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Kuroishi T, Bando K, Tanaka Y, Shishido K, Kinbara M, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Endo Y, Sugawara S. CXCL4 is a novel nickel-binding protein and augments nickel allergy. Clin Exp Allergy 2017; 47:1069-1078. [DOI: 10.1111/cea.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. Kuroishi
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Bando
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Tanaka
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Pediatric Dentistry; Department of Oral Health and Developmental Sciences; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Shishido
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - M. Kinbara
- Division of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - T. Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - K. Muramoto
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Y. Endo
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
| | - S. Sugawara
- Division of Oral Immunology; Department of Oral Biology; Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry; Sendai Japan
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Murao H, Mikami M, Funaki J, Muramoto K, Tanaka K. AB0124 Iguratimod, a novel DMARD, inhibits osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in vitro. Ann Rheum Dis 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-eular.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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3
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Yano N, Muramoto K, Suga M, Maeda T, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. High-resolution analysis and anomalous dispersion analysis of bovine cytochrome coxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767311093378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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4
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Muramoto K, Fujisawa H, Yano N, Maeda T, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. Structural changes of bovine cytochrome coxidase dependent on the redox states. Acta Crystallogr A 2011. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876731109338x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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5
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Watanabe Y, Abolhassani M, Tojo Y, Suda Y, Miyazawa K, Igarashi Y, Sakuma K, Ogawa T, Muramoto K. Evaluation of silica gel-immobilized phosphorylcholine columns for size exclusion chromatography and their application in the analysis of the subunit structures of fish-egg lectins. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:8563-6. [PMID: 19857867 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/12/2009] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Columns of phosphorylcholine (PC) immobilized on silica gel were shown to be useful for size exclusion chromatography (SEC) of proteins. The columns provided good separation of proteins in 50mM sodium phosphate buffer (pH 6.9) containing 0.25 M NaCl, and there was a linear relationship between the retention times and the logarithmic values of the molecular weights with a correlation coefficient (R(2)) of 0.978-0.992. The columns were used in analyzing the subunit structures of the rhamnose-binding lectins CSL1, CSL2, and CSL3, isolated from chum salmon (Oncorhynchus keta) eggs. Although the lectins, which are a group of carbohydrate-binding and hydrophobic proteins, behaved anomalously in SEC with conventional matrices, they could be eluted from the immobilized PC columns without non-size-related retention, thereby allowing their molecular weights to be reliably estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Watanabe
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Tsutsumidori, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Yoshikawa S, Muramoto K, Nakagawa N, Taniguchi M, Kanda K, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Maeda T, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T. X-ray structure of carbon monoxide at copper site of the dinuclear site of cytochrome coxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308090788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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7
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Suga M, Ito-Sinzawa K, Aoyama H, Muramoto K, Yamashita E, Yoshikawa S. High-resolution diffraction experiment of bovine cytochrome c oxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308088181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Shinzawa-Itoh K, Aoyama H, Muramoto K, Terada H, Kurauchi T, Tadehara Y, Yamasaki A, Sugimura T, Kurono S, Tsujimoto K, Mizushima T, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. Structural analysis for lipid/protein interactions in bovine heart cytochrome coxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308090764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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9
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Mochizuki M, Tomita I, Muramoto K, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Yamashita E, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. X-ray crystal structural analysis of cyanide-binding cytochrome coxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308090806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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10
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Muramoto K, Maeda K, Takahashi T, Hirata K, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Maeda T, Yoko-o S, Yamashita E, Aoyama H, Tsukihara T, Yoshikawa S. X-ray structural analysis of zinc/cadmium inhibitory site in bovine heart cytochrome coxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2008. [DOI: 10.1107/s0108767308090776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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11
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Nakamura O, Inaga Y, Suzuki S, Tsutsui S, Muramoto K, Kamiya H, Watanabe T. Possible immune functions of congerin, a mucosal galectin, in the intestinal lumen of Japanese conger eel. Fish Shellfish Immunol 2007; 23:683-92. [PMID: 17596964 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2007.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/19/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Congerin, a mucosal galectin of the Japanese conger eel, provides chemical fortification through its agglutinating and opsonizing activity. Congerin is produced in the epidermis, and the epithelia of the oral cavity to the esophagus, but not in the stomach or intestine. We hypothesized that congerin secreted from the upper digestive tract can reach and function in the intestinal lumen. We found that congerin possessed marked resistance against digestion by gastric and enteric enzymes of conger eel. It was not degraded until 6h of incubation with stomach extract or intestinal digestion juice. Western blotting demonstrated that congerin essentially remained in the intestinal mucus. The mucus agglutinated rabbit erythrocytes, and the agglutination was hampered by anti-congerin antibody. Furthermore, congerin could bind to some enteric bacteria. These results support the above hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nakamura
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Ofunato, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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Muramoto K, Huang GZ, Taniguchi M, Kaba H. Functional synapse formation between cultured rat accessory olfactory bulb neurons and vomeronasal pockets. Neuroscience 2006; 141:475-86. [PMID: 16677769 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 03/08/2006] [Accepted: 03/27/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the interaction between vomeronasal receptor neurons and accessory olfactory bulb neurons during pheromonal signal processing and specific synapse formation, partially dissociated rat vomeronasal receptor neurons were co-cultured with accessory olfactory bulb neurons. Between 7 and 14 days in co-culture, a few bundles of fibers from a spherical structure, termed the vomeronasal pocket, of cultured vomeronasal receptor neurons extended to the accessory olfactory bulb neurons. An optical recording of the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration was used to monitor the synaptic activation of cultured accessory olfactory bulb neurons. Electrical stimulation of the vomeronasal pocket between 7 and 14 days in co-culture had no effects on most of the cultured neurons tested, although it occasionally evoked weak responses in a small number of neurons. In contrast, vomeronasal pocket stimulation after 21 days in co-culture evoked clear calcium transients in a substantial number of cultured accessory olfactory bulb neurons. These responses of accessory olfactory bulb neurons were reversibly suppressed by the application of 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione; the calcium transients disappeared in most of the neurons and were diminished in the others. The application of d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid partially affected the calcium transients, but blocked spontaneous calcium increases, which were observed repeatedly in accessory olfactory bulb-alone cultures. The application of both 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione and d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid completely blocked the evoked calcium transients. These results suggest that functional glutamatergic synapses between vomeronasal receptor neurons and accessory olfactory bulb neurons were formed at around 21 days in co-culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Nakamura O, Matsuoka H, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Kamiya H, Watanabe T. Opsonic effect of congerin, a mucosal galectin of the Japanese conger, Conger myriaster (Brevoort). Fish Shellfish Immunol 2006; 20:433-5. [PMID: 16102974 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2005.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2005] [Accepted: 06/15/2005] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- O Nakamura
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate 022-0101, Japan.
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Abstract
We investigated the effect of several lectins, such as soy bean lectin (SBA), concanavalin A (Con A), and wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), on the transport of some food ingredients (isoflavones, quercetin glycosides, carnosine/anserine) across Caco-2 cell monolayers. After incubation of food ingredients (0.03 approximately 2 mmol/L) in the presence or absence of lectins (1 approximately 180 microg/ml) on the apical side, aliquots were taken from the apical and basolateral solution, and were subjected to HPLC analysis. We also examined the effect of lectins on the permeability of the tight junction by measuring the transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) value of the Caco-2 cell monolayer. Isoflavones, which was not transported to the basolateral solution without lectins, could be transported in the presence of lectins, whereas their aglycones were detected at the same levels with or without the lectin treatment. The transport of quercetin glycosides also increased in the presence of lectins, however, that of peptides was not affected by the lectins. Con A and WGA, but SBA, decreased the TER value, indicating that Con A and WGA increased the transport via paracellular pathway, whereas SBA did via a different pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ohno
- Department of Biomolecular Science, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Tanaka K, Yamamoto T, Aikawa Y, Kizawa K, Muramoto K, Matsuno H, Muraguchi A. Inhibitory effects of an anti-rheumatic agent T-614 on immunoglobulin production by cultured B cells and rheumatoid synovial tissues engrafted into SCID mice. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2003; 42:1365-71. [PMID: 12810927 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keg381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the pharmacological action of an anti-rheumatic agent T-614, we investigated its effects on immunoglobulin (Ig) production by cultured B cells and Ig secretion from synovial tissues of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) using SCID mice engrafted with human RA tissue (SCID-HuRAg). METHODS Murine B cells were prepared from mouse spleen by a T-cell depletion method. The cells were cultured with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and/or interleukin 4 (IL-4) in the absence or presence of T-614. Human B cells were isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors and the Ig production was induced by co-culture with autologous T cells and anti-CD3 antibody. SCID-HuRAg was prepared according to our previous method. T-614 was orally administered to the mice once daily for 4 weeks starting on the fourth week after the implantation. Then, peripheral blood was obtained and the implanted tissues were removed. Igs in the culture media or the sera were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In murine B-cell cultures, T-614 significantly decreased not only the IgM production stimulated with LPS but IgG1 production induced by LPS and IL-4. Regarding human B cells stimulated with T cells, it also inhibited IgM and IgG production. In SCID-HuRAg mice, high concentrations of polyclonal human IgG were detectable in the sera of all mice. A significant decrease in the IgG level was observed in the T-614-treated group compared with the control group. CONCLUSIONS We showed that T-614 inhibited Ig production by the cultured B cells and also decreased the high level of human IgG observed in SCID-HuRAg mice. These results may support its effect on plasma Ig in RA patients and provide insights into the mechanisms of its anti-rheumatic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Tanaka
- Toyama Chemical Co., Ltd., Toyama, Japan.
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Muramoto K, Osada T, Kato-Negishi M, Kuroda Y, Ichikawa M. Increase in the number of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons in a primary culture system of the rat accessory olfactory bulb by co-culture with vomeronasal pockets. Neuroscience 2003; 116:985-94. [PMID: 12617939 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(02)00784-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we established a culture system of the accessory olfactory bulb in order to investigate the functional role of each accessory olfactory bulb neurons in pheromonal signal processing. In the present study, we developed a co-culture system of cultured accessory olfactory bulb neurons with partially dissociated cells of the vomeronasal organ. The dissociated cells of the vomeronasal organ form spherical structures surrounding a central cavity in culture, referred to as the vomeronasal pockets. The projection and activity of olfactory receptor neurons affect the differentiation and maturation of main olfactory bulb neurons. It was also reported induction of tyrosine hydroxylase expression in main olfactory bulb neurons when they were co-cultured with explants of the olfactory epithelium. Thus, we investigated the effects of co-culture with vomeronasal pockets on the differentiation and/or maturation of cultured accessory olfactory bulb neurons in relation to tyrosine hydroxylase expression. The number of tyrosine hydroxylase-containing neurons developmentally increased over time in the accessory olfactory bulb culture. This increase was significantly enhanced by coculture with vomeronasal pockets. Interestingly, a significant change in tyrosine hydroxylase expression was not observed when main olfactory bulb neurons were co-cultured with vomeronasal pockets. Moreover, significant changes in tyrosine hydroxylase expression were not observed when accessory olfactory bulb neurons were co-cultured with olfactory epithelium explants, as was previously observed in co-culture of main olfactory bulb neurons and olfactory epithelium explants. These results suggest that the differentiation and/or maturation of accessory olfactory bulb neurons is modified by vomeronasal organ neurons via specific interactions between the sensory organ and its target.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan.
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Muramoto K, Aoyama H, Hirata K, Yamashita E, Akitsu T, Tsukihara T, Shinzawa-Itoh K, Shimada H, Yoshikawa S. Proton pump mechanism deduced from high resolution structures of bovine heart cytochrome c oxidase. Acta Crystallogr A 2002. [DOI: 10.1107/s010876730208652x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Tateno H, Yamaguchi T, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Watanabe T, Kamiya H, Saneyoshi M. Immunohistochemical localization of rhamnose-binding lectins in the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Dev Comp Immunol 2002; 26:543-550. [PMID: 12031414 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(02)00007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The localization of three -rhamnose-binding lectins named STL1, STL2, and STL3 from eggs of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) was analyzed by indirect immunohistochemical staining with specific antisera against individual lectins. In early previtellogenic oocyte, STL1 was localized not only in the cortical vesicles, but also in the plasma membrane and germinal vesicle. On the other hand, STL2 and STL3 were localized only in the cortical vesicles. In pre-fertilization mature egg, STLs were localized in a thin layer of cortical granules at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane. STLs were accumulated on the surface of cytoplasm and inner membrane 30 min after fertilization. The strong staining with anti-STL1 antiserum was observed in several tissues and cells of the steelhead trout, such as spleen, thrombocytes, and blood leukocytes, but not erythrocytes. STL1 was also identified in exocrine cells, such as goblet cells of intestine and mucous cells of gill. These results indicate that the multiple lectins found in eggs of the steelhead trout play physiological roles not only in eggs, but also in various cells related to the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tateno
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, 1-1 Tsutsumidori-amamiyamachi, Aoba-ku, Miyagi Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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Thomas AR, Naudé RJ, Oelofsen W, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. Purification and partial characterisation of alpha(2)-antiplasmin and plasmin(ogen) from ostrich plasma. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2001; 129:809-20. [PMID: 11435135 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-4959(01)00396-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study reports the isolation and partial characterisation of the ostrich serpin, alpha(2)AP, and its target enzyme, ostrich plasmin, in its active and inactive proenzyme, namely plasminogen, forms. Ostrich alpha(2)AP was purified using L-lysine-Sepharose chromatography, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and Super Q-650S and ostrich LBSI-Sepharose chromatographies. It revealed a M(r) of 84 K (thousand) and had one and two N-terminal amino acids in common with 11 of those of human and bovine alpha(2)AP, respectively. It showed the largest inhibitory effect on ostrich plasmin, followed by bovine trypsin and plasmin, respectively, and much less plasmin inhibition than bovine aprotinin, but much more so than human alpha(2)AP, DFP and EACA. Ostrich plasminogen was highly purified after L-lysine-Sepharose chromatography and showed a M(r) of 92 K, a total of 775 amino acids and its N-terminal sequence showed approximately 53% identity with those of human, rabbit, cat, and ox plasminogens. Ostrich plasmin, obtained by the urokinase-activation of ostrich plasminogen, revealed a M(r) of 78 K, a total of 638 amino acids, an N-terminal sequence showing two to four residues identical to five of those of human, cat, dog, rabbit, and ox plasmins, and pH and temperature optima of 8.0 and 40 degrees C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Thomas
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, 6000, Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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Abstract
We investigated the aetiological role of group A rotavirus in adults with acute diarrhoea in a 4-year prospective study. Of 683 patients with acute diarrhoea, 97 (14%) shed rotavirus as a sole agent, whereas six (5%) of 115 patients without diarrhoea shed rotavirus. Half of patients with rotavirus diarrhoea required admission to hospital. Unlike rotavirus diarrhoea in children, the occurrence of rotavirus-positive cases did not show a significant winter seasonality. Rotavirus infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of diarrhoeal diseases in adults.
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Nishiya D, Munakata A, Uehara O, Yamashita K, Muramoto K, Mikami T, Nakajima H, Sasaki H, Nara H, Nunomura J. [Listeriosis in an adult patient with diabetes mellitus]. Nihon Naika Gakkai Zasshi 2001; 90:1079-81. [PMID: 11460374 DOI: 10.2169/naika.90.1079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D Nishiya
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Hirosaki University School of Medicine, Hirosaki
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Nakamura O, Watanabe T, Kamiya H, Muramoto K. Galectin containing cells in the skin and mucosal tissues in Japanese conger eel, Conger myriaster: an immunohistochemical study. Dev Comp Immunol 2001; 25:431-437. [PMID: 11356222 DOI: 10.1016/s0145-305x(01)00012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Congerin is a beta-galactoside binding lectin (galectin) purified from the skin mucus of the Japanese conger, Conger myriaster. To clarify its tissue distribution and productive cells, several tissue samples including skin, buccal cavity wall, tang, pharynx, gills, esophagus, stomach, intestine, liver, kidney, spleen and ovary of conger were stained immunohistochemically using polyclonal rabbit anti-congerin serum. In the epidermis, a number of club cells were strongly stained. Because no agglutinating activity was detected in plasma, it appears evident that congerin is produced and secreted into mucus by those cells. In addition, congerin-positive club cells were distributed in the mucosal epithelium lining the digestive tract preceding the stomach and in the gills. These findings suggest that congerin participates in innate immunity on the intra- and the extra-body surface of the conger. The putative functions of club cells in fish and their contained lectin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Nakamura
- School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, 211-0101, Iwate, Japan.
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Onizuka R, Kamiya H, Muramoto K, Goto R, Inoue K, Kumamoto K, Nakajima Y, Iida S, Ishigami F. Purification of the major allergen of red soft coral (Dendronephthya nipponica). Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2001; 125:135-43. [PMID: 11435730 DOI: 10.1159/000053807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Red soft coral (RSC; Dendronephthya nipponica, a marine coelenterate) causes spiny lobster fishermen living along the Pacific coast of Miyazaki Prefecture in Japan to develop occupational allergies, such as conjunctivitis, rhinitis, dermatitis and bronchial asthma. The aim of this study was to purify and to characterize RSC allergen, which causes occupational asthma in spiny lobster fishermen. The allergic responsiveness of spiny lobster fishermen to RSC was examined. The examinations included specific IgE production, skin test responses, lymphocyte stimulation tests and specific IgG production. We found that RSC has a strong sensitizing activity in humans at a molecular weight of 10 kD or more, while it has no IgE-producing activity at a molecular weight of less than 10 kD. Neither the nonatopic controls nor the atopic non-coral-allergic controls exhibited any RAST-binding activity to any fraction. For the purification and the identification of this new allergen component, repeated gel filtration of the RSC extract was performed on a Sephacryl S-200 column, followed by gel filtration on a Superose-6 column. The purified major allergen component Den n 1, which is separated on a Mono-Q column, showed intradermal responses, lymphocyte stimulating activity and specific IgG-producing activity in RSC-induced bronchial asthma patients. The 53-kD component was electroblotted on a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of this new allergen component (Den n 1) was determined as Asp-Asp-Ile-Asn-Arg-Tyr-Ala-Phe-Asp-Asn-Lys-Ile-Asn- Asp-Lys-Leu-Phe-Asp-His-Trp-Gln-Ser.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Allergens/chemistry
- Allergens/immunology
- Allergens/isolation & purification
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Plant
- Asthma/etiology
- Asthma/immunology
- Chromatography, Gel
- Cnidaria/chemistry
- Cnidaria/immunology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/etiology
- Conjunctivitis, Allergic/immunology
- Dermatitis, Occupational/etiology
- Dermatitis, Occupational/immunology
- Female
- Fisheries
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity/etiology
- Hypersensitivity/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Intradermal Tests
- Japan
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Molecular Weight
- Occupational Diseases/etiology
- Occupational Diseases/immunology
- Radioallergosorbent Test
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/etiology
- Rhinitis, Allergic, Seasonal/immunology
- Seasons
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Affiliation(s)
- R Onizuka
- National Sanatorium Miyazaki Higashi Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
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24
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Tateno H, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Kamiya H, Hirai T, Saneyoshi M. A novel rhamnose-binding lectin family from eggs of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) with different structures and tissue distribution. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:1328-38. [PMID: 11471732 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
An L-rhamnose-binding isolectin named STL3 (subunit Mr, 21.5 k) was isolated from eggs of the steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in addition to STL1 (subunit Mr, 31.4 k) and STL2 (subunit Mr, 21.3 k) that had been already isolated. STLs were composed of noncovalently linked subunits. The primary structures of STL1 and STL3 were analyzed by the combined use of protein sequencing and cDNA sequencing. A cDNA encoding STL2, of which the protein sequence had been previously studied, was also analyzed. The STL1 subunit (289 amino acid residues) had different structural properties compared to those of the STL2 subunit (195 amino acid residues) and the STL3 subunit (195 amino acid residues); e.g., the number of repeated domain (three for STL1, and two for STL2 and STL3), although all of them were composed of tandemly repeated homologous domains (40 to 53% identities). The lectin levels in various tissues and during the embryonic development showed that STL1 had different distribution and expression profiles from those of STL2 and STL3. Although STL1 could be detected in several tissues and serum of both male and female steelhead trout, STL2 and STL3 were only abundant in the ovary. STL2 and STL3 levels dramatically decreased just after hatching, however, the STL1 level increased temporarily. These results indicate that the multiple lectins from eggs of the steelhead trout form a novel rhamnose-binding lectin family with different structures and tissue distribution to share distinct functions in eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tateno
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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25
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Zhou ZY, Sugawara K, Hashi R, Muramoto K, Mawatari K, Matsukawa T, Liu ZW, Devadas M, Kato S. Reactive oxygen species uncouple external horizontal cells in the carp retina and glutathione couples them again. Neuroscience 2001; 102:959-67. [PMID: 11182257 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(00)00527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of free radicals on the electrical gap junctions between horizontal cells in the carp retina. In our previous study, L-buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, caused uncoupling of horizontal cells four days after injection. In the present study, we have used paraquat, a generator of exogenous reactive oxygen species, to investigate whether it was the depletion of glutathione or an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species which resulted in horizontal cell uncoupling after L-buthionine sulfoximine injection. Intracellular recordings were made from L-type horizontal cells at various time-points after intravitreal injection of paraquat. Injection of 25nmol paraquat caused an increase in response amplitude to central spot light stimuli by two days after injection, which continued for a further two to three days and had almost disappeared by seven days after injection. There was also a sharp increase in reactive oxygen species production, peaking at four days and disappearing by seven days after injection, and an accompanying depletion and a restoration of glutathione levels with a similar time-course. Marking cells with Lucifer Yellow clearly illustrated uncoupling of horizontal cells after paraquat injection. If paraquat and L-buthionine sulfoximine were injected simultaneously, the increase in response to central spots was observed as early as one day after injection. This response amplitude was not more enhanced than that observed after L-buthionine sulfoximine injection alone, although a dramatic increase in the level of reactive oxygen species was observed. From these results, we suggest that reactive oxygen species are involved in uncoupling, while recovery from uncoupling is dependent on glutathione. Furthermore, we conclude that a balance between glutathione and reactive oxygen species levels is the most important factor controlling gap junctional intercellular communication of L-type horizontal cells in the carp retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Zhou
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, 13-1 Takaramachi, 920-8640, Kanazawa, Japan
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26
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Seino KI, Fukao K, Muramoto K, Yanagisawa K, Takada Y, Kakuta S, Iwakura Y, Van Kaer L, Takeda K, Nakayama T, Taniguchi M, Bashuda H, Yagita H, Okumura K. Requirement for natural killer T (NKT) cells in the induction of allograft tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2001; 98:2577-81. [PMID: 11226281 PMCID: PMC30180 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.041608298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the role of Valpha14 natural killer T (NKT) cells in transplant immunity. The ability to reject allografts was not significantly different between wild-type (WT) and Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. However, in models in which tolerance was induced against cardiac allografts by blockade of lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD28/B7 interactions, long-term acceptance of the grafts was observed only in WT but not Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer with Valpha14 NKT cells restored long-term acceptance of allografts in Valpha14 NKT cell-deficient mice. The critical role of Valpha14 NKT cells to mediate immunosuppression was also observed in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures in which lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1 or CD28/B7 interactions were blocked. Experiments using IL-4- or IFN-gamma-deficient mice suggested a critical contribution of IFN-gamma to the Valpha14 NKT cell-mediated allograft acceptance in vivo. These results indicate a critical contribution of Valpha14 NKT cells to the induction of allograft tolerance and provide a useful model to investigate the regulatory role of Valpha14 NKT cells in various immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- K I Seino
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba Science City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan.
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27
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Muramoto K, Kato M, Matsuoka M, Kuroda Y, Ichikawa M. A primary culture system of rat olfactory bulb forming many synapses similar to intact ones and spontaneously generating synchronous intracellular calcium oscillations. Anat Embryol (Berl) 2001; 203:9-21. [PMID: 11195091 DOI: 10.1007/pl00008245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Previously, several studies attempting to analyze olfactory functions using dissociated culture systems of the olfactory bulb (OB) have been reported. Reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses between secondary neurons (mitral/tufted cells) and interneurons (periglomerular/granule cells) are considered to play the most important role in signal processing in the OB. However, it is unclear whether these reciprocal synapses are formed in vitro in the same way as they are in the intact OB. Thus, we synaptologically investigated the nature of cultured OB neurons. These neurons from embryonic rats were classified into four groups based on the size of their somata and their glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) immunoreactivity. At 14 days in vitro, most of the neurons synchronously showed spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ oscillations that were reversibly inhibited by application of D-APV and CNQX. Moreover, the frequency of the oscillations decreased and their amplitude became larger following application of bicuculline. These results suggest functional glutamatergic synaptic coupling and inhibitory GABAergic synaptic modulation. Immunocytochemical staining revealed many dot-like products (puncta) that were immunoreactive to GAD as well as to synaptophysin surrounding the cultured neurons. These results strongly indicate the presence of GABAergic synapses. The existence of synaptic contacts in OB neuron cultures was also confirmed by electron microscopy. Two types of synapses, symmetrical and asymmetrical, were morphologically recognizable. Moreover, we could also identify peculiar synapses resembling the in vivo reciprocal dendrodendritic synapses. The use of these primary culture systems will facilitate the elucidation of mechanisms underlying olfactory functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Research, Japan.
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28
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Kabuto S, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Oosthuizen V, Naude RJ. The amino acid sequence of pancreatic alpha-amylase from the ostrich, Struthio camelus. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 127:481-90. [PMID: 11281265 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(00)00282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The amino-acid sequence of alpha-amylase isolated from the pancreas of the ostrich, Struthio camelus was determined. The alpha-amylase (OPA) consisted of 497 amino acid residues with pyroglutamic acid at the N-terminus and no oligosaccharide. Amino acid identity between OPA and chicken, porcine and human pancreatic alpha-amylases individually, was found to be 88, 82 and 86%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kabuto
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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29
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Abstract
The work focused on the penultimate enzyme, prothrombin, in the coagulation cascade. Prothrombin was purified and characterized from ostrich plasma. The results obtained contribute to a better understanding of blood coagulation in the ostrich and the evolution of prothrombin and the coagulation cascade. Prothrombin was purified from ostrich plasma by barium chloride precipitation, ammonium sulfate fractionation, and DEAE-cellulose and Cu(2+)-chelate Sepharose chromatography. Ostrich prothrombin exhibited a M(r) of 72,800 and a pI of 6.9 using SDS-PAGE and PAG-isoelectrofocusing, respectively. The N-terminal sequence of ostrich prothrombin showed 78 and 87% identity with human and bovine, respectively. The cDNA was isolated from ostrich liver and the predicted amino acid sequence compared with those from other species. Ostrich prothrombin shares sequence identity with chicken (84%), human (60%), bovine (59%), rat (60%), mouse (59%) and hagfish (50%) prothrombin, suggesting a common function of prothrombin in these vertebrates. Amino acid sequence identities indicate that the thrombin beta-chain (62%) and the propeptide-Gla (75%) domains are the regions most constrained for the common functions of vertebrate prothrombins. Ostrich prothrombin, therefore, shows similarity in structure to other vertebrate prothrombins.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, PO Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa
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30
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Jin DH, Zhang Y, Suzuki Y, Naganuma T, Ogawa T, Hatakeyama E, Muramoto K. Inhibitory effect of protein hydrolysates on calcium carbonate crystallization. J Agric Food Chem 2000; 48:5450-5454. [PMID: 11087500 DOI: 10.1021/jf000221o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Protein hydrolysates, prepared by enzymatic digestion of soybean protein and egg white albumin using several proteases, inhibited the crystal growth of calcium carbonate. Each hydrolysate showed different inhibitory activities, suggesting the key role of peptide structures in the inhibition. The deamidation of protein hydrolysates by glutaminase increased not only the inhibitory activity toward the crystal growth of calcium carbonate but also the resistance of the hydrolysates against peptic digestion. Furthermore, the addition of sodium chloride, citric acid, or lactose into the reaction mixture enhanced the inhibitory activity. The protein hydrolysates inhibited both nucleation and crystal growth of calcium carbonate and also affected the crystal morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Jin
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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31
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Abstract
We have cloned and characterized the gene encoding Microcystis aeruginosa (strain M228) lectin (MAL). The gene contains 1551 nucleotides and an open reading frame for a protein of 517 amino acids with a predicted molecular weight of 55,159 Da. The carboxy-terminal region of MAL has three tandemly repeated homologous domains composed of 61 amino acids. These regions show similarity to the corresponding regions of the alpha-amylase of Clostridium beijerinckii (23% identity). The mal gene lies adjacent to an ORF that display homology to cytochrome P-450 and polyketide synthase. Southern hybridization showed that the genomic DNA of the strain M228 contained, in addition to MAL gene (mal), at least two other mal like gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimbo
- Department of Marine Biochemistry, Kitasato University, Sanriku, Iwate, 022-0101, Japan.
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32
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Roy N, Okai N, Tomita T, Muramoto K, Kamio Y. Purification and some properties of high-molecular-weight xylanases, the xylanases 4 and 5 of Aeromonas caviae W-61. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2000; 64:408-13. [PMID: 10737201 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.64.408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas caviae W-61 produces multiple extracellular xylanases, the xylanases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 [Nguyen, V. D. et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 56, 1708-1712 (1993)]. Here we purified and characterized high-molecular-weight xylanases, the xylanases 4 and 5 from the culture fluids of the bacterium. The purified xylanases 4 and 5, which had molecular masses of 120 and 140 kDa, respectively, were endo-beta-1,4-xylanases with similar enzymatic properties except for trans-xylosidase activity. The xylanase 4 showed a prominent transxylosidase activity when xylotriose and xylotetraose were used as the substrates, while the xylanase 5 had little transxylosidase activity under the same conditions. Protein sequencing indicated that the xylanase 4 was a C-terminally-truncated xylanase 5, suggesting that the C-terminal truncation of the xylanase 5 may endow the enzyme with transxylosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Roy
- Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Sendai, Japan
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33
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Jimbo M, Yanohara T, Koike K, Koike K, Sakai R, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. The D-galactose-binding lectin of the octocoral Sinularia lochmodes: characterization and possible relationship to the symbiotic dinoflagellates. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2000; 125:227-36. [PMID: 10817910 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00173-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A D-galactose binding lectin (SLL-2) was isolated from Sinularia lochmodes, an octocoral, by a combination of affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose and FPLC on Superdex 200. SLL-2 agglutinated rabbit and horse erythrocytes while SLL-1, a minor component, reacted only with rabbit erythrocytes. SLL-2 is a glycoprotein with a molecular mass of 122 kDa and is composed of eight identical subunits (15 kDa). The sequence of the amino terminal region of SLL-2 did not show any apparent homology to the sequences of other animal and plant lectins. D-Galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, lactose, and melibiose were moderate inhibitors to the agglutination of rabbit erythrocytes. In contrast, horse erythrocytes were much more susceptible to agglutination by SLL-2, which was inhibited by sugars and glycoproteins such as D-galactose, N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, lactose, melibiose, and porcine stomach mucin. SLL-2 showed considerable tolerance to heating and kept its activity after heating at 80 degrees C for 60 min. In immuno-histochemical studies using an anti-SLL-2 antiserum and protein A gold conjugate, SLL-2 was found to be present in high amounts in the nematocysts. SLL-2 was also detected on the surface of symbiotic dinoflagellate, Symbiodinium sp. cells irrespective whether they were surrounded with or without host cells. These observations suggest the presence of lectin-mediated interaction between symbiotic dinoflagellates and S. lochmodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jimbo
- Department of Marine Biochemistry, Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
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34
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Yamaguchi M, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Kamio Y, Jimbo M, Kamiya H. Isolation and characterization of a mannan-binding lectin from the freshwater cyanobacterium (blue-green algae) Microcystis viridis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1999; 265:703-8. [PMID: 10600484 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1999.1749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis viridis NIES-102 strain, a unicellular freshwater bloom-forming cyanobacterium, showed transient hemagglutinating activity in laboratory culture during stationary phase under nonaeration conditions. However, the hemagglutinating activity which was inhibited with yeast mannan could not be observed during culture with aeration. A mannan-binding lectin named MVL was isolated with the assay of the hemagglutinating activity against rabbit erythrocytes from the cyanobacterium by successive hydrophobic and gel filtration chromatography. MVL was composed of a single polypeptide of 13 kDa. The gene (mvl) for MVL was cloned from a genomic DNA of NIES-102 strain as a template, and its sequence was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence showed that MVL consisted of 113 amino acid residues and was composed of two tandemly repeated homologous domains of 54 amino acid residues. MVL showed no sequence homology to any other lectins or proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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35
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Shirai T, Mitsuyama C, Niwa Y, Matsui Y, Hotta H, Yamane T, Kamiya H, Ishii C, Ogawa T, Muramoto K. High-resolution structure of the conger eel galectin, congerin I, in lactose-liganded and ligand-free forms: emergence of a new structure class by accelerated evolution. Structure 1999; 7:1223-33. [PMID: 10545323 DOI: 10.1016/s0969-2126(00)80056-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congerin I is a member of the galectin (animal beta-galactoside-binding lectin) family and is found in the skin mucus of conger eel. The galectin family proteins perform a variety of biological activities. Because of its histological localization and activity against marine bacteria and starfish embryos, congerin I is thought to take part in the eels' biological defense system against parasites. RESULTS The crystal structure of congerin I has been determined in both lactose-liganded and ligand-free forms to 1. 5 A and 1.6 A resolution, respectively. The protein is a homodimer of 15 kDa subunits. Congerin I has a beta-sheet topology that is markedly different from those of known relatives. One of the beta-strands is exchanged between two identical subunits. This strand swap might increase the dimer stability. Of the known galectin complexes, congerin I forms the most extensive interaction with lactose molecules. Most of these interactions are substituted by similar interactions with water molecules, including a pi-electron hydrogen bond, in the ligand-free form. This observation indicates an increased affinity of congerin I for the ligand. CONCLUSIONS The genes for congerin I and an isoform, congerin II, are known to have evolved under positive selection pressure. The strand swap and the modification in the carbohydrate-binding site might enhance the cross-linking activity, and should be the most apparent consequence of positive selection. The protein has been adapted to functioning in skin mucus that is in direct contact with surrounding environments by an enhancement in cross-linking activity. The structure of congerin I demonstrates the emergence of a new structure class by accelerated evolution under selection pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shirai
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomaterial Chemistry Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-Ku, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan.
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36
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Kato S, Devadas M, Okada K, Shimada Y, Ohkawa M, Muramoto K, Takizawa N, Matsukawa T. Fast and slow recovery phases of goldfish behavior after transection of the optic nerve revealed by a computer image processing system. Neuroscience 1999; 93:907-14. [PMID: 10473256 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00202-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
As the goldfish is a common experimental animal for vision research, including psychophysical behavior, it is very important to quantitatively score fish behavior. We have previously developed a computer image processing system which can acquire the positional coordinates of goldfish moving freely in an aquarium and determine turning directions (go straight, right or left turn). In the present study, an algorithm to determine tilting angles of moving goldfish was constructed. We also made histograms for quantifying the interaction between pairs of goldfish (two-point distance). By using these histograms, we estimated the time-course of behavioral regeneration after optic nerve transection in goldfish. Control goldfish showed an equal percentage of right or left turns and maintained an upright position in a dorsoventral axis. When the optic nerve of a goldfish was unilaterally sectioned, the goldfish showed predominant turning and slight tilting toward the intact eye. The abnormal turning and tilting behaviors lasted for 10-14 days and then gradually decreased, returning to control behaviors by one month after the unilateral transection. When the optic nerve of a single goldfish was bilaterally sectioned, it did not show any preferential turning and tilting behavior, which is similar to what was observed in control goldfish. However, the trace maps showed that, after bilateral sectioning, fish preferred to cross the center of the tank, which was unlike control fish. In control pairs, one goldfish chased the other with a fixed small range of two-point distances. However, in pairs of goldfish with bilateral transection of the optic nerve, the blind goldfish behaved independently of each other, with a long two-point distance. The long two-point distance of the blind goldfish lasted for at least two months and then slowly returned to control two-point distance by four months after bilateral transection. Such fast and slow recovery in goldfish behaviors evoked after unilateral and bilateral transection of the optic nerve is discussed with respect to reconnection of regenerating optic nerves in the fish central nervous system. This computer image processing system is a useful tool with which we can quickly and easily quantify fish behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kato
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kanazawa, Japan.
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37
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Muramoto K, Makishima S, Aizawa S, Macnab RM. Effect of hook subunit concentration on assembly and control of length of the flagellar hook of Salmonella. J Bacteriol 1999; 181:5808-13. [PMID: 10482524 PMCID: PMC94103 DOI: 10.1128/jb.181.18.5808-5813.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The flagellar hook of Salmonella is a filamentous polymer made up of subunits of the protein FlgE. Hook assembly is terminated when the length reaches about 55 nm. After our recent study of the effect of cellular levels of the hook length control protein FliK, we have now analyzed the effect of cellular levels of FlgE itself. When FlgE was overproduced in a wild-type strain, a fliC (flagellin) mutant, or a fliD (hook-associated protein 2 [HAP2], filament capping protein) mutant, the hooks remained at the wild-type length. In a fliK (hook length control protein) mutant, which produces long hooks (polyhooks), the overproduction of FlgE resulted in extraordinarily long hooks (superpolyhooks). In a flgK (HAP1, first hook-filament junction protein) mutant or a flgL (HAP3, second hook-filament junction protein) mutant, the overproduction of FlgE also resulted in longer than normal hooks. Thus, at elevated hook protein levels not only FliK but also FlgK and FlgL are necessary for the proper termination of hook elongation. When FlgE was severely underproduced, basal bodies without hooks were often observed. However, those hooks that were seen were of wild-type length, demonstrating that FlgE underproduction decreases the probability of the initiation of hook assembly but not the extent of hook elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8114, USA
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38
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Ogawa T, Ishii C, Kagawa D, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. Accelerated evolution in the protein-coding region of galectin cDNAs, congerin I and congerin II, from skin mucus of conger eel (Conger myriaster). Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:1203-8. [PMID: 10478448 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Two cDNAs encoding galectins named congerins I and II from the skin mucus of conger eel (Conger myriaster) were isolated and sequenced. Comparison of the nucleotide sequences of congerins I and II showed that the sequence similarities of the 5' and 3' untranslated regions (86 and 88%, respectively) were much higher than those of the protein-coding region (73%). The numbers of nucleotide substitutions per site (KN) for the untranslated regions are smaller than the numbers of nucleotide substitutions per synonymous site (KS) for the protein coding region. Furthermore, nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions have accelerated more frequently than synonymous nucleotide substitutions in the protein coding region (KA/KS = 2.57). These results suggest that accelerated substitutions have occurred in the protein-coding regions of galectin genes to generate diverse galectins with different molecular properties. Northern blot analysis showed that both congerins were expressed not only in the skin tissues but also in the stomach of conger eel.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ogawa
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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39
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Takatsuka Y, Onoda M, Sugiyama T, Muramoto K, Tomita T, Kamio Y. Novel characteristics of Selenomonas ruminantium lysine decarboxylase capable of decarboxylating both L-lysine and L-ornithine. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1999; 63:1063-9. [PMID: 10427692 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.63.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lysine decarboxylase (LDC; EC 4.1.1.18) of Selenomonas ruminantium is a constitutive enzyme and is involved in the synthesis of cadaverine, which is an essential constituent of the peptidoglycan for normal cell growth. We purified the S. ruminantium LDC by an improved method including hydrophobic chromatography and studied the fine characteristics of the enzyme. Kinetic study of LDC showed that S. ruminantium LDC decarboxylated both L-lysine and L-ornithine with similar Km and the decarboxylase activities towards both substrates were competitively and irreversibly inhibited by DL-alpha-difluoromethylornithine, which is a specific inhibitor of ornithine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.17). We also showed a drastic descent of LDC activity owing to the degradation of LDC at entry into the stationary phase of cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Takatsuka
- Laboratory of the Applied Microbiology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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40
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Zhou ZY, Ohkawa M, Muramoto K, Homma K, Mawatari K, Devadas M, Kato S. Glutathione depletion causes an uncoupling effect on retinal horizontal cells through oxidative stress. Neuroscience 1999; 90:1493-9. [PMID: 10338315 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(98)00542-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
To investigate a physiological role of glutathione in the horizontal cells of carp retina, the gap junctional intercellular communication between horizontal cells was studied using the techniques of intracellular recording of light-induced responses and coupling of the fluorescence dye Lucifer Yellow. Intravitreal injection of 2.5 micromol L-buthionine sulfoximine, an inhibitor of glutathione synthesis, induced a dramatic reduction (20% of control) of retinal glutathione level two days after treatment. The low level of glutathione continued for a further four to five days, and thereafter gradually recovered to about 40% (20 days after injection) and 70% (50 days after injection) of the control level. The spatial properties of the photopic L-type horizontal cell response were examined by enlarging the diameter of the central spot and peripheral annulus over the recording point. In normal retinas, the response amplitude of horizontal cells was monotonically enhanced as the diameter of the spot increased (0.5-4.0 mm) and correspondingly the dye diffusion area was wide, as the injected Lucifer Yellow normally diffused to several neighboring cells. Treatment with L-buthionine sulfoximine significantly altered the spatial properties of horizontal cells by increasing the response amplitude to central spots and slightly decreasing that to peripheral annuli, which were observed by four days after injection. It also restricted intracellular Lucifer Yellow to one or two cells. Accompanying the recovery of the cellular level of glutathione, the spatial properties and dye coupling of horizontal cells were restored to normal. A time lag (two days) of initiation in retinal glutathione depletion and alteration of spatial or dye coupling properties of horizontal cells is discussed, together with reactive oxygen species accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Y Zhou
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Kanazawa, Japan
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41
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Muramoto K, Kagawa D, Sato T, Ogawa T, Nishida Y, Kamiya H. Functional and structural characterization of multiple galectins from the skin mucus of conger eel, Conger myriaster. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1999; 123:33-45. [PMID: 10425711 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(99)00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The complete amino acid sequence of an isogalectin, named congerin II, isolated from the skin mucus of conger eel, was determined by sequencing of the protein and its peptides generated by enzymatic and chemical cleavages. Congerin II consisted of 135 amino acids residues containing an acetylated N-terminus. Congerin II was found to be only 46% homologous in sequence to congerin I which was previously determined (Muramoto K., Kamiya H., Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1992;1116:129-136), suggesting that the galectins with diverse molecular properties are present in the skin mucus of conger eel. However, it was confirmed by analysis of the secondary structures using circular dichroism that both congerins I and II shared similar folds characterized by beta structures. Congerins I and II showed different molecular properties such as thermostability, pH dependency for hemagglutinating activity and for binding specificity against the pyridylamino derivative of lactose. Congerin I showed more strict recognition specificity for lactose than did congerin II. Furthermore, the effects of chemical modification on congerins I and II were investigated in order to identify the type of amino acids involved in their different lectin activities. Modification of tyrosine and lysine residues did not affect the carbohydrate-binding activities of congerins. However, modification of tryptophan, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid and aspartic acid residues led to considerable loss of their activities, and a different mode of binding activity was observed between modified congerins I and II. These results suggest that multiple galectins from conger eel with the same scaffold have different biological functions and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.
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42
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Mkwetshana NT, Naudé RJ, Oelofsen W, Naganuma T, Muramoto K. The isolation and partial characterization of precursor forms of ostrich carboxypeptidase. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1999; 31:331-43. [PMID: 10216965 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(98)00103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ostrich carboxypeptidases A and B were recently purified and characterized. The aim of this study was to isolate and purify, and partially characterize in terms of molecular weight, pI, amino acid composition and N-terminal sequencing, the precursor forms of carboxypeptidases from the ostrich pancreas. Inhibition studies with soybean trypsin inhibitor and activation studies with three proteases (bovine trypsin, bovine chymotrypsin and porcine elastase) were performed on crude ostrich acetone powder and the carboxypeptidase A and B activities were determined. SDS-PAGE was carried out after every incubation to monitor the rate and degree of conversion of a M(r) 66K component to procarboxypeptidase and carboxypeptidase A and B. The precursor forms were purified by Toyopearl Super Q and Pharmacia Mono Q chromatography. All three proteases converted the M(r) 66K component to procarboxypeptidases and carboxypeptidases over a set time interval, with carboxypeptidase A and B activities being detected in the acetone powder. Chymotrypsin was the preferred protease since it exhibited a more controlled activation of the procarboxypeptidases. The amino acid composition of procarboxypeptidase A revealed 525 residues. The N-terminal sequence of procarboxypeptidase A showed considerable homology when compared with several other mammalian sequences. M(r) and pI values of 52K and 5.23 were obtained for procarboxypeptidase A, respectively. This study indicated that ostrich procarboxypeptidase A is closely related to other mammalian procarboxypeptidase A molecules in terms of physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Mkwetshana
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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43
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Abstract
MotA and MotB are cytoplasmic membrane proteins that form the force-generating unit of the flagellar motor in Salmonella typhimurium and many other bacteria. Many missense mutations in both proteins are known to cause slow motor rotation (slow-motile phenotype) or no rotation at all (non-motile or paralysed phenotype). However, large stretches of sequence in the cytoplasmic regions of MotA and in the periplasmic region of MotB have failed to yield these types of mutations. In this study, we have investigated the effect of a series of 10-amino-acid deletions in these phenotypically silent regions. In the case of MotA, we found that only the C-terminal 5 amino acids were completely dispensable; an adjacent 10 amino acids were partially dispensable. In the cytoplasmic loop region of MotA, deletions made the protein unstable. For MotB, we found that two large segments of the periplasmic region were dispensable: the results with individual deletions showed that the first consisted of six deletions between the sole transmembrane span and the peptidoglycan binding motif, whereas the second consisted of four deletions at the C-terminus. We also found that deletions in the MotB cytoplasmic region at the N-terminus impaired motility but did not abolish it. Further investigations in MotB were carried out by combining dispensable deletion segments. The most extreme version of MotB that still retained some degree of function lacked a total of 99 amino acids in the periplasmic region, beginning immediately after the transmembrane span. These results indicate that the deleted regions in the MotA cytoplasmic loop region are essential for stability; they may or may not be directly involved in torque generation. Part of the MotA C-terminal cytoplasmic region is not essential for torque generation. MotB can be divided into three regions: an N-terminal region of about 30 amino acids in the cytoplasm, a transmembrane span and about 260 amino acids in the periplasm, including a peptidoglycan binding motif. In the periplasmic region, we suggest that the first of the two dispensable stretches in MotB may comprise part of a linker between the transmembrane span of MotB and its attachment point to the peptidoglycan layer, and that the length or specific sequence of much of that linker sequence is not critical. About 40 residues at the C-terminus are also unimportant.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
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44
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Okai N, Fukasaku M, Kaneko J, Tomita T, Muramoto K, Kamio Y. Molecular properties and activity of a carboxyl-terminal truncated form of xylanase 3 from Aeromonas caviae W-61. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 1998; 62:1560-7. [PMID: 9757562 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.62.1560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Aeromonas caviae W-61 produces five species of xylanases, xylanases 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 [Nguyen, V.D. et al., Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem., 56, 1708-1712 (1993) and Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57, 445-449 (1991)]. While preserving a purified xylanase 3 preparation from A. caviae in solution at 4 degrees C, the xylanase 3 was found to be proteolyzed to give a truncated form with a smaller molecular mass than that of the intact one. It appears likely that the truncated form of xylanase 3 was produced in this particular purification experiment by the action of a contaminating protease. We isolated the truncated form of xylanase 3 (Xyn3tr), of which the C-terminal 102-residue segment is missing. By the chemical analysis of the N- and C-terminal amino acid residues of Xyn3tr and the DNA sequencing analysis of the xylanase 3 gene (xyn3), the N-terminal 398th proline residue of xylanase 3 was found to be the C-terminus of Xyn3tr. Xyn3tr had the activity to form xylotriose (X3), xylotetraose (X4), xylopentaose (X5), and xylohexaose (X6) as main final products from oat spelt xylan. In contrast, intact xylanase 3 released X6 and higher xylo-oligosaccharides as main products. Xylanase 3 hydrolysed X4 through X6. However, Xyn3tr had no activity towards X4 and X5. The recombinant Xyn3tr and recombinant xylanase 3 (XYN3) were purified homogeneously from the periplasmic space of E. coli harboring the plasmids pXYN3 and pXYN3tr, which include xyn3 and xyn3tr genes, respectively, and their enzymatic activities were measured. The cleavage patterns of oat spelt and xylo-oligosaccharides by XYN3tr were identical with that by intact Xyn3tr. Thus, we conclude that the C-terminal region comprising a 102-residue segment in xylanase 3 is involved in governing the molecular size of xylo-oligosaccharides cleaved from beta-1,4-xylan by the enzyme and in the hydrolytic activity towards X4 and X5.
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MESH Headings
- Aeromonas/enzymology
- Aeromonas/genetics
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Avena/chemistry
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Southern
- Blotting, Western
- Chromatography, Gel
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- Cyanogen Bromide/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Escherichia coli/enzymology
- Escherichia coli/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Library
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/isolation & purification
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Rabbits
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Substrate Specificity
- Xylan Endo-1,3-beta-Xylosidase
- Xylans/metabolism
- Xylosidases/chemistry
- Xylosidases/genetics
- Xylosidases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- N Okai
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohuku University, Sendai, Japan
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45
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Tateno H, Saneyoshi A, Ogawa T, Muramoto K, Kamiya H, Saneyoshi M. Isolation and characterization of rhamnose-binding lectins from eggs of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) homologous to low density lipoprotein receptor superfamily. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:19190-7. [PMID: 9668106 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.30.19190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Two L-rhamnose-binding lectins named STL1 and STL2 were isolated from eggs of steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by affinity chromatography and ion exchange chromatography. The apparent molecular masses of purified STL1 and STL2 were estimated to be 84 and 68 kDa, respectively, by gel filtration chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometry of these lectins revealed that STL1 was composed of noncovalently linked trimer of 31.4-kDa subunits, and STL2 was noncovalently linked trimer of 21.5-kDa subunits. The minimum concentrations of STL1, a major component, and STL2, a minor component, needed to agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes were 9 and 0.2 microg/ml, respectively. The most effective saccharide in the hemagglutination inhibition assay for both STL1 and STL2 was L-rhamnose. Saccharides possessing the same configuration of hydroxyl groups at C2 and C4 as that in L-rhamnose, such as L-arabinose and D-galactose, also inhibited. The amino acid sequence of STL2 was determined by analysis of peptides generated by digestion of the S-carboxamidomethylated protein with Achromobacter protease I or Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. The STL2 subunit of 195 amino acid residues proved to have a unique polypeptide architecture; that is, it was composed of two tandemly repeated homologous domains (STL2-N and STL2-C) with 52% internal homology. These two domains showed a sequence homology to the subunit (105 amino acid residues) of D-galactoside-specific sea urchin (Anthocidaris crassispina) egg lectin (37% for STL2-N and 46% for STL2-C, respectively). The N terminus of the STL1 subunit was blocked with an acetyl group. However, a partial amino acid sequence of the subunit showed a sequence similarity to STL2. Moreover, STL2 also showed a sequence homology to the ligand binding domain of the vitellogenin receptor. We have also employed surface plasmon resonance biosensor methodology to investigate the interactions between STL2 and major egg yolk proteins from steelhead trout, lipovitellin, and beta'-component, which are known as vitellogenin digests. Interestingly, STL2 showed distinct interactions with both egg yolk proteins. The estimated values for the affinity constant (Ka) of STL2 to lipovitellin and beta' component were 3.44 x 10(6) and 4.99 x 10(6), respectively. These results suggest that the fish egg lectins belong to a new family of animal lectin structurally related to the low density lipoprotein receptor super- family.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Tateno
- Department of Biological Resource Sciences, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 981-8555, Japan
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46
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Inokuchi J, Mizutani A, Jimbo M, Usuki S, Yamagishi K, Mochizuki H, Muramoto K, Kobayashi K, Kuroda Y, Iwasaki K, Ohgami Y, Fujiwara M. A synthetic ceramide analog (L-PDMP) up-regulates neuronal function. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1998; 845:219-24. [PMID: 9668355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1998.tb09674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To address the role of brain gangliosides in synaptic activity, the ceramide analogs, D-threo-1-phenyl-2-decanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP) and its enantiomer, L-PDMP, were used to inhibit and stimulate ganglioside biosynthesis in cultured cortical neurons. Prolonged treatment with both PDMP isomers exhibited opposite effects on functional synapse formation measured by spontaneous synchronized oscillatory activity of intracellular Ca2+ between the neurons: suppression by D-PDMP and facilitation by L-PDMP. Up-regulation of synaptic activity by L-PDMP could be correlated with the slow but robust activation of p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment with L-PDMP after transient forebrain ischemia in rats ameliorated the deficit of a well-learned spatial memory by an 8-arm maze task, suggesting a new potential therapeutic approach for neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Inokuchi
- Seikagaku Corporation, Tokyo Research Institute, Japan
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47
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Abstract
Frameshift mutations in the fliK gene of Salmonella result in abnormal elongation of the hook and the failure to assemble filament (polyhook phenotype). Second-site suppressor mutations restore filament assembly, but the cells often remain defective in hook-length control (polyhook-filament phenotype). Where the suppressor mutations are intragenic, the second mutation restores the original frame, generating a region of frameshifted sequence, but restoring the natural C terminus. Some of these frameshifted sequences contain a UGA (opal) termination codon. These cells have few flagella and swarm poorly. We suspected that readthrough of UGA by tRNATrp might be the reason for the partial function. When the UGA codon was changed to the Trp codon UGG, flagellar assembly and function were restored to wild-type levels. Conversely, underexpression of the wild-type fliK gene, achieved by changing the sole Trp codon in the sequence (Trp271) to UGA, decreased both the number of flagella and the ability to swarm. These results validate the readthrough hypothesis and indicate that low levels of FliK sustain some degree of flagellation and motility. At low levels of FliK, most flagella had polyhooks. With increasing amounts, the morphology progressively changed to polyhook-filament, and eventually to wild-type hook-filament. When FliK was overproduced, the hook length was slightly shorter (46(+/-7) nm) than that of the wild-type strain (55(+/-9) nm). FliK levels were measured by immunoblotting. Wild-type levels were about 40 to 80 molecules/cell. FliK synthesized by UGA readthrough could be detected when overproduced from plasmid fliK-W271opal, and the levels indicated a probability of readthrough of 0.002 to 0.01. This value was used to estimate the cellular level of underexpressed FliK, which could partly restore function to a fliK mutant, at about 0.07 to 0.8 molecule/cell. These results suggest that FliK does not form a large structure in the cytoplasm and may function as a regulatory protein for protein export. A model for hook-length control is presented that involves feedback from the assembly point to the export apparatus.
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MESH Headings
- Bacterial Proteins/chemistry
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/metabolism
- Base Sequence
- Cloning, Molecular
- Codon, Terminator/genetics
- Flagella/metabolism
- Flagella/ultrastructure
- Frameshift Mutation
- Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial
- Genes, Bacterial
- Models, Biological
- Mutagenesis, Site-Directed
- Phenotype
- RNA, Bacterial/metabolism
- RNA, Transfer, Trp/metabolism
- Salmonella typhimurium/genetics
- Salmonella typhimurium/growth & development
- Salmonella typhimurium/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Suppression, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- K Muramoto
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520-8114, USA
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48
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Oosthuizen V, Weldrick DP, Naudé RJ, Oelofsen W, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. Ostrich intestinal glycohydrolases: distribution, purification and partial characterisation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 1998; 30:339-52. [PMID: 9611776 DOI: 10.1016/s1357-2725(97)00126-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal glycohydrolases are enzymes involved in assimilating carbohydrate for nutrition. The avian forms of these enzymes, in particular the maltase-glucoamylase complex (MG), are not well characterised. This study encompassed characterisation of these enzymes from ostrich intestines, and the first kinetic analysis of an avian MG. Proteolytically solubilised MG from ileal brush border membrane vesicles was purified by Sephadex G-200 gel filtration and Tris-affinity-chromatography, while jejunal sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and MG were purified by Toyopearl-Q650 and phenyl-Sepharose chromatography. Amino acid sequences and compositions of enzyme subunits, resulting from SDS-PAGE, were determined. Kinetics of hydrolysis of linear oligosaccharides was studied. Ostrich MG and SI showed the highest activity in the jejunum, followed by the ileum and duodenum. No lactase or trehalase activity could be detected. The jejunal MG and SI, resulting from brush-border membrane vesicles, could not be separated during purification. However, a minor form of ileal MG was purified using Sephadex G-200 chromatography. Ileal MG contained three subunits of M(r) 145,000, 125,000 and 115,000. Although the N-terminal amino acid sequences bear no homology to SI, the M(r) 115,000 subunit shows homology to porcine MG in both sequence and amino acid composition. The pH optimum of maltose-, starch- and isomaltose-hydrolysing activity was 6.5 and that of sucrose-hydrolysing activity 5.5. The glycohydrolases were most active at 58 degrees C, but were quickly denatured above 60 degrees C. Sucrose- and starch-hydrolysing activities were more thermostable than maltose- and isomaltose-hydrolysing activities. Kinetic parameters (K(m), kcat and kcat/K(m)) for the hydrolysis of maltooligosaccharides, starch and glycogen are reported for ileal MG. Maltotriose and maltotetraose displayed partial inhibition of ileal MG. The study revealed large similarities between ostrich SI and MG in charge, size, shape and hydrophobicity, based on their inseparability by several methods. Measurement of the specificity constants for maltooligosaccharide hydrolysis by ileal MG revealed less efficient hydrolysis of longer substrates as compared to maltose and maltotriose.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Oosthuizen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa
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49
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Yamaguchi M, Jimbo M, Sakai R, Muramoto K, Kamiya H. Purification and characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa (freshwater cyanobacterium) lectin. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1998; 119:593-7. [PMID: 9734343 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(98)00033-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa, strain M228, a laboratory culture of freshwater cyanobacterium, showed hemagglutinating activity against rabbit, horse and human ABO erthrocytes. Crossed absorption tests revealed the presence of a single type of lectin in the extract of M228 strain cells. The lectin, termed MAL, was purified in combination with the affinity chromatography on acid-treated agarose gel and the gel permeation chromatography in an electrophoretically pure form. MAL was a glycoprotein containing 7.8% neutral sugars and was composed of a single polypeptide having a molecular weight of 57 kDa. Isoelectric point was estimated to be pH 6.4. Hemagglutinating activity of the lectin was inhibited effectively by N-acetyl-D-galactosamine and by glycoproteins. D-galactose and lactose also showed moderate inhibitory activity. The destruction of the hemagglutinating activity by a 2-mercaptoethanol treatment suggests the presence of intra-chain disulfide bond(s) essential for the activity in the molecule. The sequence of the amino-terminal region of MAL was determined as Val-Leu-Ala-Ser-Leu-Val-Ser-Thr-Ser-Gln-Ala-Gly-Ser-Leu-Glu-Leu-Leu- Ala [corrected].
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamaguchi
- Department of Marine Biochemistry, School of Fisheries Sciences, Kitasato University, Iwate, Japan
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50
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Chen HM, Muramoto K, Yamauchi F, Fujimoto K, Nokihara K. Antioxidative Properties of Histidine-Containing Peptides Designed from Peptide Fragments Found in the Digests of a Soybean Protein. J Agric Food Chem 1998; 46:49-53. [PMID: 10554195 DOI: 10.1021/jf970649w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 431] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The properties of 22 synthetic peptides containing histidine, which were designed on the basis of the antioxidative peptide (Leu-Leu-Pro-His-His) derived from proteolytic digests of a soybean protein, were examined with regard to their antioxidative activity against the peroxidation of linoleic acid and the scavenging effects on active oxygen and free radical species. The antioxidative activities of these peptides in an emulsion oxidation system using 2,2'-azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride as a radical initiator correlated well within an aqueous system. Although the histidine-containing peptides had a quenching activity on singlet oxygen, they did not show antioxidative activity in an 2,2'-azobis(2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile)-induced oxidation system or scavenging effects on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical and superoxide. The metal-ion chelating activities and the hydrophobicities of these peptides showed no direct correlation with their antioxidative activities. Leu-Leu-Pro-His-His was modified with a hydroxyl radical in an aqueous ethanol system during the peroxidation of linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- HM Chen
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Tohoku University, Sendai 981, Japan, and Shimadzu Scientific Research Inc., Tokyo 101, Japan
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