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Kurtz SL, Baker RE, Boehm FJ, Lehman CC, Mittereder LR, Khan H, Rossi AP, Gatti DM, Beamer G, Sassetti CM, Elkins KL. Multiple genetic loci influence vaccine-induced protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in genetically diverse mice. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012069. [PMID: 38452145 PMCID: PMC10950258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.) infection leads to over 1.5 million deaths annually, despite widespread vaccination with BCG at birth. Causes for the ongoing tuberculosis endemic are complex and include the failure of BCG to protect many against progressive pulmonary disease. Host genetics is one of the known factors implicated in susceptibility to primary tuberculosis, but less is known about the role that host genetics plays in controlling host responses to vaccination against M.tb. Here, we addressed this gap by utilizing Diversity Outbred (DO) mice as a small animal model to query genetic drivers of vaccine-induced protection against M.tb. DO mice are a highly genetically and phenotypically diverse outbred population that is well suited for fine genetic mapping. Similar to outcomes in people, our previous studies demonstrated that DO mice have a wide range of disease outcomes following BCG vaccination and M.tb. challenge. In the current study, we used a large population of BCG-vaccinated/M.tb.-challenged mice to perform quantitative trait loci mapping of complex infection traits; these included lung and spleen M.tb. burdens, as well as lung cytokines measured at necropsy. We found sixteen chromosomal loci associated with complex infection traits and cytokine production. QTL associated with bacterial burdens included a region encoding major histocompatibility antigens that are known to affect susceptibility to tuberculosis, supporting validity of the approach. Most of the other QTL represent novel associations with immune responses to M.tb. and novel pathways of cytokine regulation. Most importantly, we discovered that protection induced by BCG is a multigenic trait, in which genetic loci harboring functionally-distinct candidate genes influence different aspects of immune responses that are crucial collectively for successful protection. These data provide exciting new avenues to explore and exploit in developing new vaccines against M.tb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry L. Kurtz
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Baker
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Frederick J. Boehm
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Chelsea C. Lehman
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Lara R. Mittereder
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Hamda Khan
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Amy P. Rossi
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinatti, Cincinatti, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Daniel M. Gatti
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine, United States of America
| | - Gillian Beamer
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Sassetti
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Karen L. Elkins
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States of America
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2
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Thouenon R, Kracker S. Human inborn errors of immunity associated with IRF4. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236889. [PMID: 37809068 PMCID: PMC10556498 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) belongs to the IRF family and has several important functions for the adaptive immune response. Mutations affecting IRF family members IRF1, IRF3, IRF7, IRF8, or IRF9 have been described in patients presenting with inborn errors of immunity (IEI) highlighting the importance of these factors for the cellular host defense against mycobacterial and/or viral infections. IRF4 deficiency and haploinsufficiency have been associated with IEI. More recently, two novel IRF4 disease-causing mechanisms have been described due to the characterization of IEI patients presenting with cellular immunodeficiency associated with agammaglobulinemia. Here, we review the phenotypes and physiopathological mechanisms underlying IEI of IRF family members and, in particular, IRF4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romane Thouenon
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
| | - Sven Kracker
- Université Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Lymphohematopoiesis, Imagine Institute, INSERM UMR, Paris, France
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3
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Friebus-Kardash J, Kuang F, Peitz T, Hamdan TA, Eisenberger U, Boss K, Kribben A, Lang KS, Jahn M. Expression of Interferon Regulatory Factor 8 (IRF8) and Its Association with Infections in Dialysis Patients. Cells 2023; 12:1892. [PMID: 37508555 PMCID: PMC10378315 DOI: 10.3390/cells12141892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients on dialysis have dysfunctions of innate and adaptive immune system responses. The transcriptional factor IRF8 (interferon regulatory factor 8) is primarily expressed in plasmacytoid cells (pDCs) and myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs), playing a crucial role in the maturation of dendritic cells, monocytes, and macrophages, and contributing to protection against bacterial infections. The current study analyzed the expression patterns of IRF8 and assessed its association with the risk of infections in 79 dialysis patients compared to 44 healthy controls. Different subsets of leukocytes and the intracellular expression of IRF8 were measured using flow cytometry. Compared to the healthy controls, the dialysis patients showed significantly reduced numbers of pDCs and significantly increased numbers of natural killer cells and classical and intermediate monocytes. The dialysis patients exhibited decreased numbers of IRF8-positive dendritic cells (pDC p < 0.001, mDC1 p < 0.001, mDC2 p = 0.005) and increased numbers of IRF8-positive monocytes (p < 0.001). IRF8 expression in pDC, mDC, and classical monocytes was lower in the dialysis patients than in the controls. Dialysis patients who required hospitalization due to infections within one year of follow-up displayed significantly reduced IRF8 expression levels in pDCs compared to patients without such infections (p = 0.04). Our results suggest that reduced IRF8 expression in pDCs is a potential risk factor predisposing dialysis patients to serious infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justa Friebus-Kardash
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Fei Kuang
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Tobias Peitz
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Thamer A Hamdan
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Ute Eisenberger
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Kristina Boss
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Karl Sebastian Lang
- Institute of Immunology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
| | - Michael Jahn
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Essen, Germany
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4
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Errami A, El Baghdadi J, Ailal F, Benhsaien I, Ouazahrou K, Abel L, Casanova JL, Boisson-Dupuis S, Bustamante J, Bousfiha AA. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: an overview. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2023. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00358-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Mycobacteria include ubiquitous species of varying virulence. However, environmental and individual-specific factors, particularly host genetics, play a crucial role in the outcome of exposure to mycobacteria. The first molecular evidence of a monogenic predisposition to mycobacteria came from the study of Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD), a rare inborn error of IFN-γ immunity conferring a selective susceptibility to infections even with low virulent mycobacteria, in patients, mostly children, without recognizable immune defects in routine tests. This article provides a global and updated description of the most important molecular, cellular, and clinical features of all known monogenic defects of MSMD.
Results
Over the last 20 years, 19 genes were found to be mutated in MSMD patients (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, IFNG, IL12RB1, IL12RB2, IL23R, IL12B, ISG15, USP18, ZNFX1, TBX21, STAT1, TYK2, IRF8, CYBB, JAK1, RORC, NEMO, and SPPL2A), and the allelic heterogeneity at these loci has led to the definition of 35 different genetic defects. Despite the clinical and genetic heterogeneity, almost all genetic etiologies of MSMD alter the interferon gamma (IFN-γ)-mediated immunity, by impairing or abolishing IFN-γ production or the response to this cytokine or both. It was proven that the human IFN-γ level is a quantitative trait that defines the outcome of mycobacterial infection.
Conclusion
The study of these monogenic defects contributes to understanding the molecular mechanism of mycobacterial infections in humans and to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to improve care and prognosis. These discoveries also bridge the gap between the simple Mendelian inheritance and complex human genetics.
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5
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Jia Y, Shen K, Yang Y, Cai W, Wang K, Zhang Y, Zhao M, Luo L, Su L, Guan H, Hu D. Deacetylation of IRF8 inhibits iNOS expression and inflammation via SIRT1 in macrophages. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Xia L, Liu XH, Yuan Y, Lowrie DB, Fan XY, Li T, Hu ZD, Lu SH. An Updated Review on MSMD Research Globally and A Literature Review on the Molecular Findings, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Approaches in China. Front Immunol 2022; 13:926781. [PMID: 36569938 PMCID: PMC9774035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.926781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) arises from a group of rare inherited errors of immunity that result in selective susceptibility of otherwise healthy people to clinical disease caused by low virulence strains of mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) and environmental mycobacteria. Patients have normal resistance to other pathogens and no overt abnormalities in routine immunological and hematological evaluations for primary immunodeficiencies. At least 19 genes and 34 clinical phenotypes have been identified in MSMD. However, there have been no systematic reports on the clinical characteristics and genetic backgrounds of MSMD in China. In this review, on the one hand, we summarize an update findings on molecular defects and immunological mechanisms in the field of MSMD research globally. On the other hand, we undertook a systematic review of PubMed (MEDLINE), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Web of Science, EMBASE, CNKI, and Wanfang to identify articles published before Jan 23, 2022, to summarize the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of MSMD in China. All the English and Chinese publications were searched without any restriction on article types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xia
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu-Hui Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Douglas B. Lowrie
- Shenzhen National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Fan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Dong Hu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Dong Hu, ; Shui-Hua Lu,
| | - Shui-Hua Lu
- Shenzhen National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen, China,Department of tuberculosis, The Third People’s Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China,*Correspondence: Zhi-Dong Hu, ; Shui-Hua Lu,
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7
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Das J, Banday A, Shandilya J, Sharma M, Vignesh P, Rawat A. An updated review on Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases - a silver jubilee celebration of its first genetic diagnosis. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2021; 17:1103-1120. [PMID: 34259572 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2021.1956314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases (MSMD), a group of at least 18 different genetic disorders, encompasses a specific class of inborn errors of immunity that result in predilection to infection with mycobacteria including the weakly virulent strains. Primarily, these consist of defects in the IFN-γ-IL-12/23 circuit that is crucial for immunity against intracellular microorganisms. Although the first genetic etiology of MSMD was discovered in 1996, molecular diagnosis of MSMD in resource-constrained settings may remain far-fetched. Recently, original studies have emerged from developing countries, including India, wherein the genetic diagnosis was confirmed within the country itself. A lag of about 25 years, hence, seems to exist. AREAS COVERED Herein, we review the clinical, laboratory, and mutational profile of the genetic defects responsible for causing MSMD. We intend to enhance the recognition of these disorders in settings endemic for tuberculosis and bridge the gap between the developed and developing countries in the field of MSMD research and therapeutics. EXPERT OPINION Research in the field of MSMD in developing countries, including India, can uncover novel genetic etiologies, as the population exceeds 1.3 billion, a huge burden of tuberculosis (across all clinical spectrums) exists, and BCG vaccination is given universally at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhumki Das
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Aaqib Banday
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Jitendra Shandilya
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Madhubala Sharma
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Pandiarajan Vignesh
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Amit Rawat
- Allergy Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Advanced Pediatrics Centre, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh 160012, India
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8
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Differential mRNA and miRNA Profiles Reveal the Potential Roles of Genes and miRNAs Involved in LPS Infection in Chicken Macrophages. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12050760. [PMID: 34067819 PMCID: PMC8155903 DOI: 10.3390/genes12050760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a component of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, and triggers an inflammatory response both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we used LPS from Escherichia coli serotype enteritidis to stimulate chicken macrophages (HD11) and conducted the transcriptome analysis using a bioinformatics approach to explore the functions of immune-related genes and miRNAs. In total, 1759 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 18 differentially expressed (DE)-miRNAs were detected during LPS infection. At 6 h post infection, 1025 DEGs and 10 miRNAs were up-regulated, and 734 DEGs and 8 DE-miRNAs were down-regulated. Based on both RNA hybrid and miRanda systems, 55 DEGs could be targeted by 14 DE-miRNAs. The target genes were related to the immune response, such as IRF8, STAT3, TRAF7, and other potential candidate genes. The DE-miRNAs miR146a-3p, miR6583-5p, and miR30c-2-3p were investigated further. They were predicted to target 34 genes that may also be candidates for immune-related miRNAs and genes. Our results enhanced our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of Gram-negative bacteria in chickens.
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9
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Xia X, Wang W, Yin K, Wang S. Interferon regulatory factor 8 governs myeloid cell development. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Mahdaviani SA, Mansouri D, Jamee M, Zaki-Dizaji M, Aghdam KR, Mortaz E, Khorasanizadeh M, Eskian M, Movahedi M, Ghaffaripour H, Baghaie N, Hassanzad M, Chavoshzadeh Z, Mansouri M, Mesdaghi M, Ghaini M, Noori F, Eskandarzadeh S, Kahkooi S, Poorabdolah M, Tabarsi P, Moniri A, Farnia P, Karimi A, Boisson-Dupuis S, Rezaei N, Marjani M, Casanova JL, Bustamante J, Velayati AA. Mendelian Susceptibility to Mycobacterial Disease (MSMD): Clinical and Genetic Features of 32 Iranian Patients. J Clin Immunol 2020; 40:872-882. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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11
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Role of IRF8 in immune cells functions, protection against infections, and susceptibility to inflammatory diseases. Hum Genet 2020; 139:707-721. [DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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12
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Fouhse JM, Tsoi S, Clark B, Gartner S, Patterson JL, Foxcroft GR, Willing BP, Dyck MK. Outcomes of a low birth weight phenotype on piglet gut microbial composition and intestinal transcriptomic profile. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjas-2019-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of selection for increased litter size has caused a proportion of sows to consistently produce low birth weight (LBW) litters resulting in economic loss for producers due to reduced piglet survivability and growth. We hypothesized that piglets from LBW litters would have altered gut microbial composition, intestinal architecture, and intestinal transcriptomic profiles compared with piglets from high birth weight (HBW) litters. Sows were designated LBW (n = 45) or HBW (n = 46) based on litter birth weights of three successive parities. LBW piglets were 22% lighter (P < 0.001) at birth; however, no longer differed (P > 0.05) in weight at weaning compared with HBW piglets. LBW piglets had reduced (P < 0.05) fecal microbial diversity with a 114% increase in fecal Enterobacteriaceae (P < 0.05), as well as reduced (P < 0.05) abundance of cecal Roseburia and Faecalibacterium, fiber-degrading butyrate producers. Several genes associated with metabolic (PER2, CES1, KLHL38, and HK2) and immune pathways (IL-1B, IRF8, and TNIP3) were differentially expressed, suggesting altered metabolic and immune function in LBW piglets. In conclusion, LBW piglets had potentially unfavorable shifts in microbial structure in comparison to HBW piglets accompanied with alterations in metabolic and immune gene expression. Results indicate some biological consequences linking LBW phenotype to changes in production efficiency later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle M. Fouhse
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephen Tsoi
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Brenna Clark
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Stephanie Gartner
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Patterson
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - George R. Foxcroft
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Benjamin P. Willing
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Michael K. Dyck
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
- Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada
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Abstract
The variable outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection observed in natural populations is difficult to model in genetically homogeneous small-animal models. The newly developed Collaborative Cross (CC) represents a reproducible panel of genetically diverse mice that display a broad range of phenotypic responses to infection. We explored the genetic basis of this variation, focusing on a CC line that is highly susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection. This study identified multiple quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial control and cytokine production, including one that is caused by a novel loss-of-function mutation in the Itgal gene, which is necessary for T cell recruitment to the infected lung. These studies verify the multigenic control of mycobacterial disease in the CC panel, identify genetic loci controlling diverse aspects of pathogenesis, and highlight the utility of the CC resource. Host genetics plays an important role in determining the outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis
infection. We previously found that Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse strains differ in their susceptibility to M. tuberculosis and that the CC042/GeniUnc (CC042) strain suffered from a rapidly progressive disease and failed to produce the protective cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in the lung. Here, we used parallel genetic and immunological approaches to investigate the basis of CC042 mouse susceptibility. Using a population derived from a CC001/Unc (CC001) × CC042 intercross, we mapped four quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying tuberculosis immunophenotypes (Tip1 to Tip4). These included QTL that were associated with bacterial burden, IFN-γ production following infection, and an IFN-γ-independent mechanism of bacterial control. Further immunological characterization revealed that CC042 animals recruited relatively few antigen-specific T cells to the lung and that these T cells failed to express the integrin alpha L (αL; i.e., CD11a), which contributes to T cell activation and migration. These defects could be explained by a CC042 private variant in the Itgal gene, which encodes CD11a and is found within the Tip2 interval. This 15-bp deletion leads to aberrant mRNA splicing and is predicted to result in a truncated protein product. The ItgalCC042 genotype was associated with all measured disease traits, indicating that this variant is a major determinant of susceptibility in CC042 mice. The combined effect of functionally distinct Tip variants likely explains the profound susceptibility of CC042 mice and highlights the multigenic nature of tuberculosis control in the Collaborative Cross.
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14
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Tavalire HF, Hoal EG, le Roex N, van Helden PD, Ezenwa VO, Jolles AE. Risk alleles for tuberculosis infection associate with reduced immune reactivity in a wild mammalian host. Proc Biol Sci 2019; 286:20190914. [PMID: 31311473 PMCID: PMC6661349 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2019.0914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating biological processes across scales remains a central challenge in disease ecology. Genetic variation drives differences in host immune responses, which, along with environmental factors, generates temporal and spatial infection patterns in natural populations that epidemiologists seek to predict and control. However, genetics and immunology are typically studied in model systems, whereas population-level patterns of infection status and susceptibility are uniquely observable in nature. Despite obvious causal connections, organizational scales from genes to host outcomes to population patterns are rarely linked explicitly. Here we identify two loci near genes involved in macrophage (phagocyte) activation and pathogen degradation that additively increase risk of bovine tuberculosis infection by up to ninefold in wild African buffalo. Furthermore, we observe genotype-specific variation in IL-12 production indicative of variation in macrophage activation. Here, we provide measurable differences in infection resistance at multiple scales by characterizing the genetic and inflammatory variation driving patterns of infection in a wild mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah F Tavalire
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
| | - Eileen G Hoal
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Nikki le Roex
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Paul D van Helden
- South African Medical Research Council, DST/NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical TB Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology and Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anna E Jolles
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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15
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Earley AM, Graves CL, Shiau CE. Critical Role for a Subset of Intestinal Macrophages in Shaping Gut Microbiota in Adult Zebrafish. Cell Rep 2018; 25:424-436. [PMID: 30304682 PMCID: PMC6245655 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is strongly influenced by environmental factors, although host contribution is far less understood. We leveraged macrophage-deficient interferon regulatory factor irf8 zebrafish mutants to investigate the role of macrophages in this process. In conventionally raised adult irf8-deficient mutants, we found a significant loss of intestinal macrophages associated with a strikingly altered gut microbiota when compared to co-housed siblings. The destabilization of the gut commensal microbiota was associated with a severe reduction in complement C1q genes and outgrowth of a rare bacterial species. Consistent with a critical function of irf8 in adult intestinal macrophages, irf8 is abundantly expressed in these cells normally, and restoring macrophage irf8 expression in irf8 mutants was sufficient to recover commensal microbes and C1q genes expression. This study reports an important subpopulation of intestinal macrophages that requires irf8 to establish in the gut, ensure normal colonization of gut microbes, and prevent immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison M Earley
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Christina L Graves
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Celia E Shiau
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Crouser ED, White P, Caceres EG, Julian MW, Papp AC, Locke LW, Sadee W, Schlesinger LS. A Novel In Vitro Human Granuloma Model of Sarcoidosis and Latent Tuberculosis Infection. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2017; 57:487-498. [PMID: 28598206 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2016-0321oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many aspects of pathogenic granuloma formation are poorly understood, requiring new relevant laboratory models that represent the complexity (genetics and diversity) of human disease. To address this need, we developed an in vitro model of granuloma formation using human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) derived from patients with active sarcoidosis, latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI), or normal healthy control subjects. PBMCs were incubated for 7 days with uncoated polystyrene beads or beads coated with purified protein derivative (PPD) or human serum albumin. In response to PPD-coated beads, PBMCs from donors with sarcoidosis and LTBI formed robust multicellular aggregates resembling granulomas, displaying a typical T-helper cell type 1 immune response, as assessed by cytokine analyses. In contrast, minimal PBMC aggregation occurred when control PBMCs were incubated with PPD-coated beads, whereas the response to uncoated beads was negligible in all groups. Sarcoidosis PBMCs responded to human serum albumin-coated beads with modest cellular aggregation and inflammatory cytokine release. Whereas the granuloma-like aggregates formed in response to PPD-coated beads were similar for sarcoidosis and LTBI, molecular profiles differed significantly. mRNA expression patterns revealed distinct pathways engaged in early granuloma formation in sarcoidosis and LTBI, and they resemble molecular patterns reported in diseased human tissues. This novel in vitro human granuloma model is proposed as a tool to investigate mechanisms of early granuloma formation and for preclinical drug discovery research of human granulomatous disorders. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT01857401).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elliott D Crouser
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Peter White
- 2 Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio; and
| | - Evelyn Guirado Caceres
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Mark W Julian
- 1 Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, the Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Audrey C Papp
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Landon W Locke
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
| | - Wolfgang Sadee
- 4 Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, the Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- 3 Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Center for Microbial Interface Biology, and
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17
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Valanparambil RM, Tam M, Gros PP, Auger JP, Segura M, Gros P, Jardim A, Geary TG, Ozato K, Stevenson MM. IRF-8 regulates expansion of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T cells and modulates Th2 immune responses to gastrointestinal nematode infection. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006647. [PMID: 28968468 PMCID: PMC5638610 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon regulatory factor-8 (IRF-8) is critical for Th1 cell differentiation and negatively regulates myeloid cell development including myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSC expand during infection with various pathogens including the gastrointestinal (GI) nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb). We investigated if IRF-8 contributes to Th2 immunity to Hpb infection. Irf8 expression was down-regulated in MDSC from Hpb-infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice. IRF-8 deficient Irf8-/- and BXH-2 mice had significantly higher adult worm burdens than B6 mice after primary or challenge Hpb infection. During primary infection, MDSC expanded to a significantly greater extent in mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN) and spleens of Irf8-/- and BXH-2 than B6 mice. CD4+GATA3+ T cells numbers were comparable in MLN of infected B6 and IRF-8 deficient mice, but MLN cells from infected IRF-8 deficient mice secreted significantly less parasite-specific IL-4 ex vivo. The numbers of alternatively activated macrophages in MLN and serum levels of Hpb-specific IgG1 and IgE were also significantly less in infected Irf8-/- than B6 mice. The frequencies of antigen-experienced CD4+CD11ahiCD49dhi cells that were CD44hiCD62L- were similar in MLN of infected Irf8-/- and B6 mice, but the proportions of CD4+GATA3+ and CD4+IL-4+ T cells were lower in infected Irf8-/- mice. CD11b+Gr1+ cells from naïve or infected Irf8-/- mice suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation and parasite-specific IL-4 secretion in vitro albeit less efficiently than B6 mice. Surprisingly, there were significantly more CD4+ T cells in infected Irf8-/- mice, with a higher frequency of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T (Tregs) cells and significantly higher numbers of Tregs than B6 mice. In vivo depletion of MDSC and/or Tregs in Irf8-/- mice did not affect adult worm burdens, but Treg depletion resulted in higher egg production and enhanced parasite-specific IL-5, IL-13, and IL-6 secretion ex vivo. Our data thus provide a previously unrecognized role for IRF-8 in Th2 immunity to a GI nematode. We investigated if IRF-8, which is critical for Th1 immunity and negatively regulates myeloid cell development including MDSC, contributes to Th2 immunity to the gastrointestinal nematode Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb). Irf8 expression was down-regulated in MDSC from infected C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Hpb-infected IRF-8 deficient mice had significantly higher adult worm burdens than B6 mice. There were significantly more MDSC, fewer alternatively activated macrophages, lower serum levels of Hpb-specific antibodies in infected IRF-8 deficient than B6 mice, and MLN cells from infected IRF-8 deficient mice secreted less parasite-specific IL-4 ex vivo. There were similar frequencies of antigen-experienced CD4+CD11ahiCD49dhi T cells in MLN that were CD44hiCD62L- in infected Irf8-/- and B6 mice, but lower proportions of CD4+GATA3+ and CD4+IL-4+ T cells in Irf8-/- mice. Infected Irf8-/- mice had a higher frequency of CD4+Foxp3+ T (Tregs) cells and significantly higher numbers of Tregs compared to infected B6 mice. MDSC from infected Irf8-/- mice suppressed CD4+ T cell effector functions in vitro albeit less efficiently than B6 mice. Treg and/or MDSC depletion did not affect adult worm burdens in infected Irf8-/- mice, but Treg depletion partially restored Th2 cytokine responses. These data highlight the importance of IRF-8 in Th2 immunity to Hpb infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh M. Valanparambil
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pierre-Paul Gros
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Auger
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mariela Segura
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada
| | - Philippe Gros
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Armando Jardim
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Timothy G. Geary
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Keiko Ozato
- Division of Developmental Biology, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda MD, United States of America
| | - Mary M. Stevenson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre for Host-Parasite Interactions, Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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18
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Ulusoy E, Karaca NE, Aksu G, Çavuşoğlu C, Kütükçüler N. Frequency of Mycobacterium bovis and mycobacteria in primary immunodeficiencies. Turk Arch Pediatr 2017; 52:138-144. [PMID: 29062247 DOI: 10.5152/turkpediatriars.2017.5240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
AIM Susceptibility to mycobacterial diseases is observed in some primary immunodeficiency diseases. In this study, we aimed to evaluate mycobacterial infections in primary immunodeficiency diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Patients under follow-up by Ege University Pediatric Immunology Department for severe combined and combined immunodeficiencies, interleukin 12/ interferon gamma receptor deficiency, nuclear factor kappa-beta essential modulator deficiency and chronic granulomatosis disease were evaluated retrospectively in terms of the frequency and characteristics of mycobacterial infections using a questionnaire form for demographic properties, clinical features and laboratory tests. RESULTS A diagnosis of mycobacterial infection was made clinically in a total of 25 patients including five (11.3%) of 45 patients who had severe combined immune deficiency, 12 (52.3%) of 21 patients who had chronic granulomatous disease, four patients (100%) who had interferon gamma receptor 2 partical deficiency, two patients (100%) who had interleukin 12 receptor beta 1 deficiency and one patient (100%) who had nuclear factor kapa-beta essential modulator deficiency. Mycobacterium strain could be typed in 14 (33%) of these 25 patients including Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium chelonea, Mycobacterium elephantis, Mycobacterium fortuitum, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. All patients were treated with anti-tuberculosis therapy. Thirty-six percent of these 25 patients underwent hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Eight patients (five before, three after transplantation) died. CONCLUSIONS Non-tuberculosis mycobacteria including mainly Mycobacterium bovis were observed with a higher rate compared to Mycobacterium tuberculosis in primary immunodeficiencies, especially in those affecting the interleukin 12/interferon gamma pathway. Early diagnosis of primary immunodeficiencies with neonatal screening program and preventing administration of the Bacille Calmette-Guerin vaccine in these patients is important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Ulusoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Neslihan Edeer Karaca
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Güzide Aksu
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Çavuşoğlu
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Necil Kütükçüler
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Ege University Faculty of Medicine, Izmir, Turkey
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19
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Sontag S, Förster M, Qin J, Wanek P, Mitzka S, Schüler HM, Koschmieder S, Rose-John S, Seré K, Zenke M. Modelling IRF8 Deficient Human Hematopoiesis and Dendritic Cell Development with Engineered iPS Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 35:898-908. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.2565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Sontag
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Malrun Förster
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Jie Qin
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Paul Wanek
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Saskia Mitzka
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Herdit M. Schüler
- Department of Human Genetics, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation; RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
| | - Stefan Rose-John
- Medical Faculty, Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University; Kiel Germany
| | - Kristin Seré
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
| | - Martin Zenke
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School; Aachen Germany
- Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering; RWTH Aachen University; Aachen Germany
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20
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Tuberculosis Susceptibility and Vaccine Protection Are Independently Controlled by Host Genotype. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01516-16. [PMID: 27651361 PMCID: PMC5030360 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01516-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The outcome of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and the immunological response to the bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine are highly variable in humans. Deciphering the relative importance of host genetics, environment, and vaccine preparation for the efficacy of BCG has proven difficult in natural populations. We developed a model system that captures the breadth of immunological responses observed in outbred individual mice, which can be used to understand the contribution of host genetics to vaccine efficacy. This system employs a panel of highly diverse inbred mouse strains, consisting of the founders and recombinant progeny of the "Collaborative Cross" project. Unlike natural populations, the structure of this panel allows the serial evaluation of genetically identical individuals and the quantification of genotype-specific effects of interventions such as vaccination. When analyzed in the aggregate, our panel resembled natural populations in several important respects: the animals displayed a broad range of susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, differed in their immunological responses to infection, and were not durably protected by BCG vaccination. However, when analyzed at the genotype level, we found that these phenotypic differences were heritable. M. tuberculosis susceptibility varied between lines, from extreme sensitivity to progressive M. tuberculosis clearance. Similarly, only a minority of the genotypes was protected by vaccination. The efficacy of BCG was genetically separable from susceptibility to M. tuberculosis, and the lack of efficacy in the aggregate analysis was driven by nonresponsive lines that mounted a qualitatively distinct response to infection. These observations support an important role for host genetic diversity in determining BCG efficacy and provide a new resource to rationally develop more broadly efficacious vaccines. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis (TB) remains an urgent global health crisis, and the efficacy of the currently used TB vaccine, M. bovis BCG, is highly variable. The design of more broadly efficacious vaccines depends on understanding the factors that limit the protection imparted by BCG. While these complex factors are difficult to disentangle in natural populations, we used a model population of mice to understand the role of host genetic composition in BCG efficacy. We found that the ability of BCG to protect mice with different genotypes was remarkably variable. The efficacy of BCG did not depend on the intrinsic susceptibility of the animal but, instead, correlated with qualitative differences in the immune responses to the pathogen. These studies suggest that host genetic polymorphism is a critical determinant of vaccine efficacy and provide a model system to develop interventions that will be useful in genetically diverse populations.
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21
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Do HLA class II genes protect against pulmonary tuberculosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 35:1567-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10096-016-2713-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Host susceptibility to non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2015; 15:968-80. [PMID: 26049967 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(15)00089-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-tuberculous mycobacteria cause a broad range of clinical disorders, from cutaneous infections, such as cervical or intrathoracic lymphadenitis in children, to disseminated infections at all ages. Recognition of the underlying immune defect is crucial for rational treatment, preventive care, family screening, and, in some cases, transplantation. So far, at least seven autosomal mutations (in IL12B, IL12RB1, ISG15, IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, and IRF8) and two X-linked mutations (in IKBKG and CYBB), mostly presenting in childhood, have been reported to confer susceptibility to disseminated non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection. GATA2 deficiency and anti-interferon γ autoantibodies also give rise to disseminated infection, typically in late childhood or adulthood. Furthermore, isolated pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial infection has been increasing in prevalence in people without recognised immune dysfunction. In this Review, we discuss how to detect and differentiate host susceptibility factors underlying localised and systemic non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections.
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EPCR-dependent PAR2 activation by the blood coagulation initiation complex regulates LPS-triggered interferon responses in mice. Blood 2015; 125:2845-54. [PMID: 25733582 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-610717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection and inflammation are invariably associated with activation of the blood coagulation mechanism, secondary to the inflammation-induced expression of the coagulation initiator tissue factor (TF) on innate immune cells. By investigating the role of cell-surface receptors for coagulation factors in mouse endotoxemia, we found that the protein C receptor (ProcR; EPCR) was required for the normal in vivo and in vitro induction of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-regulated gene expression. In cultured bone marrow-derived myeloid cells and in monocytic RAW264.7 cells, the LPS-induced expression of functionally active TF, assembly of the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa initiation complex of blood coagulation, and the EPCR-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) by the ternary TF-VIIa-Xa complex were required for the normal LPS induction of messenger RNAs encoding the TLR3/4 signaling adaptor protein Pellino-1 and the transcription factor interferon regulatory factor 8. In response to in vivo challenge with LPS, mice lacking EPCR or PAR2 failed to fully initiate an interferon-regulated gene expression program that included the Irf8 target genes Lif, Iigp1, Gbp2, Gbp3, and Gbp6. The inflammation-induced expression of TF and crosstalk with EPCR, PAR2, and TLR4 therefore appear necessary for the normal evolution of interferon-regulated host responses.
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24
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Rudko AA, Garaeva AF, Bragina EY, Babushkina NP, Kolokolova OV, Lipaenkova ON, Puzyrev VP, Freidin MB. Mutations in genes underlying atypical familial mycobacteriosis are not found in tuberculosis patients from Siberian populations. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2015; 95:204-7. [PMID: 25676343 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Atypical familial mycobacteriosis (AFM, OMIM #209950) is caused by mutations in genes regulating IL12/IFNG pathway. Some of the mutations exhibit incomplete penetrance, and they have been proposed to be involved in the common (polygenic) predisposition to tuberculosis (TB). We set out to test this hypothesis in two populations from Siberian region of Russia with high prevalence of TB. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prevalence of twelve mutations in IL12/IFNG pathway genes of were analysed in 331 Russians and 238 Tuvinians TB patients and in 279 healthy Russians and 265 healthy Tuvinians. A screening for new mutations and rare polymorphisms was carried out in 10 children with severe generalized TB and severe BCG-vaccine complications using Sanger's bidirectional sequencing. RESULTS Twelve mutations most commonly identified in AFM patients appeared to be "wild-type" monomorphic in the studied groups. No new mutations or rare polymorphisms were identified by sequencing. However, 15 common single nucleotide polymorphisms were found, none of which was associated with TB after correction for multiple testing. CONCLUSION The results of the study contradict with a hypothesis that mutations underlying AFM syndrome are involved in the predisposition to TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Rudko
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - Anna F Garaeva
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Elena Yu Bragina
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Nadezda P Babushkina
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - Valery P Puzyrev
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia; Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Maxim B Freidin
- Research Institute for Medical Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
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25
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Rodrigues RF, Zárate-Bladés CR, Rios WM, Soares LS, Souza PRM, Brandão IT, Masson AP, Arnoldi FGC, Ramos SG, Letourneur F, Jacques S, Cagnard N, Chiocchia G, Silva CL. Synergy of chemotherapy and immunotherapy revealed by a genome-scale analysis of murine tuberculosis. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1774-83. [PMID: 25687643 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although TB immunotherapy improves the results of conventional drug treatment, the effects of combining chemotherapy and immunotherapy have never been systematically evaluated. We used a comprehensive lung transcriptome analysis to directly compare the activity of combined chemotherapy and immunotherapy with that of single treatments in a mouse model of TB. METHODS Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected mice in the chronic phase of the disease (day 30) received: (i) isoniazid and rifampicin (drugs) daily for 30 days; (ii) DNA immunotherapy (DNA), consisting of four 100 μg injections at 10 day intervals; (iii) both therapies (DNA + drugs); or (iv) saline. The effects were evaluated 10 days after the end of treatment (day 70 post-infection). RESULTS In all groups a systemic reduction in the load of bacilli was observed, bacilli became undetectable in the drugs and DNA + drugs groups, but the whole lung transcriptome analysis showed 867 genes exclusively modulated by the DNA + drugs combination. Gene enrichment analysis indicated that DNA + drugs treatment provided synergistic effects, including the down-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines and mediators of fibrosis, as confirmed by real-time PCR, ELISA, histopathology and hydroxyproline assay. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a molecular basis for the advantages of TB treatment using combined chemotherapy and DNA immunotherapy and demonstrate the synergistic effects obtained with this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F Rodrigues
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Carlos R Zárate-Bladés
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Wendy M Rios
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Luana S Soares
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia R M Souza
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Izaíra T Brandão
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ana P Masson
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Frederico G C Arnoldi
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Simone G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, São Paulo, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Franck Letourneur
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Sébastien Jacques
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Nicolas Cagnard
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France Hôpital Necker, Paris, 75015, France
| | - Gilles Chiocchia
- Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin and INSERM U1016, CNRS (CMRS 8104), Paris, 75014, France
| | - Celio L Silva
- The Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, 14049-900, Brazil
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26
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Abstract
Primary immunodeficiencies (PID) are a group of rare inherited disorders that manifest as heightened susceptibility to infection, autoimmunity and/or malignancy. By exploring their genetic and cellular aetiology, we can learn much about the basis of pathogen-specific immunity in humans. This is exemplified by mycobacterial susceptibility, which occurs across several types of PID, either as an isolated problem or as part of a broader pattern of susceptibility to infection. These experiments of nature have contributed to our understanding of the central role of T cells in activating infected macrophages to eliminate phagosomal mycobacteria through mutually activating, cytokine-dependent interactions. In recent years, the discovery of novel forms of PID has emphasised the important role of dendritic cells and monocytes in mycobacterial defence in humans. Here, we provide a brief overview of these new disorders alongside other genetic causes of susceptibility to mycobacterial disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J A Duncan
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, and Great North Children's Hospital, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
| | - Sophie Hambleton
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK, and Department of Infection and Tropical Medicine Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, UK
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27
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Bustamante J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Abel L, Casanova JL. Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease: genetic, immunological, and clinical features of inborn errors of IFN-γ immunity. Semin Immunol 2014; 26:454-70. [PMID: 25453225 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 440] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 09/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mendelian susceptibility to mycobacterial disease (MSMD) is a rare condition characterized by predisposition to clinical disease caused by weakly virulent mycobacteria, such as BCG vaccines and environmental mycobacteria, in otherwise healthy individuals with no overt abnormalities in routine hematological and immunological tests. MSMD designation does not recapitulate all the clinical features, as patients are also prone to salmonellosis, candidiasis and tuberculosis, and more rarely to infections with other intramacrophagic bacteria, fungi, or parasites, and even, perhaps, a few viruses. Since 1996, nine MSMD-causing genes, including seven autosomal (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IL12B, IL12RB1, ISG15, and IRF8) and two X-linked (NEMO, and CYBB) genes have been discovered. The high level of allelic heterogeneity has already led to the definition of 18 different disorders. The nine gene products are physiologically related, as all are involved in IFN-γ-dependent immunity. These disorders impair the production of (IL12B, IL12RB1, IRF8, ISG15, NEMO) or the response to (IFNGR1, IFNGR2, STAT1, IRF8, CYBB) IFN-γ. These defects account for only about half the known MSMD cases. Patients with MSMD-causing genetic defects may display other infectious diseases, or even remain asymptomatic. Most of these inborn errors do not show complete clinical penetrance for the case-definition phenotype of MSMD. We review here the genetic, immunological, and clinical features of patients with inborn errors of IFN-γ-dependent immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacinta Bustamante
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; Center for the Study of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris AP-HP, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Paris, France, EU.
| | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Laurent Abel
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, INSERM-U1163, Paris, France, EU; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France, EU; St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, NY, USA; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Paris, France, EU
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28
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to its extraordinarily fast economic and social transition, virtually closed borders before 1940 and, moreover, that 85% of the population has the distinctive genetics of the Inuit, Greenland is a very interesting country to study cervical cancer from a historical perspective. Nevertheless, little has been reported about long-term cancer trends in Greenland. Our aim was to describe and interpret the incidence of cervical cancer from 1950 to 2009. MATERIAL AND METHODS We systematically searched PubMed for articles reporting the incidence of cervical cancer in Greenland. We supplemented this with data for 1980-2009 obtained from the Chief Medical Officer of Greenland. RESULTS Incidence of cervical cancer was around 10 per 100 000 women (age-standardised, world population, ASW) in the 1950s, 30 per 100 000 in the 1960s, and in the 1980s around 60 per 100 000. From 1985 onwards, the incidence of cervical cancer started decreasing to the current level of 25 per 100 000. CONCLUSION The steep increase in the incidence of cervical cancer from the 1950s onwards is unlikely to be explained by increasing completeness of data. In parallel with the economic development, however, out-of-wedlock births (proxy for sexual behaviour) increased dramatically from 1935 onwards while tobacco use increased from the 1950s onwards. From the late 1960s to around 1990, data suggested rather stable but high levels of sexual habits. The decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer since 1985 is consistent with the introduction of screening. The data strongly suggested that the increased burden of cervical cancer in Greenlandic women was real and followed earlier changes in sexual behaviour; these changes were likely a consequence of the tremendous societal changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente B. Sander
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Matejka Rebolj
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Elsebeth Lynge
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen,
Copenhagen K, Denmark
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29
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Sherkat R. Enigmas of primary immunodeficiency and mycobacterial infection in our territory. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2014. [PMCID: PMC4125981 DOI: 10.1186/1710-1492-10-s1-a30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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30
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Rosendahl A, Bergmann S, Hammerschmidt S, Goldmann O, Medina E. Lung dendritic cells facilitate extrapulmonary bacterial dissemination during pneumococcal pneumonia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2013; 3:21. [PMID: 23802100 PMCID: PMC3689026 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a leading cause of bacterial pneumonia worldwide. Given the critical role of dendritic cells (DCs) in regulating and modulating the immune response to pathogens, we investigated here the role of DCs in S. pneumoniae lung infections. Using a well-established transgenic mouse line which allows the conditional transient depletion of DCs, we showed that ablation of DCs resulted in enhanced resistance to intranasal challenge with S. pneumoniae. DCs-depleted mice exhibited delayed bacterial systemic dissemination, significantly reduced bacterial loads in the infected organs and lower levels of serum inflammatory mediators than non-depleted animals. The increased resistance of DCs-depleted mice to S. pneumoniae was associated with a better capacity to restrict pneumococci extrapulmonary dissemination. Furthermore, we demonstrated that S. pneumoniae disseminated from the lungs into the regional lymph nodes in a cell-independent manner and that this direct way of dissemination was much more efficient in the presence of DCs. We also provide evidence that S. pneumoniae induces expression and activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in cultured bone marrow-derived DCs. MMP-9 is a protease involved in the breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins and is critical for DC trafficking across extracellular matrix and basement membranes during the migration from the periphery to the lymph nodes. MMP-9 was also significantly up-regulated in the lungs of mice after intranasal infection with S. pneumoniae. Notably, the expression levels of MMP-9 in the infected lungs were significantly decreased after depletion of DCs suggesting the involvement of DCs in MMP-9 production during pneumococcal pneumonia. Thus, we propose that S. pneumoniae can exploit the DC-derived proteolysis to open tissue barriers thereby facilitating its own dissemination from the local site of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alva Rosendahl
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Simone Bergmann
- Institute for Microbiology, Department of Cellular Infection Biology, Technische UniversitätBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Sven Hammerschmidt
- Department Genetics of Microorganisms, Interfaculty Institute for Genetics and Functional Genomics, Ernst Moritz University of GreifswaldGreifswald, Germany
| | - Oliver Goldmann
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Department of Medical Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection ResearchBraunschweig, Germany
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Moravkova M, Mrlik V, Parmova I, Kriz P, Pavlik I. High incidence of Mycobacterium avium subspecies hominissuis infection in a zoo population of bongo antelopes (Tragelaphus eurycerus). J Vet Diagn Invest 2013; 25:531-4. [PMID: 23780935 DOI: 10.1177/1040638713490689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis (Mah) infection was diagnosed in 5 captive bongo antelopes (Tragelaphus eurycerus) originating from a collection in a zoological garden. The animals suffered from emaciation. Postmortem examination revealed nodular lesions in the lungs of all 5 examined animals. Acid-fast bacilli were observed in the lungs of 4 animals. Culture and polymerase chain reaction identification based on IS901 negativity and IS1245 positivity confirmed Mah infection in the lungs of all 5 antelopes. In 3 animals, Mah was also isolated from other organs (liver, spleen, and kidney). Molecular analysis of these isolates using IS1245 restriction fragment length polymorphism and/or mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number tandem repeat revealed that the studied antelopes were infected by 1 identical genotype. Furthermore, in 2 antelopes, other genotypes were also detected. This shows the possibility of either genetic modifications occurring during infection or polyclonal infection. Culture examination of environmental samples from the enclosures holding the bongos revealed Mah in mulch bark, peat, and soil. Genotyping of these environmental isolates determined several genotypes with 1 dominant genotype that was identical to the dominant genotype detected in antelopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Moravkova
- Department of Food and Feed Safety, Veterinary Research, Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
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