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Bi Y, Jin Z, Wang Y, Mou S, Wang W, Wei Q, Huo N, Liu S, Wang X, Yang Z, Chen H, Xiao S. Identification of Two Distinct Linear B Cell Epitopes of the Matrix Protein of the Newcastle Disease Virus Vaccine Strain LaSota. Viral Immunol 2019; 32:221-229. [PMID: 31094659 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2019.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix (M) protein of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an abundant protein that can induce a robust humoral immune response. However, its antigenic epitopes remain unknown. In this study, we used a pepscan approach to map linear B cell immunodominant epitopes (IDEs) of M protein with NDV-specific chicken antisera. The six epitopes with the highest reactivity by peptide scanning were obtained as IDE candidates. Among them, aa71-85 and aa349-363 were identified by immunological assays with NDV-specific or IDE-specific antisera. The minimal antigenic epitopes of the two IDEs were further characterized as 77MIDDKP82 and 354HTLAKYNPFK363. Moreover, an amino acid sequence alignment and immunoblot analysis revealed the conservation of the two IDEs in the M protein of strains of different genotypes. These two IDEs of M protein could be genetically eliminated as negative markers in recombinant NDV for serologically differential diagnosis in the development of marker vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youkun Bi
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zhongyuan Jin
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Sujing Mou
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wenbin Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qiaolin Wei
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Na Huo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Xinglong Wang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Zengqi Yang
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
| | - Hongjun Chen
- 2 Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sa Xiao
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China
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Schirrmacher V. Fifty Years of Clinical Application of Newcastle Disease Virus: Time to Celebrate! Biomedicines 2016; 4:E16. [PMID: 28536382 PMCID: PMC5344264 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines4030016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of 50 years of basic and clinical research on an oncolytic avian virus, Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), which has particular anti-neoplastic and immune stimulatory properties. Of special interest is the fact that this biological agent induces immunogenic cell death and systemic anti-tumor immunity. Furthermore, localized oncolytic virotherapy with NDV was shown to overcome systemic tumor resistance to immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. Clinical experience attests to low side effects and a high safety profile. This is due among others to the strong virus-induced type I interferon response. Other viral characteristics are lack of interaction with host cell DNA, lack of genetic recombination and independence of virus replication from cell proliferation. In this millennium, new recombinant strains of viruses are being produced with improved therapeutic properties. Clinical applications include single case observations, case series studies and Phase I to III studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Schirrmacher
- Immunological and Oncological Center (IOZK), Tumor Immunology, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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McCarthy AJ, Goodman SJ. Reassessing conflicting evolutionary histories of the Paramyxoviridae and the origins of respiroviruses with Bayesian multigene phylogenies. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2009; 10:97-107. [PMID: 19900582 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2009.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 10/26/2009] [Accepted: 11/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The evolution of paramyxoviruses is still poorly understood since past phylogenetic studies have revealed conflicting evolutionary signals among genes, and used varying methods and datasets. Using Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of full length single and concatenated sequences for the 6 genes shared among paramyxovirus genera, we reassess the ambiguous evolutionary relationships within the family, and examine causes of varying phylogenetic signals among different genes. Relative to a pneumovirus outgroup, the concatenated gene phylogeny, splits the Paramyxovirinae into two lineages, one comprising the avulaviruses and rubulaviruses, and a second containing the respiroviruses basal to the henipaviruses, and morbilliviruses. Phylogenies for the matrix (M), RNA dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the fusion (F) glycoprotein genes, are concordant with the topology from the concatenated dataset. In phylogenies derived from the nucleocapsid (N) and phosphoprotein (P) genes, the respiroviruses form the most basal genus of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily, with the avulaviruses and rubulaviruses in one lineage, and the henipaviruses, and morbilliviruses in a second. The phylogeny of the hemagglutinin (H) gene places the respiroviruses basal to the avula-rubulavirus group, but the relationship of this lineage with henipa and morbillviruses is not resolved. Different genes may be under varying evolutionary pressures giving rise to these conflicting signals. Given the level of conservation in the M and L genes, we suggest that together with F gene, these or concatenated datasets for all six genes are likely to reveal the most reliable phylogenies at a family level, and should be used for future phylogenetic studies in this group. Split decomposition analysis suggests that recombination within genera, may have a contributed to the emergence of dolphin morbillivirus, and several species within respiroviruses. A partial L gene alignment, resolves the relationship of 25 unclassified paramxyoviruses into 4 clades (Chiopteran-, Salmon-, Rodentian- and Ophidian paramyxoviruses) which group with rubula-, respiro-, morbilliviruses, and within the paramxyovirinae respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex J McCarthy
- Institute of Integrative & Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Abstract
Biosecurity is emerging as a major global health priority for which innovative and unprecedented solutions are needed. Biosecurity is a challenging biocomplexity problem involving multifaceted processes such as interactions between humans and nonhuman biota, anthropogenic environmental and ecological factors, and socioeconomic and political pressures. Key to an effective biosecurity strategy will be fundamental understanding of evolutionary, anthropogenic and environmental driving forces at play in transmission and perpetuation of infectious diseases. Biosecurity solutions will depend on increased support of basic biomedical research and public education, enhanced healthcare preparedness, alternative strategies for ensuringsafety, and improved interagency cooperation regarding global health policy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008.
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Stukenbrock EH, McDonald BA. The origins of plant pathogens in agro-ecosystems. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:75-100. [PMID: 18680424 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.010708.154114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 326] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens can emerge in agricultural ecosystems through several mechanisms, including host-tracking, host jumps, hybridization and horizontal gene transfer. High-throughput DNA sequencing coupled with new analytical approaches make it possible to differentiate among these mechanisms and to infer the time and place where pathogens first emerged. We present several examples to illustrate the different mechanisms and timescales associated with the origins of important plant pathogens. In some cases pathogens were domesticated along with their hosts during the invention of agriculture approximately 10,000 years ago. In other cases pathogens appear to have emerged very recently and almost instantaneously following horizontal gene transfer or hybridization. The predominant unifying feature in these examples is the environmental and genetic uniformity of the agricultural ecosystem in which the pathogens emerged. We conclude that agro-ecosystems will continue to select for new pathogens unless they are re-engineered to make them less conducive to pathogen emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva H Stukenbrock
- Plant Pathology, Institute of Integrative Biology, ETH Zurich, CH-8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Nollens HH, Wellehan JFX, Saliki JT, Caseltine SL, Jensen ED, Van Bonn W, Venn-Watson S. Characterization of a parainfluenza virus isolated from a bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Vet Microbiol 2007; 128:231-42. [PMID: 18031960 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2007.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel member of the parainfluenza virus family was identified in a bottlenose dolphin with respiratory disease. The case animal was a 19-year old male Atlantic bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) that presented with signs of respiratory illness, including raspy, foul-odored breaths and cream-colored exudate from the blowhole. Focally extensive pyogranulomatous bronchointerstitial pneumonia with moderate numbers of intralesional yeast organisms was identified on histopathological examination. Other significant microscopic findings included multifocal erosive and ulcerative tracheitis and laryngitis consisting of active laryngeal lymphatic tissue and dilated glands with eosinophilic fluid. The cause of death was attributed to respiratory disease of unknown etiology. In addition to the postmortem isolation of Candida glabrata and mixed bacteria from lung tissue, a virus was isolated from two antemortem affected lung aspirates collected over a 2-month period and two postmortem samples (mediastinal lymph node and left lung tissue homogenate). The morphology of the virions on negative staining and transmission electron microscopy was consistent with that of paramyxoviruses. Two genomic fragments, comprising 532 and 419 nucleotides from the open reading frames that code for the viral polymerase and fusion protein, respectively, were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using degenerate primers. Phylogenetic analyses of the two viral RNA segments showed that the isolate comprised a novel virus strain, tentatively named T. truncatus parainfluenza virus type 1 (TtPIV-1). The virus is monophyletic with, but genetically distinct from, the various bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik H Nollens
- Marine Mammal Health Program, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Sips GJ, Chesik D, Glazenburg L, Wilschut J, De Keyser J, Wilczak N. Involvement of morbilliviruses in the pathogenesis of demyelinating disease. Rev Med Virol 2007; 17:223-44. [PMID: 17410634 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Two members of the morbillivirus genus of the family Paramyxoviridae, canine distemper virus (CDV) and measles virus (MV), are well-known for their ability to cause a chronic demyelinating disease of the CNS in their natural hosts, dogs and humans, respectively. Both viruses have been studied for their potential involvement in the neuropathogenesis of the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). Recently, three new members of the morbillivirus genus, phocine distemper virus (PDV), porpoise morbillivirus (PMV) and dolphin morbillivirus (DMV), have been discovered. These viruses have also been shown to induce multifocal demyelinating disease in infected animals. This review focuses on morbillivirus-induced neuropathologies with emphasis on aetiopathogenesis of CNS demyelination. The possible involvement of a morbillivirus in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G J Sips
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Conlan AJK, Grenfell BT. Seasonality and the persistence and invasion of measles. Proc Biol Sci 2007; 274:1133-41. [PMID: 17327206 PMCID: PMC1914306 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2006.0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2006] [Accepted: 01/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The critical community size (CCS) for measles, which separates persistent from extinction-prone populations, is arguably the best understood stochastic threshold in ecology. Using simple models, we explore a relatively neglected relationship of how the CCS scales with birth rate. A predominantly positive relationship of persistence with birth rate is complicated by the accompanying dynamical transitions of the underlying deterministic process. We show that these transitions imply a lower CCS for high birth rate less developed countries and contrary to the experience in lower birth rate, industrial countries, the CCS may increase after vaccination. We also consider the evolutionary implications of the CCS for the origin of measles; this analysis explores how the deterministic and stochastic thresholds for invasion and persistence set limits on the mechanism by which this highly infectious pathogen could have successfully colonized its human host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J K Conlan
- DAMTP, Centre for Mathematical Sciences, Wilberforce Road, Cambridge CB3 0WA, UK.
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Pearce-Duvet JMC. The origin of human pathogens: evaluating the role of agriculture and domestic animals in the evolution of human disease. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2006; 81:369-82. [PMID: 16672105 DOI: 10.1017/s1464793106007020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2005] [Revised: 02/23/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Many significant diseases of human civilization are thought to have arisen concurrently with the advent of agriculture in human society. It has been hypothesised that the food produced by farming increased population sizes to allow the maintenance of virulent pathogens, i.e. civilization pathogens, while domestic animals provided sources of disease to humans. To determine the relationship between pathogens in humans and domestic animals, I examined phylogenetic data for several human pathogens that are commonly evolutionarily linked to domestic animals: measles, pertussis, smallpox, tuberculosis, taenid worms, and falciparal malaria. The majority are civilization pathogens, although I have included others whose evolutionary origins have traditionally been ascribed to domestic animals. The strongest evidence for a domestic-animal origin exists for measles and pertussis, although the data do not exclude a non-domestic origin. As for the other pathogens, the evidence currently available makes it difficult to determine if the domestic-origin hypothesis is supported or refuted; in fact, intriguing data for tuberculosis and taenid worms suggests that transmission may occur as easily from humans to domestic animals. These findings do not abrogate the importance of agriculture in disease transmission; rather, if anything, they suggest an alternative, more complex series of effects than previously elucidated. Rather than domestication, the broader force for human pathogen evolution could be ecological change, namely anthropogenic modification of the environment. This is supported by evidence that many current emerging infectious diseases are associated with human modification of the environment. Agriculture may have changed the transmission ecology of pre-existing human pathogens, increased the success of pre-existing pathogen vectors, resulted in novel interactions between humans and wildlife, and, through the domestication of animals, provided a stable conduit for human infection by wildlife diseases.
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Abstract
Herbivorous insects and other small consumers are often specialized both in use of particular host taxa and in use of particular host tissues. Such consumers also often seem to show consistent differences in the rates of evolution of these two dimensions of host use, implying common processes, but this has been little studied. Here we quantify these rates of change in host use evolution in a major radiation of herbivorous insects, the Chrysomeloidea, whose diversity has been attributed to their use of flowering plants. We find a significant difference in the rates of evolutionary change in these two dimensions of host use, with host taxon associations most labile. There are apparently similar differences in rates of host use evolution in other parasite groups, suggesting the generality of this pattern. Divergences in parasite form associated with use of different host tissues may facilitate resource partitioning among successive adaptive radiations on particular host taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Farrell
- Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA.
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Farrell BD, Sequeira AS. EVOLUTIONARY RATES IN THE ADAPTIVE RADIATION OF BEETLES ON PLANTS*. Evolution 2004. [DOI: 10.1554/03-453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kommers GD, King DJ, Seal BS, Brown CC. Pathogenesis of chicken-passaged Newcastle disease viruses isolated from chickens and wild and exotic birds. Avian Dis 2003; 47:319-29. [PMID: 12887191 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086(2003)047[0319:pocndv]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of six Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates recovered from chickens (Ckn-LBM and Ckn-Australia) and wild (Anhinga) and exotic (YN parrot, pheasant, and dove) birds was examined after the isolates had been passaged four times in domestic chickens. Groups of 10 4-wk-old specific-pathogen-free white leghorn chickens were inoculated intraconjunctivally with each one of the isolates. The infected birds were observed for clinical disease and were euthanatized and sampled at selected times from 12 hr to 14 days postinoculation or at death. Tissues were examined by histopathology, by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect viral nucleoprotein (IHC/NP), and by in situ hybridization to detect viral mRNA and were double labeled for apoptosis (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling ([TUNEL] or IHC/caspase-3) and viral nucleoprorein (IHC/NP). Birds infected with the three low virulence viruses (Ckn-LBM, YN parrot, and Ckn-Australia) did not develop clinical disease. Microscopic lesions were observed only at the inoculation site and in organs of the respiratory system. The detection of viral nucleoprotein (N) was restricted to the inoculation site. The pheasant and dove isolates were highly virulent for chickens with marked tropism for lymphoid tissues, confirmed by the presence of large numbers of cells positive for viral N protein and viral mRNA. Viral N protein was detected early in the cytoplasm of cells in the center of the splenic ellipsoids. The apoptosis assays (TUNEL and IHC/caspase-3) showed increased apoptosis in the splenic ellipsoids as well. Apparently, apoptosis is an important mechanism in lymphoid depletion during NDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glaucia D Kommers
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 501 D.W. Brooks Drive, Athens, GA 30602-7388, USA
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de Leeuw OS, Hartog L, Koch G, Peeters BPH. Effect of fusion protein cleavage site mutations on virulence of Newcastle disease virus: non-virulent cleavage site mutants revert to virulence after one passage in chicken brain. J Gen Virol 2003; 84:475-484. [PMID: 12560582 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.18714-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Virulence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is mainly determined by the amino acid sequence of the fusion (F0) protein cleavage site. Full-length NDV cDNA clone pNDFL was used to generate infectious NDV with defined mutations in the F0 cleavage site (RRQRR downward arrow L, GRQGR downward arrow F, RRQGR downward arrow F, RGQRR downward arrow F and RKQKR downward arrow F). All the mutants were viable and the mutations were maintained after virus propagation in embryonated eggs. The mutants showed single-cell infections on chicken embryo fibroblasts, which suggested that they were non-virulent. However, virulence tests in 1-day-old chickens resulted in an intracerebral pathogenicity index (ICPI) between 0 and 1.3. Moreover, virulent virus was isolated from chickens that had died in the virulence tests. Subsequent sequence analysis showed that the mutants RRQRR downward arrow L, RRQGR downward arrow F, RGQRR downward arrow F and RKQKR downward arrow F gave rise to the appearance of revertants containing the virulent cleavage site RRQ(K/R)R downward arrow F and an ICPI of 1.4 or higher. This indicated that reversion to virulence was caused by alteration of the amino acid sequence of the F0 cleavage site from a non-virulent to a virulent type. Furthermore, the ICPI of the revertants was higher than that of cDNA-derived strain NDFLtag, which has the same cleavage site, RRQRR downward arrow F (ICPI=1.3). NDFLtag(Pass), which was isolated from dead chickens after intracerebral inoculation of NDFLtag, also showed an increase in the ICPI from 1.3 to 1.5. This study proves that reversion to virulence occurs within non-virulent NDV populations and that the virulence may increase after one passage in chicken brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav S de Leeuw
- Department of Infectious Disease & Food Chain Quality, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Leo Hartog
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, PO Box 2004, NL-8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Guus Koch
- Central Institute for Animal Disease Control, PO Box 2004, NL-8203 AA Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Ben P H Peeters
- Department of Infectious Disease & Food Chain Quality, Institute for Animal Science and Health, PO Box 65, NL-8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
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