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Kumar D, Shepherd FK, Springer NL, Mwangi W, Marthaler DG. Rotavirus Infection in Swine: Genotypic Diversity, Immune Responses, and Role of Gut Microbiome in Rotavirus Immunity. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101078. [PMID: 36297136 PMCID: PMC9607047 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses (RVs) are endemic in swine populations, and all swine herds certainly have a history of RV infection and circulation. Rotavirus A (RVA) and C (RVC) are the most common among all RV species reported in swine. RVA was considered most prevalent and pathogenic in swine; however, RVC has been emerging as a significant cause of enteritis in newborn piglets. RV eradication from swine herds is not practically achievable, hence producers’ mainly focus on minimizing the production impact of RV infections by reducing mortality and diarrhea. Since no intra-uterine passage of immunoglobulins occur in swine during gestation, newborn piglets are highly susceptible to RV infection at birth. Boosting lactogenic immunity in gilts by using vaccines and natural planned exposure (NPE) is currently the only way to prevent RV infections in piglets. RVs are highly diverse and multiple RV species have been reported from swine, which also contributes to the difficulties in preventing RV diarrhea in swine herds. Human RV-gut microbiome studies support a link between microbiome composition and oral RV immunogenicity. Such information is completely lacking for RVs in swine. It is not known how RV infection affects the functionality or structure of gut microbiome in swine. In this review, we provide a detailed overview of genotypic diversity of swine RVs, host-ranges, innate and adaptive immune responses to RVs, homotypic and heterotypic immunity to RVs, current methods used for RV management in swine herds, role of maternal immunity in piglet protection, and prospects of investigating swine gut microbiota in providing immunity against rotaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Kumar
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
| | - Frances K Shepherd
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55108, USA
| | - Nora L. Springer
- Clinical Pathology, Biomedical and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Waithaka Mwangi
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine/Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
| | - Douglas G. Marthaler
- Indical Inc., 1317 Edgewater Dr #3722, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (W.M.); (D.G.M.); Tel.: +1-804-503-1241 (D.K.)
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Chandra P, Banerjee S, Saha P, Chawla-Sarkar M, Patra U. Sneaking into the viral safe-houses: Implications of host components in regulating integrity and dynamics of rotaviral replication factories. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:977799. [PMID: 36189370 PMCID: PMC9515456 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.977799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The biology of the viral life cycle essentially includes two structural and functional entities—the viral genome and protein machinery constituting the viral arsenal and an array of host cellular components which the virus closely associates with—to ensure successful perpetuation. The obligatory requirements of the virus to selectively evade specific host cellular factors while exploiting certain others have been immensely important to provide the platform for designing host-directed antiviral therapeutics. Although the spectrum of host-virus interaction is multifaceted, host factors that particularly influence viral replication have immense therapeutic importance. During lytic proliferation, viruses usually form replication factories which are specialized subcellular structures made up of viral proteins and replicating nucleic acids. These viral niches remain distinct from the rest of the cellular milieu, but they effectively allow spatial proximity to selective host determinants. Here, we will focus on the interaction between the replication compartments of a double stranded RNA virus rotavirus (RV) and the host cellular determinants of infection. RV, a diarrheagenic virus infecting young animals and children, forms replication bodies termed viroplasms within the host cell cytoplasm. Importantly, viroplasms also serve as the site for transcription and early morphogenesis of RVs and are very dynamic in nature. Despite advances in the understanding of RV components that constitute the viroplasmic architecture, knowledge of the contribution of host determinants to viroplasm dynamicity has remained limited. Emerging evidence suggests that selective host determinants are sequestered inside or translocated adjacent to the RV viroplasms. Functional implications of such host cellular reprogramming are also ramifying—disarming the antiviral host determinants and usurping the pro-viral components to facilitate specific stages of the viral life cycle. Here, we will provide a critical update on the wide variety of host cellular pathways that have been reported to regulate the spatial and temporal dynamicity of RV viroplasms. We will also discuss the methods used so far to study the host-viroplasm interactions and emphasize on the potential host factors which can be targeted for therapeutic intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pritam Chandra
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Shreya Banerjee
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Priyanka Saha
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, Indian Council of Medical Research National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Kolkata, India
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
| | - Upayan Patra
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Mamta Chawla-Sarkar, , ; Upayan Patra,
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Kawahara T, Shimizu I, Tanaka Y, Tobita K, Tomokiyo M, Watanabe I. Lactobacillus crispatus Strain KT-11 S-Layer Protein Inhibits Rotavirus Infection. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:783879. [PMID: 35273580 PMCID: PMC8902352 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.783879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
S-layer proteins (SLPs), which are present in the external layer of certain strains of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the intestinal tract, are known to recognize and bind to specific proteins and glycan structures and contribute to adsorption to the host intestinal mucosa. The binding properties of certain SLPs are considered to exert a competitive inhibitory effect on infection because similar properties are involved in the infection mechanisms of several viruses. However, little is known regarding whether SLPs directly inhibit viral infection. In the present study, we investigated the effect of an SLP of the Lactobacillus crispatus KT-11 strain, a probiotic strain isolated from a healthy human infant, on human rotavirus infection. The impact of KT-11 lithium chloride extract (KT-11 LE), which contains SLP, on the infection of the P[4] genotype human rotavirus strain DS-1 was evaluated by monitoring the amplification of viral protein 6 (VP6) expression in human intestinal epithelial Caco-2 cells by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay after infection. KT-11 LE showed a significant suppressive effect on DS-1 infection in a dose-dependent manner with pre-infection treatment, whereas post-infection treatment was not effective. A 45 KDa protein isolated from KT-11 LE was investigated for homology using the BLAST database and was found to be a novel SLP. KT-11 SLP concentrate (KT-11 SLP) significantly inhibited the proliferative process of the DS-1 strain but not that of the P[8] genotype human rotavirus strain Wa. KT-11 SLP exerted significant inhibitory effect on DS-1 infection by pre-infection treatment even after digestion with gastric juice up to 2 h. Our results provided crucial evidence that SLPs from certain Lactobacillus strains can inhibit human rotavirus infection of intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Issei Shimizu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
| | - Yuuki Tanaka
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan
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Identification of Chicken CD44 as a Novel B Lymphocyte Receptor for Infectious Bursal Disease Virus. J Virol 2022; 96:e0011322. [PMID: 35107370 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00113-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), which targets bursa B lymphocytes, causes severe immunosuppressive disease in chickens, inducing huge economic losses for the poultry industry. To date, the functional receptor for IBDV binding and entry into host cells remains unclear. This study used mass spectrometry to screen host proteins of chicken bursal lymphocytes interacting with VP2. The chicken transmembrane protein cluster of differentiation 44 (chCD44) was identified and evaluated for its interaction with IBDV VP2, the major capsid protein. Overexpression and knockdown experiments showed that chCD44 promotes replication of IBDV. Furthermore, soluble chCD44 and the anti-chCD44 antibody blocked virus binding. The results of receptor reconstitution indicated that chCD44 overexpression conferred viral binding capability in non-permissive cells. More important, although we found that IBDV could not replicate in the chCD44-overexpressed non-permissive cells, the virus could enter non-permissive cells using chCD44. Our finding reveals that chCD44 is a cellular receptor for IBDV, facilitating virus binding and entry in target cells by interacting with the IBDV VP2 protein. IMPORTANCE IBDV causes severe immunosuppressive disease in chickens, inducing huge economic losses for the poultry industry. However, the specific mechanism of IBDV invading host cells of IBDV was not very clear. This study shed light on which cellular protein component IBDV is used to bind and/or enter B lymphocytes. The results of our study revealed that chCD44 could promote both the binding and entry ability of IBDV in B lymphocytes, acting as a cellular receptor for IBDV. Besides, this is the first report about chicken CD44 function in viral replication. Our study impacts the understanding of the IBDV binding and entry process and sets the stage for further elucidation of the infection mechanism of IBDV.
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Aggarwal S, Hassan E, Baldridge MT. Experimental Methods to Study the Pathogenesis of Human Enteric RNA Viruses. Viruses 2021; 13:975. [PMID: 34070283 PMCID: PMC8225081 DOI: 10.3390/v13060975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Every year, millions of children are infected with viruses that target the gastrointestinal tract, causing acute gastroenteritis and diarrheal illness. Indeed, approximately 700 million episodes of diarrhea occur in children under five annually, with RNA viruses norovirus, rotavirus, and astrovirus serving as major causative pathogens. Numerous methodological advancements in recent years, including the establishment of novel cultivation systems using enteroids as well as the development of murine and other animal models of infection, have helped provide insight into many features of viral pathogenesis. However, many aspects of enteric viral infections remain elusive, demanding further study. Here, we describe the different in vitro and in vivo tools available to explore different pathophysiological attributes of human enteric RNA viruses, highlighting their advantages and limitations depending upon the question being explored. In addition, we discuss key areas and opportunities that would benefit from further methodological progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somya Aggarwal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Ebrahim Hassan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
| | - Megan T. Baldridge
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences & Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; (S.A.); (E.H.)
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Abstract
Group A rotaviruses (RVAs) are the major cause of severe acute gastroenteritis (AGE) in children under 5 years of age, annually resulting in nearly 130,000 deaths worldwide. Social conditions in developing countries that contribute to decreased oral rehydration and vaccine efficacy and the lack of approved antiviral drugs position RVA as a global health concern. In this minireview, we present an update in the field of antiviral compounds, mainly in relation to the latest findings in RVA virion structure and the viral replication cycle. In turn, we attempt to provide a perspective on the possible treatments for RVA-associated AGE, with special focus on novel approaches, such as those representing broad-spectrum therapeutic options. In this context, the modulation of host factors, lipid droplets, and the viral polymerase, which is highly conserved among AGE-causing viruses, are analyzed as possible drug targets.
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Patra U, Mukhopadhyay U, Mukherjee A, Dutta S, Chawla-Sarkar M. Treading a HOSTile path: Mapping the dynamic landscape of host cell-rotavirus interactions to explore novel host-directed curative dimensions. Virulence 2021; 12:1022-1062. [PMID: 33818275 PMCID: PMC8023246 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2021.1903198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are intracellular pathogens and are dependent on host cellular resources to carry out their cycles of perpetuation. Obtaining an integrative view of host-virus interaction is of utmost importance to understand the complex and dynamic interplay between viral components and host machineries. Besides its obvious scholarly significance, a comprehensive host-virus interaction profile also provides a platform where from host determinants of pro-viral and antiviral importance can be identified and further be subjected to therapeutic intervention. Therefore, adjunct to conventional methods of prophylactic vaccination and virus-directed antivirals, this host-targeted antiviral approach holds promising therapeutic potential. In this review, we present a comprehensive landscape of host cellular reprogramming in response to infection with rotavirus (RV) which causes profuse watery diarrhea in neonates and infants. In addition, an emphasis is given on how host determinants are either usurped or subverted by RV in course of infection and how therapeutic manipulation of specific host factors can effectively modulate the RV life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Patra
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Urbi Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Arpita Mukherjee
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Shanta Dutta
- Division of Bacteriology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
| | - Mamta Chawla-Sarkar
- Division of Virology, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases, Beliaghata, Kolkata, India
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Ripa I, Andreu S, López-Guerrero JA, Bello-Morales R. Membrane Rafts: Portals for Viral Entry. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:631274. [PMID: 33613502 PMCID: PMC7890030 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.631274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane rafts are dynamic, small (10-200 nm) domains enriched with cholesterol and sphingolipids that compartmentalize cellular processes. Rafts participate in roles essential to the lifecycle of different viral families including virus entry, assembly and/or budding events. Rafts seem to participate in virus attachment and recruitment to the cell surface, as well as the endocytic and non-endocytic mechanisms some viruses use to enter host cells. In this review, we will introduce the specific role of rafts in viral entry and define cellular factors implied in the choice of one entry pathway over the others. Finally, we will summarize the most relevant information about raft participation in the entry process of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inés Ripa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sabina Andreu
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Antonio López-Guerrero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Bello-Morales
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
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Barbé L, Le Moullac-Vaidye B, Echasserieau K, Bernardeau K, Carton T, Bovin N, Nordgren J, Svensson L, Ruvoën-Clouet N, Le Pendu J. Histo-blood group antigen-binding specificities of human rotaviruses are associated with gastroenteritis but not with in vitro infection. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12961. [PMID: 30154494 PMCID: PMC6113245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31005-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human strains of rotavirus A (RVAs) recognize fucosylated glycans belonging to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) through their spike protein VP8*. Lack of these ligands due to genetic polymorphisms is associated with resistance to gastroenteritis caused by P[8] genotype RVAs. With the aim to delineate the contribution of HBGAs in the process, we analyzed the glycan specificity of VP8* proteins from various P genotypes. Binding to saliva of VP8* from P[8] and P[4] genotypes required expression of both FUT2 and FUT3 enzymes, whilst binding of VP8* from the P[14] genotype required FUT2 and A enzymes. We further defined a glycan motif, GlcNAcβ3Galβ4GlcNAc, recognized by P[6] clinical strains. Conversion into Lewis antigens by the FUT3 enzyme impaired recognition, explaining their lower binding to saliva of Lewis positive phenotype. In addition, the presence of neutralizing antibodies was associated with the presence of the FUT2 wild type allele in sera from young healthy adults. Nonetheless, in vitro infection of transformed cell lines was independent of HBGAs expression, indicating that HBGAs are not human RV receptors. The match between results from saliva-based binding assays and the epidemiological data indicates that the polymorphism of human HBGAs controls susceptibility to RVAs, although the exact mechanism remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Barbé
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Klara Echasserieau
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Plateforme P2R « Production de protéines recombinantes », SFR Sante F. Bonamy-IRS-UN, Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Karine Bernardeau
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Plateforme P2R « Production de protéines recombinantes », SFR Sante F. Bonamy-IRS-UN, Université de Nantes, INSERM, CNRS, CHU Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Nicolai Bovin
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Johan Nordgren
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Virology, Medical Faculty, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nathalie Ruvoën-Clouet
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
- Oniris, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire, Agroalimentaire et de l'Alimentation, Nantes, France
| | - Jacques Le Pendu
- CRCINA, Inserm, Université d'Angers, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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Araud E, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Inactivation Mechanisms of Human and Animal Rotaviruses by Solar UVA and Visible Light. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:5682-5690. [PMID: 29671592 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two rotavirus (RV) strains (sialidase-resistant Wa and sialidase-sensitive OSU) were irradiated with simulated solar UVA and visible light in sensitizer-free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) (lacking exogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS)) or secondary effluent wastewater (producing ROS). Although light attenuated for up to 15% through the secondary effluent wastewater (SEW), the inactivation efficacies increased by 0.7 log10 for Wa and 2 log10 for OSU compared to those in sensitizer-free phosphate buffered solution (PBS) after 4 h of irradiation. A binding assay using magnetic beads coated with porcine gastric mucin containing receptors for rotaviruses (PGM-MB) was developed to determine if inactivation influenced RV binding to its receptors. The linear correlation between the reduction in infectivity and the reduction in binding after irradiation in sensitizer-free solution suggests that the main mechanism of RV inactivation in the absence of exogenous ROS was due to damage to VP8*, the RV protein that binds to host cell receptors. For a given reduction in infectivity, greater damage in VP8* was observed with sialidase-resistant Wa compared to sialidase-sensitive OSU. The lack of correlation between the reduction in infectivity and the reduction in binding, in SEW, led us to include RNase treatment before the binding step to quantify virions with intact protein capsids and exclude virions that can bind to the receptors but have their capsid permeable after irradiation. This assay showed a linear correlation between the reduction in RV infectivity and RV-receptor interactions, suggesting that RV inactivation in SEW was due to compromised capsid proteins other than the VP8* protein. Thus, rotavirus inactivation by UVA and visible light irradiation depends on both the formation of ROS and the stability of viral proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elbashir Araud
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology and Department of Pathobiology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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Type III Interferon Restriction by Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus and the Role of Viral Protein nsp1 in IRF1 Signaling. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.01677-17. [PMID: 29187542 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01677-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type III interferons (IFNs) play a vital role in maintaining the antiviral state of the mucosal epithelial surface in the gut, and in turn, enteric viruses may have evolved to evade the type III IFN responses during infection. To study the possible immune evasion of the type III IFN response by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), a line of porcine intestinal epithelial cells was developed as a cell model for PEDV replication. IFN-λ1 and IFN-λ3 inhibited PEDV replication, indicating the anti-PEDV activity of type III IFNs. Of the 21 PEDV proteins, nsp1, nsp3, nsp5, nsp8, nsp14, nsp15, nsp16, open reading frame 3 (ORF3), E, M, and N were found to suppress type III IFN activities, and IRF1 (interferon regulatory factor 1) signaling mediated the suppression. PEDV specifically inhibited IRF1 nuclear translocation. The peroxisome is the innate antiviral signaling platform for the activation of IRF1-mediated IFN-λ production, and the numbers of peroxisomes were found to be decreased in PEDV-infected cells. PEDV nsp1 blocked the nuclear translocation of IRF1 and reduced the number of peroxisomes to suppress IRF1-mediated type III IFNs. Mutational studies showed that the conserved residues of nsp1 were crucial for IRF1-mediated IFN-λ suppression. Our study for the first time provides evidence that the porcine enteric virus PEDV downregulates and evades IRF1-mediated type III IFN responses by reducing the number of peroxisomes.IMPORTANCE Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious enteric coronavirus that emerged in swine in the United States and has caused severe economic losses. PEDV targets intestinal epithelial cells in the gut, and intestinal epithelial cells selectively induce and respond to the production of type III interferons (IFNs). However, little is known about the modulation of the type III IFN response by PEDV in intestinal epithelial cells. In this study, we established a porcine intestinal epithelial cell model for PEDV replication. We found that PEDV inhibited IRF1-mediated type III IFN production by decreasing the number of peroxisomes in porcine intestinal epithelial cells. We also demonstrated that the conserved residues in the PEDV nsp1 protein were crucial for IFN suppression. This study for the first time shows PEDV evasion of the type III IFN response in intestinal epithelial cells, and it provides valuable information on host cell-virus interactions not only for PEDV but also for other enteric viral infections in swine.
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Díaz-Salinas MA, Casorla LA, López T, López S, Arias CF. Most rotavirus strains require the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor, sortilin-1, and cathepsins to enter cells. Virus Res 2017; 245:44-51. [PMID: 29275103 PMCID: PMC7173016 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rotaviruses require the TGN to LE transporter CI-M6PR for cell entry. Sortilin-1 was identified as a cell factor involved in rotavirus replication. Rotaviruses require cathepsins also to enter Caco-2 cells.
Cathepsins, endosomal acid proteases, are transported from the trans-Golgi network to late endosomes by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor (M6PR). We have previously demonstrated that some rotavirus strains, like UK, Wa, WI61, DS-1, and YM, require the cation-dependent (CD-) M6PR and cathepsins to enter from late endosomes to the cytoplasm in MA104 cells, while other strains, like the simian strain RRV, which enter cells from maturing endosomes, do not. However, the role of other trans-Golgi network-late endosome transporters, such as the cation-independent (CI-) M6PR and sortillin-1, has not been evaluated. In this work, we found that several rotavirus strains that require the CD-M6PR for cell entry are also dependent on CI-M6PR and sortilin-1. Furthermore, we showed that the infectivity of all these rotavirus strains also requires cathepsins to enter not only MA104 cells, but also human intestinal Caco-2 cells. This study identifies sortilin-1 as a novel cell factor necessary for the infectivity of a virus; in addition, our results strongly suggest that cathepsins could be common cell factors needed for the infectivity of most rotavirus strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Díaz-Salinas
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Luis A Casorla
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Tomás López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico
| | - Carlos F Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62210, Mexico.
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Abstract
Purpose of Review The ability of viruses to infect host cells is dependent on several factors including the availability of cell-surface receptors, antiviral state of cells, and presence of host factors needed for viral replication. Here, we review findings from in vitro and in vivo studies using mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) that have identified an intricate group of molecules and mechanisms used by the virus to attach and enter cells. Recent Findings Recent findings provide an improved mechanistic understanding of reovirus cell entry. Of special note is the identification of a cellular mediator of cell entry in neuronal and non-neuronal cells, the effect of cell entry on the outcome of infection and cytopathic effects on the host cell, and an improved understanding of the components that promote viral penetration of cellular membranes. Summary A mechanistic understanding of the interplay between host and viral factors has enhanced our view of how viruses usurp cellular processes during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo A Mainou
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322.,Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA, 30322
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14
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Lee S, Baldridge MT. Interferon-Lambda: A Potent Regulator of Intestinal Viral Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:749. [PMID: 28713375 PMCID: PMC5491552 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon-lambda (IFN-λ) is a recently described cytokine found to be of critical importance in innate immune regulation of intestinal viruses. Endogenous IFN-λ has potent antiviral effects and has been shown to control multiple intestinal viruses and may represent a factor that contributes to human variability in response to infection. Importantly, recombinant IFN-λ has therapeutic potential against enteric viral infections, many of which lack other effective treatments. In this mini-review, we describe recent advances regarding IFN-λ-mediated regulation of enteric viruses with important clinical relevance including rotavirus, reovirus, and norovirus. We also briefly discuss IFN-λ interactions with other cytokines important in the intestine, and how IFN-λ may play a role in regulation of intestinal viruses by the commensal microbiome. Finally, we indicate currently outstanding questions regarding IFN-λ control of enteric infections that remain to be explored to enhance our understanding of this important immune molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Megan T Baldridge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
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15
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Glycan Specificity of P[19] Rotavirus and Comparison with Those of Related P Genotypes. J Virol 2016; 90:9983-9996. [PMID: 27558427 PMCID: PMC5068545 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01494-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The P[19] genotype belongs to the P[II] genogroup of group A rotaviruses (RVs). However, unlike the other P[II] RVs, which mainly infect humans, P[19] RVs commonly infect animals (pigs), making P[19] unique for the study of RV diversity and host ranges. Through in vitro binding assays and saturation transfer difference (STD) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), we found that P[19] could bind mucin cores 2, 4, and 6, as well as type 1 histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). The common sequences of these glycans serve as minimal binding units, while additional residues, such as the A, B, H, and Lewis epitopes of the type 1 HBGAs, can further define the binding outcomes and therefore likely the host ranges for P[19] RVs. This complex binding property of P[19] is shared with the other three P[II] RVs (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) in that all of them recognized the type 1 HBGA precursor, although P[4] and P[8], but not P[6], also bind to mucin cores. Moreover, while essential for P[4] and P[8] binding, the addition of the Lewis epitope blocked P[6] and P[19] binding to type 1 HBGAs. Chemical-shift NMR of P[19] VP8* identified a ligand binding interface that has shifted away from the known RV P-genotype binding sites but is conserved among all P[II] RVs and two P[I] RVs (P[10] and P[12]), suggesting an evolutionary connection among these human and animal RVs. Taken together, these data are important for hypotheses on potential mechanisms for RV diversity, host ranges, and cross-species transmission. IMPORTANCE In this study, we found that our P[19] strain and other P[II] RVs recognize mucin cores and the type 1 HBGA precursors as the minimal functional units and that additional saccharides adjacent to these units can alter binding outcomes and thereby possibly host ranges. These data may help to explain why some P[II] RVs, such as P[6] and P[19], commonly infect animals but rarely humans, while others, such as the P[4] and P[8] RVs, mainly infect humans and are predominant over other P genotypes. Elucidation of the molecular bases for strain-specific host ranges and cross-species transmission of these human and animal RVs is important to understand RV epidemiology and disease burden, which may impact development of control and prevention strategies against RV gastroenteritis.
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16
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Lobeck I, Donnelly B, Dupree P, Mahe MM, McNeal M, Mohanty SK, Tiao G. Rhesus rotavirus VP6 regulates ERK-dependent calcium influx in cholangiocytes. Virology 2016; 499:185-195. [PMID: 27668997 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The Rhesus rotavirus (RRV) induced murine model of biliary atresia (BA) is a useful tool in studying the pathogenesis of this neonatal biliary obstructive disease. In this model, the mitogen associated protein kinase pathway is involved in RRV infection of biliary epithelial cells (cholangiocytes). We hypothesized that extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) phosphorylation is integral to calcium influx, allowing for viral replication within the cholangiocyte. Utilizing ERK and calcium inhibitors in immortalized cholangiocytes and BALB/c pups, we determined that ERK inhibition resulted in reduced viral yield and subsequent decreased symptomatology in mice. In vitro, the RRV VP6 protein induced ERK phosphorylation, leading to cellular calcium influx. Pre-treatment with an ERK inhibitor or Verapamil resulted in lower viral yields. We conclude that the pathogenesis of RRV-induced murine BA is dependent on the VP6 protein causing ERK phosphorylation and triggering calcium influx allowing replication in cholangiocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Lobeck
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bryan Donnelly
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Phylicia Dupree
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maxime M Mahe
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Monica McNeal
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Sujit K Mohanty
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Greg Tiao
- Department of Pediatric and Thoracic Surgery, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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17
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Abstract
Rotavirus, a member of the family Reoviridae, was identified as the leading etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in infants and young children in 1973. The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 gene segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA. During the last 40 years, a large amount of basic research on rotavirus structure, genome, antigen, replication, pathogenesis, epidemiology, immune responses, and evolution has been accumulated. This article reviews the fundamental aspects of rotavirology including recent important achievements in research.
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18
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Moreno LY, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Interacciones de las proteínas disulfuro isomerasa y de choque térmico Hsc70 con proteínas estructurales recombinantes purificadas de rotavirus. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE BIOTECNOLOGÍA 2016. [DOI: 10.15446/rev.colomb.biote.v18n1.57714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
<p>Introducción. La entrada de rotavirus a las células parece estar mediado por interacciones secuenciales entre las proteínas estructurales virales y algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. Sin embargo, los mecanismos por los cuales el rotavirus infecta la célula diana aún no se comprenden bien. Existe alguna evidencia que muestra que las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* interactúan con algunas moléculas de la superficie celular. La disponibilidad de las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinantes en cantidad suficiente se ha convertido en un aspecto importante para la identificación de las interacciones específicas de los receptores virus-célula durante los eventos tempranos del proceso infeccioso. Objetivo. El propósito del presente trabajo es realizar un análisis de las interacciones entre las proteínas estructurales de rotavirus recombinante VP5*, VP8* y VP6, y las proteínas celulares Hsc70 y PDI utilizando sus versiones recombinantes purificadas. Materiales y métodos. Las proteínas recombinantes de rotavirus VP5* y VP8* y las proteínas recombinantes celulares Hsc70 y PDI se expresaron en E. BL21 (DE3), mientras que VP6 se expresó en células MA104 con virus vaccinia recombinante transfectada. La interacción entre el rotavirus y las proteínas celulares se estudió mediante ELISA, co-inmunoprecipitación y SDS-PAGE/ Western. Resultados. Las condiciones óptimas para la expresión de proteínas recombinantes se determinaron y se generaron anticuerpos contra ellas. Los resultados sugirieron que las proteínas virales rVP5* y rVP6 interactúan con Hsc70 y PDI in vitro. También se encontró que éstas proteínas virales recombinantes interactúan con Hsc70 en las balsas lipídicas (“Rafts”) en un cultivo celular. El tratamiento de las células, ya sea con DLP o rVP6 produjo significativamente la inhibición de la infección por rotavirus. Conclusión. Los resultados permiten concluir que rVP5 * y rVP6 interactúan con Hsc70 y PDI durante el proceso de la infección por rotavirus.</p>
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19
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Abstract
When type III interferon (IFN-λ; also known as interleukin-28 [IL-28] and IL-29) was discovered in 2003, its antiviral function was expected to be analogous to that of type I IFNs (IFN-α and IFN-β) via the induction of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Although IFN-λ stimulates expression of antiviral ISGs preferentially in cells of epithelial origin, recent studies have defined additional antiviral mechanisms in other cell types and tissues. Viral infection models using mice lacking IFN-λ signaling and SNP associations with human disease have expanded our understanding of the contribution of IFN-λ to the antiviral response at anatomic barriers and the immune response beyond these barriers. In this review, we highlight recent insights into IFN-λ functions, including its ability to restrict virus spread into the brain and to clear chronic viral infections in the gastrointestinal tract. We also discuss how IFN-λ modulates innate and adaptive immunity, autoimmunity, and tumor progression and its possible therapeutic applications in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M Lazear
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Timothy J Nice
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Rotavirus Controls Activation of the 2'-5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase/RNase L Pathway Using at Least Two Distinct Mechanisms. J Virol 2015; 89:12145-53. [PMID: 26401041 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01874-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The innate immune response is the first line of defense of the host cell against a viral infection. In turn, viruses have evolved a wide variety of strategies to hide from, and to directly antagonize, the host innate immune pathways. One of these pathways is the 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (OAS)/RNase L pathway. OAS is activated by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to produce 2'-5' oligoadenylates, which are the activators of RNase L; this enzyme degrades viral and cellular RNAs, restricting viral infection. It has been recently found that the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of rotavirus VP3 has a 2'-5'-phosphodiesterase (PDE) activity that is able to functionally substitute for the PDE activity of the mouse hepatitis virus ns2 protein. This particular phosphodiesterase cleaves the 2'-5'-phosphodiester bond of the oligoadenylates, antagonizing the OAS/RNase L pathway. However, whether this activity of VP3 is relevant during the replication cycle of rotavirus is not known. Here, we demonstrate that after rotavirus infection the OAS/RNase L complex becomes activated; however, the virus is able to control its activity using at least two distinct mechanisms. A virus-cell interaction that occurs during or before rotavirus endocytosis triggers a signal that prevents the early activation of RNase L, while later on the control is taken by the newly synthesized VP3. Cosilencing the expression of VP3 and RNase L in infected cells yields viral infectious particles at levels similar to those obtained in control infected cells, where no genes were silenced, suggesting that the capping activity of VP3 is not essential for the formation of infectious viral particles. IMPORTANCE Rotaviruses represent an important cause of severe gastroenteritis in the young of many animal species, including humans. In this work, we have found that the OAS/RNase L pathway is activated during rotavirus infection, but the virus uses two different strategies to prevent the deleterious effects of this innate immune response of the cell. Early during virus entry, the initial interactions of the viral particle with the cell result in the inhibition of RNase L activity during the first hours of the infection. Later on, once viral proteins are synthesized, the phosphodiesterase activity of VP3 degrades the cellular 2'-5'-oligoadenylates, which are potent activators of RNase L, preventing its activation. This work demonstrates that the OAS/RNase L pathway plays an important role during infection and that the phosphodiesterase activity of VP3 is relevant during the replication cycle of the virus.
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21
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Romero-Maraccini OC, Shisler JL, Nguyen TH. Solar and temperature treatments affect the ability of human rotavirus wa to bind to host cells and synthesize viral RNA. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:4090-7. [PMID: 25862222 PMCID: PMC4524135 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00027-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus, the leading cause of diarrheal diseases in children under the age of five, is often resistant to conventional wastewater treatment and thus can remain infectious once released into the aquatic environment. Solar and heat treatments can inactivate rotavirus, but it is unknown how these treatments inactivate the virus on a molecular level. To answer this question, our approach was to correlate rotavirus inactivation with the inhibition of portions of the virus life cycle as a means to identify the mechanisms of solar or heat inactivation. Specifically, the integrity of the rotavirus NSP3 gene, virus-host cell interaction, and viral RNA synthesis were examined after heat (57°C) or solar treatment of rotavirus. Only the inhibition of viral RNA synthesis positively correlated with a loss of rotavirus infectivity; 57°C treatment of rotavirus resulted in a decrease of rotavirus RNA synthesis at the same rate as rotavirus infectivity. These data suggest that heat treatment neutralized rotaviruses primarily by targeting viral transcription functions. In contrast, when using solar disinfection, the decrease in RNA synthesis was responsible for approximately one-half of the decrease in infectivity, suggesting that other mechanisms, including posttranslational, contribute to inactivation. Nevertheless, both solar and heat inactivation of rotaviruses disrupted viral RNA synthesis as a mechanism for inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia C Romero-Maraccini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Joanna L Shisler
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Thanh H Nguyen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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22
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Viruses are a diverse class of nanoparticles. However, they have evolved a few common mechanisms that enable successful infection of their host cells. The first stage of this process involves entry into the cell. For enveloped viruses this process has been well characterized. For nonenveloped viruses, the focus of this review, the entry mechanisms are less well understood. For these viruses, a typical pathway involves receptor attachment followed by internalization into cellular vesicles and subsequent viral escape to the cytosol and transport to the site of genome replication. Significantly, these viruses have evolved numerous mechanisms to fulfill this seemingly simple infection scheme. We focus on the latest observations for several families of nonenveloped viruses and highlight specific members for eukaryotic families: Adenoviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Polyomaviridae and Reoviridae; and prokaryotic families: Microviridae, Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Lins
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Mavis Agbandje-McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
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23
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Abstract
Rotaviruses are the leading etiological agents of acute gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. These nonenveloped viruses enter cells using different types of endocytosis and, depending on the virus strain, travel to different endosomal compartments before exiting to the cytosolic space. In this Gem, we review the viral and cellular factors involved in the different stages of a productive virus cell entry and share with the readers the journey that we have taken into the cell to learn about virus entry.
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24
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Guerrero CA, Paula Pardo VR, Rafael Guerrero OA. Inhibition of rotavirus ECwt infection in ICR suckling mice by N-acetylcysteine, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma agonists and cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2014; 108:741-54. [PMID: 24037197 PMCID: PMC3970679 DOI: 10.1590/0074-0276108062013011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines have recently been introduced for preventing rotavirus
disease in children. However, alternative strategies for prevention and
treatment of rotavirus infection are needed mainly in developing countries where
low vaccine coverage occurs. In the present work, N-acetylcysteine (NAC),
ascorbic acid (AA), some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and
peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonists were tested
for their ability to interfere with rotavirus ECwt infectivity as detected by
the percentage of viral antigen-positive cells of small intestinal villi
isolated from ECwt-infected ICR mice. Administration of 6 mg NAC/kg every 8 h
for three days following the first diarrhoeal episode reduced viral infectivity
by about 90%. Administration of AA, ibuprofen, diclofenac, pioglitazone or
rosiglitazone decreased viral infectivity by about 55%, 90%, 35%, 32% and 25%,
respectively. ECwt infection of mice increased expression of cyclooxygenase-2,
ERp57, Hsc70, NF-κB, Hsp70, protein disulphide isomerase (PDI) and PPARγ in
intestinal villus cells. NAC treatment of ECwt-infected mice reduced Hsc70 and
PDI expression to levels similar to those observed in villi from uninfected
control mice. The present results suggest that the drugs tested in the present
work could be assayed in preventing or treating rotaviral diarrhoea in children
and young animals.
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25
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Abstract
Of the many pathogens that infect humans and animals, a large number use cells of the host organism as protected sites for replication. To reach the relevant intracellular compartments, they take advantage of the endocytosis machinery and exploit the network of endocytic organelles for penetration into the cytosol or as sites of replication. In this review, we discuss the endocytic entry processes used by viruses and bacteria and compare the strategies used by these dissimilar classes of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Cossart
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, Paris F-75015, France; INSERM U604, Paris F-75015, France; and INRA, USC2020, Paris F-75015, France
| | - Ari Helenius
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Venkataram Prasad BV, Shanker S, Hu L, Choi JM, Crawford SE, Ramani S, Czako R, Atmar RL, Estes MK. Structural basis of glycan interaction in gastroenteric viral pathogens. Curr Opin Virol 2014; 7:119-27. [PMID: 25073118 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A critical event in the life cycle of a virus is its initial attachment to host cells. This involves recognition by the viruses of specific receptors on the cell surface, including glycans. Viruses typically exhibit strain-dependent variations in recognizing specific glycan receptors, a feature that contributes significantly to cell tropism, host specificity, host adaptation and interspecies transmission. Examples include influenza viruses, noroviruses, rotaviruses, and parvoviruses. Both rotaviruses and noroviruses are well known gastroenteric pathogens that are of significant global health concern. While rotaviruses, in the family Reoviridae, are the major causative agents of life-threatening diarrhea in children, noroviruses, which belong to the Caliciviridae family, cause epidemic and sporadic cases of acute gastroenteritis across all age groups. Both exhibit enormous genotypic and serotypic diversity. Consistent with this diversity each exhibits strain-dependent variations in the types of glycans they recognize for cell attachment. This chapter reviews the current status of the structural biology of such strain-dependent glycan specificities in these two families of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- B V Venkataram Prasad
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States; Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Sreejesh Shanker
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jae-Mun Choi
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sue E Crawford
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rita Czako
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Robert L Atmar
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Mary K Estes
- Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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27
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Yu Y, Lasanajak Y, Song X, Hu L, Ramani S, Mickum ML, Ashline DJ, Prasad BVV, Estes MK, Reinhold VN, Cummings RD, Smith DF. Human milk contains novel glycans that are potential decoy receptors for neonatal rotaviruses. Mol Cell Proteomics 2014; 13:2944-60. [PMID: 25048705 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.039875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk contains a rich set of soluble, reducing glycans whose functions and bioactivities are not well understood. Because human milk glycans (HMGs) have been implicated as receptors for various pathogens, we explored the functional glycome of human milk using shotgun glycomics. The free glycans from pooled milk samples of donors with mixed Lewis and Secretor phenotypes were labeled with a fluorescent tag and separated via multidimensional HPLC to generate a tagged glycan library containing 247 HMG targets that were printed to generate the HMG shotgun glycan microarray (SGM). To investigate the potential role of HMGs as decoy receptors for rotavirus (RV), a leading cause of severe gastroenteritis in children, we interrogated the HMG SGM with recombinant forms of VP8* domains of the RV outer capsid spike protein VP4 from human neonatal strains N155(G10P[11]) and RV3(G3P[6]) and a bovine strain, B223(G10P[11]). Glycans that were bound by RV attachment proteins were selected for detailed structural analyses using metadata-assisted glycan sequencing, which compiles data on each glycan based on its binding by antibodies and lectins before and after exo- and endo-glycosidase digestion of the SGM, coupled with independent MS(n) analyses. These complementary structural approaches resulted in the identification of 32 glycans based on RV VP8* binding, many of which are novel HMGs, whose detailed structural assignments by MS(n) are described in a companion report. Although sialic acid has been thought to be important as a surface receptor for RVs, our studies indicated that sialic acid is not required for binding of glycans to individual VP8* domains. Remarkably, each VP8* recognized specific glycan determinants within a unique subset of related glycan structures where specificity differences arise from subtle differences in glycan structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Yi Lasanajak
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Xuezheng Song
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Liya Hu
- §Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Sasirekha Ramani
- ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Megan L Mickum
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - David J Ashline
- ‖Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - B V Venkataram Prasad
- §Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030; ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mary K Estes
- ¶Department of Molecular Virology and Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Vernon N Reinhold
- ‖Glycomics Center, University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824
| | - Richard D Cummings
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
| | - David F Smith
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and the National Center for Functional Glycomics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30322;
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Kim DS, Hosmillo M, Alfajaro MM, Kim JY, Park JG, Son KY, Ryu EH, Sorgeloos F, Kwon HJ, Park SJ, Lee WS, Cho D, Kwon J, Choi JS, Kang MI, Goodfellow I, Cho KO. Both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids on O-linked glycoproteins act as functional receptors for porcine Sapovirus. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004172. [PMID: 24901849 PMCID: PMC4047124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sapovirus, a member of the Caliciviridae family, is an important cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans and pigs. Currently, the porcine sapovirus (PSaV) Cowden strain remains the only cultivable member of the Sapovirus genus. While some caliciviruses are known to utilize carbohydrate receptors for entry and infection, a functional receptor for sapovirus is unknown. To characterize the functional receptor of the Cowden strain of PSaV, we undertook a comprehensive series of protein-ligand biochemical assays in mock and PSaV-infected cell culture and/or piglet intestinal tissue sections. PSaV revealed neither hemagglutination activity with red blood cells from any species nor binding activity to synthetic histo-blood group antigens, indicating that PSaV does not use histo-blood group antigens as receptors. Attachment and infection of PSaV were markedly blocked by sialic acid and Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase (NA), suggesting a role for α2,3-linked, α2,6-linked or α2,8-linked sialic acid in virus attachment. However, viral attachment and infection were only partially inhibited by treatment of cells with sialidase S (SS) or Maackia amurensis lectin (MAL), both specific for α2,3-linked sialic acid, or Sambucus nigra lectin (SNL), specific for α2,6-linked sialic acid. These results indicated that PSaV recognizes both α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids for viral attachment and infection. Treatment of cells with proteases or with benzyl 4-O-β-D-galactopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside (benzylGalNAc), which inhibits O-linked glycosylation, also reduced virus binding and infection, whereas inhibition of glycolipd synthesis or N-linked glycosylation had no such effect on virus binding or infection. These data suggest PSaV binds to cellular receptors that consist of α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids on glycoproteins attached via O-linked glycosylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deok-Song Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Myra Hosmillo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mia Madel Alfajaro
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Yun Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Gyu Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Yeol Son
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Ryu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Frederic Sorgeloos
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Hyung-Jun Kwon
- Bioindustry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Jin Park
- Bioindustry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Song Lee
- Bioindustry Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup, Republic of Korea
| | - Duck Cho
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Jeollanam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joseph Kwon
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Soon Choi
- Division of Life Science, Korea Basic Science Institute, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Il Kang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ian Goodfellow
- Division of Virology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IG); (KOC)
| | - Kyoung-Oh Cho
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (IG); (KOC)
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Rotaviruses reach late endosomes and require the cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor and the activity of cathepsin proteases to enter the cell. J Virol 2014; 88:4389-402. [PMID: 24501398 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03457-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Rotaviruses (RVs) enter cells through different endocytic pathways. Bovine rotavirus (BRV) UK uses clathrin-mediated endocytosis, while rhesus rotavirus (RRV) employs an endocytic process independent of clathrin and caveolin. Given the differences in the cell internalization pathway used by these viruses, we tested if the intracellular trafficking of BRV UK was the same as that of RRV, which is known to reach maturing endosomes (MEs) to infect the cell. We found that BRV UK also reaches MEs, since its infectivity depends on the function of Rab5, the endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), and the formation of endosomal intraluminal vesicles (ILVs). However, unlike RRV, the infectivity of BRV UK was inhibited by knocking down the expression of Rab7, indicating that it has to traffic to late endosomes (LEs) to infect the cell. The requirement for Rab7 was also shared by other RV strains of human and porcine origin. Of interest, most RV strains that reach LEs were also found to depend on the activities of Rab9, the cation-dependent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CD-M6PR), and cathepsins B, L, and S, suggesting that cellular factors from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) need to be transported by the CD-M6PR to LEs to facilitate RV cell infection. Furthermore, using a collection of UK × RRV reassortant viruses, we found that the dependence of BRV UK on Rab7, Rab9, and CD-M6PR is associated with the spike protein VP4. These findings illustrate the elaborate pathway of RV entry and reveal a new process (Rab9/CD-M6PR/cathepsins) that could be targeted for drug intervention. IMPORTANCE Rotavirus is an important etiological agent of severe gastroenteritis in children. In most instances, viruses enter cells through an endocytic pathway that delivers the viral particle to vesicular organelles known as early endosomes (EEs). Some viruses reach the cytoplasm from EEs, where they start to replicate their genome. However, other viruses go deeper into the cell, trafficking from EEs to late endosomes (LEs) to disassemble and reach the cytoplasm. In this work, we show that most RV strains have to traffic to LEs, and the transport of endolysosomal proteases from the Golgi complex to LEs, mediated by the mannose-6-phosphate receptor, is necessary for the virus to exit the vesicular compartment and efficiently start viral replication. We also show that this deep journey into the cell is associated with the virus spike protein VP4. These findings illustrate the elaborate pathway of RV entry that could be used for drug intervention.
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Romero-Maraccini OC, Sadik NJ, Rosado-Lausell SL, Pugh CR, Niu XZ, Croué JP, Nguyen TH. Sunlight-induced inactivation of human Wa and porcine OSU rotaviruses in the presence of exogenous photosensitizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:11004-12. [PMID: 23978054 DOI: 10.1021/es402285u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Human rotavirus Wa and porcine rotavirus OSU solutions were irradiated with simulated solar UV and visible light in the presence of different photosensitizers dissolved in buffered solutions. For human rotavirus, the exogenous effects were greater than the endogenous effects under irradiation with full spectrum and UVA and visible light at 25 °C. For porcine rotavirus, the exogenous effects with UVA and visible light irradiation were only observed at high temperatures, >40 °C. The results from dark experiments conducted at different temperatures suggest that porcine rotavirus has higher thermostability than human rotavirus. Concentrations of 3'-MAP excited triplet states of 1.8 fM and above resulted in significant human rotavirus inactivation. The measured excited triplet state concentrations of ≤0.45 fM produced by UVA and visible light irradiation of natural dissolved organic matter solutions were likely not directly responsible for rotavirus inactivation. Instead, the linear correlation for human rotavirus inactivation rate constant (kobs) with the phenol degradation rate constant (kexp) found in both 1 mM NaHCO3 and 1 mM phosphate-buffered solutions suggested that OH radical was a major reactive species for the exogenous inactivation of rotaviruses. Linear correlations between rotavirus kobs and specific UV254 nm absorbance of two river-dissolved organic matter and two effluent organic matter isolates indicated that organic matter aromaticity may help predict formation of radicals responsible for rotavirus inactivation. The results from this study also suggested that the differences in rotavirus strains should be considered when predicting solar inactivation of rotavirus in sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofelia C Romero-Maraccini
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , 205 North Mathews, 3230 Newmark Lab, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Rotavirus replication in the cholangiocyte mediates the temporal dependence of murine biliary atresia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69069. [PMID: 23844248 PMCID: PMC3700947 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biliary atresia (BA) is a neonatal disease that results in obliteration of the biliary tree. The murine model of BA, which mirrors the human disease, is based upon infection of newborn mice with rhesus rotavirus (RRV), leading to an obstructive cholangiopathy. The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal relationship between viral infection and the induction of this model. BALB/c mice were infected with RRV on day of life (DOL) 0, 3, 5, and 7. Groups were characterized as early-infection (infection by DOL 3) or late-infection (infection after DOL 5). Early RRV infection induced symptoms in 95% of pups with a mortality rate of 80%. In contrast, late infection caused symptoms in only 50% of mice, and 100% of pups survived. The clinical findings correlated with histological analysis of extrahepatic biliary trees, cytokine expression, and viral titers. Primary murine cholangiocytes isolated, cultured, and infected with RRV yielded higher titers of infectious virus in those harvested from DOL 2 versus DOL 9 mice. Less interferon alpha and beta was produced in DOL 2 versus DOL 9 RRV infected primary cholangiocytes. Injection of BALB/c interferon alpha/beta receptor knockout (IFN-αβR(-/-)) pups at DOL 7 showed increased symptoms (79%) and mortality (46%) when compared to late infected wild type mice. In conclusion, the degree of injury sustained by relatively immature cholangiocytes due to more robust RRV replication correlated with more severe clinical manifestations of cholangiopathy and higher mortality. Interferon alpha production by cholangiocytes appears to play a regulatory role. These findings confirm a temporal dependence of RRV infection in murine BA and begin to define a pathophysiologic role of the maturing cholangiocyte.
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Santana AY, Guerrero CA, Acosta O. Implication of Hsc70, PDI and integrin αvβ3 involvement during entry of the murine rotavirus ECwt into small-intestinal villi of suckling mice. Arch Virol 2013; 158:1323-36. [PMID: 23404461 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-013-1626-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a homologous rotavirus, ECwt, infecting small intestinal villi isolated from ICR and BALB/c mice were used as a model for identifying cell-surface molecules involved in rotavirus entry. Small-intestinal villi were treated with anti-Hsc70, anti-PDI, anti-integrin β3 or anti-ERp57 antibodies or their corresponding F(ab')2 fragments before inoculation with rotavirus ECwt, RRV or Wa. Pretreatment of villi decreased virus infectivity by about 50-100 % depending of the rotavirus strain, antibody structure and detection assay used. Similar results were obtained by treating viral inocula with purified proteins Hsc70, PDI or integrin β3 before inoculation of untreated villi. Rotavirus infection of villi proved to be sensitive to membrane-impermeant thiol/disulfide inhibitors such as DTNB and bacitracin, suggesting the involvement of a redox reaction in infection. The present results suggest that PDI, Hsc70 and integrin β3 are used by both homologous and heterologous rotaviruses during infection of isolated mouse villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Y Santana
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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33
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Díaz-Salinas MA, Romero P, Espinosa R, Hoshino Y, López S, Arias CF. The spike protein VP4 defines the endocytic pathway used by rotavirus to enter MA104 cells. J Virol 2013; 87:1658-63. [PMID: 23175367 PMCID: PMC3554179 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02086-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rotaviruses are internalized into MA104 cells by endocytosis, with different endocytic pathways used depending on the virus strain. The bovine rotavirus UK strain enters cells through a clathrin-mediated endocytic process, while the simian rhesus rotavirus (RRV) strain uses a poorly defined endocytic pathway that is clathrin and caveolin independent. The viral surface protein VP7 and the spike protein VP4 interact with cellular receptors during cell binding and penetration. To determine the viral protein that defines the mechanism of internalization, we used a panel of UK × RRV reassortant viruses having different combinations of the viral structural proteins. Characterization of the infectivities of these reassortants in MA104 cells either transfected with a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against the heavy chain of clathrin or incubated with hypertonic medium that destabilizes the clathrin coat clearly showed that VP4 determines the pathway of virus entry. Of interest, the characterization of Nar3, a sialic acid-independent variant of RRV, showed that a single amino acid change in VP4 shifts the route of entry from being clathrin dependent to clathrin independent. Furthermore, characterizations of several additional rotavirus strains that differ in their use of cellular receptors showed that all entered cells by clathrin-mediated endocytosis, suggesting that diverse VP4-cell surface interactions can lead to rotavirus cell entry through this endocytic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A. Díaz-Salinas
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Pedro Romero
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Rafaela Espinosa
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Yasutaka Hoshino
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Susana López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Colonia Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, México
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Guerrero CA, Guererero CA, Murillo A, Acosta O. Inhibition of rotavirus infection in cultured cells by N-acetyl-cysteine, PPARγ agonists and NSAIDs. Antiviral Res 2012; 96:1-12. [PMID: 22842004 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although the current rotavirus vaccines have shown good tolerance and significant efficacy, it would be useful to develop alternative or complementary strategies aimed at preventing or treating acute diarrhoeal disease caused by this viral agent. A variety of antiviral strategies other than vaccines have been assayed for rotavirus infection management. The recently demonstrated sensitivity of rotavirus infectivity to thiol/disulfide reagents prompted assays for screening drugs that potentially affect cellular redox reactions. MA104 or Caco-2 cells were inoculated with the rotavirus strains RRV, Wa, Wi or M69 and then incubated with different concentrations of drugs belonging to a selected group of 60 drugs that are currently used in humans for purposes other than rotavirus infection treatment. Eighteen of these drugs were able to inhibit rotavirus infectivity to different extents. A more systematic evaluation was performed with drugs that could be used in children such as N-acetylcysteine and ascorbic acid, in addition to ibuprofen, pioglitazone and rosiglitazone, all of which affecting cellular pathways potentially needed by the rotavirus infection process. Evidence is provided here that rotavirus infectivity is significantly inhibited by NAC in different cell-culture systems. These findings suggest that NAC has the potential to be used as a therapeutic tool for treatment and prevention of rotavirus disease in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Guerrero
- Departamento de Ciencias Fisiológicas, Facultad de Medicina-Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, DC, Colombia.
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Hu L, Crawford SE, Hyser JM, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Rotavirus non-structural proteins: structure and function. Curr Opin Virol 2012; 2:380-8. [PMID: 22789743 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 06/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The replication of rotavirus is a complex process that is orchestrated by an exquisite interplay between the rotavirus non-structural and structural proteins. Subsequent to particle entry and genome transcription, the non-structural proteins coordinate and regulate viral mRNA translation and the formation of electron-dense viroplasms that serve as exclusive compartments for genome replication, genome encapsidation and capsid assembly. In addition, non-structural proteins are involved in antagonizing the antiviral host response and in subverting important cellular processes to enable successful virus replication. Although far from complete, new structural studies, together with functional studies, provide substantial insight into how the non-structural proteins coordinate rotavirus replication. This brief review highlights our current knowledge of the structure-function relationships of the rotavirus non-structural proteins, as well as fascinating questions that remain to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, United States
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36
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Rotavirus VP4 and VP7-Derived Synthetic Peptides as Potential Substrates of Protein Disulfide Isomerase Lead to Inhibition of Rotavirus Infection. Int J Pept Res Ther 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10989-012-9314-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Rotavirus VP8*: phylogeny, host range, and interaction with histo-blood group antigens. J Virol 2012; 86:9899-910. [PMID: 22761376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00979-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The distal portion of rotavirus (RV) VP4 spike protein (VP8*) is implicated in binding to cellular receptors, thereby facilitating viral attachment and entry. While VP8* of some animal RVs engage sialic acid, human RVs often attach to and enter cells in a sialic acid-independent manner. A recent study demonstrated that the major human RVs (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) recognize human histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs). In this study, we performed a phylogenetic analysis of RVs and showed further variations of RV interaction with HBGAs. On the basis of the VP8* sequences, RVs are grouped into five P genogroups (P[I] to P[V]), of which P[I], P[IV], and P[V] mainly infect animals, P[II] infects humans, and P[III] infects both animals and humans. The sialic acid-dependent RVs (P[1], P[2], P[3], and P[7]) form a subcluster within P[I], while all three major P genotypes of human RVs (P[4], P[6], and P[8]) are clustered in P[II]. We then characterized three human RVs (P[9], P[14], and P[25]) in P[III] and observed a new pattern of binding to the type A antigen which is distinct from that of the P[II] RVs. The binding was demonstrated by hemagglutination and saliva binding assay using recombinant VP8* and native RVs. Homology modeling and mutagenesis study showed that the locations of the carbohydrate binding interfaces are shared with the sialic acid-dependent RVs, although different amino acids are involved. The P[III] VP8* proteins also bind the A antigens of the porcine and bovine mucins, suggesting the A antigen as a possible factor for cross-species transmission of RVs. Our study suggests that HBGAs play an important role in RV infection and evolution.
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38
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Cebo C, Martin P. Inter-species comparison of milk fat globule membrane proteins highlights the molecular diversity of lactadherin. Int Dairy J 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2011.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Hu L, Crawford SE, Czako R, Cortes-Penfield NW, Smith DF, Le Pendu J, Estes MK, Prasad BVV. Cell attachment protein VP8* of a human rotavirus specifically interacts with A-type histo-blood group antigen. Nature 2012; 485:256-9. [PMID: 22504179 PMCID: PMC3350622 DOI: 10.1038/nature10996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
As with many other viruses, the initial cell attachment of rotaviruses, major causative agent of infantile gastroenteritis, is mediated by interactions with specific cellular glycans1–4. The distally located VP8* domain of the rotavirus spike protein VP45 mediates such interactions. The existing paradigm is that ‘sialidase-sensitive’ animal rotavirus strains bind to glycans with terminal sialic acid (Sia), whereas ‘sialidase-insensitive’ human rotavirus (HR) strains bind to glycans with internal Sia such as GM13. Although the involvement of Sia in the animal strains is firmly supported by crystallographic studies1,3,6,7, it is not yet known how VP8* of HRs interacts with Sia and whether their cell attachment necessarily involves sialoglycans. We found that VP8* of a HR strain specifically recognizes A-type histo-blood group antigen (HBGA) using a glycan array screen comprised of 511 glycans, and that virus infectivity in HT-29 cells is abrogated by anti-Atype antibodies as well as significantly enhanced in CHO cells genetically modified to express the A-type HBGA, providing a novel paradigm for initial cell attachment of HR. HBGAs are genetically determined glycoconjugates present in mucosal secretions, epithelial and on red blood cells8, and are recognized as susceptibility and cell attachment factors for gastric pathogens like H. pylori9 and noroviruses10. Our crystallographic studies show that the A-type HBGA binds to the HR VP8* at the same location as the Sia in the VP8* of animal rotavirus, and suggest how subtle changes within the same structural framework allow for such receptor switching. These results raise the possibility that host susceptibility to specific HR strains and pathogenesis are influenced by genetically controlled expression of different HBGAs among the world’s population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liya Hu
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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40
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Calderon MN, Guerrero CA, Acosta O, Lopez S, Arias CF. Inhibiting rotavirus infection by membrane-impermeant thiol/disulfide exchange blockers and antibodies against protein disulfide isomerase. Intervirology 2012; 55:451-64. [PMID: 22398681 DOI: 10.1159/000335262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Determining the effect of membrane-impermeant thiol/disulfide exchange inhibitors on rhesus rotavirus infectivity in MA104 cells and investigating protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) as a potential target for these inhibitors. METHODS Cells were treated with DTNB [5,5-dithio-bis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid)], bacitracin or anti-PDI antibodies and then infected with virus. Triple-layered particles (TLPs) were also pretreated with inhibitors before inoculation. The effects of these inhibitors on α-sarcin co-entry, virus binding to cells and PDI-TLP interaction were also examined. FACS analysis, cell-surface protein biotin-labeling, lipid-raft isolation and ELISA were performed to determine cell-surface PDI expression. RESULTS Infectivity became reduced by 50% when cells or TLPs were treated with 1 or 6 mM DTNB, respectively; infectivity became reduced by 50% by 20 mM bacitracin treatment of cells whereas TLPs were insensitive to bacitracin treatment; anti-PDI antibodies decreased viral infectivity by about 45%. The presence of DTNB (2.5 mM) or bacitracin (20 mM) was unable to prevent virus binding to cells and rotavirus-induced α-sarcin co-entry. CONCLUSIONS It was concluded that thiol/disulfide exchange was involved in rotavirus entry process and that cell-surface PDI was at least a potential target for DTNB and bacitracin-induced infectivity inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha N Calderon
- Chemistry Department, Science Faculty, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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41
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Abstract
Influenza A viruses are spherical particles that attach to cells through bonds between hemagglutinin and specific cellular receptors. Numerous studies performed have recently revealed that Sialic acid (SA) is a crucial component of influenza A virus receptors. This brief review summarizes recent advances in our understanding of influenza A virus receptors. The introduction describes the classification of influenza A virus receptors and the review continues with a survey of the distribution of SA in different tissue and host. This is followed by research applications of influenza A virus receptors, and explanation of why receptor studies are so important on a world-wide scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengqiang Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Infectious Diseases of Ministry of Agriculture, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
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42
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McDonald SM, Patton JT. Assortment and packaging of the segmented rotavirus genome. Trends Microbiol 2011; 19:136-44. [PMID: 21195621 PMCID: PMC3072067 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The rotavirus (RV) genome comprises 11 segments of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) and is contained within a non-enveloped, icosahedral particle. During assembly, a highly coordinated selective packaging mechanism ensures that progeny RV virions contain one of each genome segment. Cis-acting signals thought to mediate assortment and packaging are associated with putative panhandle structures formed by base-pairing of the ends of RV plus-strand RNAs (+RNAs). Viral polymerases within assembling core particles convert the 11 distinct +RNAs to dsRNA genome segments. It remains unclear whether RV +RNAs are assorted before or during encapsidation, and the functions of viral proteins during these processes are not resolved. However, as reviewed here, recent insights gained from the study of RV and two other segmented RNA viruses, influenza A virus and bacteriophage Φ6, reveal potential mechanisms of RV assortment and packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M McDonald
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-8026, USA
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Lipson SM, Gordon RE, Ozen FS, Karthikeyan L, Kirov N, Stotzky G. Cranberry and Grape Juices Affect Tight Junction Function and Structural Integrity of Rotavirus-Infected Monkey Kidney Epithelial Cell Monolayers. FOOD AND ENVIRONMENTAL VIROLOGY 2011; 3:46-54. [PMID: 35255646 DOI: 10.1007/s12560-011-9055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2011] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cranberry juice (CJ) and grape juice (GJ) from Vaccinium macrocarpon and Vitis labrusca, respectively, and purified proanthocyanidins (PACs) from these species are recognized to possess antiviral activity. The effects of CJ and GJ on tight junction (TJ) structure and function among rotavirus-infected monkey kidney epithelial cells (MA-104) in monolayer cultures were evaluated. Antiviral activity by cranberry PACs of rotavirus in cell-free suspension was investigated by a rotavirus antigen [i.e., viral capsid protein 6 (VP6)] capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). MA-104 monolayers were treated with CJ, GJ, or cranberry juice cocktail (CJC) drink before inoculation with rotavirus. TJ function and structural integrity were measured by changes in transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and by reduction of signal intensity of the TJ α-claudin 1 by immunofluorescence. The inhibitory activity of CJ and GJ on viral RNA synthesis, as a function of viral concentration, was determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rtPCR). After 4 days, virus-infected monolayers pretreated with GJ (Concord and Niagara GJs) had TEER readings similar to uninfected controls. CJ and CJC also had a significant protective effect (P < 0.05) on TJ function, but to a lesser extent than GJ. Disorganization of TJ integrity commenced at 24- to 36-h post-viral inoculation, but this effect was reduced by pretreatment with CJ or GP of monolayer cultures. TEM showed aggregation of rotavirus by cranberry PACs. The destruction of rotavirus capsid proteins VP6, in cell-free suspension was inversely related to the concentration of cranberry PACs (C-PAC). Loss of rotavirus RNA by CJ or GJ was inversely related to viral infectivity titers. CJ, GJ, or PAC-associated antiviral activity has been linked to modifications in cellular physiologic events and to physical factors (e.g., PAC-mediated viral aggregation) that probably compromise viral infectivity. Multiple cell physiological and physical events must be considered when determining the mechanisms associated with the antiviral (i.e., rotavirus) activity of CJ, GJ, and PACs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Lipson
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, 180 Remsen Street, Brooklyn Heights, NY, 11201, USA.
| | | | - Fatma S Ozen
- Department of Biology, St. Francis College, 180 Remsen Street, Brooklyn Heights, NY, 11201, USA
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Selcuk, Konya, Turkey
| | - Laina Karthikeyan
- New York College of Technology, City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Kim HH, Kwon HJ, Ryu YB, Chang JS, Cho KO, Hosmillo MDT, Rho MC, Park SJ, Lee WS. Antiviral activity of Alpinia katsumadai extracts against rotaviruses. Res Vet Sci 2010; 92:320-3. [PMID: 21196021 PMCID: PMC7172668 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2010] [Revised: 09/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In vitro anti-rotavirus activity of Alpinia katsumadai (AK) extracts were evaluated against bovine G8P[7] and porcine G5P[7] rotaviruses in two different assay strategies, a mixed treatment assay and a post treatment assay. In the mixed treatment assay, six AK extracts [AK-1 (EtOH extract), AK-3 (H2O layer), AK-5 (40% methanol fraction), and AK-9–11 (H2O extract, polysaccharide fraction, supernatant fraction)] exhibited inhibitory activities against G5P[7] rotavirus with the EC50 values ranging from 0.7 ± 0.4 to 33.7 ± 6.5 μg/mL. Extracts AK-1, AK-3, and AK-5 inhibited rotavirus infection against G8P[7] rotavirus, the with EC50 values of 8.4 ± 2.2 μg/mL, 6.5 ± 0.8 μg/mL and 8.4 ± 5.0 μg/mL, respectively. By hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay, six AK extracts completely inhibited viral adsorption onto human RBCs in both strains of rotaviruses at less than 11 μg/mL. However, in the post treatment assay, there was no anti activity shown against both strains of rotaviruses. As a result, six AK extracts were attributed mainly to having a strong interaction with hemagglutinin protein on the outer surface of rotavirus, resulting to blockage of viral adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha-Hyun Kim
- Eco-Friendly Biomaterial Research Center and AI Control Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Jeongeup 580-185, Republic of Korea
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Roles of VP4 and NSP1 in determining the distinctive replication capacities of simian rotavirus RRV and bovine rotavirus UK in the mouse biliary tract. J Virol 2010; 85:2686-94. [PMID: 21191030 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02408-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotavirus replication and virulence are strongly influenced by virus strain and host species. The rotavirus proteins VP3, VP4, VP7, NSP1, and NSP4 have all been implicated in strain and species restriction of replication; however, the mechanisms have not been fully determined. Simian (RRV) and bovine (UK) rotaviruses have distinctive replication capacities in mouse extraintestinal organs such as the biliary tract. Using reassortants between UK and RRV, we previously demonstrated that the differential replication of these viruses in mouse embryonic fibroblasts is determined by the respective NSP1 proteins, which differ substantially in their abilities to degrade interferon (IFN) regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) and suppress the type I IFN response. In this study, we used an in vivo model of rotavirus infection of mouse gallbladder with UK × RRV reassortants to study the genetic and mechanistic basis of systemic rotavirus replication. We found that the low-replication phenotype of UK in biliary tissues was conferred by UK VP4 and that the high-replication phenotype of RRV was conferred by RRV VP4 and NSP1. Viruses with RRV VP4 entered cultured mouse cholangiocytes more efficiently than did those with UK VP4. Reassortants with RRV VP4 and UK NSP1 genes induced high levels of expression of IRF3-dependent p54 in biliary tissues, and their replication was increased 3-fold in IFN-α/β and -γ receptor or STAT1 knockout (KO) mice compared to wild-type mice. Our data indicate that systemic rotavirus strain-specific replication in the murine biliary tract is determined by both viral entry mediated by VP4 and viral antagonism of the host innate immune response mediated by NSP1.
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[Toward the elimination of rotavirus gastroenteritis by universal vaccination]. Uirusu 2010; 60:33-48. [PMID: 20848863 DOI: 10.2222/jsv.60.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rotavirus is the most important cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide, and is most effectively controlled by vaccines. The Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) of the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended, in 2009, the inclusion of rotavirus vaccination of infants into all national immunization programs. Two, live, orally-administrable vaccines are licensed globally. They are Rotarix, a G1P[8] monovalent, human rotavirus-based vaccine (GlaxoSmithKline), and RotaTeq, a pentavalent, bovine-human reassortant vaccine (Merck). Although the two vaccines are very different in antigenic composition and administration schedule, they are almost equally safe with respect to intussusception and 90-100% efficacious against severe rotavirus diarrhea. Countries where either vaccine was introduced into the national childhood immunization program have witnessed not only a drastic decrease in the number of rotavirus hospitalizations but a near 50% reduction in the number of all-cause-diarrhea hospitalizations. Rotavirus diarrhea, an emerging infectious disease because of its discovery in 1973, may now be among vaccine preventable diseases.
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Guerrero CA, Santana AY, Acosta O. Mouse intestinal villi as a model system for studies of rotavirus infection. J Virol Methods 2010; 168:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Glycosphingolipids as receptors for non-enveloped viruses. Viruses 2010; 2:1011-1049. [PMID: 21994669 PMCID: PMC3185660 DOI: 10.3390/v2041011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids are ubiquitous molecules composed of a lipid and a carbohydrate moiety. Their main functions are as antigen/toxin receptors, in cell adhesion/recognition processes, or initiation/modulation of signal transduction pathways. Microbes take advantage of the different carbohydrate structures displayed on a specific cell surface for attachment during infection. For some viruses, such as the polyomaviruses, binding to gangliosides determines the internalization pathway into cells. For others, the interaction between microbe and carbohydrate can be a critical determinant for host susceptibility. In this review, we summarize the role of glycosphingolipids as receptors for members of the non-enveloped calici-, rota-, polyoma- and parvovirus families.
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Simian rotaviruses possess divergent gene constellations that originated from interspecies transmission and reassortment. J Virol 2009; 84:2013-26. [PMID: 19939934 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02081-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although few simian rotaviruses (RVs) have been isolated, such strains have been important for basic research and vaccine development. To explore the origins of simian RVs, the complete genome sequences of strains PTRV (G8P[1]), RRV (G3P[3]), and TUCH (G3P[24]) were determined. These data allowed the genotype constellations of each virus to be determined and the phylogenetic relationships of the simian strains with each other and with nonsimian RVs to be elucidated. The results indicate that PTRV was likely transmitted from a bovine or other ruminant into pig-tailed macaques (its host of origin), since its genes have genotypes and encode outer-capsid proteins similar to those of bovine RVs. In contrast, most of the genes of rhesus-macaque strains, RRV and TUCH, have genotypes more typical of canine-feline RVs. However, the sequences of the canine and/or feline (canine/feline)-like genes of RRV and TUCH are only distantly related to those of modern canine/feline RVs, indicating that any potential transmission of a progenitor of these viruses from a canine/feline host to a simian host was not recent. The remaining genes of RRV and TUCH appear to have originated through reassortment with bovine, human, or other RV strains. Finally, comparison of PTRV, RRV, and TUCH genes with those of the vervet-monkey RV SA11-H96 (G3P[2]) indicates that SA11-H96 shares little genetic similarity to other simian strains and likely has evolved independently. Collectively, our data indicate that simian RVs are of diverse ancestry with genome constellations that originated largely by interspecies transmission and reassortment with nonhuman animal RVs.
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Perry JW, Taube S, Wobus CE. Murine norovirus-1 entry into permissive macrophages and dendritic cells is pH-independent. Virus Res 2009; 143:125-9. [PMID: 19463729 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Murine norovirus (MNV) is a recently discovered mouse pathogen. Unlike the fastidious human noroviruses that cause the overwhelming majority of non-bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide, MNV readily infects cells in culture. Its replication in primary murine macrophages and dendritic cells and their derived cell lines allows the study of norovirus cell entry for the first time. In this study we determined the role of pH during MNV-1 infection since the low pH environment of endosomes often triggers uncoating of viruses. We demonstrated that MNV-1 viral titers by plaque assay and expression of the non-structural protein VPg by immunofluorescence were not affected by pH in cultured and primary macrophages and dendritic cells in the presence of two known endosome acidification inhibitors, bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine. These data indicate that MNV-1 enters permissive cells in a pH-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey W Perry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5620, United States
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