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Yang Y, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Mutations: Clinical Phenotypes beyond Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098417. [PMID: 37176125 PMCID: PMC10179041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PSEN1) is a part of the gamma secretase complex with several interacting substrates, including amyloid precursor protein (APP), Notch, adhesion proteins and beta catenin. PSEN1 has been extensively studied in neurodegeneration, and more than 300 PSEN1 mutations have been discovered to date. In addition to the classical early onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) phenotypes, PSEN1 mutations were discovered in several atypical AD or non-AD phenotypes, such as frontotemporal dementia (FTD), Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) or spastic paraparesis (SP). For example, Leu113Pro, Leu226Phe, Met233Leu and an Arg352 duplication were discovered in patients with FTD, while Pro436Gln, Arg278Gln and Pro284Leu mutations were also reported in patients with motor dysfunctions. Interestingly, PSEN1 mutations may also impact non-neurodegenerative phenotypes, including PSEN1 Pro242fs, which could cause acne inversa, while Asp333Gly was reported in a family with dilated cardiomyopathy. The phenotypic diversity suggests that PSEN1 may be responsible for atypical disease phenotypes or types of disease other than AD. Taken together, neurodegenerative diseases such as AD, PD, DLB and FTD may share several common hallmarks (cognitive and motor impairment, associated with abnormal protein aggregates). These findings suggested that PSEN1 may interact with risk modifiers, which may result in alternative disease phenotypes such as DLB or FTD phenotypes, or through less-dominant amyloid pathways. Next-generation sequencing and/or biomarker analysis may be essential in clearly differentiating the possible disease phenotypes and pathways associated with non-AD phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngsoon Yang
- Department of Neurology, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Cheonan Hospital, Cheonan 31151, Republic of Korea
| | - Eva Bagyinszky
- Graduate School of Environment Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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2
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Greenough MA, Lane DJR, Balez R, Anastacio HTD, Zeng Z, Ganio K, McDevitt CA, Acevedo K, Belaidi AA, Koistinaho J, Ooi L, Ayton S, Bush AI. Selective ferroptosis vulnerability due to familial Alzheimer’s disease presenilin mutations. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:2123-2136. [PMID: 35449212 PMCID: PMC9613996 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01003-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMutations in presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2) cause autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). Ferroptosis has been implicated as a mechanism of neurodegeneration in AD since neocortical iron burden predicts Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression. We found that loss of the presenilins dramatically sensitizes multiple cell types to ferroptosis, but not apoptosis. FAD causal mutations of presenilins similarly sensitizes cells to ferroptosis. The presenilins promote the expression of GPX4, the selenoprotein checkpoint enzyme that blocks ferroptosis by quenching the membrane propagation of lethal hydroperoxyl radicals. Presenilin γ-secretase activity cleaves Notch-1 to signal LRP8 expression, which then controls GPX4 expression by regulating the supply of selenium into the cell since LRP8 is the uptake receptor for selenoprotein P. Selenium uptake is thus disrupted by presenilin FAD mutations, suppressing GPX4 expression. Therefore, presenilin mutations may promote neurodegeneration by derepressing ferroptosis, which has implications for disease-modifying therapeutics.
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3
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Moussavi Nik SH, Porter T, Newman M, Bartlett B, Khan I, Sabale M, Eccles M, Woodfield A, Groth D, Dore V, Villemagne VL, Masters CL, Martins RN, Laws SM, Lardelli M, Verdile G. Relevance of a Truncated PRESENILIN 2 Transcript to Alzheimer's Disease and Neurodegeneration. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 80:1479-1489. [PMID: 33720885 DOI: 10.3233/jad-201133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The PRESENILIN genes (PSEN1, PSEN2) encoding for their respective proteins have critical roles in many aspects of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. The PS2V transcript of PSEN2 encodes a truncated protein and is upregulated in AD brains; however, its relevance to AD and disease progression remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE Assess transcript levels in postmortem AD and non-AD brain tissue and in lymphocytes collected under the Australian Imaging Biomarker and Lifestyle (AIBL) study. METHODS Full length PSEN2 and PS2V transcript levels were assessed by quantitative digital PCR in postmortem brain tissue (frontal cortex and hippocampus) from control, AD, frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and Lewy body dementia (LBD). Transcript levels were also assessed in lymphocytes obtained from the Perth subset of the AIBL study (n = 160). Linear regression analysis was used to assess correlations between transcript copy number and brain volume and neocortical amyloid load. RESULTS PS2V levels increased in AD postmortem brain but PS2V was also present at significant levels in FTD and LBD brains. PS2V transcript was detected in lymphocytes and PS2V/PSEN2 ratios were increased in mild cognitive impairment (p = 0.024) and AD (p = 0.019) groups compared to control group. Increased ratios were significantly correlated with hippocampal volumes only (n = 62, β= -0.269, p = 0.03). CONCLUSION Taken together, these results suggest that PS2V may be a marker of overall neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Hani Moussavi Nik
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Tenielle Porter
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Strategic Research Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Morgan Newman
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Benjamin Bartlett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Department of Advanced Clinical and Translational Cardiovascular Imaging, Harry Perkins Institute of Medical Research, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Imran Khan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Miheer Sabale
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia.,Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Melissa Eccles
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Amy Woodfield
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - David Groth
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Vincent Dore
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia.,The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Colin L Masters
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Strategic Research Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michael Lardelli
- University of Adelaide, School of Biological Sciences, Centre for Molecular Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- Collaborative Genomics and Translation Group, Strategic Research Centre for Precision Health, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, Australia
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4
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Bi HR, Zhou CH, Zhang YZ, Cai XD, Ji MH, Yang JJ, Chen GQ, Hu YM. Neuron-specific deletion of presenilin enhancer2 causes progressive astrogliosis and age-related neurodegeneration in the cortex independent of the Notch signaling. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 27:174-185. [PMID: 32961023 PMCID: PMC7816208 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Presenilin enhancer2 (Pen‐2) is an essential subunit of γ‐secretase, which is a key protease responsible for the cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP) and Notch. Mutations on Pen‐2 cause familial Alzheimer disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether Pen‐2 regulates neuronal survival and neuroinflammation in the adult brain. Methods Forebrain neuron‐specific Pen‐2 conditional knockout (Pen‐2 cKO) mice were generated for this study. Pen‐2 cKO mice expressing Notch1 intracellular domain (NICD) conditionally in cortical neurons were also generated. Results Loss of Pen‐2 causes astrogliosis followed by age‐dependent cortical atrophy and neuronal loss. Loss of Pen‐2 results in microgliosis and enhanced inflammatory responses in the cortex. Expression of NICD in Pen‐2 cKO cortices ameliorates neither neurodegeneration nor neuroinflammation. Conclusions Pen‐2 is required for neuronal survival in the adult cerebral cortex. The Notch signaling may not be involved in neurodegeneration caused by loss of Pen‐2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Ru Bi
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cui-Hua Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Zhang
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xu-Dong Cai
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mu-Huo Ji
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Gui-Quan Chen
- Model Animal Research Center, MOE Key Laboratory of Model Animal for Disease Study, Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Min Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Changzhou People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, China
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5
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Salazar JL, Yang SA, Yamamoto S. Post-Developmental Roles of Notch Signaling in the Nervous System. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10070985. [PMID: 32630239 PMCID: PMC7408554 DOI: 10.3390/biom10070985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in Drosophila, the Notch signaling pathway has been studied in numerous developmental contexts in diverse multicellular organisms. The role of Notch signaling in nervous system development has been extensively investigated by numerous scientists, partially because many of the core Notch signaling components were initially identified through their dramatic ‘neurogenic’ phenotype of developing fruit fly embryos. Components of the Notch signaling pathway continue to be expressed in mature neurons and glia cells, which is suggestive of a role in the post-developmental nervous system. The Notch pathway has been, so far, implicated in learning and memory, social behavior, addiction, and other complex behaviors using genetic model organisms including Drosophila and mice. Additionally, Notch signaling has been shown to play a modulatory role in several neurodegenerative disease model animals and in mediating neural toxicity of several environmental factors. In this paper, we summarize the knowledge pertaining to the post-developmental roles of Notch signaling in the nervous system with a focus on discoveries made using the fruit fly as a model system as well as relevant studies in C elegans, mouse, rat, and cellular models. Since components of this pathway have been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders in human, understanding the role of Notch signaling in the mature brain using model organisms will likely provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Salazar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.L.S.); (S.-A.Y.)
| | - Sheng-An Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.L.S.); (S.-A.Y.)
| | - Shinya Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine (BCM), Houston, TX 77030, USA; (J.L.S.); (S.-A.Y.)
- Department of Neuroscience, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Development, Disease Models & Therapeutics Graduate Program, BCM, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-832-824-8119
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6
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You C, Zeng W, Deng L, Lei Z, Gao X, Zhang VW, Wang Y. Identification and Clinical Analysis of the First Nonsense Mutation in the PSEN1 Gene in a Family With Acute Encephalopathy and Retinitis Pigmentosa. Front Neurol 2020; 11:319. [PMID: 32431660 PMCID: PMC7214681 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the genetic variation in a family with acute encephalopathy and retinitis pigmentosa. Nine of 25 people in this family underwent genetic testing. Three family members, namely, the proband and the proband's two sisters, showed symptoms resembling those of meningoencephalitis and simultaneously suffered from retinitis pigmentosa. Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing identified a heterozygous mutation, chr14: 73673106 c.881G>A (p.W294*), in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1) gene in these three family members, and the SWISS-MODEL server predicted the formation of a truncated protein. This mutation was not found in the asymptomatic family members. This mutation is a newly discovered nonsense mutation that results in a truncated protein. Although the current genetic evidences may indicate the likelihood of association, further investigations are needed to establish the genotype and phenotype relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlin You
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Neurology, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weike Zeng
- Department of Radiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingna Deng
- Scientific Research Center and Department of Orthopedic, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhihao Lei
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xinyi Gao
- AmCare Genomics Laboratory, GuangZhou, China
| | - Victor Wei Zhang
- AmCare Genomics Laboratory, GuangZhou, China.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Yidong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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7
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Bonham LW, Steele NZR, Karch CM, Broce I, Geier EG, Wen NL, Momeni P, Hardy J, Miller ZA, Gorno-Tempini ML, Hess CP, Lewis P, Miller BL, Seeley WW, Manzoni C, Desikan RS, Baranzini SE, Ferrari R, Yokoyama JS. Genetic variation across RNA metabolism and cell death gene networks is implicated in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10854. [PMID: 31350420 PMCID: PMC6659677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46415-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) is a clinical syndrome characterized by neurodegeneration and progressive loss of semantic knowledge. Unlike many other forms of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), svPPA has a highly consistent underlying pathology composed of TDP-43 (a regulator of RNA and DNA transcription metabolism). Previous genetic studies of svPPA are limited by small sample sizes and a paucity of common risk variants. Despite this, svPPA's relatively homogenous clinicopathologic phenotype makes it an ideal investigative model to examine genetic processes that may drive neurodegenerative disease. In this study, we used GWAS metadata, tissue samples from pathologically confirmed frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and in silico techniques to identify and characterize protein interaction networks associated with svPPA risk. We identified 64 svPPA risk genes that interact at the protein level. The protein pathways represented in this svPPA gene network are critical regulators of RNA metabolism and cell death, such as SMAD proteins and NOTCH1. Many of the genes in this network are involved in TDP-43 metabolism. Contrary to the conventional notion that svPPA is a clinical syndrome with few genetic risk factors, our analyses show that svPPA risk is complex and polygenic in nature. Risk for svPPA is likely driven by multiple common variants in genes interacting with TDP-43, along with cell death,x` working in combination to promote neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke W Bonham
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natasha Z R Steele
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Celeste M Karch
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Iris Broce
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ethan G Geier
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalie L Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Zachary A Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Luisa Gorno-Tempini
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher P Hess
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Lewis
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Claudia Manzoni
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,School of Pharmacy, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK
| | - Rahul S Desikan
- Neuroradiology Section, Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Raffaele Ferrari
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
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8
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Early pathogenic event of Alzheimer's disease documented in iPSCs from patients with PSEN1 mutations. Oncotarget 2018; 8:7900-7913. [PMID: 27926491 PMCID: PMC5352369 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.13776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common age-related dementia characterized by progressive neuronal loss. However, the molecular mechanisms for the neuronal loss is still debated. Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells of familial AD patients carrying PSEN1 mutations to study the early pathogenic event of AD. We found that premature neuronal differentiation with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis occured in AD-iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells (AD-NPCs) once neuronal differentiation was initiated, together with higher levels of Aβ42 and phosphorylated tau. Premature neuronal differentiation in AD-NPCs was caused by PSEN1 mutations and might be correlated to multiple dysregulated processes including but not limited to Wnt-Notch pathway. Our study documented previously unappreciated early NPC dysfunction in AD-NPCs, providing valuable new insights into the early mechanisms underlying AD pathogenesis.
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9
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Genetic Complexity of Early-Onset Alzheimer’s Disease. NEURODEGENER DIS 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72938-1_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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10
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Li N, Liu K, Qiu Y, Ren Z, Dai R, Deng Y, Qing H. Effect of Presenilin Mutations on APP Cleavage; Insights into the Pathogenesis of FAD. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:51. [PMID: 27014058 PMCID: PMC4786568 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by progressive memory loss, reduction in cognitive functions, and damage to the brain. The β-amyloid precursor protein can be sequentially cleaved by β- secretase and γ-secretase. Mutations in the presenilin1(PS1) are the most common cause of Familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD). PS1 mutations can alter the activity of γ-secretase on the cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein, causing increased Aβ production. Previous studies show that the βAPP-C-terminal fragment is first cleaved by β-scretase, primarily generating long fragments of Aβ48 and Aβ49, followed by the stepwise cleavage of every three amino acid residues at the C terminus, resulting in Aβ48-, 45-, 42 line and Aβ49-, 46-, 43-, 40 line. Here, we used LC-MS/MS to analyze unique peptides IAT, VVIA, ITL, TVI, IVI through sequential cleavage, combined with ELISA to test the level of Aβ42 and Aβ40 for validation. The results show that most FAD mutant PS1 can alter the level of Aβ42 and Aβ40 monitored by the Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio. Among them, six mutants (I143T, H163P, S170F, Q223R, M233V, and G384A) affect the Aβ42/40 ratio through both Aβ49-40 and Aβ48-38 lines; L166P through decreasing the Aβ49-40 line, six mutants (I143V, M146V, G217A, E280A, L381V, and L392V) through increasing the Aβ48-42 line. More importantly, we found some mutations can affect the γ-secretase cleavage preference of α-CTF and β-CTF. In conclusion, we found that the FAD PS1 mutations mainly increase the generation of Aβ42 by decreasing the cleavage of Aβ42–Aβ38 and Aβ43–Aβ40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuomin Li
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Kefu Liu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yunjie Qiu
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Zehui Ren
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Rongji Dai
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Deng
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- School of Life Science, Beijing Institute of Technology Beijing, China
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11
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Roher AE, Maarouf CL, Kokjohn TA. Familial Presenilin Mutations and Sporadic Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology: Is the Assumption of Biochemical Equivalence Justified? J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 50:645-58. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alex E. Roher
- Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Chera L. Maarouf
- Longtine Center for Neurodegenerative Biochemistry, Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Tyler A. Kokjohn
- Department of Microbiology, Midwestern University School of Medicine, Glendale, AZ, USA
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12
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Why therapies for Alzheimer's disease do not work: Do we have consensus over the path to follow? Ageing Res Rev 2016; 25:70-84. [PMID: 26375861 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a personal tragedy of enormous magnitude, which imposes a daunting worldwide challenge for health-care providers and society as well. In last five decades, global research in clinics and laboratories has illuminated many features of this sinister and eventually fatal disease. Notwithstanding this development, the Alzheimer's research apparently has come across a phase of disappointment and a little reservation about the direction to follow. Persistently distressing controversies and a significant number of missing facts shed further uncertainty about the path forward. A detailed description of some of the main controversies in AD research may assist the field towards finding a resolution. Here I reviewed some alarming concerns or controversies related to these primary issues and emphasized on a possible mechanism to settle them.
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13
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Jiang HY, Li GD, Dai SX, Bi R, Zhang DF, Li ZF, Xu XF, Zhou TC, Yu L, Yao YG. Identification of PSEN1 mutations p.M233L and p.R352C in Han Chinese families with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:1602.e3-6. [PMID: 25595498 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOFAD) is characterized by the onset of dementia symptoms before 65 years, positive family history, high genetic predisposition, and an autosomal dominant inheritance. We aimed to investigate mutations and to characterize phenotypes in Chinese EOFAD families. Detailed clinical assessments and genetic screening for mutations in the presenilin 1 (PSEN1), presenilin 2, amyloid precursor protein, and APOE genes were carried out in 4 EOFAD families. Two PSEN1 mutations (p.R352C and p.M233L) were identified in 2 EOFAD families, respectively. Mutation p.M233L was associated with prominent very early onset, rapidly progressive dementia, and neurologic symptoms, whereas p.R352C was associated with a progressive dementia, psychiatric syndrome, and chronic disease course. Both mutations are predicted to be pathogenic. Our results showed that mutations in PSEN1 gene might be common in Chinese EOFAD families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yan Jiang
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresource & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Guo-Dong Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Shao-Xing Dai
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Deng-Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China
| | - Zong-Fang Li
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiu-Feng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tai-Cheng Zhou
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresource & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Li Yu
- Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bioresource & Key Laboratory for Microbial Resources of the Ministry of Education, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China.
| | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Kunming, Yunnan, China; Kunming College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, P.R. China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.
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14
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15
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Vignini A, Morganti S, Salvolini E, Sartini D, Luzzi S, Fiorini R, Provinciali L, Di Primio R, Mazzanti L, Emanuelli M. Amyloid precursor protein expression is enhanced in human platelets from subjects with Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration: A Real-time PCR study. Exp Gerontol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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16
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Riudavets MA, Bartoloni L, Troncoso JC, Pletnikova O, St. George‐Hyslop P, Schultz M, Sevlever G, Allegri RF. Familial dementia with frontotemporal features associated with M146V presenilin-1 mutation. Brain Pathol 2013; 23:595-600. [PMID: 23489366 PMCID: PMC4007155 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the mutations in the presenilin-1 gene (PS-1) are associated with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, certain examples can be associated with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We performed a clinical evaluation of individuals belonging to a family with the FTD phenotype, and additional molecular studies and neuropathological assessment of the proband. The PS-1 M146V mutation was found in the 50-year-old subject (the proband) with family history of early-onset FTD. Neuropathological examination showed abundant amyloid plaques, widespread neurofibrillary pathology, Pick bodies in the hippocampus and cortex, cortical globose tangles and ubiquitin-positive nuclear inclusions in white matter oligodendrocytes. We report a kindred with clinical features of FTD, whose proband bore the PS-1 M146V mutation and showed diffuse Alzheimer's type pathology and Pick bodies on post-mortem neuropathological examination. As with other mutations within the same codon, this substitution may predispose to both diseases by affecting APP and/or tau processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Leonardo Bartoloni
- Department of Internal MedicineHospital ZubizarretaBuenos AiresArgentina
| | - Juan C. Troncoso
- Neuropathology DivisionPathology DepartmentJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
| | - Olga Pletnikova
- Neuropathology DivisionPathology DepartmentJohns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMD
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17
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Dong S, Duan Y, Hu Y, Zhao Z. Advances in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: a re-evaluation of amyloid cascade hypothesis. Transl Neurodegener 2012; 1:18. [PMID: 23210692 PMCID: PMC3526416 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-1-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by progressive deterioration of memory, and pathologically by histopathological changes including extracellular deposits of amyloid-beta (A-beta) peptides forming senile plaques (SP) and the intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) of hyperphosphorylated tau in the brain. This review focused on the new developments of amyloid cascade hypothesis with details on the production, metabolism and clearance of A-beta, and the key roles of some important A-beta-related genes in the pathological processes of AD. The most recent research advances in genetics, neuropathology and pathogenesis of the disease were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzhen Dong
- Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Brain Functional Genomics, East China Normal University, 3663 Zhongshan Road (N), Shanghai, 200062, China.
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18
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Kitazawa M, Medeiros R, Laferla FM. Transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer disease: developing a better model as a tool for therapeutic interventions. Curr Pharm Des 2012; 18:1131-47. [PMID: 22288400 DOI: 10.2174/138161212799315786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia among elderly. Currently, no effective treatment is available for AD. Analysis of transgenic mouse models of AD has facilitated our understanding of disease mechanisms and provided valuable tools for evaluating potential therapeutic strategies. In this review, we will discuss the strengths and weaknesses of current mouse models of AD and the contribution towards understanding the pathological mechanisms and developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitazawa
- School of Natural Sciences, University of California, Merced, CA 95343, USA.
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19
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Ho A, Shen J. Presenilins in synaptic function and disease. Trends Mol Med 2011; 17:617-24. [PMID: 21795114 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The presenilin genes harbor approximately 90% of mutations linked to early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD), but how these mutations cause the disease is still being debated. Genetic analysis in Drosophila and mice demonstrate that presenilin plays essential roles in synaptic function, learning and memory, as well as neuronal survival in the adult brain, and the FAD-linked mutations alter the normal function of presenilin in these processes. Presenilin has also been reported to regulate the calcium homeostasis of intracellular stores, and presynaptic presenilin controls neurotransmitter release and long-term potentiation through modulation of calcium release from intracellular stores. In this review, we highlight recent advances in deciphering the role of presenilin in synaptic function, calcium regulation and disease, and pose key questions for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Ho
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Street, Boston MA 02215, USA
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20
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Pharmacological and genetic reversal of age-dependent cognitive deficits attributable to decreased presenilin function. J Neurosci 2010; 30:9510-22. [PMID: 20631179 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1017-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of cognitive loss and neurodegeneration in the developed world. Although its genetic and environmental causes are not generally known, familial forms of the disease (FAD) are attributable to mutations in a single copy of the Presenilin (PS) and amyloid precursor protein genes. The dominant inheritance pattern of FAD indicates that it may be attributable to gain or change of function mutations. Studies of FAD-linked forms of presenilin (psn) in model organisms, however, indicate that they are loss of function, leading to the possibility that a reduction in PS activity might contribute to FAD and that proper psn levels are important for maintaining normal cognition throughout life. To explore this issue further, we have tested the effect of reducing psn activity during aging in Drosophila melanogaster males. We have found that flies in which the dosage of psn function is reduced by 50% display age-onset impairments in learning and memory. Treatment with metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) antagonists or lithium during the aging process prevented the onset of these deficits, and treatment of aged flies reversed the age-dependent deficits. Genetic reduction of Drosophila metabotropic glutamate receptor (DmGluRA), the inositol trisphosphate receptor (InsP(3)R), or inositol polyphosphate 1-phosphatase also prevented these age-onset cognitive deficits. These findings suggest that reduced psn activity may contribute to the age-onset cognitive loss observed with FAD. They also indicate that enhanced mGluR signaling and calcium release regulated by InsP(3)R as underlying causes of the age-dependent cognitive phenotypes observed when psn activity is reduced.
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21
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Neuroprotective mechanism conferred by 17beta-estradiol on the biochemical basis of Alzheimer's disease. Neuroscience 2010; 169:781-6. [PMID: 20493928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.05.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 05/08/2010] [Accepted: 05/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen (17beta-estradiol) plays key regulatory roles in a variety of physiological and biological processes. Several lines of evidence also support its role as a protective factor in Alzheimer's disease; however, the basis of this effect is unclear. Here we show that an early-onset Alzheimer's disease transgenic mouse model expressing the double-mutant form of human amyloid precursor protein (APP); Swedish (K670N/M671L) and Indiana (V717F) undergoing treatment with 17beta-estradiol show significantly lower levels of APP processing through beta-secretase and enhanced alpha-secretase processing resulting in marked reductions of APP-CTFbeta, Abeta42 and plaque burden, along with increased levels of the non-amyloidogenic sAPPalpha. Moreover, 17beta-estradiol resulted in elevated brain levels of transthyretin, which inhibits aggregation of Abeta into plaques; though the insulin-degrading enzyme, which breaks down Abeta, was significantly reduced. These results illustrate a multifaceted effect of 17beta-estradiol on the biochemical basis of Alzheimer's disease, through effects on APP processing, Abeta levels and factors that affect its clearance and aggregation. Overall, these results support the need for further long-term longitudinal studies to elucidate consequences of menopause as well as hormone therapy on Alzheimer's disease, and explore its potential as a therapeutic avenue for the disease.
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22
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Ryan NS, Rossor MN. Correlating familial Alzheimer's disease gene mutations with clinical phenotype. Biomark Med 2010; 4:99-112. [PMID: 20387306 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.09.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) causes devastating cognitive impairment and an intense research effort is currently devoted to developing improved treatments for it. A minority of cases occur at a particularly young age and are caused by autosomal dominantly inherited genetic mutations. Although rare, familial AD provides unique opportunities to gain insights into the cascade of pathological events and how they relate to clinical manifestations. The phenotype of familial AD is highly variable and, although it shares many clinical features with sporadic AD, it also possesses important differences. Exploring the genetic and pathological basis of this phenotypic heterogeneity can illuminate aspects of the underlying disease mechanism, and is likely to inform our understanding and treatment of AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie S Ryan
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
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23
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Abstract
Presenilins form the catalytic part of the gamma-secretases, protein complexes that are responsible for the intramembranous cleavage of transmembrane proteins. The presenilins are involved in several biological functions, but are best known for their role in the generation of the beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptide in Alzheimer's disease and are therefore thought to be important drug targets for this disorder. Mutations in the presenilin genes cause early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease, but mutation carriers have substantial phenotypic heterogeneity. Recent evidence implicating presenilin mutations in non-Alzheimer's dementias, including frontotemporal dementia and Lewy body dementia, warrants further investigation. An increased understanding of the diversity of the molecular cell biology of the gamma-secretase complex and the effects of clinical mutations in the presenilin genes might help pave the way for improved development of drugs that are designed to target gamma-secretase enzymatic activity in Alzheimer's disease and potentially in other neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno A Bergmans
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Genetics, VIB, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is a highly familial condition and is increasingly being recognized as an important form of dementia. The literature published on this disease is often difficult to collate due to the wide range in nomenclature used. Thankfully, consensus recommendations have now been published to address this issue and hopefully the community will adopt these as intended. Much progress has been made in our understanding of the clinical, pathological and genetic understanding of FTLD in recent years. Progranulin and TDP-43 have recently been identified as new important proteins involved in the pathophysiology of FTLD and this latter protein may have potential as a biomarker of this disease. However, much remains before we have a full picture of the genes that cause FTLD and the biological pathways in which they function. The purpose of this review is to summarize the current concepts and recent advances in our knowledge of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Pickering-Brown
- Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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25
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Michno K, Knight D, Campusano JM, Campussano JM, van de Hoef D, Boulianne GL. Intracellular calcium deficits in Drosophila cholinergic neurons expressing wild type or FAD-mutant presenilin. PLoS One 2009; 4:e6904. [PMID: 19730737 PMCID: PMC2733141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0006904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Much of our current understanding about neurodegenerative diseases can be attributed to the study of inherited forms of these disorders. For example, mutations in the presenilin 1 and 2 genes have been linked to early onset familial forms of Alzheimer's disease (FAD). Using the Drosophila central nervous system as a model we have investigated the role of presenilin in one of the earliest cellular defects associated with Alzheimer's disease, intracellular calcium deregulation. We show that expression of either wild type or FAD-mutant presenilin in Drosophila CNS neurons has no impact on resting calcium levels but does give rise to deficits in intracellular calcium stores. Furthermore, we show that a loss-of-function mutation in calmodulin, a key regulator of intracellular calcium, can suppress presenilin-induced deficits in calcium stores. Our data support a model whereby presenilin plays a role in regulating intracellular calcium stores and demonstrate that Drosophila can be used to study the link between presenilin and calcium deregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Michno
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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26
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Hayrapetyan V, Rybalchenko V, Rybalchenko N, Koulen P. The N-terminus of presenilin-2 increases single channel activity of brain ryanodine receptors through direct protein-protein interaction. Cell Calcium 2008; 44:507-18. [PMID: 18440065 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2008] [Revised: 03/06/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Presenilin-1 (PS1) and presenilin-2 (PS2) form the catalytic core in gamma-secretase complexes and mutations in these proteins result in aberrant cleavage of amyloid precursor protein leading to accumulation of the beta-amyloid in the brain of familial Alzheimer Disease patients. PS2 possesses a hydrophilic cytoplasmic N-terminal domain (PS2 NTF1-87) dispensable for gamma-secretase activity with physiological functions yet to be determined. The effects of this soluble 87 amino acid fragment of mouse PS2 on single channel activity of mouse brain ryanodine receptors (RyR) were determined. PS2 NTF1-87 application to the cytoplasmic side of the RyR significantly increased single channel activity by favoring higher sublevel openings. The Ca(2+) activation and desensitization ranges for RyRs were unchanged. We demonstrate facilitation of RyR gating by PS2 NTF1-87, which might represent a general mechanism of RyR regulation by presenilins potentially prone to be affected by mutations or external stimuli contributing to the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodya Hayrapetyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX 76107-2699, USA
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27
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Bernardi L, Tomaino C, Anfossi M, Gallo M, Geracitano S, Costanzo A, Colao R, Puccio G, Frangipane F, Curcio SAM, Mirabelli M, Smirne N, Iapaolo D, Maletta RG, Bruni AC. Novel PSEN1 and PGRN mutations in early-onset familial frontotemporal dementia. Neurobiol Aging 2008; 30:1825-33. [PMID: 18314228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2008.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Revised: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 01/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous syndrome. Mutations in two genes, Microtubule Associated Protein Tau (MAPT) and Progranulin (PGRN), and rarely Presenilin mutations, have been causally linked to this disorder. OBJECTIVE To investigate the presence of PGRN, PSEN1, PSEN2 and APP mutations in a group of familial early-onset frontotemporal dementia (f-EOFTD) patients negative for MAPT gene mutations. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We prospectively studied 17 unrelated subjects diagnosed with f-EOFTD (one case neuropathologically confirmed as FTD-Ub+). Among these subjects eight belonged to eight autosomal dominant families unrelated to each other, and nine had at least one first degree relative affected by dementia. RESULTS We identified two novel heterozygous mutations in two unrelated patients, Cys139Arg in the PGRN gene and Val412Ile in the PSEN1 gene. CONCLUSIONS Early-onset f-FTD remains a heterogeneous disorder from a genetic point of view. PGRN mutation frequency was low in our sample. The presence of a novel PSEN1 mutation suggests that presenilin molecular studies should be performed when screening for MAPT and PGRN genes is negative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASP Catanzaro, Lamezia Terme (CZ), Italy
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28
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Neuropathology of Hereditary Forms of Frontotemporal Dementia and Parkinsonism. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2008; 89:393-414. [DOI: 10.1016/s0072-9752(07)01237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ganguly A, Feldman RR, Guo M. ubiquilin antagonizes presenilin and promotes neurodegeneration in Drosophila. Hum Mol Genet 2007; 17:293-302. [DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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30
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Pickering-Brown SM. Progranulin and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Acta Neuropathol 2007; 114:39-47. [PMID: 17572900 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-007-0241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2007] [Revised: 05/18/2007] [Accepted: 05/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration is the term used to describe the non-Alzheimer clinical syndromes of frontotemporal dementia, semantic dementia and progressive non-fluent aphasia, regardless of the underlying neuropathological features. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of the aetiology of this disorder, notably the identification of mutations in tau and progranulin genes, both on chromosome 17q21. Mutations in tau appear to affect the ability of tau to bind microtubules and/or increase this protein's ability to form fibrils. In contrast, progranulin mutations cause haploinsufficiency leading to TDP-43 accumulation. These genes collectively account for 10-20% of FTLD. However, it is clear that much remains to be discovered before our knowledge of this heterogeneous condition is complete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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31
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Kumar-Singh S, Van Broeckhoven C. Frontotemporal lobar degeneration: current concepts in the light of recent advances. Brain Pathol 2007; 17:104-14. [PMID: 17493044 PMCID: PMC8095552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2007.00055.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Work done over the past decade has led to a molecular understanding of frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD), a deadly disease that afflicts patients in mid-life. It is a common cause of dementia, second only to Alzheimer's disease in the population below 65 years of age. Neuroanatomical and neurobiological substrates have been identified for the three major subtypes of FTLD and these discoveries have broadened the FTLD spectrum to include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Mutations in MAPT were found to cause frontotemporal dementia and parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17), a familial disorder with filamentous tau inclusions in nerve cells and glial cells. FTDP-17 can result in clinical syndromes that closely resemble progressive supranuclear palsy, corticobasal degeneration and Pick's disease. More recently, mutations in three genes (VCP, CHMP2B and PGRN) have been found to cause FTLD with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative neuronal inclusions (FTLD-U). They explain a large proportion of inherited FTLD-U. It remains to be seen whether dementia lacking distinctive histopathology (DLDH) constitutes a third disease category, as many of these cases are now being reclassified as FTLD-U. Recently, TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) has been identified as a key protein of the ubiquitin inclusions of FTLD-U and ALS. Thus, for familial forms of FTLD and related disorders, we now know the primary etiologies and accumulating proteins. These findings are pivotal for dissecting the pathways by which different etiologies lead to the varied clinicopathological presentations of FTLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Kumar-Singh
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, VIB, Institute Born-Bunge and University of Antwerp, BE-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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32
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De Strooper B. Loss-of-function presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease. Talking Point on the role of presenilin mutations in Alzheimer disease. EMBO Rep 2007; 8:141-6. [PMID: 17268505 PMCID: PMC1796779 DOI: 10.1038/sj.embor.7400897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Presenilin mutations are the main cause of familial Alzheimer disease. From a genetic point of view, these mutations seem to result in a gain of toxic function; however, biochemically, they result in a partial loss of function in the gamma-secretase complex, which affects several downstream signalling pathways. Consequently, the current genetic terminology is misleading. In fact, the available data indicate that several clinical presenilin mutations also lead to a decrease in amyloid precursor protein-derived amyloid beta-peptide generation, further implying that presenilin mutations are indeed loss-of-function mutations. The loss of function of presenilin causes incomplete digestion of the amyloid beta-peptide and might contribute to an increased vulnerability of the brain, thereby explaining the early onset of the inherited form of Alzheimer disease. In this review, I evaluate the implications of this model for the amyloid-cascade hypothesis and for the efficacy of presenilin/gamma-secretase as a drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart De Strooper
- KULeuven and Flanders Interuniversitary Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Centre for Human Genetics, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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33
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Behrens MI, Mukherjee O, Tu PH, Liscic RM, Grinberg LT, Carter D, Paulsmeyer K, Taylor-Reinwald L, Gitcho M, Norton JB, Chakraverty S, Goate AM, Morris JC, Cairns NJ. Neuropathologic heterogeneity in HDDD1: a familial frontotemporal lobar degeneration with ubiquitin-positive inclusions and progranulin mutation. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2007; 21:1-7. [PMID: 17334266 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0b013e31803083f2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary dysphasic disinhibition dementia (HDDD) describes a familial disorder characterized by personality changes, and language and memory deficits. The neuropathology includes frontotemporal lobar atrophy, neuronal loss and gliosis and, in most cases, abundant Abeta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). A Pick/Alzheimer's spectrum was proposed for the original family (HDDD1). Here we report the clinicopathologic case of an HDDD1 individual using modern immunohistochemical methods, contemporary neuropathologic diagnostic criteria to distinguish different frontotemporal lobar degenerations (FTLDs), and progranulin (PRGN) mutation analysis. Clinical onset was at age 62 years with personality changes and disinhibition, followed by nonfluent dysphasia, and memory loss that progressed to muteness and total dependence with death at age 84 years. There was severe generalized brain atrophy (weight=570 g). Histopathology showed superficial microvacuolation, marked neuronal loss, gliosis, and ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative cytoplasmic and intranuclear neuronal inclusions in frontal, temporal, and parietal cortices. There were also frequent neuritic plaques and NFTs in parietal and occipital cortices. The case met neuropathologic criteria for both FTLD with ubiquitin-positive, tau-negative inclusions (FTLD-U), and Alzheimer disease (Braak NFT stage V). We discovered a novel pathogenic PGRN mutation c.5913 A>G (IVS6-2 A>G) segregating with FTLD-U in this kindred. In conclusion, HDDD1 is an FTLD-U caused by a PGRN mutation and is neuropathologically heterogeneous with Alzheimer disease as a common comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Behrens
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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34
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Nelson O, Tu H, Lei T, Bentahir M, de Strooper B, Bezprozvanny I. Familial Alzheimer disease-linked mutations specifically disrupt Ca2+ leak function of presenilin 1. J Clin Invest 2007; 117:1230-9. [PMID: 17431506 PMCID: PMC1847535 DOI: 10.1172/jci30447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2006] [Accepted: 02/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in presenilins are responsible for approximately 40% of all early-onset familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) cases in which a genetic cause has been identified. In addition, a number of mutations in presenilin-1 (PS1) have been suggested to be associated with the occurrence of frontal temporal dementia (FTD). Presenilins are highly conserved transmembrane proteins that support cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein by gamma-secretase. Recently, we discovered that presenilins also function as passive ER Ca(2+) leak channels. Here we used planar lipid bilayer reconstitution assays and Ca(2+) imaging experiments with presenilin-null mouse embryonic fibroblasts to analyze ER Ca(2+) leak function of 6 FAD-linked PS1 mutants and 3 known FTD-associated PS1 mutants. We discovered that L166P, A246E, E273A, G384A, and P436Q FAD mutations in PS1 abolished ER Ca(2+) leak function of PS1. In contrast, A79V FAD mutation or FTD-associated mutations (L113P, G183V, and Rins352) did not appear to affect ER Ca(2+) leak function of PS1 in our experiments. We validated our findings in Ca(2+) imaging experiments with primary fibroblasts obtained from an FAD patient possessing mutant PS1-A246E. Our results indicate that many FAD mutations in presenilins are loss-of-function mutations affecting ER Ca(2+) leak activity. In contrast, none of the FTD-associated mutations affected ER Ca(2+) leak function of PS1, indicating that the observed effects are disease specific. Our observations are consistent with the potential role of disturbed Ca(2+) homeostasis in Alzheimer disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Nelson
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Huiping Tu
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tianhua Lei
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mostafa Bentahir
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart de Strooper
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ilya Bezprozvanny
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA.
Center for Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, and Department for Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Leuven, Belgium
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35
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Pickering-Brown SM. The complex aetiology of frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Exp Neurol 2007; 206:1-10. [PMID: 17509568 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2007.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2006] [Revised: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 03/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is now a widely recognised form of dementia. This heterogeneous disease has been of particular interest to geneticists due to its high rate of heritability with up to 40% of patients reporting a family history of the disease in at least one extra family member. There have been several chromosome loci linked to this disorder and three genes have already been identified. Remarkably, it has been recently demonstrated that 2 of these are only 1.7 Mb from one another on chromosome 17q21, these being tau and progranulin. The identification of these genes has contributed greatly to our understanding of the differing neuropathologies associated with FTLD. Furthermore, the discovery that TDP-43 is a component of the neuronal inclusions seen in the most common neuropathological subtype has also helped expand the biochemical pathways that are the focus of much FTLD research. Nevertheless, other genes causing FTLD remain to be identified and their biology elucidated before we have a complete understanding of the complex aetiology of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Pickering-Brown
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Stopford Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, and Hope Hospital, Salford, M6 8HD, UK.
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36
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Shioi J, Georgakopoulos A, Mehta P, Kouchi Z, Litterst CM, Baki L, Robakis NK. FAD mutants unable to increase neurotoxic Abeta 42 suggest that mutation effects on neurodegeneration may be independent of effects on Abeta. J Neurochem 2007; 101:674-81. [PMID: 17254019 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04391.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Strong support for a primary causative role of the Abeta peptides in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) neurodegeneration derives from reports that presenilin familial AD (FAD) mutants alter amyloid precursor protein processing, thus increasing production of neurotoxic Abeta 1-42 (Abeta 42). This effect of FAD mutants is also reflected in an increased ratio of peptides Abeta 42 over Abeta 1-40 (Abeta 40). In the present study, we show that several presenilin 1 FAD mutants failed to increase production of Abeta 42 or the Abeta 42/40 ratio. Our data suggest that the mechanism by which FAD mutations promote neurodegeneration and AD may be independent of their effects on Abeta production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Shioi
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York University, New York, NY 10029, USA
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37
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Shen J, Kelleher RJ. The presenilin hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease: evidence for a loss-of-function pathogenic mechanism. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:403-9. [PMID: 17197420 PMCID: PMC1766397 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608332104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dominantly inherited mutations in the genes encoding presenilins (PS) and the amyloid precursor protein (APP) are the major causes of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevailing view of AD pathogenesis posits that accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides, particularly Abeta42, is the central event triggering neurodegeneration. Emerging evidence, however, suggests that loss of essential functions of PS could better explain dementia and neurodegeneration in AD. First, conditional inactivation of PS in the adult mouse brain causes progressive memory loss and neurodegeneration resembling AD, whereas mouse models based on overproduction of Abeta have failed to produce neurodegeneration. Second, whereas pathogenic PS mutations enhance Abeta42 production, they typically reduce Abeta40 generation and impair other PS-dependent activities. Third, gamma-secretase inhibitors can enhance the production of Abeta42 while blocking other gamma-secretase activities, thus mimicking the effects of PS mutations. Finally, PS mutations have been identified in frontotemporal dementia, which lacks amyloid pathology. Based on these and other observations, we propose that partial loss of PS function may underlie memory impairment and neurodegeneration in the pathogenesis of AD. We also speculate that Abeta42 may act primarily to antagonize PS-dependent functions, possibly by operating as an active site-directed inhibitor of gamma-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Shen
- *Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
| | - Raymond J. Kelleher
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Harvard-Partners Center for Genetics and Genomics, Massachusetts General Hospital, and
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
or
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38
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Mendez MF, McMurtray A. Frontotemporal dementia-like phenotypes associated with presenilin-1 mutations. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2006; 21:281-6. [PMID: 16948293 PMCID: PMC10833339 DOI: 10.1177/1533317506290448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Frontal behavioral changes may be the presenting features of single-photon emission tomography (presenilin-1 [PS-1]) mutations, the most common cause of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). The authors describe a PS-1 (M233L) mutation with the features of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) and review the literature. PS-1 mutations may produce FTD-like phenotypes with the neuropathology of AD. Some PS-1 mutations have additional Pick's bodies, a neuropathological marker of FTD, and a report of a PS-1 (G183V) mutation found Pick's bodies without amyloid plaques. The patient and the literature suggest that PS-1 mutations result in an overlapping continuum of the clinical and neuropathological features of AD and FTD. In PS-1 mutations, the expression of AD or FTD may depend on the degree of loss of function of the PS-1 gene and the resultant tau pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario F Mendez
- Neurobehavior Unit, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare, CA 90073, USA.
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39
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Forero DA, Casadesus G, Perry G, Arboleda H. Synaptic dysfunction and oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease: emerging mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med 2006; 10:796-805. [PMID: 16989739 PMCID: PMC3933161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2006.tb00439.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2006] [Accepted: 03/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we review experimental advances in molecular neurobiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), with special emphasis on analysis of neural function of proteins involved in AD pathogenesis, their relation with several signaling pathways and with oxidative stress in neurons. Molecular genetic studies have found that mutations in APP, PS1 and PS2 genes and polymorphisms in APOE gene are implicated in AD pathogenesis. Recent studies show that these proteins, in addition to its role in beta-amyloid processing, are involved in several neuroplasticity-signaling pathways (NMDA-PKA-CREB-BDNF, reelin, wingless, notch, among others). Genomic and proteomic studies show early synaptic protein alterations in AD brains and animal models. DNA damage caused by oxidative stress is not completely repaired in neurons and is accumulated in the genes of synaptic proteins. Several functional SNPs in synaptic genes may be interesting candidates to explore in AD as genetic correlates of this synaptopathy in a "synaptogenomics" approach. Thus, experimental evidence shows that proteins implicated in AD pathogenesis have differential roles in several signaling pathways related to neuromodulation and neurotransmission in adult and developing brain. Genomic and proteomic studies support these results. We suggest that oxidative stress effects on DNA and inherited variations in synaptic genes may explain in part the synaptic dysfunction seen in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Forero
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
- Current Affiliation: Applied Molecular Genomics Group, Department of Molecular Genetics, Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - G Casadesus
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
| | - G Perry
- Institute of Pathology, Case Western Reserve UniversityCleveland, OH, USA
| | - H Arboleda
- Grupo de Neurociencias, Facultad de Medicina e Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
- Departamento de Pediatria, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de ColombiaBogotá, Colombia
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40
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Zekanowski C, Golan MP, Krzyśko KA, Lipczyńska-Łojkowska W, Filipek S, Kowalska A, Rossa G, Pepłońska B, Styczyńska M, Maruszak A, Religa D, Wender M, Kulczycki J, Barcikowska M, Kuźnicki J. Two novel presenilin 1 gene mutations connected with frontotemporal dementia-like clinical phenotype: Genetic and bioinformatic assessment. Exp Neurol 2006; 200:82-8. [PMID: 16546171 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2005] [Revised: 01/16/2006] [Accepted: 01/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes are associated with early-onset familial Alzheimer's disease (EOAD). There are several reports describing mutations in PSEN1 in cases with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). We identified two novel mutations in the PSEN1 gene: L226F and L424H. The first mutation was detected in a patient with a clinical diagnosis of FTD and a post-mortem diagnosis of AD. The second mutation is connected with a clinical phenotype of variant AD with strong FTD signs. In silico modeling revealed that the mutations, as well as mutations used for comparison (F177L and L424R), change the local structure, stability and/or properties of the transmembrane regions of the presenilin 1 protein (PS1). In contrast, a silent non-synonymous substitution F175S is eclipsed by external residues and has no influence on PS1 interfacial surface. We suggest that in silico analysis of PS1 substitutions can be used to characterize novel PSEN1 mutations, to discriminate between silent polymorphisms and a potential disease-causing mutation. We also propose that PSEN1 mutations should be considered in FTD patients with no MAPT mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cezary Zekanowski
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disorders, Medical Research Center, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106 Warszawa, Poland.
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41
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Sjögren M, Andersen C. Frontotemporal dementia—A brief review. Mech Ageing Dev 2006; 127:180-7. [PMID: 16330083 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 09/15/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is the second most common type of presenile dementia and the forth most common type of senile dementia, but probably the most costly due to its florid symptom characteristics. Clinically, it often presents with changes of personality, restlessness, disinhibition, and impulsiveness and the clinical features can be complicated by neurological signs, such as motor neuron signs, parkinsonism, and gait disturbances. Syndromatically, FTD can be subdivided into a group with predominating behavioural disturbances (frontal variant) and another with predominating language deterioration (temporal variant). Based on the underlying pathological changes, FTD is nosologically divided into disorders such as Pick's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia with parkinsonism linked to chromosome 17 (FTDP-17). The cause in sporadic FTD is most often unknown, but in FTDP-17, one of the hereditary FTDs, there is a causative mutation in the tau gene. The frequency of tau-gene mutations is low in sporadic FTD and present in about 10-40% of hereditary FTD. Other types of hereditary FTD have been described, such as FTD caused by mutations in chromosome 3, chromosome 9, and a FTD syndrome can also be caused by mutations in the presenilin-1 gene. Since there is no curative, treatment of prevailing symptoms is the given alternative. Serotonergic acting drugs have been shown to alleviate behavioural symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Sjögren
- Department of Experimantal Geriatrics, Neurotec, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge, Sweden.
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42
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Beglopoulos V, Shen J. Regulation of CRE-dependent transcription by presenilins: prospects for therapy of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:33-40. [PMID: 16337694 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2005.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2005] [Revised: 10/07/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disorder and is characterized by memory loss and other cognitive disabilities. Mutations in the presenilin genes are the major cause of familial AD. Analysis of conditional knockout mice has shown that inactivation of presenilins results in progressive memory impairment and age-dependent neurodegeneration, suggesting that reduced presenilin activity might represent an important pathogenic mechanism. Presenilins positively regulate the transcription of cAMP response element (CRE)-containing genes, some of which are known to be important for memory formation and neuronal survival. Phosphodiesterase 4 and histone deacetylase inhibitors, which can enhance CRE-dependent gene expression, have been shown to ameliorate memory deficits and neurodegeneration in animal models. Thus, modulation of CRE-dependent transcription might be beneficial for the treatment of dementia in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Beglopoulos
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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43
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Tanemura K, Chui DH, Fukuda T, Murayama M, Park JM, Akagi T, Tatebayashi Y, Miyasaka T, Kimura T, Hashikawa T, Nakano Y, Kudo T, Takeda M, Takashima A. Formation of tau inclusions in knock-in mice with familial Alzheimer disease (FAD) mutation of presenilin 1 (PS1). J Biol Chem 2005; 281:5037-41. [PMID: 16377636 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m509145200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the presenilin 1 (PS1) gene are responsible for the early onset of familial Alzheimer disease (FAD). Accumulating evidence shows that PS1 is involved in gamma-secretase activity and that FAD-associated mutations of PS1 commonly accelerate Abeta(1-42) production, which causes Alzheimer disease (AD). Recent studies suggest, however, that PS1 is involved not only in Abeta production but also in other processes that lead to neurodegeneration. To better understand the causes of neurodegeneration linked to the PS1 mutation, we analyzed the development of tau pathology, another key feature of AD, in PS1 knock-in mice. Hippocampal samples taken from FAD mutant (I213T) PS1 knock-in mice contained hyperphosphorylated tau that reacted with various phosphodependent tau antibodies and with Alz50, which recognizes the conformational change of PHF tau. Some neurons exhibited Congo red birefringence and Thioflavin T reactivity, both of which are histological criteria for neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Biochemical analysis of the samples revealed SDS-insoluble tau, which under electron microscopy examination, resembled tau fibrils. These results indicate that our mutant PS1 knock-in mice exhibited NFT-like tau pathology in the absence of Abeta deposition, suggesting that PS1 mutations contribute to the onset of AD not only by enhancing Abeta(1-42) production but by also accelerating the formation and accumulation of filamentous tau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Tanemura
- Laboratory for Alzheimer Disease and Neural Architecture, Brain Science Institute, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
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44
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Abstract
Mutations in presenilins are the major cause of familial Alzheimer disease. The involvement of presenilins in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, therefore, has been the subject of intense investigation during the past decade. Genetic analysis of phenotypes associated with presenilin mutations in invertebrate and vertebrate systems has greatly advanced our understanding of the in vivo functions of presenilins. In this review, the authors will summarize the current understanding of presenilin function, with an emphasis on the mammalian cerebral cortex. During development, presenilins play crucial roles in the maintenance of neural progenitor cell proliferation, the temporal control of neuronal differentiation, the survival of Cajal-Retzius neurons, and proper neuronal migration in the developing cerebral cortex. Analysis of presenilin function in the adult cerebral cortex has revealed essential roles for presenilins in synaptic plasticity, long-term memory, and neuronal survival. The authors will also discuss the molecular mechanisms through which presenilins may mediate these functions, including the Notch, CREB, and NMDA receptor-mediated signaling pathways. These diverse functions of presenilins in cortical development and function and neuronal survival have important implications for the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Wines-Samuelson
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachussetts 02115, USA
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45
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Dermaut B, Kumar-Singh S, Rademakers R, Theuns J, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C. Tau is central in the genetic Alzheimer–frontotemporal dementia spectrum. Trends Genet 2005; 21:664-72. [PMID: 16221505 DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2005.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the common and genetically complex senile form of Alzheimer's disease (AD), the molecular genetic dissection of inherited presenile dementias has given important mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of degenerative brain disease. Here, we focus on recent genotype-phenotype correlative studies in presenile AD and the frontotemporal dementia (FTD) complex of disorders. Together, these studies suggest that AD and FTD are linked in a genetic spectrum of presenile degenerative brain disorders in which tau appears to be the central player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart Dermaut
- Department of Molecular Genetics (VIB 8), Flanders Interuniversity Institute for Biotechnology, Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases Group, University of Antwerp, Campus Drie Eiken, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Antwerpen, Belgium
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46
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Larner AJ, Doran M. Clinical phenotypic heterogeneity of Alzheimer's disease associated with mutations of the presenilin-1 gene. J Neurol 2005; 253:139-58. [PMID: 16267640 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-005-0019-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2005] [Revised: 05/31/2005] [Accepted: 06/13/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is now 10 years since the first report of mutations in the presenilin genes that were deterministic for familial autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease. The most common of these mutations occurs in the presenilin-1 gene (PSEN1) located on chromosome 14. In the ensuing decade, more than 100 PSEN1 mutations have been described. The emphasis of these reports has largely been on the novelty of the mutations and their potential pathogenic consequences rather than detailed clinical, neuropsychological, neuroimaging and neuropathological accounts of patients with the mutation. This article reviews the clinical phenotypes of reported PSEN1 mutations, emphasizing their heterogeneity, and suggesting that other factors, both genetic and epigenetic,must contribute to disease phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery Fazakerley, Liverpool, UK.
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47
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Larner AJ. "Frontal variant Alzheimer's disease": a reappraisal. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2005; 108:705-8. [PMID: 16102893 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2005] [Revised: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 07/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Two cases of clinically diagnosed sporadic Alzheimer's disease with early and prominent behavioural features (social disinhibition, emotional blunting, stereotyped verbal utterances) sufficient to prompt an initial diagnosis of frontotemporal dementia are presented. It is suggested that the term "frontal variant AD" be used for this clinically defined phenotype, which has also been described in cases of inherited AD associated with certain presenilin-1 gene mutations. This differs from previous usage of the term "frontal variant AD" to describe AD with predominant frontal lobe neuropathological change (although the clinical phenotype may reflect regional distribution of pathology), but parallels the clinical definition of visual agnosic, aphasic and apraxic presentations of AD. The proposed usage would also emphasise differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Larner
- Cognitive Function Clinic, Walton Centre for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Lower Lane, Fazakerley, Liverpool L9 7LJ, UK.
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48
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Saura CA, Chen G, Malkani S, Choi SY, Takahashi RH, Zhang D, Gouras GK, Kirkwood A, Morris RGM, Shen J. Conditional inactivation of presenilin 1 prevents amyloid accumulation and temporarily rescues contextual and spatial working memory impairments in amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2005; 25:6755-64. [PMID: 16033885 PMCID: PMC6725351 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1247-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of beta-amyloid (Abeta) peptides in the cerebral cortex is considered a key event in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Presenilin 1 (PS1) plays an essential role in the gamma-secretase cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the generation of Abeta peptides. Reduction of Abeta generation via the inhibition of gamma-secretase activity, therefore, has been proposed as a therapeutic approach for AD. In this study, we examined whether genetic inactivation of PS1 in postnatal forebrain-restricted conditional knock-out (PS1 cKO) mice can prevent the accumulation of Abeta peptides and ameliorate cognitive deficits exhibited by an amyloid mouse model that overexpresses human mutant APP. We found that conditional inactivation of PS1 in APP transgenic mice (PS1 cKO;APP Tg) effectively prevented the accumulation of Abeta peptides and formation of amyloid plaques and inflammatory responses, although it also caused an age-related accumulation of C-terminal fragments of APP. Short-term PS1 inactivation in young PS1 cKO;APP Tg mice rescued deficits in contextual fear conditioning and serial spatial reversal learning in a water maze, which were associated with APP Tg mice. Longer-term PS1 inactivation in older PS1 cKO;APP Tg mice, however, failed to rescue the contextual memory and hippocampal synaptic deficits and had a decreasing ameliorative effect on the spatial memory impairment. These results reveal that in vivo reduction of Abeta via the inactivation of PS1 effectively prevents amyloid-associated neuropathological changes and can, but only temporarily, improve cognitive impairments in APP transgenic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Saura
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Schoonenboom NSM, Mulder C, Vanderstichele H, Pijnenburg YAL, Van Kamp GJ, Scheltens P, Mehta PD, Blankenstein MA. Differences and similarities between two frequently used assays for amyloid beta 42 in cerebrospinal fluid. Clin Chem 2005; 51:1057-60. [PMID: 15845801 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2005.048629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niki S M Schoonenboom
- Alzheimer Center and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Vu Nguyen K. RT–PCR‐Based Cloning of the Human BETA‐Amyloid Precursor Protein Gene and the Construction of its Expression Plasmids. ANAL LETT 2005. [DOI: 10.1081/al-200043453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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