Cross talk between ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation in health and disease

Exploring the efficacy and constraints of platinum nanoparticles as adjuvant therapy in silicosis management

Silicosis represents a formidable occupational lung pathology precipitated by the pulmonary assimilation of respirable crystalline silica particulates. This condition engenders a cascade of cellular oxidative stress via the activation of bioavailable silica, culminating in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Such oxidative mechanisms lead to irrevocable pulmonary impairment. Contemporary scholarly examinations have underscored the substantial antioxidative efficacy of platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs), postulating their utility as an adjunct therapeutic modality in silicosis management. The physicochemical interaction between PtNPs and silica demonstrates a propensity for adsorption, thereby facilitating the amelioration and subsequent pulmonary clearance of silica aggregates. In addition to their detoxifying attributes, PtNPs exhibit pronounced anti-inflammatory and antioxidative activities, which can neutralize ROS and inhibit macrophage-mediated inflammatory processes. Such attributes are instrumental in attenuating inflammatory responses and forestalling subsequent lung tissue damage. This discourse delineates the interplay between ROS and PtNPs, the pathogenesis of silicosis and its progression to pulmonary fibrosis, and critically evaluates the potential adjunct role of PtNPs in the therapeutic landscape of silicosis, alongside a contemplation of the inherent limitations associated with PtNPs application in this context.

Tomentosin mitigates the LPS induced cardiac injury by regulating Nrf-2/Nf-κβ pathway in mice

Endotoxemic shock is a severe complication characterized by multiple organ failure, hypotension, and impaired tissue perfusion, all contributing to high morbidity and mortality. Recent studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of tomentosin. This study investigates the protective effects of tomentosin against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiac injury and elucidates its underlying mechanisms. Mice were pre-treated with tomentosin before the LPS administration. Subsequently, cardiac injury markers, oxidative stress parameters, inflammatory mediators, and Nrf-2/NF-κB protein expression levels were analysed. The results demonstrated that tomentosin significantly reduced Troponin and CK-MB levels, alleviated oxidative stress, and suppressed inflammatory responses. Furthermore, tomentosin inhibited NF-κB activation while enhancing Nrf-2 expression. In conclusion, our findings suggest that tomentosin exerts cardioprotective effects by modulating the Nrf-2/NF-κB pathway, positioning it as a potential therapeutic candidate for preventing LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction.

Sildenafil abrogates radiation-induced hepatotoxicity in animal model: The impact of NF-κB-p65, P53, Nrf2, and SIRT 1 pathway

Ionizing radiation has both beneficial and harmful effects on human health, prompting researchers to find ways to protect organs from its adverse impacts. Sildenafil (SIL) has gained attention in protective medicine due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.

AIM

This study aimed to investigate SIL's protective mechanisms against radiation-induced liver damage.

METHOD

Forty adult male Wistar rats were divided into: control group, SIL group (2.5 mg/kg,p.o), irradiation group (rats were exposed to single shot at a dose of 10 Gy to induce liver damage), and SIL + irradiation group. Serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) were evaluated. Liver samples were used to evaluate oxidative stress indicators, reduced glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide(NO), Hepatic antioxidant nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), and apoptoticp53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis(P53) gene expression were determined by Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis for hepatic nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and silent information regulator-1(SIRT1) were performed along with histopathological examination.

RESULTS

SIL effectively diminished inflammation by reducing p-NF-κB-p65 and increasing Nrf2 and SIRT 1 expression. Additionally, SIL restrained apoptosis by reducing P53 protein expressions. Moreover, SIL significantly improved radiation-induced histopathological changes.

SIGNIFICANCE

SIL preventing hepatotoxicity associated with radiation exposure.

Effects of dietary supplementation with bile acids on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, lipid metabolism, and cecal microbiota of Danzhou chickens

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different bile acid levels in the diet on the growth performance, hepatic lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and cecal microbiota of Danzhou chickens. 480 one-day-old male Danzhou chickens were randomly divided into four treatments and fed diets supplemented with 0, 200, 400, or 800 mg/kg bile acids. The trial lasted for 35 days. The results indicated that supplementing the diet with 400 mg/kg bile acids significantly increased average daily weight gain and reduced the feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05). Bile acid supplementation modulated serum lipid profiles, with 800 mg/kg increasing total bile acid levels, while 400 mg/kg reduced triglyceride and total cholesterol concentrations (P < 0.05). In the liver, 400 mg/kg bile acids increased total bile acid content, reduced triglycerides and total cholesterol accumulation, upregulated phospholipase C delta 1, acyl-CoA oxidase 1, and apolipoprotein A1 expression, and enhanced hepatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase activities (P < 0.05), indicating alleviated lipid deposition. All bile acids treatments improved antioxidant capacity by elevating total antioxidant capacity, catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase levels (P < 0.05) while reducing malondialdehyde (P < 0.05) in serum and liver, with optimal effects at 400 mg/kg. Bile acid supplementation increased levels of immunoglobulins (IgA and IgG) and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 (P < 0.05), while reducing levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (P < 0.05). Morphological analysis of the intestine revealed that 400 mg/kg of bile acids significantly enhanced villus height and the villus height-to-crypt depth ratio (P < 0.05) in both the duodenum and ileum. Cecal microbiota analysis revealed that supplementation with 400 mg/kg bile acids increased microbial diversity and enriched Christensenellaceae_R-7_group and Weissella, whereas Barnesiellaceae_unclassified, Campylobacter, and Lactobacillus were predominant in the CON. In conclusion, the results suggest that dietary supplementation with 400 mg/kg of bile acids enhances antioxidant capacity and immune function in Danzhou chickens, potentially improving serum and hepatic lipid metabolism by modulating the cecal microbiota, thereby promoting growth performance.

17β-estradiol inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and pyroptosis of Leydig cells of the domestic yak (Bos grunniens) via the SIRT1/Nox4/ROS pathway

Estradiol (E2) secreted by Leydig cells (LCs) can accumulate in the testes due to constriction of the reproductive lumen. Estrogen is not only important for reproduction, but also protects against inflammation. In this study, the role of pyroptosis in testicular inflammation and the effects of E2 against inflammation and pyroptosis of yak interstitial cells were investigated. Inflamed testes exhibited structural damage and pyroptosis with decreased E2, testosterone, and estrogen receptor β (ERβ) levels in testicular fluid. E2 alone inhibited testosterone secretion and increased ERβ expression in mature LCs. In LCs, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) causes inflammation by activation of TNF-α and IL-6, and pyroptosis via activation of the classical and non-classical pyroptosis pathways. LPS inhibits sex hormone secretion and ERβ expression in LCs. E2 inhibited the LPS-induced decrease of ER expression in LCs and also inhibited LPS-induced interstitial cell inflammation and pyroptosis, which was partially blocked by Selisistat (EX-527, SIRT1 inhibitor) or Fulvestrant (ICI 182,780, E2 non-genomic receptor inhibitors). In conclusion, E2 relieved LPS-induced inflammation and pyroptosis of yak LCs via the SIRT1/Nox4/ROS pathway. This finding provides new insights into the role of estrogen in male reproductive health and offers a potential therapeutic strategy to improve testicular immune and reproductive function by modulating hormonal homeostasis.

Anti-angiogenic activity and mechanism of fucoidan from brown algae, Sargassum Naozhouense mediated by intracellular antioxidation

Fucoidan has various physiological activities, and its structure is also different according to different brown algae. In this study SNF (Sargassum Naozhouense fucoidan) was extracted by acid extraction method, and its relative molecular weight was determined to be 631.40 kDa. The structure contains 42 % hydroxyl with sulfate group, and it is mainly composed of fucose, galactose and xylose. In the activity study, intracellular oxidative stress is closely related to angiogenesis. The results show that SNF could ameliorate cellular oxidative stress injury by inhibiting the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO) and DNA damage in HepG2/CYP2E1 cell. In addition, SNF can reduce the activity of Matrix Metallopeptidase (MMP-2/9), and inhibit hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) expression by regulating the downstream PI3K/AKT and Ras/MAPK pathways, thereby preventing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, and further inhibits VEGF receptor-2 activation and ultimately inhibits angiogenesis in HT1080 and HUVECs. Therefore, SNF has the potential to develop tumor prevention functional substances and can provide theoretical basis for the high-value comprehensive utilization of brown algae.

The AHR-NRF2-JDP2 gene battery: Ligand-induced AHR transcriptional activation

Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) can regulate a series of genes encoding the detoxifying phase I and II enzymes, via a signaling crosstalk known as the "AHR-NRF2 gene battery". The chromatin transcriptional regulator Jun dimerization protein 2 (JDP2) plays a central role in thetranscription of AHR gene in response to the phase I enzyme ligand 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. It forms a transcriptional complex with AHR-AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and NRF2-small musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma proteins (sMAF), which are then recruited to the respective cis-elements, such as dioxin response elements and antioxidant response elements, respectively, in the AHR promoter. Here, we present a revised description of the AHR-NRF2 gene battery as the AHR-NRF2-JDP2 gene battery for transactivating the AHR promoter by phase I enzyme ligands. The chromatin regulator JDP2 was found to be involved in the movement of AHR-NRF2 complexes from the dioxin response element to the antioxidant response element in the AHR promoter, during its activation in a spatiotemporal manner. This new epigenetic and chromatin remodeling role of AHR-NRF2-JDP2 axis is useful for identifying new therapeutic targets for various diseases, including immunological response, detoxification, development, and cancer-related diseases.

Protective effect of puerarin in diabetic nephropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of animal studies

BACKGROUND

Puerarin is a crucial constituent separated from the Chinese herbaceous plant, Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, which exhibits multiple biological activities. Previous studies have indicated that puerarin has a function to alleviate renal damage in animal models of diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, there is still a dearth of systematic preclinical studies.

PURPOSE

This study was designed to assess the effectiveness of puerarin on DN through meta-analysis. Furthermore, it aimed to reveal the underlying mechanisms of puerarin's efficacy in treating DN.

METHODS

The animal studies were retrieved from 5 electronic databases. In total, 26 studies were included in our analysis. STATA 18.0 software was employed to evaluate crucial parameters, including fasting blood glucose (FBG), serum creatinine (SCr), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), proteinuria, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and lipid metabolism.

RESULTS

The results indicate that puerarin significantly improves FBG, SCr, BUN, proteinuria, and kidney index (KI). Additionally, puerarin enhances indicators of oxidative stress including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT), while reduces inflammatory indicators like interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Moreover, puerarin lowers triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, puerarin has the effect of improving renal function in DN animals possibly through antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and the regulation of renal lipid accumulation, which offers preclinical support for its possible therapeutic use in the management of DN.

Assisting significance of lncRNA ASB16-AS1 in the early detection and prognosis prediction of patients with deep venous thrombosis

BACKGROUND

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a kind of vascular obstruction, that commonly and widely occurs in lower limbs. Due to the lack of obvious symptoms in the early stage, the rate of misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis is high. This study evaluated the expression and significance of lncRNA ASB16-AS1 (ASB16-AS1) in DVT aiming to identify a novel biomarker for its screening and monitoring.

METHODS

There were 77 DVT patients and 62 healthy individuals included in this study. Plasma ASB16-AS1 level was evaluated using PCR and compared between DVT and healthy groups. The diagnostic and prognostic values of ASB16-AS1 were assessed with ROC and Cox analyses. The correlation of ASB16-AS1 with patients' conditions, inflammation, and oxidative stress was evaluated by Spearman correlation analysis.

RESULTS

ASB16-AS1 was significantly upregulated in DVT (P < 0.001), which could discriminate DVT patients from healthy individuals with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC of ROC = 0.858). Increased ASB16-AS1 was associated with the incidence of complications (P = 0.033) and especially for pulmonary embolism in patients (P = 0.029). ASB16-AS1 was negatively correlated with prothrombin time (PT, r = -0.763), antithrombin level (AT, r = -0.711), and international normalized ratio (INR, r = -0.764), and showed positive correlation with fibrinogen (FIB, r = 0.793) and D-dimer (D-D, r = 0.731). Additionally, ASB16-AS1 was positively correlated with pro-inflammation cytokines (rIL-6 = 0.853, rIL-10 = -0.836, rhsCRP = 0.787) and pro-oxidative stress factors (rSOD = -0.751, rMDA = 0.842, r8-isoPGF2α = 0.840).

CONCLUSION

Upregulated ASB16-AS1 was identified as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker of DVT and was closely associated with inflammation and oxidative stress during DVT.

AKRs confer oligodendrocytes resistance to differentiation-stimulated ferroptosis

Ferroptosis is a recently characterized form of cell death that has gained attention for its roles in both pathological and physiological contexts. The existence of multiple anti-ferroptotic pathways in both neoplastic and healthy cells, along with the critical regulation of iron metabolism involved in lipid peroxides (lipid-ROS) production-the primary mediators of this cell death process-underscores the necessity of precisely controlling or preventing accidental/unwanted ferroptosis. Conversely, dysregulated iron metabolism and alterations in the expression or activity of key anti-ferroptotic components are linked to the development and progression of various human diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). In MS, the improper activation of ferroptosis has been associated with the progressive loss of myelinating oligodendrocytes (myOLs). Our study demonstrates that the physiological and maturation-dependent increase in iron accumulation within oligodendrocytes acts as a pro-ferroptotic signal, countered by the concurrent expression of AKR1C1. Importantly, MS-related neuroinflammation contributes to the down-regulation of AKR1C1 through miRNA-mediated mechanisms, rendering mature oligodendrocytes more vulnerable to ferroptosis. Together, these findings highlight the role of ferroptosis in MS-associated oligodendrocyte loss and position AKR1C1 as a potential therapeutic target for preserving oligodendrocyte integrity and supporting neuronal function in MS patients.

HIF-1α/BNIP3-Mediated Endoplasmic Reticulum Degradation via Autophagy Protects Against Ischemia Reperfusion-Induced Acute Kidney Injury

Aims: Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degradation via autophagy is a process that maintains ER homeostasis when cells are in a state of stress and is associated with many diseases; however, the role of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α)-mediated ER degradation and the related regulatory pathway in acute kidney injury (AKI) still needs to be further established. Results: In the present study, an in vivo AKI model was induced in mice via the ischemia-reperfusion (IR) method. The results revealed that HIF-1α and BNIP3 were increased, and autophagy and ER degradation were activated in the kidneys of AKI mice, whereas HIF-1α knockout significantly inhibited BNIP3, autophagy and ER degradation, accompanied by aggravated kidney injury. Overexpression of HIF-1α in vitro significantly increased BNIP3, autophagy and ER degradation, whereas inhibition of BNIP3 significantly reversed the effects of HIF-1α. In addition, the in vitro inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine significantly reversed the effects of HIF-1α on cell apoptosis. Moreover, selectively overexpressing BNIP3 on the ER membrane significantly increased ER degradation via autophagy and decreased cell apoptosis in vitro. Innovation and Conclusion: These data indicate that HIF-1α/BNIP3-mediated ER degradation via autophagy in tubular cells protects against IR-induced AKI. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 42, 212-227.

Protective Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharide Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells

Chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) is receiving increasing attention as a feed additive in animal production. COS has a variety of biological functions, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. Mastitis is a major disease in dairy cows that has a significant impact on animal welfare and production. Hence, this research aimed to investigate the mechanism of COS on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated inflammatory response and oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs). In this study, the results demonstrated that COS protected BMECs from the inflammatory response induced by LPS by restraining the excessive production of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). COS treatment also suppressed excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and restored antioxidant enzyme activity under LPS-induced oxidative stress conditions. Furthermore, the results also demonstrated that COS promote nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression and inhibit TLR4 levels and p65 and IκBα phosphorylation in BMECs exposed to LPS. In summary, the results demonstrate that the protective mechanism of COS on the LPS-induced inflammatory response and oxidative stress depend on the TLR4/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and Nrf2 signaling pathways, indicating that COS could serve as natural protective agents for alleviating BMECs in mastitis.

Studying targeted oxidation in diabetic cognitive dysfunction based on scientometrics analysis: research progress of natural product approaches

PURPOSE

The aim is to provide new insights for researchers studying the pathogenesis of diabetic cognitive dysfunction and promoting the wider use of natural products in their treatment.

METHOD

First, the Web of Science Core Collection was selected as the data source for a computerized literature search on oxidative stress and diabetic cognitive dysfunction (DCD). Next, Biblimetrix and VOSviewer performed statistical analysis focusing on publication countries, institutions, authors, research hotspots, and emerging directions in the field. Then, through the analysis of keywords and key articles, the forefront of the field is identified. Finally, we discussed the pathogenesis of DCD, the influence of oxidative stress on DCD and the antioxidant effect of natural products on DCD.

RESULT

293 valid papers were obtained. Bibliometrics showed that oxidative stress, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease (AD), cognitive decline, insulin resistance and quercetin were the key words of the symbiotic network.

CONCLUSION

The antioxidant effects of natural products in improving DCD have been extensively studied in preclinical studies, providing potential for their treatment in DCD, but their evaluation in clinical trials is currently uncommon.

PAT exposure caused human hepatocytes apoptosis and induced mice subacute liver injury by activating oxidative stress and the ERS-associated PERK pathway

With the widespread use of antimony compounds in synthetic materials and processing, the occupational exposure and environmental pollution caused by antimony have attracted the attention of researchers. Studies have shown that antimony compounds can cause liver damage, but the mechanism has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we used the trivalent potassium antimony tartrate (PAT) to infect L02 hepatocytes and Kunming (KM) mice to establish an antimony-induced apoptosis model of L02 cells and a subacute liver injury model of KM mice. We found that PAT exposure caused hepatocyte apoptosis and was accompanied by oxidative stress and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and the ERS-associated PERK pathway was activated. Further experimental results showed that N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment or silencing of the PERK gene in L02 cells reduced PAT-induced apoptosis. The activity of SOD and CAT in treated L02 cells was increased, the malondialdehyde content in L02 cells and liver tissues was decreased, and the content of ERS-related proteins GRP78 and CHOP, as well as the content of PERK-pathway-related proteins p-PERK/PERK, p-eif2α/eif2α and ATF4 protein were significantly reduced. Overall, PAT exposure triggered hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury by inducing oxidative stress and activating the ERS-associated PERK pathway; however, this effect could be alleviated by NAC intervention or silencing of PERK in hepatocytes.

Stem cell factor restrains endoplasmic reticulum stress-associated apoptosis through c-Kit receptor activation of JAK2/STAT3 axis in hippocampal neuronal cells

BACKGROUND

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common elderly disorder characterized by cognitive decline. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Stem cell factor (SCF) performs its biological functions by binding to and activating receptor tyrosine kinase c-Kit. We aimed to investigate the effects of SCF/c-Kit and JAK2/STAT3 on ER stress and apoptosis in AD.

METHODS

The study employed L-glutamic acid (L-Glu)-treated HT22 cells as sporadic AD cell model and APP/PS1 mice as an animal model of familiar AD. SCF, c-Kit inhibitor ISCK03 or JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor WP1066 was treated to verify the effects of SCF/c-Kit and JAK2/STAT3 on ER stress and apoptosis of L-Glu-exposed HT22 cells. Cell viability was assessed by MTT. BrdU detected cell proliferation. Flow cytometry measured cell apoptosis. The expression levels of ER stress markers GRP78, PERK, CHOP, and apoptosis protein caspase3 were determined by western blot. The effect on the mRNA of ER stress markers GRP78, PERK, CHOP and apoptotic caspase3 were quantified by RT-qPCR in primary cultured hippocampal neurons from APP/PS1 transgenic mice.

RESULTS

Administration of SCF significantly augmented the activity and proliferation of hippocampal neuronal cells, protecting cells against L-Glu induced ER stress-associated apoptosis. Moreover, the addition of ISCK03 (c-Kit inhibitor) or WP1066 (JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor) reversed SCF effects on ER stress and apoptosis in vitro.

CONCLUSION

We found that SCF inhibits L-Glu-induced ER stress-associated apoptosis via JAK2/STAT3 axis in HT22 hippocampal neuronal cells, as well as in primary hippocampal neurons from APP/PS1 mice, which provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AD and explores novel therapeutic targets for both sporadic and familial AD.

Molecular Factors Involved in the Pathogenesis of Pyometra in Domestic Cats (Felis catus)

Pyometra is a major reproductive disorder affecting female cats. Characterized by the accumulation of purulent exudate in the uterus, it can lead to severe and potentially fatal complications. This pathology primarily occurs in adult cats during diestrus, but can also affect younger felines, often due to inappropriate administration of hormonal medications. While the etiopathogenesis of pyometra is better understood in bitches, few studies have addressed the molecular factors involved in feline pyometra. Therefore, this review aims to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive discussion of pyometra in cats, focusing on the regulation of molecular factors described in this species, including hormonal, redox, immunological, and growth factors. Understanding the regulation of these factors in pyometra is crucial for elucidating its pathogenesis in domestic cats and for improving diagnosis and identifying novel therapeutic approaches.

Determination of thiol-disulphide homeostasis in premenstrual syndrome during adolescence

BACKGROUND

Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) characterized by cyclic symptoms during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, presents an uncertain etiology in adolescents involving hormonal fluctuations and serotonin-related neurotransmitters with a limited existing literature on the impact of oxidative stress. This study aimed to explore the potential association between PMS and oxidative stress in adolescents.

METHODS

In a cross-sectional study conducted at a university hospital, involving 45 adolescent girls aged 12 to 18, participants were categorized based on the presence or absence of PMS using the cut-off point of 110 on the PMS Scale developed by Gençdoğan. Oxidative stress was assessed through dynamic thiol-disulfide homeostasis. The shift from the balance towards disulfide form is associated with oxidative stress, whereas towards thiol it shows a greater antioxidant capacity.

RESULTS

Thirty out of the forty-five participants were found to have PMS with a mean age of 15.5 years. The PMS group demonstrated a significant increase in antioxidant markers, specifically elevated native (631.6±57.55 vs 598.2±41.08, p=0.048) and total thiol levels (675.15±3.4 vs 639.3±44.9, p=0.031). Despite a significant increase in thiol, thiol to disulfide ratio was not found to be significant (p=0.849).

CONCLUSION

Contradictory to other studies in adults, we have demonstrated an increase in the antioxidant markers in adolescents with PMS. Elevated antioxidant status in adolescents with PMS may be an adaptive response to acute cyclic inflammation in the adolescent period, which might decrease with the progression of age. Further research is needed to investigate the complex interaction between oxidative stress and PMS across different age groups.

Hordenine Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Mastitis by Suppressing Inflammation and Oxidative Stress, Modulating Intestinal Microbiota, and Preserving the Blood-Milk Barrier

Mastitis is a common mammalian disease occurring in the mammary tissue and poses a major threat to agriculture and the dairy industry. Hordenine (HOR), a phenylethylamine alkaloid naturally extracted from malt, has various pharmacological effects, but its role in mastitis is unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of HOR and its underlying mechanism in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response model of mouse mammary epithelial cells (EpH4-Ev) and mouse mastitis model. The experimental results showed that HOR attenuated LPS-induced mammary tissue damage (from 3.75 ± 0.25 to 1.75 ± 0.25) and restored the integrity of the blood-milk barrier. Further mechanistic studies revealed that HOR inhibited LPS-induced overactivation of the TLR4-MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway and activated the AMPK/Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Additionally, HOR altered the composition of the intestinal microbiota in mice, ultimately reducing the extent of inflammatory injury (from 3.33 ± 0.33 to 0.67 ± 0.33) and upregulating the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1, occludin, and claudin-3). The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis in the rational use of HOR for the prevention and treatment of mastitis and the maintenance of mammalian mammary gland health.

Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter-2 Inhibitor Suppresses Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Nephropathy Through Nrf2 Signaling: A Clinical and Experimental Study

Diabetic nephropathy (DN), a severe complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is marked by heightened endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and oxidative stress (OS) due to protein misfolding and free radical generation. We investigated the sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i), canagliflozin (Cana), in alleviating ERS and OS in DN patients and THP-1 cells under hyperglycemic condition. A total of 120 subjects were divided into four groups, with 30 subjects in each group: healthy controls, T2DM individuals, DN patients receiving standard treatment, and those treated with Cana. The control group had no history of diabetes, cardiovascular or renal diseases, or other comorbidities. Cana was administered at doses of either 100 or 300 mg per day based on the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) value of DN individuals, with a mean follow-up of 6 months. Additionally, THP-1 monocytes were exposed to HGM (33.3 mM glucose with a cytokine cocktail of TNF-α and IFN-γ at 50 ng/mL each) to evaluate the relative levels of ERS, OS markers, and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), the transcription factor regulating cellular redox, which is downregulated in diabetes. Our results revealed that ERS markers GRP78 and PERK, as well as OS markers TXNIP and p22phox, were elevated in both DN patients and HGM-treated THP-1 monocytes and were reduced by Cana intervention. Furthermore, Cana regulated the phosphorylation of Nrf2, Akt, and EIF2α in HGM-treated monocytes. In conclusion, our findings highlight the role of Cana in activating Nrf2, thereby attenuating ERS and OS to mitigate DN progression.

IRE1α Mediates the Hypertrophic Growth of Cardiomyocytes Through Facilitating the Formation of Initiation Complex to Promote the Translation of TOP-Motif Transcripts

BACKGROUND

Cardiomyocyte growth is coupled with active protein synthesis, which is one of the basic biological processes in living cells. However, it is unclear whether the unfolded protein response transducers and effectors directly take part in the control of protein synthesis. The connection between critical functions of the unfolded protein response in cellular physiology and requirements of multiple processes for cell growth prompted us to investigate the role of the unfolded protein response in cell growth and underlying molecular mechanisms.

METHODS

Cardiomyocyte-specific inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) knockout and overexpression mouse models were generated to explore its function in vivo. Neonatal rat ventricular myocytes were isolated and cultured to evaluate the role of IRE1α in cardiomyocyte growth in vitro. Mass spectrometry was conducted to identify novel interacting proteins of IRE1α. Ribosome sequencing and polysome profiling were performed to determine the molecular basis for the function of IRE1α in translational control.

RESULTS

We show that IRE1α is required for cell growth in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes under prohypertrophy treatment and in HEK293 cells in response to serum stimulation. At the molecular level, IRE1α directly interacts with eIF4G and eIF3, 2 critical components of the translation initiation complex. We demonstrate that IRE1α facilitates the formation of the translation initiation complex around the endoplasmic reticulum and preferentially initiates the translation of transcripts with 5' terminal oligopyrimidine motifs. We then reveal that IRE1α plays an important role in determining the selectivity and translation of these transcripts. We next show that IRE1α stimulates the translation of epidermal growth factor receptor through an unannotated terminal oligopyrimidine motif in its 5' untranslated region. We further demonstrate a physiological role of IRE1α-governed protein translation by showing that IRE1α is essential for cardiomyocyte growth and cardiac functional maintenance under hemodynamic stress in vivo.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies suggest a noncanonical, essential role of IRE1α in orchestrating protein synthesis, which may have important implications in cardiac hypertrophy in response to pressure overload and general cell growth under other physiological and pathological conditions.

Strategically engineered Au(I) complexes for orchestrated tumor eradication via chemo-phototherapy and induced immunogenic cell death

Cancer is a significant cause of death around the world, and for many varieties, treatment is not successful. Therefore, there is a need for the development of innovative, efficacious, and precisely targeted treatments. Here, we develop a series of Au(I) complexes (1-4) through rational manipulation of ligand structures, thereby achieving tumor cell specific targeting and orchestrated tumor eradication via chemo-phototherapy and induced immunogenic cell death. A comprehensive exploration based on in vitro and in vivo female mice experimentation shows that complex 4 exhibits proficiency in specific tumor imaging, endoplasmic reticulum targeting, and has robust therapeutic capabilities. Mechanistic elucidation indicates that the anticancer effect derives from the synergistic actions of thioredoxin reductase inhibition, highly efficient reactive oxygen species production and immunogenic cell death. This work presents a report on a robust Au(I) complex integrating three therapeutic modalities within a singular system. The strategy presented in this work provides a valuable reference for the development of high-performance therapeutic agents.

Low expression of selenoprotein S induces oxidative damage in cartilages

Low levels of the indispensable trace element selenium (Se) can cause oxidative stress and disrupt environmental homeostasis in humans and animals. Selenoprotein S (Selenos), of which Se is a key component, is a member of the selenoprotein family involved in various biological processes. This study aimed to investigate whether low-level SELENOS gene expression can induce oxidative stress and decrease the antioxidative capacity of chondrocytes. Compared with control cells, SELENOS-knockdown ATDC5 cells showed substantially higher dihydroethidium, reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde levels, and lower superoxide dismutase (SOD) expression. Knockout of the gene in C57BL/6 mice increased the 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine level considerably and decreased SOD expression in cartilages relative to the levels in wild-type mice. The results showed that the increased nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling mediated by low-level SELENOS expression was involved in oxidative damage. The proliferative zone of the cartilage growth plate of SELENOS-knockout mice was shortened, suggesting cartilage differentiation dysfunction. In conclusion, this study confirmed that low-level Selenos expression plays a role in oxidative stress in cartilages.

Exploring the therapeutic effects of sulforaphane: an in-depth review on endoplasmic reticulum stress modulation across different disease contexts

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an intracellular organelle that contributes to the folding of proteins and calcium homeostasis. Numerous elements can disrupt its function, leading to the accumulation of proteins that are unfolded or misfolded in the lumen of the ER, a condition that is known as ER stress. This phenomenon can trigger cell death through the activation of apoptosis and inflammation. Glucoraphanin (GRA) is the predominant glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables. Various mechanical and biochemical processes activate the enzyme myrosinase, leading to the hydrolysis of glucoraphanin into the bioactive compound sulforaphane. Sulforaphane is an organosulfur compound that belongs to the isothiocyanate group. It possesses a wide range of activities and has shown remarkable potential as an anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, and anti-angiogenic substance. Additionally, sulforaphane is resistant to oxidation, has been demonstrated to have low toxicity, and is considered well-tolerable in individuals. These properties make it a valuable natural dietary supplement for research purposes. Sulforaphane has been demonstrated as a potential candidate drug molecule for managing a range of diseases, primarily because of its potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, which can be mediated by modulation of ER stress pathways. This review seeks to cover a wealth of data supporting the broad range of protective functions of sulforaphane, improving various diseases, such as cardiovascular, central nervous system, liver, eye, and reproductive diseases, as well as diabetes, cancer, gastroenteritis, and osteoarthritis, through the amelioration of ER stress in both in vivo and in vitro studies.

The involvement of neuroinflammation in an animal model of dementia and depression

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and depression are inflammatory pathologies, leading to increased inflammatory response and neurotoxicity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of the treatment with fluoxetine and/or galantamine and/or donepezil on the levels of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in a mixed animal model of depression and dementia. Adult male Wistar rats underwent chronic mild stress (CMS) protocol for 40 days and were subjected to stereotaxic surgery for intra-hippocampal administration of amyloid-beta (Aꞵ) peptide or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) to mimic the dementia animal model. On the 42nd day, animals were treated with water, galantamine, donepezil, and/or fluoxetine, orally for 17 days. On the 57th and 58th days, the Splash and Y-maze tests for behavior analysis were performed. The frontal cortex and hippocampus were used to analyze the tumor necrosis factor alfa (TNF-α), interleukin 1 beta (IL-1ꞵ), IL-6, and IL-10 levels. The results of this study show that animals subjected to CMS and administration of Aꞵ had anhedonia, cognitive impairment, increased TNF-α and IL-1ꞵ levels in the frontal cortex, and reduced IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. All treatment groups were able to reverse the cognitive impairment. Only donepezil did not decrease the TNF-α levels in the hippocampus. Fluoxetine + galantamine and fluoxetine + donepezil reversed the anhedonia. Fluoxetine reversed the anhedonia and IL-1ꞵ levels in the frontal cortex. In addition, fluoxetine + donepezil reversed the reduction of IL-10 levels in the hippocampus. The results indicate a pathophysiological interaction between AD and depression, and the association of medications in the future may be a possible therapeutic strategy to reduce inflammation, especially the fluoxetine-associated treatments.

An antioxidant and anti-ER stress combination therapy elevates phosphorylation of α-Syn at serine 129 and alleviates post-TBI PD-like pathology in a sex-specific manner in mice

Clinical studies have shown that traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases the onset of Parkinson's disease (PD) in later life by >50%. Oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and inflammation are the major drivers of both TBI and PD pathologies. We presently evaluated if curtailing oxidative stress and ER stress concomitantly using a combination of apocynin and tert-butylhydroquinone and salubrinal during the acute stage after TBI in mice reduces the severity of late-onset PD-like pathology. The effect of multiple low doses of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on post-TBI neurodegeneration was also evaluated. The combo therapy elevated the level of phosphorylation at serine 129 (pS129) of α-Syn in the pericontusional cortex of male mice at 72 h post-TBI. Motor and cognitive deficits induced by TBI lasted at least 3 months and the combo therapy curtailed these deficits in both sexes. At 3 months post-TBI, male mice given combo therapy exhibited significantly lesser α-Syn aggregates in the SN and higher TH+ cells in the SNpc, compared to vehicle control. However, the aggregate number was not significantly different between groups of female mice. Moreover, TBI-induced loss of TH+ cells was negligible in female mice irrespective of treatment. The MPTP treatment aggravated PD-like pathology in male mice but had a negligible effect on the loss of TH+ cells in female mice. Thus, the present study indicates that mitigation of TBI-induced oxidative stress and ER stress at the acute stage could potentially reduce the risk of post-TBI PD-like pathology at least in male mice, plausibly by elevating pS129-α-Syn level.

Comparison of the effect of Sunset yellow on the stomach and small intestine of developmental period of mice

Sunset Yellow (SY), a synthetic food dye, is widely used in the food industry worldwide. The acceptable daily dosage for SY is 2.5 mg/kg/bw in humans. If SY is consumed in overdosage, it may cause histopathological effects in several organs. Studies in the literature about the effects of SY on growth and development in mammals are contradictory, and there are not enough of them. The investigation aims to determine SY's effects on the stomach and small intestine in different age groups of mice using histological methods. Control and treatment groups were created via mice aged 4, 8, and 10 weeks (n = 6). SY was administered by gavage at a level of 30 mg/kg/bw for 28 days to treatment groups. On the last day of the study, the mice were weighed and sacrificed by cervical dislocation. Stomach and small intestine tissues were removed from mice and transferred to 10 % formaldehyde. After passing through alcohol and xylene series and staining with Hematoxylin-Eosin, the tissues were evaluated under light and electron microscopy. The mean body weight (p = 0.01), mean stomach weight (p = 0.03), and mean small intestine weight were increased (p = 0.02) in treatment groups. In these groups, ruptures, fractures, and hemorrhage were detected in the small intestine tissue. In the stomach tissue, necrotic areas and hemorrhage were detected among the epithelial cells. The degenerations were more advanced in the weaning group. SY may be more harmful during weaning and puberty, but additional long-term studies are needed on the subject.

The Role of Zinc in the Development of Vascular Dementia and Parkinson's Disease and the Potential of Carnosine as Their Therapeutic Agent

Synaptic zinc ions (Zn2+) play an important role in the development of vascular dementia (VD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). In this article, we reviewed the current comprehension of the Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity that leads to the pathogenesis of these neuronal diseases. Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity was investigated by using immortalised hypothalamic neurons (GT1-7 cells). This cell line is useful for the development of a rapid and convenient screening system for investigating Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. GT1-7 cells were also used to search for substances that prevent Zn2+-induced neurotoxicity. Among the tested substances was a protective substance in the extract of Japanese eel (Anguilla japonica), and we determined its structure to be like carnosine (β-alanylhistidine). Carnosine may be a therapeutic drug for VD and PD. Furthermore, we reviewed the molecular mechanisms that involve the role of carnosine as an endogenous protector and its protective effect against Zn2+-induced cytotoxicity and discussed the prospects for the future therapeutic applications of this dipeptide for neurodegenerative diseases and dementia.

Endoplasmic reticulum stress response in immune cells contributes to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis in rats

We examined the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the ensuing unfolded protein response (UPR) in the development of the central nervous system (CNS)-directed immune response in the rat model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The induction of EAE with syngeneic spinal cord homogenate in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) caused a time-dependent increase in the expression of ER stress/UPR markers glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP1), C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), and phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) in the draining lymph nodes of both EAE-susceptible Dark Agouti (DA) and EAE-resistant Albino Oxford (AO) rats. However, the increase in ER stress markers was more pronounced in AO rats. CFA alone also induced ER stress, but the effect was weaker and less sustained compared to full immunization. The ultrastructural analysis of DA lymph node tissue by electron microscopy revealed ER dilatation in lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells, while immunoblot analysis of CD3-sorted lymph node cells demonstrated the increase in ER stress/UPR markers in both CD3+ (T cell) and CD3- (non-T) cell compartments. A positive correlation was observed between the levels of ER stress/UPR markers in the CNS-infiltrated mononuclear cells and the clinical activity of the disease. Finally, the reduction of EAE clinical signs by ER stress inhibitor ursodeoxycholic acid was associated with the decrease in the expression of mRNA encoding pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF and IL-1β, and encephalitogenic T cell cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17. Collectively, our data indicate that ER stress response in immune cells might be an important pathogenetic factor and a valid therapeutic target in the inflammatory damage of the CNS.

Sol-gel synthesis and cytotoxicity evaluation of selenium-doped cerium oxide nanoparticles for biomedical applications

Over the past few years, ovarian cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer among women. Despite the widespread knowledge of its prevalence, the curative measures and survival rates for ovarian cancer have not improved significantly, making it a challenging condition. Nanotechnology has become increasingly prominent in the field of cancer treatment. Previous studies showed both cerium oxide nanoparticles (CONPs) and selenium (Se) had anti-cancer. Therefore, doping selenium into CONPs may exhibit a more significant anti-cancer effect on ovarian cancer cells. Cerium nitrate hexahydrate, sodium selenite, and gelatin were employed for the production of CONPs and Se-doped CONPs. The EDX, XRD, and TEM/PSA imaging were employed to investigate the structural characteristics and morphology of the synthesized Se-doped CONPs. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and TNF, IL-6, and IL-1B gene expression were evaluated after inoculating A2780 human epithelial ovarian carcinoma (HEOC) with Se-doped CONP. Statistical analysis was conducted using ANOVA, followed by Bonferroni's t-test for multiple group comparisons. Se-doped CONPs had IC50 of 113 and 49 PPM after 24 and 48 h, respectively. In addition, Se-doped CONPs with concentrations of 50 and 100 PPM significantly reduced to ROS levels in the HEOC cell line. Also, 50 and 100 PPM Se-doped CONPs lead to significantly reduced TNF, IL-6, and IL-1B gene expression compared to the control group in the HEOC cell line. Our study showed the potential anti-cancer effects of Se-doped CONPs on ovarian cancer cell lines.

Ultrasound-Triggered Azo Free Radicals for Cervical Cancer Immunotherapy

PD-1 blockade is a first-line treatment for recurrent/metastatic cervical cancer but benefits only a small number of patients due to low preexisting tumor immunogenicity. Using immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers is a promising strategy for improving immunotherapy, but these compounds are limited by the hypoxic environment of solid tumors. To overcome this issue, the nanosensitizer AIBA@MSNs were designed based on sonodynamic therapy (SDT), which induces tumor cell death under hypoxic conditions through azo free radicals in a method of nonoxygen radicals. Mechanistically, the azo free radicals disrupt both the structure and function of tumor mitochondria by reversing the mitochondrial membrane potential and facilitating the collapse of electron transport chain complexes. More importantly, the AIBA@MSN-based SDT serves as an effective ICD inducer and improves the antitumor immune capacity. The combination of an AIBA@MSN-based SDT with a PD-1 blockade has the potential to improve response rates and provide protection against relapse. This study provides insights into the use of azo free radicals as a promising SDT strategy for cancer treatment and establishes a basic foundation for nonoxygen-dependent SDT-triggered immunotherapy in cervical cancer treatment.

N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Sepsis-Induced Muscle Atrophy by Downregulating Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress

(1) Background: Sepsis-induced muscle atrophy is characterized by a loss of muscle mass and function which leads to decreased quality of life and worsens the long-term prognosis of patients. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, and it relieves muscle wasting caused by several diseases, whereas its effect on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy has not been reported. The present study investigated the effect of NAC on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy and its possible mechanisms. (2) Methods: The effect of NAC on sepsis-induced muscle atrophy was assessed in vivo and in vitro using cecal ligation and puncture-operated (CLP) C57BL/6 mice and LPS-treated C2C12 myotubes. We used immunofluorescence staining to analyze changes in the cross-sectional area (CSA) of myofibers in mice and the myotube diameter of C2C12. Protein expressions were analyzed by Western blotting. (3) Results: In the septic mice, the atrophic response manifested as a reduction in skeletal muscle weight and myofiber cross-sectional area, which is mediated by muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases-muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx)/Atrogin-1 and muscle ring finger 1 (MuRF1). NAC alleviated sepsis-induced skeletal muscle wasting and LPS-induced C2C12 myotube atrophy. Meanwhile, NAC inhibited the sepsis-induced activation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress signaling pathway. Furthermore, using 4-Phenylbutyric acid (4-PBA) to inhibit ER stress in LPS-treated C2C12 myotubes could partly abrogate the anti-muscle-atrophy effect of NAC. Finally, NAC alleviated myotube atrophy induced by the ER stress agonist Thapsigargin (Thap). (4) Conclusions: NAC can attenuate sepsis-induced muscle atrophy, which may be related to downregulating ER stress.

Antenatal Ureaplasma Infection Causes Colonic Mucus Barrier Defects: Implications for Intestinal Pathologies

Chorioamnionitis is a risk factor for necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Ureaplasma parvum (UP) is clinically the most isolated microorganism in chorioamnionitis, but its pathogenicity remains debated. Chorioamnionitis is associated with ileal barrier changes, but colonic barrier alterations, including those of the mucus barrier, remain under-investigated, despite their importance in NEC pathophysiology. Therefore, in this study, the hypothesis that antenatal UP exposure disturbs colonic mucus barrier integrity, thereby potentially contributing to NEC pathogenesis, was investigated. In an established ovine chorioamnionitis model, lambs were intra-amniotically exposed to UP or saline for 7 d from 122 to 129 d gestational age. Thereafter, colonic mucus layer thickness and functional integrity, underlying mechanisms, including endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and redox status, and cellular morphology by transmission electron microscopy were studied. The clinical significance of the experimental findings was verified by examining colon samples from NEC patients and controls. UP-exposed lambs have a thicker but dysfunctional colonic mucus layer in which bacteria-sized beads reach the intestinal epithelium, indicating undesired bacterial contact with the epithelium. This is paralleled by disturbed goblet cell MUC2 folding, pro-apoptotic ER stress and signs of mitochondrial dysfunction in the colonic epithelium. Importantly, the colonic epithelium from human NEC patients showed comparable mitochondrial aberrations, indicating that NEC-associated intestinal barrier injury already occurs during chorioamnionitis. This study underlines the pathogenic potential of UP during pregnancy; it demonstrates that antenatal UP infection leads to severe colonic mucus barrier deficits, providing a mechanistic link between antenatal infections and postnatal NEC development.

The phosphokinase activity of IRE1ɑ prevents the oxidative stress injury through miR-25/Nox4 pathway after ICH

BACKGROUND

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress are the major pathologies encountered after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Inositol-requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α) is the most evolutionarily conserved ER stress sensor, which plays a role in monitoring and responding to the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the ER lumen. Recent studies have shown that ER stress is profoundly related to oxidative stress in physiological or pathological conditions. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of IRE1α in oxidative stress and the potential mechanism.

METHODS

A mouse model of ICH was established by autologous blood injection. The IRE1α phosphokinase inhibitor KIRA6 was administrated intranasally at 1 h after ICH, antagomiR-25 and agomiR-25 were injected intraventricularly at 24 h before ICH. Western blot analysis, RT-qPCR, immunofluorescence staining, hematoma volume, neurobehavioral tests, dihydroethidium (DHE) staining, H2O2 content, brain water content, body weight, Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) staining, Nissl staining, Morris Water Maze (MWM) and Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) were performed.

RESULTS

Endogenous phosphorylated IRE1α (p-IRE1α), miR-25-3p, and Nox4 were increased in the ICH model. Administration of KIRA6 downregulated miR-25-3p expression, upregulated Nox4 expression, promoted the level of oxidative stress, increased hematoma volume, exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits, reduced body weight, aggravated spatial learning and memory deficits, and increased anxiety levels. Then antagomiR-25 further upregulated the expression of Nox4, promoted the level of oxidative stress, increased hematoma volume, exacerbated brain edema and neurological deficits, whereas agomiR-25 reversed the effects promoted by KIRA6.

CONCLUSION

The IRE1α phosphokinase activity is involved in the oxidative stress response through miR-25/Nox4 pathway in the mouse ICH brain.

Improvement of Charcot-Marie-Tooth Phenotype with a Nanocomplex Treatment in Two Transgenic Models of CMT1A

Curcumin has been shown to exert beneficial effects in peripheral neuropathies. Despite its known biological activities, curcumin has unfavorable pharmacokinetics. Its instability has been linked to its failure in clinical trials of curcumin for the treatment of human pathologies. For this reason, we developed curcumin-loaded cyclodextrin/cellulose nanocrystals (NanoCur) to improve its pharmacokinetics. The present study aims to assess the potency of a low dose of NanoCur in 2 Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) rodent models at different stages of the disease. The efficiency of NanoCur is also compared to that of Theracurmin (Thera), a commercially available curcumin formulation. The toxicity of a short-term and chronic exposure to the treatment is investigated both in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Furthermore, the entry route, the mechanism of action and the effect on the nerve phenotype are dissected in this study. Overall, the data support an improvement in sensorimotor functions, associated with amelioration in peripheral myelination in NanoCur-treated animals; an effect that was not evident in the Thera-treated group. That was combined with a high margin of safety both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, NanoCur appears to inhibit inflammatory pathways that normally include macrophage recruitment to the diseased nerve. This study shows that NanoCur shows therapeutic benefits with minimal systemic toxicity, suggesting that it is a potential therapeutic candidate for CMT1A and, possibly, for other neuropathies.

Reinforced Immunogenic Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Oxidative Stress via an Orchestrated Nanophotoinducer to Boost Cancer Photoimmunotherapy

Cancer progression and treatment-associated cellular stress impairs therapeutic outcome by inducing resistance. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is responsible for core events. Aberrant activation of stress sensors and their downstream components to disrupt homeostasis have emerged as vital regulators of tumor progression as well as response to cancer therapy. Here, an orchestrated nanophotoinducer (ERsNP) results in specific tumor ER-homing, induces hyperthermia and mounting oxidative stress associated reactive oxygen species (ROS), and provokes intense and lethal ER stress upon near-infrared laser irradiation. The strengthened "dying" of ER stress and ROS subsequently induce apoptosis for both primary and abscopal B16F10 and GL261 tumors, and promote damage-associated molecular patterns to evoke stress-dependent immunogenic cell death effects and release "self-antigens". Thus, there is a cascade to activate maturation of dendritic cells, reprogram myeloid-derived suppressor cells to manipulate immunosuppression, and recruit cytotoxic T lymphocytes and effective antitumor response. The long-term protection against tumor recurrence is realized through cascaded combinatorial preoperative and postoperative photoimmunotherapy including the chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 antagonist, ERsNP upon laser irradiation, and an immune checkpoint inhibitor. The results highlight great promise of the orchestrated nanophotoinducer to exert potent immunogenic cell stress and death by reinforcing ER stress and oxidative stress to boost cancer photoimmunotherapy.

Dihydroartemisinin abolishes cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in vivo

Dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin which is primarily used to treat malaria in clinic, also confers protective effect on lipopolysaccharide-induced nephrotoxicity. While, the activities of DHA in cisplatin (CDDP)-caused nephrotoxicity are elusive. To investigate the role and underlying mechanism of DHA in CDDP-induced nephrotoxicity. Mice were randomly separated into four groups: normal, CDDP, and DHA (25 and 50 mg/kg were orally injected 1 h before CDDP for consecutive 10 days). All mice except the normal were single injected intraperitoneally with CDDP (22 mg/kg) for once on the 7th day. Combined with quantitative proteomics and bioinformatics analysis, the impact of DHA on renal cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, biochemical indexes, and inflammation in mice were investigated. Moreover, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cells xenograft model was established to elucidate the impact of DHA on tumor-related effects of CDDP. DHA reduced the levels of creatinine (CREA) (p < 0.01) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) (p < 0.01), reversed CDDP-induced oxidative, inflammatory, and apoptosis indexes (p < 0.01). Mechanistically, DHA attenuated CDDP-induced inflammation by inhibiting nuclear factor κB p65 (NFκB p65) expression, and suppressed CDDP-induced renal cell apoptosis by inhibiting p63-mediated endogenous and exogenous apoptosis pathways. Additionally, DHA alone significantly decreased the tumor weight and did not destroy the antitumor effect of CDDP, and did not impact AST and ALT. In conclusion, DHA prevents CDDP-triggered nephrotoxicity via reducing inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The mechanisms refer to inhibiting NFκB p65-regulated inflammation and alleviating p63-mediated mitochondrial endogenous and Fas death receptor exogenous apoptosis pathway.

Pharmacological inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress mitigates osteoporosis in a mouse model of hindlimb suspension

Hindlimb suspension (HLS) mice exhibit osteoporosis of the hindlimb bones and may be an excellent model to test pharmacological interventions. We investigated the effects of inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with 4-phenyl butyrate (4-PBA) on the morphology, physicochemical properties, and bone turnover markers of hindlimbs in HLS mice. We randomly divided 21 male C57BL/6J mice into three groups, ground-based controls, untreated HLS group and 4-PBA treated group (HLS+4PBA) (100mg/kg/day, intraperitoneal) for 21 days. We investigated histopathology, micro-CT imaging, Raman spectroscopic analysis, and gene expression. Untreated HLS mice exhibited reduced osteocyte density, multinucleated osteoclast-like cells, adipocyte infiltration, and reduced trabecular striations on micro-CT than the control group. Raman spectroscopy revealed higher levels of ER stress, hydroxyproline, non-collagenous proteins, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and CH2Wag as well as a reduction in proteoglycans and adenine. Furthermore, bone alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin were downregulated, while Cathepsin K, TRAP, and sclerostin were upregulated. Treatment with 4-PBA partially restored normal bone histology, increased collagen crosslinking, and mineralization, promoted anti-inflammatory markers, and downregulated bone resorption markers. Our findings suggest that mitigating ER stress with 4-PBA could be a therapeutic intervention to offset osteoporosis in conditions mimicking hindlimb suspension.

XBP1-mediated transcriptional regulation of SLC5A1 in human epithelial cells in disease conditions

BACKGROUND

Sodium-Glucose cotransporter 1 and 2 (SGLT1/2) belong to the family of glucose transporters, encoded by SLC5A1 and SLC5A2, respectively. SGLT2 is almost exclusively expressed in the renal proximal convoluted tubule cells. SGLT1 is expressed in the kidneys but also in other organs throughout the body. Many SGLT inhibitor drugs have been developed based on the mechanism of blocking glucose (re)absorption mediated by SGLT1/2, and several have gained major regulatory agencies' approval for treating diabetes. Intriguingly these drugs are also effective in treating diseases beyond diabetes, for example heart failure and chronic kidney disease. We recently discovered that SGLT1 is upregulated in the airway epithelial cells derived from patients of cystic fibrosis (CF), a devastating genetic disease affecting greater than 70,000 worldwide.

RESULTS

In the present work, we show that the SGLT1 upregulation is coupled with elevated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress response, indicated by activation of the primary ER stress senor inositol-requiring protein 1α (IRE1α) and the ER stress-induced transcription factor X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1), in CF epithelial cells, and in epithelial cells of other stress conditions. Through biochemistry experiments, we demonstrated that the spliced form of XBP1 (XBP1s) acts as a transcription factor for SLC5A1 by directly binding to its promoter region. Targeting this ER stress → SLC5A1 axis by either the ER stress inhibitor Rapamycin or the SGLT1 inhibitor Sotagliflozin was effective in attenuating the ER stress response and reducing the SGLT1 level in these cellular model systems.

CONCLUSIONS

The present work establishes a causal relationship between ER stress and SGLT1 upregulation and provides a mechanistic explanation why SGLT inhibitor drugs benefit diseases beyond diabetes.

The causal effect of oxidative stress on the risk of glaucoma

Glaucoma is a complex multifactorial disease. Oxidative stress has been implicated in its pathogenesis. However, establishing a causal relationship between oxidative stress and glaucoma is challenging due to confounding and reverse causality. In this study, we performed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses based on genetic instrumental variables as proxies for 11 biomarkers of oxidative stress injury to investigate the causal relationship between oxidative stress and glaucoma. Eight significant associations were identified. Increased circulating levels of catalase (OR = 0.915, 95 % CI: 0.848-0.987, P = 0.022), retinol (OR = 0.481, 95 % CI: 0.248-0.932, P = 0.044) and superoxide dismutase (OR = 0.779, 95 % CI: 0. 616-0.986, P = 0.038) are associated with a decreased risk of glaucoma, whereas an increased myeloperoxidase level (OR = 2.145, 95 % CI: 1.119-4.111, P = 0.029) is associated with an increased risk of glaucoma. Glaucoma was causally associated with lower levels of total bilirubin (OR = 0.961, 95 % CI: 0.927-0.997, P = 0.039), glutathione peroxidase (OR = 0. 934, 95 % CI: 0.890-0.981, P = 0.006), paraoxonase (OR = 0.883, 95 % CI: 0.810-0.963, P = 0.005) and albumin (OR = 0.988, 95 % CI: 0.978-0.998, P = 0.014). The bidirectional MR analysis revealed a causal relationship between oxidative stress and glaucoma. These findings provide a greater understanding of the underlying mechanisms of glaucomatous neurodegeneration and imply a potential therapeutic approach for glaucoma through targeting oxidative stress pathways.

Zinc attenuates arsenic overdose-induced brain damage via PERK/ATF6 and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathways

Exposure to arsenic (As), a widespread non-metallic toxicant in nature, often results in neurotoxicity, although the exact mechanism is unknown. Zinc (Zn) is a powerful nutrient often thought to be beneficial for growth, development and immunity. Whether Zn can rescue brain damage caused by As contamination remains to be demonstrated. Therefore, in this study, a 30-day model of As poisoning (2.83 mg/L) in carp was established and treated with Zn (1 mg/L) to investigate the detoxification mechanism involved. Histological observations showed that As induced the loosening of the molecular layer structure of the cerebellum and the dissolution or even disappearance of nuclei, accompanied by the occurrence of microthrombi in the granular layer, and the addition of Zn attenuated such As-induced damage. Further mechanistic studies indicated that Zn ameliorated As exposure-induced abnormalities in antioxidant capacity (decreased CAT and Cu/Zn-SOD), activation of the Nrf2/keap1 pathway and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERs), which is a key factor in As-induced brain damage. ERs (high expression of PERK, ATF6, CHOP, eiF2α and GRP78) and inflammation (overexpression of TLR2, TLR4, MyD88, IKK, NF-κB, IL-1β and IL-6 and low expression of IκBα and IL-10). We suggest that Zn can alleviate excessive As-induced brain damage by attenuating As-induced oxidative stress, PERK/ATF6 and TLR/MyD88/NF-κB pathways. The present study fills in the preventive mechanism of As injury in fish and provides the possibility of prevention and control of As pollution-induced brain tissue injury by Zn rescue.

Influence of dietary sodium taurocholate on the growth performance and liver health of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)

Bile acids (BAs) are a class of cholesterol-derived amphipathic molecules approved as new animal feed additives. However, the functional researches mainly focused on BAs mixture, and the influence of the individual BA on fishes was still limited. In the present study, Nile tilapia were fed basal diet with three levels of sodium taurocholate at 0 mg/kg (CON), 300 mg/kg (TCAL), and 600 mg/kg (TCAH) for 8 weeks. The results indicated that addition of sodium taurocholate did not significantly influence the growth performance. Instead, TCAH group had higher cholesterol accumulation with liver fibrosis. In TCAH group, the level of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (nrf2) signaling-associated oxidative stress factors significantly increased in the liver. Additionally, fish in TCAH group had the highest expression level of genes encoding endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and inflammatory cytokines in the liver. In conclusion, 300 mg/kg of sodium taurocholate did not significantly influence the growth performance of fish, while 600 mg/kg of sodium taurocholate markedly induced cholesterol accumulation and liver injury, suggesting that the application of taurocholic acid in aquafeed should be re-evaluated.

Corosolic acid enhances oxidative stress-induced apoptosis and senescence in pancreatic cancer cells by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a fatal human malignancy with a poor prognosis. Corosolic acid (CRA) is a triterpenoid, has been reported to have inhibitory effects on tumor growth. However, the role of CRA on PC has not been explored. Here, we aimed to uncover the molecular mechanisms of CRA in PC progression.

METHODS

Cell viability, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, cell apoptosis and senescence were detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8), LDH, flow cytometry and senescence associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) assay. Levels of relevant proteins and oxidative stress (OS) markers were evaluated by Western blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A xenograft tumor model was established to explore the in vivo effects of CRA on PC.

RESULTS

We found that CRA inhibited PC cell viability and promoted LDH release in a dose-dependent manner, but had no significant effect on human normal pancreatic ductal epithelial cells HPDE6C7. CRA increased OS-induced cell apoptosis and senescence in HAPC and SW1990 cells. And CRA decreased the levels of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, and elevated the expression of pro-apoptotic protein Bax and senescence-associated proteins P21 and P53. Besides, CRA decreased tumor growth in xenograft models. Furthermore, CRA inactivated the Janus kinase-2 (JAK2)/Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in HAPC and SW1990 cells. Functional experiments demonstrated that activation of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway by the JAK2 activator coumermycin A1 (C-A1) or the STAT3 activator colivelin (col) reduced the contribution effect of OS, apoptosis and senescence by CRA.

CONCLUSION

Taken together, our findings indicated that CRA exerted anti-cancer effects in PC by inhibiting the JAK2/STAT3 pathway.

A forebrain-hypothalamic ER stress driven circuit mediates hepatic steatosis during obesity

OBJECTIVE

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects 1 in 3 adults and contributes to advanced liver injury and cardiometabolic disease. While recent evidence points to involvement of the brain in NAFLD, the downstream neural circuits and neuronal molecular mechanisms involved in this response, remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of a unique forebrain-hypothalamic circuit in NAFLD.

METHODS

Chemogenetic activation and inhibition of circumventricular subfornical organ (SFO) neurons that project to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN; SFO→PVN) in mice were used to study the role of SFO→PVN signaling in NAFLD. Novel scanning electron microscopy techniques, histological approaches, molecular biology techniques, and viral methodologies were further used to delineate the role of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress within this circuit in driving NAFLD.

RESULTS

In lean animals, acute chemogenetic activation of SFO→PVN neurons was sufficient to cause hepatic steatosis in a liver sympathetic nerve dependent manner. Conversely, inhibition of this forebrain-hypothalamic circuit rescued obesity-associated NAFLD. Furthermore, dietary NAFLD is associated with marked ER ultrastructural alterations and ER stress in the PVN, which was blunted following reductions in excitatory signaling from the SFO. Finally, selective inhibition of PVN ER stress reduced hepatic steatosis during obesity.

CONCLUSIONS

Collectively, these findings characterize a previously unrecognized forebrain-hypothalamic-ER stress circuit that is involved in hepatic steatosis, which may point to future therapeutic strategies for NAFLD.

The Effects of Sumac Consumption on Inflammatory and Oxidative Stress Factors: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials

BACKGROUND

Rhus coriaria L., commonly known as Sumac, is a plant from the Anacardiaceae family that is known for its high phytochemical content. These phytochemicals have the potential to effectively manage inflammation and oxidative stress. To explore the existing evidence on the impact of Sumac consumption on inflammation and oxidative stress, we conducted a systematic review of randomized controlled trials.

METHODS

We conducted a comprehensive search of Medline/PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science from inception to August 2023 to identify relevant studies examining the effects of Sumac on biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress. The selected studies were assessed for risk of bias using the Cochrane tool.

RESULTS

A total of seven trials were included in this review. Among these trials, three focused on diabetes patients, while the remaining four involved individuals with fatty liver, overweight individuals with depression, and those with polycystic ovary or metabolic syndrome. Five studies reported the effects of Sumac on oxidative stress, with four of them demonstrating a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and an increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1). Regarding inflammation, one study reported no significant difference in tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels between the intervention and control groups. The results for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels, reported in five trials, were inconsistent.

CONCLUSION

Sumac consumption over time may positively affect oxidative stress, although short-term use shows minimal impact. While one study found no significant effect on IL-6 and TNF-α, hs-CRP levels could decrease or remain unchanged. Further meta-analyses are needed to fully understand Sumac's potential benefits in managing metabolic diseases.

The protective effects of icariin against testicular dysfunction in type 1 diabetic mice Via AMPK-mediated Nrf2 activation and NF-κB p65 inhibition

BACKGROUND

Owing to the early suffering age and the rising incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D), the resulting male reproductive dysfunction and fertility decline have become a disturbing reality worldwide, with no effective strategy being available. Icariin (ICA), a flavonoid extracted from Herba Epimedium, has been proved its promising application in improving diabetes-related complications including diabetic nephropathy, endothelial dysfunction and erectile dysfunction. Ensuring the future reproductive health of children and adolescents with T1D is crucial to improve global fertility. However, its roles in the treatment of T1D-induced testicular dysfunction and the potential mechanisms remain elusive.

PURPOSE

The purpose of this present study was to investigate whether ICA ameliorates T1D-induced testicular dysfunction as well as its potential mechanisms.

METHODS

T1D murine model was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ with or without treated with ICA for eleven weeks. Morphological, pathological and serological experiments were used to determine the efficacy of ICA on male reproductive function of T1D mice. Western blotting, Immunohistochemistry analysis, qRT-PCR and kit determination were performed to investigated the underlying mechanisms.

RESULTS

We found that replenishment of ICA alleviated testicular damage, promoted testosterone production and spermatogenesis, ameliorated apoptosis and blood testis barrier impairment in streptozotocin-induced T1D mice. Functionally, ICA treatment triggered adenosine monophosphate protein kinase (AMPK) activation, which in turn inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65) to reduce inflammatory responses in the testis and activated nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2), thereby enhancing testicular antioxidant capacity. Further studies revealed that supplementation with the AMPK antagonist Compound C or depletion of Nrf2 weakened the beneficial effects of ICA on testicular dysfunction of T1D mice.

CONCLUSION

Collectively, these results demonstrate the feasibility of ICA in the treatment of T1D-induced testicular dysfunction, and reveal the important role of AMPK-mediated Nrf2 activation and NF-κB p65 inhibition in ICA-associated testicular protection during T1D.

Climate Stressors and Physiological Dysregulations: Mechanistic Connections to Pathologies

This review delves into the complex relationship between environmental factors, their mechanistic cellular and molecular effects, and their significant impact on human health. Climate change is fueled by industrialization and the emission of greenhouse gases and leads to a range of effects, such as the redistribution of disease vectors, higher risks of disease transmission, and shifts in disease patterns. Rising temperatures pose risks to both food supplies and respiratory health. The hypothesis addressed is that environmental stressors including a spectrum of chemical and pathogen exposures as well as physical and psychological influences collectively impact genetics, metabolism, and cellular functions affecting physical and mental health. The objective is to report the mechanistic associations linking environment and health. As environmental stressors intensify, a surge in health conditions, spanning from allergies to neurodegenerative diseases, becomes evident; however, linkage to genetic-altered proteomics is more hidden. Investigations positing that environmental stressors cause mitochondrial dysfunction, metabolic syndrome, and oxidative stress, which affect missense variants and neuro- and immuno-disorders, are reported. These disruptions to homeostasis with dyslipidemia and misfolded and aggregated proteins increase susceptibility to cancers, infections, and autoimmune diseases. Proposed interventions, such as vitamin B supplements and antioxidants, target oxidative stress and may aid mitochondrial respiration and immune balance. The mechanistic interconnections of environmental stressors and disruptions in health need to be unraveled to develop strategies to protect public health.

Betaine ameliorates heat stress-induced apoptosis by affecting oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress in mouse Leydig cells

In order to explore the potential protective role of betaine in heat stress (HS)-elicited apoptosis in mouse Leydig cells (mLCs). Betaine at 16 mm exerted a greater inhibitory effect on HS-induced viability attenuation of cells, which also significantly suppressed the heat shock protein 70 level in HS-treated cells. Furthermore, betaine ameliorated certain negative effects, including increased cell apoptotic ratio, enhancement of apoptosis-related modulator caspase-3 activity, reduced activity levels of such antioxidant enzymes as SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, and MDA upregulation, and inhibited the protein levels of critical endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress indices like CHOP and GRP78 in mLCs exposed to HS. Besides, treatment of cells with betaine significantly restored diminished testosterone production in response to HS. Correspondingly, betaine effectively rescued the reduced serum testosterone concentration in vivo. In summary, betaine ameliorated HS-induced apoptosis by affecting oxidative and ER stress, thereby providing benefits for the treatment of hyperthermia-related impairment in mLCs.

Mediterranean diet for cancer prevention and survivorship

Cancer is one of the main noncommunicable diseases in terms of health impact. Factors such as a progressively aging population point to future increases in the incidence of cancer on a global level. The elevated number of affected individuals, together with continuous improvements in cancer prevention and therapy, is creating a growing population of cancer survivors, with often inadequately met needs. Lifestyle is a key modulator of cancer risk and of associated morbidity and mortality, and is included in all approaches to the long-term management of cancer. Diet is a principal component of lifestyle, and most of the available evidence is centered on the Mediterranean diet. Our objective was to provide a narrative review of the evidence on the effect of the Mediterranean diet on cancer risk and health threats related to cancer survivorship. For this purpose, we searched the PubMed database for articles published between January 1, 2000, and June 12, 2023. Current data show that the Mediterranean diet is inversely associated with risk, or is risk neutral, for most types of cancer. Tumors of the digestive system have received preferential interest, but studies have also been published on tumors in other organs. The evidence, however, is meager due to the observational nature of most studies, although it is reassuring that benefit is reproduced in studies performed in different populations and environments. Evidence related to cancer survivors is limited by the paucity of studies, yet several findings regarding survival, recurrence, and short- and long-term morbidity suggest a potential role for the Mediterranean diet that warrants further research.

HIV-1 replication requires optimal activation of the unfolded protein response

Several human diseases including viral infections activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) due to abnormal accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins. However, UPR modulation and its functional relevance in HIV-1 infection lack comprehensive elucidation. This study reveals that HIV-1 activates IRE1, PERK, and ATF6 signaling pathways of UPR. The knockdown of PERK and ATF6 reduces HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven gene expression, whereas the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) chaperone HSPA5 prevents proteasomal degradation of HIV-1 p24 through its chaperone activity. Interestingly, overstimulation of UPR by a chemical inducer leads to anti-HIV activity through an enhanced type-1 interferon response. Also, treatment with a chemical ER stress inhibitor reduces HIV-1 replication. These findings suggest that an optimal UPR activation is crucial for effective viral replication, as either overstimulating UPR or inhibiting ER stress leads to viral suppression.