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Abstract
Intraoperative bleeding and postoperative bleeding are major surgical complications. Tissue sealants, hemostats, and adhesives provide the armamentarium for establishing hemostatic balance, including the tissue sealant fibrin. Fibrin sealants combine advantages including instantaneous effect, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. However, several challenges remain. This review summarizes current fibrin product generations and highlights new trends and potential strategies for future improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Beudert
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Gutmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tessa Lühmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorenz Meinel
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, 97080 Würzburg, Germany
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Transcriptional characterisation of the Exaiptasia pallida pedal disc. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:581. [PMID: 31299887 PMCID: PMC6626399 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5917-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biological adhesion (bioadhesion), enables organisms to attach to surfaces as well as to a range of other targets. Bioadhesion evolved numerous times independently and is ubiquitous throughout the kingdoms of life. To date, investigations have focussed on various taxa of animals, plants and bacteria, but the fundamental processes underlying bioadhesion and the degree of conservation in different biological systems remain poorly understood. This study had two aims: 1) To characterise tissue-specific gene regulation in the pedal disc of the model cnidarian Exaiptasia pallida, and 2) to elucidate putative genes involved in pedal disc adhesion. RESULTS Five hundred and forty-seven genes were differentially expressed in the pedal disc compared to the rest of the animal. Four hundred and twenty-seven genes were significantly upregulated and 120 genes were significantly downregulated. Forty-one condensed gene ontology terms and 19 protein superfamily classifications were enriched in the pedal disc. Eight condensed gene ontology terms and 11 protein superfamily classifications were depleted. Enriched superfamilies were consistent with classifications identified previously as important for the bioadhesion of unrelated marine invertebrates. A host of genes involved in regulation of extracellular matrix generation and degradation were identified, as well as others related to development and immunity. Ab initio prediction identified 173 upregulated genes that putatively code for extracellularly secreted proteins. CONCLUSION The analytical workflow facilitated identification of genes putatively involved in adhesion, immunity, defence and development of the E. pallida pedal disc. When defence, immunity and development-related genes were identified, those remaining corresponded most closely to formation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), implicating ECM in the adhesion of anemones to surfaces. This study therefore provides a valuable high-throughput resource for the bioadhesion community and lays a foundation for further targeted research to elucidate bioadhesion in the Cnidaria.
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Arasu A, Kumaresan V, Sathyamoorthi A, Arasu MV, Al-Dhabi NA, Arockiaraj J. Coagulation profile, gene expression and bioinformatics characterization of coagulation factor X of striped murrel Channa striatus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 55:149-158. [PMID: 27235370 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A transcriptome wide analysis of the constructed cDNA library of snakehead murrel Channa striatus revealed a full length cDNA sequence of coagulation factor X. Sequence analysis of C. striatus coagulation factor X (CsFX) showed that the cDNA contained 1232 base pairs (bp) comprising 1209 bp open reading frame (ORF). The ORF region encodes 424 amino acids with a molecular mass of 59 kDa. The polypeptide contains γ-carboxyglutamic acid (GLA) rich domain and two epidermal growth factor (EGF) like domains including EGF-CA domain and serine proteases trypsin signature profile. CsFX exhibited the maximum similarity with fish species such as Stegastes partitus (78%), Poecilia formosa (76%) and Cynoglossus semilaevis (74%). Phylogenetically, CsFX is clustered together with the fish group belonging to Actinopterygii. Secondary structure of factor X includes alpha helix 28.54%, extended strand 20.75%, beta turn 7.78% and random coil 42.92%. A predicted 3D model of CsFX revealed a short α-helix and a Ca(2+) (Gla domain) binding site in the coil. Four disulfide bridges were found in serine protease trypsin profile. Obviously, the highest gene expression (P < 0.05) was noticed in blood. Further, the changes in expression of CsFX was observed after inducing with bacterial (Aeromonas hydrophila) and fungal (Aphanomyces invadans) infections and other synthetic immune stimulants. Variation in blood clotting time (CT), prothrombin time (PT) and activated prothromboplastin time (APTT) was analyzed and compared between healthy and bacterial infected fishes. During infection, PT and APTT showed a declined clotting time due to the raised level of thrombocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abirami Arasu
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Microbiology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, India
| | - Venkatesh Kumaresan
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Akila Sathyamoorthi
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; Department of Biotechnology, SRM Arts & Science College, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, India
| | - Mariadhas Valan Arasu
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naif Abdullah Al-Dhabi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Addiriyah Chair for Environmental Studies, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jesu Arockiaraj
- Division of Fisheries Biotechnology & Molecular Biology, Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Humanities, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Fuglestad B, Gasper PM, McCammon JA, Markwick PRL, Komives EA. Correlated motions and residual frustration in thrombin. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:12857-63. [PMID: 23621631 PMCID: PMC3808083 DOI: 10.1021/jp402107u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin is the central protease in the cascade of blood coagulation proteases. The structure of thrombin consists of a double β-barrel core surrounded by connecting loops and helices. Compared to chymotrypsin, thrombin has more extended loops that are thought to have arisen from insertions in the serine protease that evolved to impart greater specificity. Previous experiments showed thermodynamic coupling between ligand binding at the active site and distal exosites. We present a combined approach of molecular dynamics (MD), accelerated molecular dynamics (AMD), and analysis of the residual local frustration of apo-thrombin and active-site-bound (PPACK-thrombin). Community analysis of the MD ensembles identified changes upon active site occupation in groups of residues linked through correlated motions and physical contacts. AMD simulations, calibrated on measured residual dipolar couplings, reveal that upon active site ligation, correlated loop motions are quenched, but new ones connecting the active site with distal sites where allosteric regulators bind emerge. Residual local frustration analysis reveals a striking correlation between frustrated contacts and regions undergoing slow time scale dynamics. The results elucidate a motional network that probably evolved through retention of frustrated contacts to provide facile conversion between ensembles of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Fuglestad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and ⊥Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego , La Jolla, California, United States
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5
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Thrombin a-chain: activation remnant or allosteric effector? THROMBOSIS 2010; 2010:416167. [PMID: 22084659 PMCID: PMC3211113 DOI: 10.1155/2010/416167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Although prothrombin is one of the most widely studied enzymes in biology, the role of the thrombin A-chain has been neglected in comparison to the other domains. This paper summarizes the current data on the prothrombin catalytic domain A-chain region and the subsequent thrombin A-chain. Attention is given to biochemical characterization of naturally occurring prothrombin A-chain mutations and alanine scanning mutants in this region. While originally considered to be simply an activation remnant with little physiologic function, the thrombin A-chain is now thought to play a role as an allosteric effector in enzymatic reactions and may also be a structural scaffold to stabilize the protease domain.
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Kimura A, Ikeo K, Nonaka M. Evolutionary origin of the vertebrate blood complement and coagulation systems inferred from liver EST analysis of lamprey. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 33:77-87. [PMID: 18760304 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2008.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 07/08/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The complement and coagulation systems in mammalian blood are composed of multiple components with unique domain structures, and are believed to be established by exon-shufflings and following gene duplications. To elucidate their origin in vertebrates, liver EST and 5'- and 3'-rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) analyses were performed in lamprey, Lethenteron japonicum. For the complement system, thefactor I cDNA was cloned for the first time outside of the jawed vertebrates. Evidence for the C3/C4/C5, fB/C2 and MASP-1/MASP-2/C1r/C1s gene duplications was not found, suggesting that these duplications occurred in the jawed vertebrate lineage. In contrast, the coagulation factors VII and X, prothrombin and protein C-like cDNAs were identified, indicating that duplications among them predated the cyclostome-jawed vertebrate divergence. The genes for terminal complement components, coagulation factors XI and XII, or prekallikrein were not found, suggesting that the complement and coagulation systems of an ancestral vertebrate were simpler compared to their mammalian counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayuko Kimura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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7
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Abstract
Blood coagulation is a basic physiological defense mechanism that occurs in all vertebrates to prevent blood loss following vascular injury. In all species the basic mechanism of clot formation is similar; when endothelium is damaged a complex sequence of enzymatic reactions occurs that is localized to the site of trauma and involves both activated cells and plasma proteins. The reaction sequence is initiated by the expression of tissue factor on the surface of activated cells and results in the generation of thrombin, the most important enzyme in blood clot formation. Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen, via soluble fibrin monomers, into the insoluble fibrin that forms the matrix of a blood clot as well as exerting positive-feedback regulation that effectively promotes additional thrombin generation that facilitates the rapid development of a thrombus. Both spontaneous and trauma-induced haemorrhagic episodes can develop in all mammals with inherited or acquired abnormalities in one or more of the coagulant proteins. Experimental studies with plasma from a wide range of species have led to the conclusion that there are extensive differences in the rates of thrombin generation and fibrin formation among species. However, current evidence suggests that at least some of these quantitative differences are likely due to the use of non-species specific laboratory reagents. Although the individual proteins involved in the procoagulant pathways exhibit similar functions in all animals, differences in amino acid sequence cause incomplete homology and varying degrees of immunological cross-reactivity for the same protein across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Gentry
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1E 3X1.
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Shim K, Zhu H, Westfield LA, Sadler JE. A recombinant murine meizothrombin precursor, prothrombin R157A/R268A, inhibits thrombosis in a model of acute carotid artery injury. Blood 2004; 104:415-9. [PMID: 15039280 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2004-02-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractMutations in human prothrombin that generate a stable form of meizothrombin or meizothrombin(desF1) cause dysprothrombinemia in both the homozygous and heterozygous state, suggesting that meizothrombin has dominant anticoagulant effects in vivo. The enzymatic characterization of recombinant mouse meizothrombin, meizothrombin(desF1), and thrombin indicates that all 3 enzymes have similar activity toward the chromogenic substrate S-2238, that meizothrombin and meizothrombin(desF1) have less than 10% of the fibrinogen-clotting activity of thrombin, and that meizothrombin is more active than thrombin or meizothrombin(desF1) for thrombomodulin-dependent protein C activation. Thus, activated mouse prothrombin R157A/R268A is similar to human meizothrombin in activity toward S-2238, fibrinogen, and protein C. The time to occlusion after FeCl3-induced carotid artery injury was delayed (11.8 ± 3.6 minutes, n = 5) in Cf2+/- mice infused with prothrombin R157A/R268A compared with control mice infused with wild-type prothrombin (5.3 ± 1.5 minutes, n = 3; P = .006). In this model, prothrombin R157A/R268A has anticoagulant activity that reflects its decreased fibrinogen-clotting activity and preserved protein C-activating activity and is consistent with dominant inhibition of fibrinogen clotting. (Blood. 2004;104:415-419)
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuhwan Shim
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, Box 8022, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Page MJ, Wong SL, Hewitt J, Strynadka NCJ, MacGillivray RTA. Engineering the primary substrate specificity of Streptomyces griseus trypsin. Biochemistry 2003; 42:9060-6. [PMID: 12885239 DOI: 10.1021/bi0344230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Streptomyces griseus trypsin (SGT) was chosen as a model scaffold for the development of serine proteases with enhanced substrate specificity. Recombinant SGT has been produced in a Bacillus subtilis expression system in a soluble active form and purified to homogeneity. The recombinant and native proteases have nearly identical enzymatic properties and structures. Four SGT mutants with alterations in the S1 substrate binding pocket (T190A, T190P, T190S, and T190V) were also expressed. The T190P mutant demonstrated the largest shift to a preference for Arg versus Lys in the P1 site. This was shown by a minor reduction in catalytic activity toward an Arg-containing substrate (k(cat) reduction of 25%). The crystal structures of the recombinant SGT and the T190P mutant in a complex with the inhibitor benzamidine were obtained at high resolution (approximately 1.9 A). The increase in P1 specificity, achieved with minimal effect on the catalytic efficiency, demonstrates that the T190P mutant is an ideal candidate for the design of additional substrate specificity engineered into the S2 to S4 binding pockets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Page
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z3, Canada
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10
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Abstract
In mammalian blood coagulation, five proteases (factor VII [FVII]; factor IX [FIX]; factor X [FX]; protein C [PC] and prothrombin [PT]) act with five cofactors (tissue factor [TF]; factor V [FV]; factor VIII [FVIII]; thrombomodulin and protein S) to control the generation of fibrin. Biochemical evidence, molecular cloning data and comparative sequence analysis support the existence of all components of this network in all jawed vertebrates, and strongly suggest that it evolved before the divergence of teleosts over 430 million years ago. Phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequences of the Gla-EGF1-EGF2-SP domain serine proteases (FVII, FIX, FX, PC) and the A domain-containing cofactors (FV and FVIII) strongly supports the evolution of the blood coagulation network through two rounds of gene duplication, and supports the hypothesis that vertebrate evolution benefited from two global genome duplications. The jawless vertebrates (hagfish and lamprey) that diverged over 450 million years ago have a blood coagulation network involving TF, PT and fibrinogen. Preliminary evidence indicates that they may have a smaller complement of Gla-EGF1-EGF2-SP domain proteins, suggesting the existence of a 'primitive' coagulation system in jawless vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Davidson
- Haemostasis and Thrombosis, MRC Clinical Sciences Center, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Hanumanthaiah R, Day K, Jagadeeswaran P. Comprehensive analysis of blood coagulation pathways in teleostei: evolution of coagulation factor genes and identification of zebrafish factor VIIi. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2002; 29:57-68. [PMID: 12482404 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2002.0534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
It is not clear how the complex mammalian coagulation pathways evolved from an entirely dissimilar invertebrate coagulation cascade. Comprehensive analysis of pro-coagulant factors and their regulators is lacking in early vertebrates to discern the mechanism of evolution of these genes from the invertebrates. To elucidate the coagulation pathways found in early vertebrates, zebrafish cDNAs/gene orthologues for major coagulant, anticoagulant, and fibrinolytic proteins were identified and characterized by homology to mammalian sequences. We found that zebrafish carry all hemostatic genes present in mammals, providing evidence that the coagulation system of teleosts is nearly identical to mammals. Zebrafish factor VII and X genes were identified and analyzed to reveal a novel factor VII-like gene flanked by the factor VII and factor X genes. This gene encodes a protein homologous to factor VII, but lacks critical residues for factor VII activity. Expression of the factor VII-like protein (named factor VIIi) demonstrated that it functions as an inhibitor of blood coagulation in biochemical assays using zebrafish or human plasmas. Analysis of intergenic DNA between the zebrafish VII/VIIi/X gene cluster and a Drosophila trypsin gene cluster revealed significant homology, and based upon these data, we propose a model for a rapid evolution of coagulation factors from the invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravikumar Hanumanthaiah
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Thomson AE, Squires EJ, Gentry PA. Assessment of factor V, VII and X activities, the key coagulant proteins of the tissue factor pathway in poultry plasma. Br Poult Sci 2002; 43:313-21. [PMID: 12047098 DOI: 10.1080/00071660120121553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Assay methods were developed for key components of the tissue factor pathway of blood coagulation, namely Factor V, Factor VII and Factor X. Using these assays, plasma from healthy laying hens, cockerels and broilers was shown to contain functional and equivalent amounts of each of these clotting factors. 2. The plasma activities for Factor V, Factor VII and Factor X can only be accurately determined when chicken tissue factor is used to initiate the coagulation mechanism in poultry plasma. Neither human tissue factor nor rabbit tissue factor forms a fully functional enzyme reactive complex with chicken Factor VII. 3. The overall tissue factor pathway coagulation mechanism was evaluated in plasma from laying hens, cockerels and broilers using the one-stage prothrombin time assay. As long as sufficient tissue factor was used, the overall clotting time results obtained with human recombinant tissue factor were not significantly different from those obtained with chicken tissue factor. 4. We conclude that poultry plasma does possess a fully functional tissue factor coagulation mechanism, but homologous chicken tissue factor must be used for in vitro assays of the components of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Thomson
- Dept. of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Pudota BN, Hommema EL, Hallgren KW, McNally BA, Lee S, Berkner KL. Identification of sequences within the gamma-carboxylase that represent a novel contact site with vitamin K-dependent proteins and that are required for activity. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:46878-86. [PMID: 11591726 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m108696200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vitamin K-dependent (VKD) carboxylase converts clusters of Glu residues to gamma-carboxylated Glu residues (Glas) in VKD proteins, which is required for their activity. VKD precursors are targeted to the carboxylase by their carboxylase recognition site, which in most cases is a propeptide. We have identified a second tethering site for carboxylase and VKD proteins that is required for carboxylase activity, called the vitamin K-dependent protein site of interaction (VKS). Several VKD proteins specifically bound an immobilized peptide comprising amino acids 343-355 of the human carboxylase (CVYKRSRGKSGQK) but not a scrambled peptide containing the same residues in a different order. Association with the 343-355 peptide was independent of propeptide binding, because the VKD proteins lacked the propeptide and because the 343-355 peptide did not disrupt association of a propeptide factor IX-carboxylase complex. Analysis with peptides that overlapped amino acids 343-355 indicated that the 343-345 CVY residues were necessary but not sufficient for prothrombin binding. Ionic interactions were also suggested because peptide-VKD protein binding could be disrupted by changes in ionic strength or pH. Mutagenesis of Cys(343) to Ser and Tyr(345) to Phe resulted in 7-11-fold decreases in vitamin K epoxidation and peptide (EEL) substrate and carboxylase carboxylation, and kinetic analysis showed 5-6-fold increases in K(m) values for the Glu substrate. These results suggest that Cys(343) and Tyr(345) are near the catalytic center and affect the active site conformation required for correct positioning of the Glu substrate. The 343-355 VKS peptide had a higher affinity for carboxylated prothrombin (K(d) = 5 microm) than uncarboxylated prothrombin (K(d) = 60 microm), and the basic VKS region may also facilitate exiting of the Gla product from the catalytic center by ionic attraction. Tethering of VKD proteins to the carboxylase via the propeptide-binding site and the VKS region has important implications for the mechanism of VKD protein carboxylation, and a model is proposed for how the carboxylase VKS region may be required for efficient and processive VKD protein carboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Pudota
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Sheehan J, Templer M, Gregory M, Hanumanthaiah R, Troyer D, Phan T, Thankavel B, Jagadeeswaran P. Demonstration of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in teleostei: identification of zebrafish coagulation factor VII. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:8768-73. [PMID: 11459993 PMCID: PMC37510 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.131109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is not known whether the mammalian mechanism of coagulation initiation is conserved in fish. Identification of factor VII is critical in providing evidence for such a mechanism. A cDNA was cloned from a zebrafish (teleost) library that predicted a protein with sequence similarity to human factor VII. Factor VII was shown to be present in zebrafish blood and liver by Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry. Immunodepletion of factor VII from zebrafish plasma selectively inhibited thromboplastin-triggered thrombin generation. Heterologous expression of zebrafish factor VII demonstrated a secreted protein (50 kDa) that reconstituted thromboplastin-triggered thrombin generation in immunodepleted zebrafish plasma. These results suggest conservation of the extrinsic coagulation pathway between zebrafish and humans and add credence to the zebrafish as a model for mammalian hemostasis. The structure of zebrafish factor VIIa predicted by homology modeling was consistent with the overall three-dimensional structure of human factor VIIa. However, amino acid disparities were found in the epidermal growth factor-2/serine protease regions that are present in the human tissue factor-factor VIIa contact surface, suggesting a structural basis for the species specificity of this interaction. In addition, zebrafish factor VII demonstrates that the Gla-EGF-EGF-SP domain structure, which is common to coagulation factors VII, IX, X, and protein C, was present before the radiation of the teleosts from the tetrapods. Identification of zebrafish factor VII significantly narrows the evolutionary window for development of the vertebrate coagulation cascade and provides insight into the structural basis for species specificity in the tissue factor-factor VIIa interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sheehan
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, South Texas Veteran's Health Care System, Audie Murphy Division, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Frost C, Naudé R, Oelofsen W, Muramoto K, Naganuma T, Ogawa T. Purification and characterization of ostrich prothrombin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2000; 32:1151-9. [PMID: 11137455 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(00)00062-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The work focused on the penultimate enzyme, prothrombin, in the coagulation cascade. Prothrombin was purified and characterized from ostrich plasma. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of blood coagulation in the ostrich and the evolution of prothrombin and the coagulation cascade. Prothrombin was purified from ostrich plasma by barium chloride precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-cellulose and Cu(2+)-chelate Sepharose chromatography. Ostrich prothrombin exhibited a M(r) of 72,800 and a pI of 6.9 using SDS-PAGE and PAG-isoelectrofocusing, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of ostrich prothrombin showed 78 and 87% identity with human and bovine, respectively. The cDNA was isolated from ostrich liver and the predicted amino acid sequence compared with those from other species. Ostrich prothrombin shares sequence identity with chicken (84%), human (60%), bovine (59%), rat (60%), mouse (59%) and hagfish (50%) prothrombin, suggesting a common function of prothrombin in these vertebrates. Amino acid sequence identities indicate that the thrombin beta-chain (62%) and the propeptide-Gla (75%) domains are the regions most constrained for the common functions of vertebrate prothrombins. Ostrich prothrombin, therefore, shows similarity in structure to other vertebrate prothrombins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, PO Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa
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Jagadeeswaran P, Gregory M, Zhou Y, Zon L, Padmanabhan K, Hanumanthaiah R. Characterization of zebrafish full-length prothrombin cDNA and linkage group mapping. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2000; 26:479-89. [PMID: 11112385 DOI: 10.1006/bcmd.2000.0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we report the complete cDNA sequence of zebrafish prothrombin. The cDNA sequence predicts that zebrafish prothrombin is synthesized as a pre-proprotein consisting of a Gla domain, two kringle domains, and a two-chain protease domain. Zebrafish prothrombin is structurally very similar to human and other vertebrate prothrombins. Zebrafish and human prothrombin share 53% amino acid identity whereas zebrafish and hagfish prothrombin share 51% identity. Amino acid alignments of various prothrombins identified conservation of many of the functional/structural motifs suggesting that the vertebrate prothrombins may have similar functions. The three-dimensional structure of prothrombin predicted by homology modeling also revealed that the prothrombin fragment 1 and the catalytic domain structures are well conserved except for the insertion of an extra 7-amino-acid loop in the connecting region (CR) between the Gla and kringle I domain of fragment 1. Linkage analysis revealed that the prothrombin gene locus on linkage group 7 in zebrafish is syntenic to the human chromosome 11-prothrombin region suggesting its preservation through evolution. The availability of this cDNA sequence in zebrafish adds to our knowledge of the zebrafish hemostatic system and provides support for the view that similarities between zebrafish and mammalian coagulation exist, thus underscoring the relevance of the zebrafish model for studying human hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA.
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Lefkowitz JB, Haver T, Clarke S, Jacobson L, Weller A, Nuss R, Manco-Johnson M, Hathaway WE. The prothrombin Denver patient has two different prothrombin point mutations resulting in Glu-300-->Lys and Glu-309-->Lys substitutions. Br J Haematol 2000; 108:182-7. [PMID: 10651742 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2141.2000.01810.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysprothrombinaemia is a rare, congenital cause of bleeding. Fewer than 25 families who express a functional prothrombin (factor II) defect have been reported. The original patient with prothrombin Denver had a severe haemophilia-like bleeding disorder treated with weekly prophylactic factor replacement. Analysis of factor II activity and antigen in the patient showed a factor II activity of 5 units/dl and factor II antigen of 21 units/dl. Genomic DNA from the patient, mother and brother was obtained from peripheral blood white cells. Oligonucleotides were constructed, and prothrombin exons were amplified via polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The entire sequence of the thrombin portion of the molecule (exons VIII-XIV) and that of exons I-II and IV-VII was determined. This moderately severe dysprothrombinaemia was found to be associated with compound heterozygosity for two different Glu-->Lys point mutations, at amino acid positions 300 and 309. Assays of plasma from the prothrombin Denver proband suggested that the functional defect was in the activation of zymogen to enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Lefkowitz
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital Clinical Laboratory, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, USA
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Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a unique animal model in which saturation mutagenesis has been used to identify genes involved in vertebrate development. The relevance of the zebrafish as a genetic model for hemostasis depends, in large part, on the degree of similarity between the zebrafish and mammalian systems. The diminutive size of the zebrafish poses technical problems for analysis of coagulation. This study describes methods to obtain citrated whole blood and plasma from the zebrafish, analyze in vitro coagulation in small plasma volumes, obtain uniform dosing of zebrafish with oral anticoagulants, and demonstrate specific factor activities via chromogenic assays. Analysis of the zebrafish system demonstrates the presence of both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation, evidence for prothrombin, factor X, protein C, antithrombin, and heparin cofactor II activity, and a requirement for vitamin K dependent gamma-carboxylation of zebrafish hemostatic proteins. Induction of a morphologically recognizable bleeding phenotype by warfarin treatment is also demonstrated. Characterization of zebrafish coagulation provides evidence that major hemostatic pathways are conserved between zebrafish and man. These similarities indicate that the zebrafish is a relevant genetic model for identification of novel genes involved in hemostasis and thrombosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Jagadeeswaran
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA.
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