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Kondzior E, Kowalczyk R, Tokarska M, Borowik T, Zalewski A, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M. Multispecies reservoir of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei (Cestoda: Diphyllobothridae) in carnivore communities in north-eastern Poland. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:560. [PMID: 33168087 PMCID: PMC7654582 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Spirometra erinaceieuropaei is a diphylobothriid tapeworm with a complex life-cycle including definitive, intermediate and paratenic (transport) hosts. Multiple routes of parasite transmission often make it impossible to determine what type of host a specific infected animal is considered to be. Spargana larvae cause sparganosis, a severe food- and water-borne disease mainly found in Asia. In Poland, Spirometra sp. was reported in large carnivores in Białowieża Primeval Forest for the first time in the 1940s and was recently confirmed as S. erinaceieuropaei in several mammals and snakes using molecular methods. Methods In total, 583 carcasses of 9 carnivore species were necropsied between 2013 and 2019 in north-eastern (NE) Poland. The larvae of S. erinaceieuropaei (spargana) were isolated from subcutaneous tissue, counted, and preserved for genetic analyses. We calculated the prevalence and intensity of infection. To assess spatial variation in S. erinaceieuropaei infection probability in NE Poland, we applied a generalized additive model (GAM) with binomial error distribution. To confirm the species affiliation of isolated larvae, we amplified a partial fragment of the 18S rRNA gene (240 bp in length). Results Spirometra larvae were found in the subcutaneous tissue of 172 animals of 7 species and confirmed genetically as S. erinaceieuropaei. The overall prevalence in all studied hosts was 29.5% with a mean infection intensity of 14.1 ± 33.8 larvae per individual. Native European badgers and invasive raccoon dogs were characterized by the highest prevalence. An analysis of parasite spread showed a spatially diversified probability of infection with the highest values occurring in the biodiversity hot spot, Białowieża Primeval Forest. Conclusions Our study revealed that various mammal species (both native and non-native) can serve as S. erinaceieuropaei reservoirs. The frequency and level of infection may differ between selected hosts and likely depend on host diversity and habitat structure in a given area. Further studies are needed to assess the distribution of the parasite throughout Europe and the environmental and biological factors influencing infection severity in wild mammals.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kondzior
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland. .,Faculty of Biology, University of Białystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tokarska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Tomasz Borowik
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Andrzej Zalewski
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Stoczek 1, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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Yamasaki H, Sanpool O, Rodpai R, Sadaow L, Laummaunwai P, Un M, Thanchomnang T, Laymanivong S, Aung WPP, Intapan PM, Maleewong W. Spirometra species from Asia: Genetic diversity and taxonomic challenges. Parasitol Int 2020; 80:102181. [PMID: 32898662 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2020.102181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable controversy concerning the taxonomy of species within the genus Spirometra, human sparganosis and spirometrosis mainly in Asia and Europe has long been confidently ascribed to Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Recently, the mitochondrial genomes of purported "S. erinaceieuropaei", "Spirometra decipiens" and "Spirometra ranarum" from Asia have been determined. However, it has been pointed out that the morphological criteria used for identifying these species are unsuitable and thus these identifications are questionable. In the present study, therefore, Spirometra samples from Asia were re-examined based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene sequences and the identification of these species was discussed. Haplotype network and phylogenetic analyses revealed that: i) two distinct Spirometra species, Type I and Type II, are present in Asia and neither of which is close to likely European "S. erinaceieuropaei"; ii) Type I is genetically diverse and widely distributed, however Type II is known so far from Japan and Korea; iii) "S. decipiens" and "S. ranarum" reported from Asia are conspecific with Type I; iv) Type I is probably conspecific with Spirometra mansoni, and Type II may represent an undescribed species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yamasaki
- Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Oranuch Sanpool
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Rutchanee Rodpai
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Lakkhana Sadaow
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Porntip Laummaunwai
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Mesa Un
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tongjit Thanchomnang
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Mahasarakham University, Maha Sarakham 44000, Thailand
| | - Sakhone Laymanivong
- Centre of Malariology, Parasitology and Entomology, Ministry of Health, Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic
| | - Win Pa Pa Aung
- Department of Microbiology, University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Pewpan M Intapan
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Wanchai Maleewong
- Department of Parasitology and Excellence in Medical Innovation, and Technology Research Group, Faculty of Medicine and Mekong Health Science Research Institute, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand.
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Zhang X, Mi R, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Sun T, Jia H, Huang Y, Gong H, Han X, Chen Z. Low prevalence of spargana infection in farmed frogs in the Yangtze River Delta of China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 85:104466. [PMID: 32682864 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Frogs are the main source of infection for human sparganosis. In this study, the prevalence and pathogenicity of plerocercoid larvae (sparganum) in frogs collected from the Yangtze River Delta in East China were investigated. A total of 386 frogs belonging to five species were purchased from farmers' markets across all three provincial level areas in the Yangtze River Delta region. The overall prevalence was 4.9% (19/386), and 39 spargana were detected visually, with the intensity ranging from 1 to 11. The spargana infection rate was 7.7% (11/143) in Jiangsu Province and 4.4% (8/181) in Shanghai City, while no spargana infection was detected in Zhejiang Province. In five tested frog species, only Rana nigromaculata and R. limnocharis were found to harbor spargana infection, with a prevalence of 7.7% (13/168) and 6.3% (6/95), respectively. There was no significant difference among the months of the experimental period, July to September. The spargana mostly parasitized the muscle tissues of frogs, especially in the hind legs. All the spargana were identified by molecular analysis based on cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes, and all plerocercoids were Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. Nine mice were infected orally with 1 to 3 scoleces, and 77.8% (14/18) of plerocercoids were found in mice at the 30th day post infection. No obvious clinical symptoms were observed in the mice; however, histopathological analysis showed an inflammatory cellular response in all tissues except intestinal tissue. Hematologic analysis showed an increased number of white blood cells (WBCs) at the 18th day post infection. These results indicated that R. nigromaculata and R. limnocharis are a potential source of zoonotic sparganosis in the Yangtze River Delta of China, and farmed frogs may substantially reduce zoonotic risk as compared to eating wild frogs. Our findings will provide data for frog food safety and prevention and control of sparganosis in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Rongsheng Mi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yehua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Tao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haiyan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Haiyan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Xiangan Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Zhaoguo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Animal Products on Biohazards (Shanghai) of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, PR China.
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Prevalence and molecular characterization of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana in snakes in Hunan Province, China. J Helminthol 2020; 94:e131. [PMID: 32103785 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x20000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sparganosis is an important foodborne parasitic zoonosis; however, few reports on the prevalence of snake-infecting plerocercoids from Hunan province in China are available. Therefore, we investigated the prevalence of spargana infection in wild snakes from this region in 2018, and identified an astonishing prevalence rate of 91.7% (344/375). Spargana parasites were found in 99.1% of Zaocys dhumnades, 94.1% of Elaphe carinata and 86.7% of Elaphe taeniura. Parasites exhibited various distributions: 50% were located in muscular tissue, 32.1% in subcutaneous tissue and 17.9% in the coelomic cavity. To identify the specific status of spargana collected from wild snakes, partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene sequences were amplified, sequenced and analysed. Sequence variations for cox1 among all the examined plerocercoids ranged between 0.0 and 2.9%, with 21 variable sites identified (4.71%, 21/446). Phylogenetic analyses identified that all plerocercoids isolated from Hunan province were Spirometra erinaceieuropaei. This is the first report of S. erinaceieuropaei infection in snakes in Hunan province. The risks and harms of sparganosis should be publicized, and illegal wildlife trade should be controlled.
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Jeon HK, Eom KS. Mitochondrial DNA Sequence Variability of Spirometra Species in Asian Countries. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2019; 57:481-487. [PMID: 31715688 PMCID: PMC6851253 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2019.57.5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial DNA sequence variability of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei in GenBank was observed by reinvestigation of mitochondrial cox1 and cytb sequences. The DNA sequences were analyzed in this study, comprising complete DNA sequences of cox1 (n=239) and cytb (n=213) genes. The 10 complete mitochondrial DNA sequences of Spirometra species were compared with those of Korea, China and Japan. The sequences were analyzed for nucleotide composition, conserved sites, variable sites, singleton sites and parsimony-informative sites. Phylogenetic analyses was done using neighbor joining, maximum parsimony, Bayesian inference and maximum-likelihood on cox1 and cytb sequences of Spirometra species. These polymorphic sites identified 148 (cox1) and 83 (cytb) haplotypes within 239 and 213 isolates from 3 Asian countries. Phylogenetic tree topologies were presented high-level confidence values for the 2 major branches of 2 Spirometra species containing S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens, and S. decipiens sub-clades including all sequences registered as S. erinaceieuropaei in cox1 and cytb genes. These results indicated that mitochondrial haplotypes of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens were found in the 3 Asian countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Kondzior E, Tokarska M, Kowalczyk R, Ruczyńska I, Sobociński W, Kołodziej-Sobocińska M. The first case of genetically confirmed sparganosis (Spirometra erinaceieuropaei) in European reptiles. Parasitol Res 2018; 117:3659-3662. [PMID: 30220047 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-018-6079-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sparganosis is a zoonosis caused by the spargana (larvae) of Spirometra sp. (Diphyllobothriidae). Reptiles are particularly important vectors for the transmission of this parasite in Asia; however, their role in sparganosis spread in European wildlife is unrecognized. We investigated the infection of reptiles with Spirometra sp. in NE Poland, where several mammalian hosts have been identified recently and in the past. Of the 59 dead reptiles, plerocercoids were found in two grass snakes (Natrix natrix) from the Białowieża Primeval Forest (BPF). The Spirometra erinaceieuropaei species was genetically confirmed using the evolutionary conserved nuclear 18S rRNA gene, and then compared to GenBank deposits. The sequences were identical to previously investigated Spirometra sp. found in Eurasian badger and wild boar from BPF. Our finding is the first genetically confirmed record of Spirometra sp. in reptiles in Europe. Since reptiles are often a component of mammalian diet, they can be a source of Spirometra tapeworm infection in European wildlife; however, further studies are needed to investigate the prevalence of infection in reptiles and other non-mammalian hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza Kondzior
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland.,Institute of Biology, University of Białystok, 15-245, Białystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Tokarska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Rafał Kowalczyk
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
| | - Iwona Ruczyńska
- Mammal Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 17-230, Białowieża, Poland
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Jeon HK, Kim KH, Sohn WM, Eom KS. Differential Diagnosis of Human Sparganosis Using Multiplex PCR. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2018; 56:295-300. [PMID: 29996635 PMCID: PMC6046560 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2018.56.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Human sparganosis was diagnosed by morphological and genetic analyses in Korea. The complete mitochondrial genomes of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens isolated in Korea have been recorded. Present study was performed to provide information to diagnose the etiologic agent of sparganosis by multiplex PCR using mitochondrial genome sequences of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. In an effort to examine the differential diagnosis of spirometrid tapeworms, multiplex PCR assays were performed on plerocercoid larvae of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. The PCR products obtained using species-specific primers were positively detected in all PCR assays on mixture of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens DNA. S. erinaceieuropaei-specific bands (239 bp and 401 bp) were obtained from all PCR assays using a mixture of S. erinaceieuropaei-specific primers (Se/Sd-1800F and Se-2018R; Se/Sd-7955F and Se-8356R) and S. erinaceieuropaei template DNA. S. decipiens-specific bands (540 bp and 644 bp) were also detected in all PCR assays containing mixtures of S. decipiens-specific primers (Se/Sd-1800F and Sd-2317R; Se/Sd-7955F and Sd-8567R) and S. decipiens template DNA. Sequence analyses on these species-specific bands revealed 100% sequence identity with homologous regions of the mtDNA sequences of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens. The multiplex PCR assay was useful for differential diagnosis of human sparganosis by detecting different sizes in species-specific bands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
| | - Kyu-Heon Kim
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 28159, Korea
| | - Woon-Mok Sohn
- Department of Parasitology and Tropical Medicine, Institute of Health Sciences, Gyeongsang National University College of Medicine, Jinju 52727, Korea
| | - Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Parasite Research Center and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Korea
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Invaded Invaders: Infection of Invasive Brown Treesnakes on Guam by an Exotic Larval Cestode with a Life Cycle Comprised of Non-Native Hosts. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143718. [PMID: 26699614 PMCID: PMC4689450 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple host introductions to the same non-native environment have the potential to complete life cycles of parasites incidentally transported with them. Our goal was to identify a recently detected parasitic flatworm in the invasive Brown Treesnake (Boiga irregularis) on the remote Pacific island of Guam. We considered possible factors influencing parasite transmission, and tested for correlations between infection status and potential indicators of host fitness. We used genetic data from the parasite and information about the native ranges of other possible non-native hosts to hypothesize how it arrived on Guam and how its life cycle may be currently supported. Methods We identified the parasite by comparing larval morphology and mtDNA sequences with other Pseudophyllid tapeworms. We assessed probability of infection in individual snakes using logistic regression and examined different factors influencing presence of parasites in hosts. Results We identified the parasite as the pseudophyllid cestode Spirometra erinaceieuropaei, with all sampled worms from multiple snakes sharing a single mtDNA haplotype. Infection appears to be limited to the only freshwater watershed on the island, where infection prevalence was high (77.5%). Larger snakes had a higher probability of being infected, consistent with the chronic nature of such infections. While infection status was positively correlated with body condition, infected snakes tended to have lower intra-peritoneal fat body mass, potentially indicating a negative effect on energy stores. Conclusions We discovered that B. irregularis inhabiting a small area of forested habitat in a freshwater watershed on Guam are often infected by a novel parasite of Asian origin. While further work is needed, this species of Spirometra, itself a non-native species, likely depends on a suite of recently introduced hosts from different parts of the world to complete the life cycle. This baseline study provides little evidence of any effects on host fitness, but additional data are needed to more thoroughly explore the consequences of infection in this invasive snake population.
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Liu Q, Li MW, Wang ZD, Zhao GH, Zhu XQ. Human sparganosis, a neglected food borne zoonosis. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:1226-1235. [PMID: 26364132 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00133-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Human sparganosis is a food borne zoonosis caused by the plerocercoid larvae (spargana) of various diphyllobothroid tapeworms of the genus Spirometra. Human infections are acquired by ingesting the raw or undercooked meat of snakes or frogs, drinking untreated water, or using raw flesh in traditional poultices. More than 1600 cases of sparganosis have been documented worldwide, mostly in east and southeast Asia. Sporadic cases have been reported in South America, Europe, and Africa, and several cases have been described in travellers returning from endemic regions. Epidemiological data suggest that the increased effect of sparganosis on human health is because of greater consumption of raw meat of freshwater frogs and snakes. This Review provides information about the Spirometra parasites and their lifecycles, summarises clinical features, diagnosis, and treatment of human sparganosis, and describes geographical distribution and infection characteristics of Spirometra parasites in host animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China; Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Ming-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China; Department of Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural College, Guangdong Ocean University, Huguangyan, Zhanjiang, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ze-Dong Wang
- Military Veterinary Institute, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control, Changchun, Jilin Province, China
| | - Guang-Hui Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, China.
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Eom KS, Park H, Lee D, Choe S, Kim KH, Jeon HK. Mitochondrial Genome Sequences of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae). THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2015; 53:455-63. [PMID: 26323844 PMCID: PMC4566511 DOI: 10.3347/kjp.2015.53.4.455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study was performed to compare the mitochondrial genomes between 2 Spirometra tapeworms, Spirometra erinaceieuropaei and Spirometra decipiens (Cestoidea: Diphyllobothriidae), which larval stages are important etiological agents of sparganosis in humans. For each species, the full mitochondrial genome was amplified in 8 overlapping fragments using total genomic DNA purified from a single worm as the template. The mitochondrial genomes were 13,643 bp (S. erinaceieuropaei) and 13,641 bp (S. decipiens) in length and contained 36 genes; 12 protein-coding genes, 2 ribosomal RNA (rRNA, small and large subunits), and 22 transfer RNAs (tRNAs). The 12 protein-coding genes constituted 10,083 bp (S. erinaceieuropaei) and 10,086 bp (S. decipiens) of their respective mitochondrial genomes. The tRNA genes, ranging in length from 56 to 70 bp, were identified based on putative secondary structures such as the typical cloverleaf shape. A total of 23 intergenic sequences, varying from 1 to 204 bp in size, were interspersed in S. erinaceieuropaei (total, 504 bp) and S. decipiens (total, 496 bp) mtDNA. The 12 protein-coding genes of S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens differed by 12.4%, whereas the overall difference in mtDNA sequence between S. erinaceieuropaei and S. decipiens was 12.9%. Thus, from the standpoint of the mitochondrial genome, S. decipiens represents a valid species that can be distinguished from S. erinaceieuropaei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keeseon S Eom
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Hansol Park
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Dongmin Lee
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Seongjun Choe
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
| | - Kyu-Heon Kim
- Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, Cheongju 361-709, Korea
| | - Hyeong-Kyu Jeon
- Department of Parasitology, Medical Research Institute and Parasite Resource Bank, Chungbuk National University School of Medicine, Cheongju 362-763, Korea
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Liu SS, Liu GH, Zhu XQ, Weng YB. The complete mitochondrial genome of Pseudoterranova azarasi and comparative analysis with other anisakid nematodes. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2015; 33:293-8. [PMID: 25998795 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Anisakiasis/anisakidosis caused by anisakid nematodes is an emerging infectious disease that can cause a wide range of clinical syndromes and are difficult to diagnose and treat in humans. In spite of their significance as pathogens, the systematics, genetics, epidemiology and biology of these parasites remain poorly understood. In the present study, we sequenced the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome of Pseudoterranova azarasi, which is one of the most important zoonotic anisakid parasites. The circular mt genome is 13,954 bp in size and encodes of 36 genes, including 12 protein-coding, 2 ribosomal RNA and 22 transfer RNA genes. The mt gene order of P. azarasi is the same as those of Ascaris spp. (Ascarididae), Toxocara spp. (Toxocaridae) and Anisakis simplex (Anisakidae), but distinct from those of Ascaridia spp. (Ascaridiidae) and Cucullanus robustus (Cucullanidae). Phylogenetic analyses based on concatenated amino acid sequences of 12 protein-coding genes by Bayesian inference (BI) showed that Pseudoterranova were more closely related to Anisakis than they were to Contracaecum with strong a posterior probability support. This mt genome provides a novel genetic markers for exploring cryptic/sibling species and host affiliations, and should have implications for the diagnosis, prevention and control of anisakidosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Guo-Hua Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province 730046, PR China
| | - Ya-Biao Weng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province 510642, PR China.
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A protein microarray for the rapid screening of patients suspected of infection with various food-borne helminthiases. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1899. [PMID: 23209851 PMCID: PMC3510079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Food-borne helminthiases (FBHs) have become increasingly important due to frequent occurrence and worldwide distribution. There is increasing demand for developing more sensitive, high-throughput techniques for the simultaneous detection of multiple parasitic diseases due to limitations in differential clinical diagnosis of FBHs with similar symptoms. These infections are difficult to diagnose correctly by conventional diagnostic approaches including serological approaches. Methodology/Principal Findings In this study, antigens obtained from 5 parasite species, namely Cysticercus cellulosae, Angiostrongylus cantonensis, Paragonimus westermani, Trichinella spiralis and Spirometra sp., were semi-purified after immunoblotting. Sera from 365 human cases of helminthiasis and 80 healthy individuals were assayed with semi-purified antigens by both a protein microarray and the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The sensitivity, specificity and simplicity of each test for the end-user were evaluated. The specificity of the tests ranged from 97.0% (95% confidence interval (CI): 95.3–98.7%) to 100.0% (95% CI: 100.0%) in the protein microarray and from 97.7% (95% CI: 96.2–99.2%) to 100.0% (95% CI: 100.0%) in ELISA. The sensitivity varied from 85.7% (95% CI: 75.1–96.3%) to 92.1% (95% CI: 83.5–100.0%) in the protein microarray, while the corresponding values for ELISA were 82.0% (95% CI: 71.4–92.6%) to 92.1% (95% CI: 83.5–100.0%). Furthermore, the Youden index spanned from 0.83 to 0.92 in the protein microarray and from 0.80 to 0.92 in ELISA. For each parasite, the Youden index from the protein microarray was often slightly higher than the one from ELISA even though the same antigen was used. Conclusions/Significance The protein microarray platform is a convenient, versatile, high-throughput method that can easily be adapted to massive FBH screening. Food-borne helminthiases (FBHs) have caused significant problems in public health and also posed socio-economic concerns. Common FBHs, such as cysticercosis, trichinellosis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis and angiostrongyliasis, have a worldwide distribution with high morbidity and even death. The objective of the present study was to develop and test a rapid assay suitable for large-scale screening for FBHs that would also allow differential diagnosis between the various parasite species. We tested archived, well-characterized serum specimens and prioritized tests for future evaluation in rapid and simultaneous screening of five different FBHs, i.e. cysticercosis, trichinellosis, paragonimiasis, sparganosis and angiostrongyliasis. This was done with a multiplex protein microarray assay equipped with semi-purified antigens capable of detecting disease-specific antibodies. Results showed that the protein microarray developed displayed a good specificity, ranging from 97.0% to 100.0%, and a sensitivity, ranging from 85.7% to 92.1%, with a Youden index variation from 0.83 to 0.92. It was concluded that the protein microarray provides a sensitive, high-throughput technique for the simultaneous detection of multiple FBHs overcoming the limitations of conventional diagnostics.
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Jabbar A, Papini R, Ferrini N, Gasser RB. Use of a molecular approach for the definitive diagnosis of proliferative larval mesocestoidiasis in a cat. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1377-80. [PMID: 22579793 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A 9 year-old male, neutered cat with a history of a sudden onset of lethargy, anorexia and respiratory distress was presented in a veterinary practice in Lucca, Italy. A clinical examination revealed that the cat was severely dehydrated, and had pale mucous membranes and tachypnoea. No pain or discomfort was detected at the time of physical examination. The cat was administered fluids, antibiotics and supportive therapy, but died overnight. The owner of the cat requested for a post mortem examination to be conducted. At necropsy, acephalic structures, consistent with proliferative tapeworm (cestode) larvae, were detected in the thoracic cavity on pleural surfaces. As these larvae could not be identified to genus or species by microscopy, a PCR-based sequencing-phylogenetic approach was used. Part of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene was PCR-amplified from genomic DNAs from five individual larvae and sequenced; all five sequences obtained were identical. This consensus sequence was aligned (over 355 nucleotide positions) with homologous sequences representing a range of cestodes (including Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Hymenolepis microstoma, Mesocestoides spp. and Taenia saginata) from previously published studies and then subjected to phylogenetic analysis. The sequence representing the larval cestode from the affected cat grouped, with strong statistical support, with those representing Mesocestoides corti and Mesocestoides lineatus. Therefore, a definitive diagnosis of pleural proliferative larval mesocestoidiasis could be made. This study illustrates the value of using molecular tools to directly assist clinical and pathological investigations of cestodiases of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Melbourne, Werribee, Victoria 3030, Australia.
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Young S, Skerratt LF, Mendez D, Speare R, Berger L, Steele M. Using community surveillance data to differentiate between emerging and endemic amphibian diseases. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2012; 98:1-10. [PMID: 22422125 DOI: 10.3354/dao02416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We analyzed submission data from a wildlife care group during amphibian disease surveillance in Queensland, Australia. Between January 1999 and December 2004, 877 white-lipped tree frogs Litoria infrafrenata were classified according to origin, season and presenting category. At least 69% originated from urban Cairns, significantly more than from rural and remote areas. Total submissions increased during the early and late dry seasons compared with the early wet season. Frogs most commonly presented each year with injury, followed by 'other', sparganosis and irreversible emaciation of unknown aetiology. This is the first report of Spirometra erinacei infection in this species. A high prevalence (28%) of visible S. erinacei infection was found in emaciated frogs, but this was not statistically different from that in non-emaciated diseased frogs (25%). However, 14 emaciated specimens that were necropsied all had heavy S. erinacei infections, and the odds of visible sparganosis were statistically greater in emaciated frogs compared with injured, non-diseased frogs. We provide a detailed case definition for a new endemic disease manifesting as irreversible emaciation, for which S. erinacei may be the primary aetiological agent. The lack of significant spatial or temporal patterns in case presentation suggests that this is not a currently emerging disease. We show that community wildlife groups can play a valuable role in monitoring disease trends, particularly in urban areas, but identify a number of limitations associated with passive syndromic surveillance. We conclude that it is critical that professionals be involved in establishing syndromic case definitions, diagnostic pathology, complementary active disease surveillance, and data analysis and interpretation in all wildlife disease investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Young
- School of Public Health, Tropical Medicine & Rehabilitation Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia.
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15
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Simpson C, Jabbar A, Mansfield CS, Tyrrell D, Croser E, Abraham LA, Gasser RB. Molecular diagnosis of sparganosis associated with pneumothorax in a dog. Mol Cell Probes 2012; 26:60-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Survey of Spirometra erinaceieuropaei spargana infection in the frog Rana nigromaculata of the Hunan Province of China. Vet Parasitol 2010; 173:152-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 05/31/2010] [Accepted: 06/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li MW, Lin RQ, Song HQ, Sani RA, Wu XY, Zhu XQ. Electrophoretic analysis of sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA regions for ascaridoid parasites of human and animal health significance. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2912-7. [PMID: 18546167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sequence variability in three mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) regions, namely cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1), NADH dehydrogenase subunits 1 and 4 (nad1 and nad4), among and within Toxocara canis, T. cati, T. malaysiensis, T. vitulorum and Toxascaris leonina from different geographical origins was examined by a mutation-scanning approach. A portion of the cox1 gene (pcox1), a portion of the nad1 and nad4 genes (pnad1 and pnad4) were amplified separately from individual ascaridoid nematodes by polymerase chain reaction and the amplicons analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP). Representative samples displaying sequence variation in SSCP profiles were subjected to sequencing in order to define genetic markers for their specific identification and differentiation. While the intra-specific sequence variations within each of the five ascaridoid species were 0.2-3.7% for pcox1, 0-2.8% for pnad1 and 0-2.3% for pnad4, the inter-specific sequence differences were significantly higher, being 7.9-12.9% for pcox1, 10.7-21.1% for pnad1 and 12.9-21.7% for pnad4, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on the combined sequences of pcox1, pnad1 and pnad4 revealed that the recently described species T. malaysiensis was more closely related to T. cati than to T. canis. These findings provided mtDNA evidence for the validity of T. malaysiensis and also demonstrated clearly the usefulness and attributes of the mutation-scanning sequencing approach for studying the population genetic structures of these and other nematodes of socio-economic importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Li
- Laboratory of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong Province, The People's Republic of China
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Ugarte CE, Thomas DG, Gasser RB, Hu M, Scott I, Collett MG. Spirometra erinacei / S. erinaceieuropaei in a feral cat in Manawatu with chronic intermittent diarrhoea. N Z Vet J 2005; 53:347-51. [PMID: 16220130 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2005.36573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
CASE HISTORY A feral cat captured in the Manawatu region of New Zealand was treated for worms and fleas, and kept confined in a metabolic cage. It showed good appetite and weight gain but had intermittent watery, yellow diarrhoea. CLINICAL FINDINGS Clinical examination under sedation was unremarkable and routine blood tests showed no significant abnormalities. The cat was negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Different canned cat foods did not alter the course of the diarrhoea, and the cat was euthanised 6 months after capture. At necropsy, two sections of adult Spirometra tapeworms were found in the jejunum and typical Spirometra eggs were found in colonic contents. Molecular identification of the parasite was undertaken, using the cytochrome-c oxidase subunit-1 gene (cox1) sequence. DIAGNOSIS Chronic intermittent diarrhoea associated with Spirometra erinacei / S. erinaceieuropaei infection. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Spirometra has not been reported in New Zealand before but has been associated with gastrointestinal disease in cats in other parts of the world. It requires species targeted treatment to be eliminated effectively, and is zoonotic. Diagnosis could be difficult for clinicians who are not familiar with the parasite and its life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- C E Ugarte
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Human Health, Massey University, Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand.
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Ngarmamonpirat C, Waikagul J, Petmitr S, Dekumyoy P, Rojekittikhun W, Anantapruti MT. Analysis of sequence variation in Gnathostoma spinigerum mitochondrial DNA by single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis and DNA sequence. Parasitol Int 2005; 54:65-8. [PMID: 15710553 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variations were observed in the advance third stage larvae of Gnathostoma spinigerum collected from swamp eel (Fluta alba), the second intermediate host. Larvae with typical and three atypical types were chosen for partial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene sequence analysis. A 450 bp polymerase chain reaction product of the COI gene was amplified from mitochondrial DNA. The variations were analyzed by single-strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. The nucleotide variations of the COI gene in the four types of larvae indicated the presence of an intra-specific variation of mitochondrial DNA in the G. spinigerum population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charinthon Ngarmamonpirat
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Li AX, Wu XY, Ding XJ, Lin RQ, Xie MQ, Lun ZR, Zhu XQ. PCR-SSCP as a molecular tool for the identification of Benedeniinae (Monogenea: Capsalidae) from marine fish. Mol Cell Probes 2005; 19:35-9. [PMID: 15652218 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2004.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2004] [Revised: 09/03/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
PCR-based single strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis was used to characterize monogenean specimens of the subfamily Benedeniinae of morphologically uncertain specific status from different marine fish species, using Neobenedenia melleni, N. girellae and Entobdella corona for comparison. The first internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) and the 5' terminal variable region (D1-D3 domains) of the large subunit ribosomal DNA (lsrDNA) were amplified separately from individual monogeneans, and the amplicons were subjected to PCR-SSCP analyses, followed by direct sequencing. Both SSCP patterns and the ITS-1 sequences data allowed specimens representing Entobdella spp. from the host Taeniura melanospilos to be unequivocally distinguished from those representing Neobenedenia spp. and those representing Benedenia spp. Neobenedenia girellae, a morphologically controversial species, had identical SSCP banding pattern and ITS-1 sequence to that of N. melleni, supporting the proposal that N. girellae is a synonym of N. melleni. Neobenedenia spp. and Benedenia spp. had identical SSCP patterns and ITS-1 sequences. These findings and the PCR-SSCP approach taken should have implications for the accurate identification and assessment of taxonomic validity of other important monogenean groups of the marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Xing Li
- Center for Parasitic Organisms, School of Life Sciences, Zhongshan (Sun Yat-Sen) University, Haizhu District, Guangzhou 510275, The People's Republic of China
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Olson PD, Tkach VV. Advances and Trends in the Molecular Systematics of the Parasitic Platyhelminthes. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2005; 60:165-243. [PMID: 16230104 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-308x(05)60003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The application of molecular systematics to the parasitic Platyhelminthes (Cestoda, Digenea and Monogenea) over the last decade has advanced our understanding of their interrelationships and evolution substantially. Here we review the current state of play and the early works that led to the molecular-based hypotheses that now predominate in the field; advances in their systematics, taxonomy, classification and phylogeny, as well as trends in species circumscription, molecular targets and analytical methods are discussed for each of the three major parasitic groups. A by-product of this effort has been an ever increasing number of parasitic flatworms characterized genetically, and the useful application of these data to the diagnosis of animal and human pathogens, and to the elucidation of life histories are presented. The final section considers future directions in the field, including taxon sampling, molecular targets of choice, and the current and future utility of mitochondrial and nuclear genomics in systematic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Olson
- Division of Parasitology, Department of Zoology, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Hutson KS, Styan CA, Beveridge I, Keough MJ, Zhu X, Abs EL-Osta YG, Gasser RB. Elucidating the ecology of bucephalid parasites using a mutation scanning approach. Mol Cell Probes 2004; 18:139-46. [PMID: 15051124 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2003.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2003] [Accepted: 11/11/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nucleotide variation in a portion of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit1 (cox1) gene from asexual stages of bucephalids of southern Australian scallops (Chlamys asperrima, Chlamys bifrons and Pecten fumatus) was investigated using a mutation scanning-sequencing approach. Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis revealed three main profile types (A, B and C) for parasites isolated from scallops. Sequence analysis revealed that samples represented by profiles B and C had a high degree (97.3%) of sequence similarity, whereas they were approximately 21% different in sequence from those represented by profile A. These findings suggested that at least two types or species (represented by profile A, or profile B or C) of bucephalid infect scallops, of which both were detected in South Australia, while only one was found in Victoria. The prevalence of bucephalids (and their SSCP haplotypes) appeared to differ among the three species of scallop in South Australia as well as between the two scallop species in Victoria, indicating a degree of host specificity. Adult bucephalids were collected from Eastern Australian Salmon (Arripis trutta), in an attempt to match them with the asexual stages from the scallop hosts. Neither of the two taxa of adult bucephalid (Telorhynchus arripidis and an un-named Telorhynchus species) shared SSCP profiles with the bucephalids from scallops, but were genetically similar, suggesting that the asexual stages from scallops may represent the genus Telorhynchus. This study, which assessed nucleotide sequence variation in a portion of the mitochondrial cox1 gene for bucephalids found in scallops and arripid fish, illustrates the usefulness of the mutation scanning approach to elucidate complex life-cycles of marine parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate S Hutson
- Department of Zoology, Universityof Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia.
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