 74 Spanish Brachyspira hyodysenteriae field isolates, to establish epidemiological relationships between the isolates and to confirm the presence of tiamulin-resistant isolates in Spain. For these purposes, we performed biochemical tests in combination with diagnostic PCR analysis for the identification of Brachyspira spp. and for detection of the smpA/smpB gene. We also used antimicrobial susceptibility tests, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and a new pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocol. The combination of RAPD and PFGE allowed the study of epidemiological relationships. Both indole-negative and tiamulin-resistant isolates of B. hyodysenteriae are reported in Spain for the first time. The genetic analyses indicated a relationship between these Spanish isolates and indole-negative isolates previously obtained from Germany and Belgium.
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AKASE S, UCHITANI Y, SOHMURA Y, TATSUTA K, SADAMASU K, ADACHI Y. Application of Real Time PCR for Diagnosis of Swine Dysentery. J Vet Med Sci 2009; 71:359-62. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.71.359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Satoru AKASE
- Health and Safety Division, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
| | - Yumi UCHITANI
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Yoshiko SOHMURA
- Johnanjima Branch Office, Animal Care and Consultation Center, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
| | - Keikichi TATSUTA
- Shibaura Meat and Sanitary Inspection Station, Bureau of Social Welfare and Public Health, Tokyo Metropolitan Government
| | - Kenji SADAMASU
- Department of Microbiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Yoshikazu ADACHI
- College of Agriculture, Ibaraki University
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology
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Hidalgo A, Carvajal A, García-Feliz C, Osorio J, Rubio P. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Spanish field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Res Vet Sci 2008; 87:7-12. [PMID: 19084246 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first conducted in Spain to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. One hundred and eight isolates of the bacterium, recovered from different Spanish swine farms between 2000 and 2007, were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, clindamycin and lincomycin were determined using a broth microdilution technique. Most of the isolates showed poor susceptibility to erythromycin (MIC(90)>256 microg/ml), tylosin (MIC(90)>256 microg/ml), clindamycin (MIC(90)>4 microg/ml) and lincomycin (MIC(90)=128 microg/ml). Reduced susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin was observed with a MIC>2 microg/ml in 17.6% and 7.41% of the B. hyodysenteriae isolates, respectively. Moreover, a survival analysis permitted the detection of an increasing trend in the MIC values for almost all the antimicrobials used in the treatment of swine dysentery when comparing recent isolates (from 2006 to 2007) with those recovered in earlier years (between 2000 and 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hidalgo
- Department of Animal Health (Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology), Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Spain.
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Bano L, Merialdi G, Bonilauri P, Dall'Anese G, Capello K, Comin D, Cattoli G, Sanguinetti V, Hampson DJ, Agnoletti F. Prevalence, disease associations and risk factors for colonization with intestinal spirochaetes (Brachyspira spp.) in flocks of laying hens in north-eastern Italy. Avian Pathol 2008; 37:281-6. [PMID: 18568654 DOI: 10.1080/03079450802043726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the occurrence of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira in laying hen flocks in Treviso province, north-eastern Italy, with respect to prevalence, spirochaete species present, disease associations and risk factors for colonization. A total of 450 faecal samples from 45 sheds on 29 laying hen farms were cultured for intestinal spirochaetes. Nineteen sheds on 12 farms contained chickens with symptoms consistent with avian intestinal spirochaetosis, including reduced egg production, wet litter and/or pasty vents. Spirochaetes were isolated from 157 (34.8%) samples from 21 (72.4%) farms, and from 32 (71.1%) sheds. From these positive samples, 189 spirochaetal isolates were speciated using three polymerase chain reaction assays and a restriction fragment polymorphism analysis of 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction products. Overall, 52 (27.5%) isolates were identified as pathogenic Brachyspira intermedia, 26 (13.8%) as pathogenic Brachyspira pilosicoli, 93 (49.7%) as non-pathogenic (Brachyspira innocens/Brachyspira murdochii), and 18 (9.6%) were unidentified. Faeces from 14 sheds (31%) on 10 farms (34.5%) contained B. intermedia and/or B. pilosicoli, and disease consistent with avian intestinal spirochaetosis was observed in nine of these sheds on seven farms. There was a significant association (P=0.042) between the presence of spirochaetes and using deep pits rather than conveyor belts for manure disposal. Sheds housing chickens >40 weeks of age were significantly more likely to contain spirochaetes (P=0.048) and pathogenic species (P=007) than sheds housing younger chickens. A significant association (P=0.02) was found between infection with pathogenic spirochaetes and reduced egg production.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Bano
- Laboratorio di Treviso, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Treviso, Italy.
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Jansson D, Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Vågsholm I, Gunnarsson A, Ingermaa F, Johansson KE. Phenotypic and molecular characterization of Brachyspira spp. isolated from laying hens in different housing systems. Vet Microbiol 2008; 130:348-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Fellström C, Råsbäck T, Johansson KE, Olofsson T, Aspán A. Identification and genetic fingerprinting of Brachyspira species. J Microbiol Methods 2008; 72:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2007.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2007] [Revised: 11/07/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Mølbak L, Thomsen LE, Jensen TK, Bach Knudsen KE, Boye M. Increased amount of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum and Megasphaera elsdenii in the colonic microbiota of pigs fed a swine dysentery preventive diet containing chicory roots and sweet lupine. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 103:1853-67. [PMID: 17953596 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03430.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate which specific bacterial species that were stimulated or inhibited in the proximal colon of pigs when a fructan-rich diet was compared with a diet that contained resistant carbohydrates. The study focussed especially on Bifidobacterial species by using a noncultureable approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP) was used to describe differences in the total colonic microbiota as well as in the populations of Bifidobacterium spp. in pigs fed with a fructan-rich diet and a diet containing resistant carbohydrates. The fructan-rich diet has previously been shown to prevent swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The T-RFLP profiling, 16S rRNA gene cloning and in situ hybridization showed that the pigs fed with the fructan-rich diet had a higher proportion of Bifidobacterium thermacidophilum subsp. porcinum and Megasphaera elsdenii. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggested that the bacterial fructan fermentation occurring in the porcine colon might be cross-feeding of lactate produced by B. thermacidophilum and used by M. elsdenii. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY B. thermacidophilum and M. elsdenii may be the course of the inhibition of the pathogenic bacteria Brach. hyodysenteriae in colon of pigs when they are fed fructan-rich diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mølbak
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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35
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Kurincic M, Botteldoorn N, Herman L, Smole Mozina S. Mechanisms of erythromycin resistance of Campylobacter spp. isolated from food, animals and humans. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 120:186-90. [PMID: 17889390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2006] [Revised: 03/19/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Macrolides are regarded as drugs of choice for treatment of human campylobacteriosis. The use of antimicrobials for this purpose as well as in food animal production could result in macrolide resistance in Campylobacter species. Campylobacter isolates exhibit two different phenotypes with regard to erythromycin resistance: high-level resistance (HLR) and low-level resistance (LLR). Thirty-six food/animal and human isolates of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli were examined for their mechanisms of resistance to erythromycin. The data presented here confirm the previous findings that the A2075G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene is the most frequently reported mechanism of high-level erythromycin resistance in Campylobacter isolates. The efflux pump inhibitor PAbetaN increased susceptibility to erythromycin for at least 16-32-fold in all examined HLR isolates, suggesting that the efflux mechanism acts in synergy with the 23S rRNA mutation to confer high-level erythromycin resistance. This was also confirmed in the isolates with sequence variation in the efflux pump cmeB gene. Additionally, the PAbetaN restored the susceptibility of LLR strains to the level of minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the susceptible strains and also reduced the MICs of the susceptible C. jejuni and C. coli isolates. The data suggest that active efflux contributes to the intrinsic resistance to erythromycin in Campylobacter and also contribute to high-level resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurincic
- University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Food Science and Technology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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36
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Råsbäck T, Jansson DS, Johansson KE, Fellström C. A novel enteropathogenic, strongly haemolytic spirochaete isolated from pig and mallard, provisionally designated ?Brachyspira suanatina? sp. nov. Environ Microbiol 2007; 9:983-91. [PMID: 17359270 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2006.01220.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atypical, strongly haemolytic porcine isolates of intestinal spirochaetes differing genetically from Brachyspira hyodysenteriae were identified and characterized. The isolates were subjected to culture and biochemical tests, antimicrobial susceptibility testing and molecular analyses. None of four species-specific polymerase chain reaction systems targeting genes of B. hyodysenteriae gave a positive reaction. All the atypical porcine isolates were identical in their partial 16S rRNA and nox gene sequences with a previously described isolate from a mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), and differed only slightly from another mallard isolate. All these isolates were distinctly different from all currently recognized Brachyspira species. A challenge study was carried out using recently weaned pigs. Clinical signs and macroscopic changes consistent with swine dysentery were seen both in pigs given the atypical porcine isolate and in control pigs given the reference strain of B. hyodysenteriae (B204(R)). Pigs given the genetically similar isolate from a mallard became colonized and diarrhoea was observed. This is the first study indicating that Brachyspira isolates from mallard can infect pigs and induce diarrhoea. We propose that this atypical spirochaete genotype should be regarded as a new species within the genus Brachyspira, and be provisionally designated 'Brachyspira suanatina' sp. nov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thérése Råsbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), PO Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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La T, Hampson D. Serologic detection ofBrachyspira (Serpulina) hyodysenteriaeinfections. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractSwine dysentery (SD) caused by the intestinal spirocheteBrachyspira hyodysenteriaeis an economically important disease in pig-producing countries throughout the world. To date, no specific serologic assay is commercially available for the diagnosis of pigs with SD. Several serologic techniques have been identified in the past; however, these tests have all used either whole-cell proteins or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as the antigen. Whole-cell antigens are plagued with false-positive reactions due to cross-reactivity with common proteins shared with other spirochetes. LPS antigens produce fewer false-positives; however, false-negatives may result due to LPS components being serogroup-specific. Generally, these techniques are useful for detecting infected herds, but are unreliable for the detection of individual infected pigs. In order to develop improved serologic tests it will be necessary to identify suitable diagnostic antigens, in particular immunogenic cell-surface structures which are specific toB. hyodysenteriaebut common amongst different strains of the species. Recently, we identified and cloned a 30-kDa outer membrane lipoprotein (BmpB) which is specific toB. hyodysenteriaeand is recognized by experimentally and naturally infected pigs. In this review we summarize the available serologic tests for SD, and speculate on the use of recombinant BmpB as an antigen for future development of an improved serologic test for SD diagnosis.
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Fellström C, Zimmerman U, Aspan A, Gunnarsson A. The use of culture, pooled samples and PCR for identification of herds infected withBrachyspira hyodysenteriae. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe sensitivity of culturingBrachyspira hyodysenteriaewas determined after sampling with swabs from porcine fecal specimens inoculated with tenfold dilutions of a field strain of these microbes. After storage of swabs,Brachyspira hyodysenteriaewas recovered throughout the first 3 weeks after inoculation from feces with more than 140 cells/g. Viable spirochetes could still be recovered after up to 83 days of storage from feces, with 1.4 × 106cells or more per gram. Culture forBrachyspiraspp. was performed on 285 rectal swabs, which were pooled in batches of five. The number of pooled samples positive forB. hyodysenteriaecorresponded with the sum results of individual analysis of the corresponding collections of five samples. A PCR system based on thetlyA gene ofB.hyodysenteriaewas developed and tested on primary cultures of pooled samples. The results of the PCR assay showed a 97% correlation with the culture results. The prevalence ofBrachyspiraspp. was determined in five swine herds and found to be highest among breeding gilts and boars aged 13–16 weeks and among 6–12-week-old weaned pigs. In contrast,Brachyspiraspp. were only rarely found in sows, which may reflect the development of immunity by adult pigs to all species of the genus.
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Mikosza ASJ, Hampson DJ. Human intestinal spirochetosis:Brachyspira aalborgiand/orBrachyspira pilosicoli? Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIntestinal spirochetosis in humans (HIS) is a condition defined by the presence of a layer of spirochetes attached by one cell end to the colorectal epithelium. The pathologic significance of HIS is uncertain, but it has been linked to chronic diarrhea and other abdominal complaints. Two anaerobic intestinal spirochete species have been associated with HIS, namelyBrachyspira pilosicoliandBrachyspira aalborgi.Brachyspira pilosicoli, which colonizes many animal species, is common (~30%) in the feces of people from developing countries, including Australian Aborigines, and in HIV+ patients and male homosexuals in Western societies. It is also commonly seen attached to the rectal mucosa of homosexual males. In other groups in Western societies both the presence of B.pilosicoliin feces and histologic HIS are uncommon (~1.5%).Brachyspira aalborgiis an extremely slow growing and fastidious spirochete, which previously had been isolated from an HIS patient in Denmark. Recent studies using polymerase chain reaction amplification of DNA from intestinal biopsies from a series of cases of HIS in the general Western population demonstrated thatB. aalborgi, rather thanB. pilosicoli, was the main spirochete species involved in these patients. This review outlines recent developments in the study of HIS and the two spirochete species, and identifies priorities for future research.
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Stephens C, Hampson D. Intestinal spirochete infections of chickens: a review of disease associations, epidemiology and control. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis paper presents an overview of intestinal spirochete infections of chickens. It focuses particularly on studies in Australia, where recent surveys of 136 layer and broiler breeder flocks have revealed a high rate of infection (>40%) with intestinal spirochetes. Infection was not detected in broiler flocks. Approximately 50% of isolates from infected flocks wereBrachyspira(Serpulina)intermediaorB. pilosicoli, with the other isolates beingB. innocens, B. murdochiior the proposed species ‘B. pulli’. No isolates ofB. alvinipulliwere found. Intestinal spirochetes were significantly associated with wet litter problems and/or reduced egg production. Experimental infection of point-of-lay birds with eitherB. intermediaorB. pilosicolicaused reduced egg production, and, withB. intermedia, a significant increase in fecal moisture content. Infection withB. innocenscaused no significant changes. In-water treatment of a flock with a mixed spirochete infection using lincospectin resulted in a slimy diarrhea lasting for 2–3 weeks, followed by absence of spirochetes for 3 months. Birds treated with tiamulin remained healthy, and had a reduced level of infection with intestinal spirochetes (30%) for 3 months. Trials are under way to test the efficacy of antimicrobials in point-of-lay chickens experimentally infected with eitherB. intermediaorB. pilosicoli.
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Thomson J, Smith W, Murray B, Murray D, Dic J, Sumption K. Porcine enteric spirochete infections in the UK: surveillance data and preliminary investigation of atypical isolates. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractInvestigations into the possible causes of colitis and typhlocolitis were carried out on 98 pig units in the United Kingdom between 1997 and 1999.Brachyspira pilosicoliwas identified most commonly, occurring as the suggested primary agent in 18% of the outbreaks but forming part of mixed infections in another 24% of outbreaks. The equivalent figures for other bacterial pathogens were:B.hyodysenteriae, 13% and 16%;Lawsonia intracellularis, 10% and 15%;Salmonellaspecies, 6% and 12%; andYersiniaspecies, 4% and 10%. UnclassifiedBrachyspiraspecies of unknown pathogenicity were identified in 12% of outbreaks. The 24 unclassified isolates divided into three groups on the basis of their phenotypic characteristics. In addition, there were 50 atypicalBrachyspiraspecies isolates that showed differences between their phenotypic characteristics and genetic identity based on sequence analysis of a section of the 23S rDNA gene. Four representative atypical isolates were found to be pathogenic as a result of an experimental oral challenge study in pigs.
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Fossi M, Heinonen M, Pohjanvirta T, Pelkonen S, Peltoniemi O. Eradication of endemicBrachyspira pilosicoliinfection from a farrowing herd: a case report. Anim Health Res Rev 2007. [DOI: 10.1079/ahrr200113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBrachyspira pilosicoliandB. innocenswere isolated repeatedly from a herd of 60 sows which mostly produced feeder pigs but also raised some fattening pigs. Postweaning diarrhea had been a severe problem in this herd for years. TheB. pilosicolieradication plan was based on the general guidelines for elimination ofB. hyodysenteriae, with some modifica-tions. The eradication measures were run in August 1997. In-feed medication with 200p.p.m. tiamulin lasted for 18–30 days, depending on the age group. The piggery unit was emptied, cleaned, disinfected and dried, and all worn surfaces were repaired. The animals were removed to temporary sheds situated 0–100m from the piggery unit. Only the sows and the boar returned to the piggery unit. All other pigs were sold from the sheds within 3 months after the eradication. Immediately after the eradication, the clinical postweaning diarrhea disappeared. The success of the program was monitored four times bacteriologically, and the last control sampling was in December 1999, 7 months after the total withdrawal of antimicrobial feed additives. The primary cultures from the last three samplings were also analysed withB. pilosicoli-specific PCR. All the samples were negative forB. pilosicoli. However,B. innocenscould be isolated from each batch of samples. The analysis ofB. inno-censisolates by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that at least one genotype persisted in the herd. The clinical and laboratory findings suggest that the eradication ofB. pilosicolihad succeeded in this herd
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Calderaro A, Bommezzadri S, Gorrini C, Piccolo G, Peruzzi S, Dettori G, Chezzi C. Comparative evaluation of molecular assays for the identification of intestinal spirochaetes from diseased pigs. Vet Microbiol 2006; 118:91-100. [PMID: 16879935 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2006] [Revised: 06/20/2006] [Accepted: 06/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Rapid identification of porcine Brachyspira species is required in order to differentiate pathogenic from non-pathogenic species. The aim of our study was to compare a recently described genetic method based on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), nox RFLP-PCR assay, and three species-specific PCRs described previously in the literature with a 16S rRNA gene RFLP-PCR discriminatory reference assay (16S RFLP-PCR) for the identification of Brachyspira spp. of swine origin. In this study, 20 porcine spirochaetal strains were identified and compared to 33 reference strains by 16S RFLP-PCR and nox RFLP-PCR and three species-specific PCRs. RFLP-PCR methods showed concordant results for 47 strains and discordances for 6 strains (2 differently identified and 4 not revealed by nox RFLP-PCR). In our hands species-specific PCRs showed concordant results with 16S and nox RFLP-PCR for 43 strains and discordances for 10 strains (2 differently identified and 8 not amplified). The same results observed testing the 20 field-isolated spirochaetes were obtained for the corresponding porcine faecal samples. The detection limit was 10(2) -10(3) cells/g of faeces for 16S rRNA gene PCR and 10(4) cells/g of faeces for nox PCR. In our experience nox RFLP-PCR appeared successful for the speciation of B. hyodysenteriae reserving 16S RFLP-PCR for all other pathogenic and non-pathogenic Brachyspira species. Among the species-specific PCR assays tested only that for B. pilosicoli was useful in our hands.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calderaro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Section of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Viale A. Gramsci, 14-43100 Parma, Italy.
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Hampson DJ, La T. Reclassification of Serpulina intermedia and Serpulina murdochii in the genus Brachyspira as Brachyspira intermedia comb. nov. and Brachyspira murdochii comb. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006; 56:1009-1012. [PMID: 16627646 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.64004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A reassessment was undertaken of published characteristics of the five species of anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes in the genus Brachyspira (Brachyspira aalborgi, Brachyspira alvinipulli, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira innocens and Brachyspira pilosicoli) and the two species in the genus Serpulina (Serpulina intermedia and Serpulina murdochii). Comparisons were made of published descriptions, including phenotypic properties, grouping by multilocus enzyme electrophoresis, DNA base composition, DNA-DNA relative reassociation values and 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. On the basis of extensive similarities between all the species, it is proposed to reclassify Serpulina intermedia Stanton et al. 1997 and Serpulina murdochii Stanton et al. 1997 in the genus Brachyspira, as Brachyspira intermedia comb. nov. (type strain ATCC 51140T) and Brachyspira murdochii comb. nov. (type strain ATCC 51284T).
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia 6150, Australia
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Råsbäck T, Fellström C, Gunnarsson A, Aspán A. Comparison of culture and biochemical tests with PCR for detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli. J Microbiol Methods 2006; 66:347-53. [PMID: 16457900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2005.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2005] [Revised: 12/19/2005] [Accepted: 12/21/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Traditional culture and biochemical tests (CBT) were compared with PCR for sensitivity and detection of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and Brachyspira pilosicoli in seeded faeces and clinical samples from diarrhoeic pigs. A duplex PCR system was developed based on primers detecting the tlyA-gene of B. hyodysenteriae and the 16S rRNA-gene of B. pilosicoli. Sensitivities for the PCR system were determined on seeded faeces, using DNA that had been recovered from primary cultures or extracted directly from faeces. Compared to CBT, PCR applied to DNA extracted directly from faeces lowered the sensitivity by a factor of 1000 to 10,000. B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli detection was compared for CBT and PCR using 200 clinical samples. CBT detected more B. hyodysenteriae isolates in the clinical samples than PCR, but fewer B. pilosicoli positive samples. An atypical strongly haemolytic isolate was detected only by CBT.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Råsbäck
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, P.O. Box 7018, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Kim TJ, Lee JI. The 23S rRNA gene PCR-RFLP used for characterization of porcine intestinal spirochete isolates. J Vet Sci 2006; 7:277-80. [PMID: 16871023 PMCID: PMC3242128 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2006.7.3.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Using three reference strains of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (B204, B234, B169), one B. pilosicoli (P43/6/78), one B. murdochii (56-150), one B. intermedia (PWS/A), one B. innocens (B256) and ten Korean isolates, PCR-RFLP analysis of DNA encoding 23S rRNA was performed to establish a rapid and accurate method for characterizing porcine intestinal spirochetes. Consequently, B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli revealed different restriction patterns; however, the other three species shared the same pattern. These findings are not consistent with a prior report. Differences in 23S rRNA gene sequences, between two B. murdochii strains, 56-150 and 155-20, were observed. These results indicate that 23S rRNA PCR-RFLP could be used as an identification method for pathogenic Brachyspira spp. (B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli) as well as an epidemiological tool for characterizing spirochetes isolated from swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Kim
- School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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Fossi M, Skrzypczak T. D-ribose utilisation differentiates porcine Brachyspira pilosicoli from other porcine Brachyspira species. Anaerobe 2006; 12:110-3. [PMID: 16701624 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2005] [Accepted: 06/20/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
D-ribose utilisation was studied in 60 Brachyspira pilosicoli strains and 35 strains of other Brachyspira species, the majority of which were of porcine origin. Utilisation of D-ribose was demonstrated indirectly by measuring the reduction in pH of densely inoculated tryptone-peptone broth supplemented with 7% foetal calf serum and 1% D-ribose. Among B. pilosicoli strains, the mean reduction in pH units was 1.72 (range 0.95-2.28) in broth with D-ribose and 0.27 (range 0.10-0.40) in sugar-free control broth. For Brachyspira strains other than B. pilosicoli, the corresponding reductions in pH units were 0.37 (range 0.12-0.49) and 0.37 (range 0.15-0.58). In conclusion, porcine B. pilosicoli can be differentiated from other porcine Brachyspira species by a test for D-ribose utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marja Fossi
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinäjoki Unit, P.O. Box 198, 60101 Seinäjoki, Finland.
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Fossil M, Ahlsten K, Pohjanvirta T, Anttila M, Kokkonen T, Jensen TK, Boye M, Sukura A, Pelkola K, Pelkonen S. Neither hippurate-negative Brachyspira pilosicoli nor Brachyspira pilosicoli type strain caused diarrhoea in early-weaned pigs by experimental infection. Acta Vet Scand 2006; 46:257-67. [PMID: 16398337 PMCID: PMC1618965 DOI: 10.1186/1751-0147-46-257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A hippurate-negative biovariant of Brachyspira pilosicoli (B. pilosicolihipp-) is occasionally isolated in diarrhoeic pigs in Finland, often concomitantly with hippurate-positive B. pilosicoli or Lawsonia intracellularis. We studied pathogenicity of B. pilosicolihipp- with special attention paid to avoiding co-infection with other enteric pathogens. Pigs were weaned and moved to barrier facilities at the age of 11 days. At 46 days, 8 pigs were inoculated with B. pilosicolihipp- strain Br1622, 8 pigs were inoculated with B. pilosicoli type strain P43/6/78 and 7 pigs were sham-inoculated. No signs of spirochaetal diarrhoea were detected; only one pig, inoculated with P43/6/78, had soft faeces from day 9 to 10 post inoculation. The pigs were necropsied between days 7 and 23 after inoculation. Live pigs were culture-negative for Brachyspira spp., but B. pilosicolihipp- was reisolated from necropsy samples of two pigs. The lesions on large colons were minor and did not significantly differ between the three trial groups. In silver-stained sections, invasive spirochaetes were detected in colonic mucosae of several pigs in all groups. Fluorescent in situ hybridisation for genus Brachyspira, B. pilosicoli and strain Br1622 was negative. However, in situ detection for members of the genus Leptospira was positive for spirochaete-like bacteria in the colonic epithelium of several pigs in both infected groups as well as in the control group. L. intracellularis, Salmonella spp., Yersinia spp. and intestinal parasites were not detected. The failure of B. pilosicoli strains to cause diarrhoea is discussed with respect to infectivity of the challenge strains, absence of certain intestinal pathogens and feed and management factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fossil
- National Veterinary and Food Research Institute, Seinajoki Unit, PB 198, 60101 Seiniijoki, Finland.
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Shivaprasad HL, Duhamel GE. Cecal Spirochetosis Caused by Brachyspira pilosicoli in Commercial Turkeys. Avian Dis 2005; 49:609-13. [PMID: 16405009 DOI: 10.1637/7383-052005.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Spirochetes that were identified as Brachyspira pilosicoli were present in the ceca of 7.5- to 18-wk-old turkeys with cecal spirochetosis and typhlitis. The identity of B. pilosicoli was confirmed on the basis of ultrastructural morphology of the cecal epithelium adherent microbes, immunohistochemical staining with a Brachyspira genus-specific monoclonal antibody, and amplification of a B. pilosicoli species-specific 16S ribosomal RNA (rrs gene) sequence by using the polymerase chain reaction and DNA obtained by laser-capture microdissection of the epithelium-adherent microbial fringe. To the author's knowledge, this is the first report of B. pilosicoli in the ceca of turkeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, Fresno Branch University of California, Davis, 2789 S. Orange Avenue, Fresno, CA 93725, USA
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50
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Weissenböck H, Maderner A, Herzog AM, Lussy H, Nowotny N. Amplification and sequencing of Brachyspira spp. specific portions of nox using paraffin-embedded tissue samples from clinical colitis in Austrian pigs shows frequent solitary presence of Brachyspira murdochii. Vet Microbiol 2005; 111:67-75. [PMID: 16213113 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2005] [Revised: 08/09/2005] [Accepted: 09/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira infections are significant causes of enterocolitis in pigs. In order to differentiate pathogenic species (Brachyspira (Br.) hyodysenteriae, Brachyspira pilosicoli) from less pathogenic or non-pathogenic species (Brachyspira intermedia, Brachyspira innocens, Brachyspira murdochii) in paraffin-embedded tissue samples a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) protocol allowing identification of Brachyspira at species level in archival material was developed. This approach was complemented by sequencing of the PCR amplification products. All seven cases presented with clinical and morphological Brachyspira-associated enterocolitis. Br. hyodysenteriae was not identified in any of the cases, while Br. pilosicoli was identified in a single case in conjunction with Br. murdochii. One case each was found positive for Br. innocens and Br. intermedia. Interestingly, the majority of cases presented as single or double infections with Br. murdochii. In some of the pigs other pathogens, like porcine circovirus-2 or Lawsonia intracellularis were present. These observations point at the possibility that under certain conditions even Brachyspira species of low pathogenicity can multiplicate extensively and lead to Brachyspira-associated enterocolitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Weissenböck
- Institute of Pathology and Forensic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinarplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria.
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