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Tabata S, Yamasawa F, Torii S, Manabe T, Kamada H, Namba A, Kato J, Kaneko H, Tahara K, Tsukahara Y, Sato K. Use of nutritional supplements by elite Japanese track and field athletes. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2020; 17:38. [PMID: 32698870 PMCID: PMC7374838 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-020-00370-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While scientific evidence supports the efficacy of only limited nutritional supplements (NS) on sports performance, the use of NS is widespread in athletes. Given the serious issues of health damage or unintended Anti-Doping Rule Violations due to ingestion of contaminated NS in sports, accurately understanding NS practices by athletes is crucial. This study therefore elucidated the use of NS by elite Japanese track and field (TF) athletes. METHODS The subjects were 574 Japanese TF athletes, including 275 junior athletes (under 20 years) and 299 senior athletes, who participated in international competitions from 2013 to 2018. Data on NS use were collected through pre-participation medical forms obtained from all entrants before their participation in competitions. NS users were requested to report the product names and primary components of all NS they were taking. RESULTS The overall prevalence of NS use was 63.9%. The mean number of NS products used per athlete was 1.4. The prevalence was significantly higher in women (69.2%) than in men (59.6%) (p = 0.018) and significantly higher in senior athletes (68.9%) than in junior athletes (58.9%) (p = 0.012). The prevalence of NS use was higher in long-distance runners (75.8%) and lower in jumpers (52.3%) and throwers (49.2%) than other disciplines (p < 0.001). The most prevalent components were amino acids (49.3%), followed by vitamins (48.3%), minerals (22.8%), and protein (17.8%). CONCLUSIONS Approximately two-thirds of elite Japanese TF athletes reported the use of NS, and NS practices varied by gender, age, and discipline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Tabata
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Fumihiro Yamasawa
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Mikajima 2-579-15, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Manabe
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Sports Medicine Research Center, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Kohoku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamada
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Tsukuba, Amakubo 2-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Akira Namba
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Clinical Genomics, Saitama Medical University, Morohongo 38, Moroyama, Iruma, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jo Kato
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Cardiology, National Hospital Organization Kasumigaura Medical Center, Shimotakatsu 2-17-14, Tsuchiura, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Haruka Kaneko
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Medicine for Orthopedics and Motor Organ, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Hongo 3-1-3, Bunkyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Keitaro Tahara
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Orthopaedics Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Musashinodai 2-8-29, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuka Tsukahara
- Medical Committee, Japan Association of Athletics Federations (JAAF), Kasumigaokamachi 4-2 Japan Sport Olympic Square 9th floor, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuki Sato
- Institute for Integrated Sports Medicine, Keio University School of Medicine, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan
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Park Y, Jang I, Park HY, Kim J, Lim K. Hypoxic exposure can improve blood glycemic control in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:19-23. [PMID: 32408410 PMCID: PMC7451840 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Blood glucose and insulin resistance were lower following hypoxic exposure in previous studies. However, the effect of hypoxia as therapy in obese model has not been unknown. METHODS Six-week-old mice were randomly divided into chow diet (n=10) and high-fat diet (HFD) groups (n=20). The chow diet group received a non-purified commercial diet (65 % carbohydrate, 21 % protein, and 14 % fat) and water ad libitum. The HFD group was fed an HFD (Research Diet, #D12492; 60% kcal from fat, 5.24 kcal/g). Both groups consumed their respective diet for 7 weeks. Subsequently, HFD-induced mice (12-weeks-old) were randomly divided into two treatment groups : HFD-Normoxia (HFD; n=10) and HFD-Hypoxia (HYP; n=10, fraction of inspired=14.6%). After treatment for 4 weeks, serum glucose, insulin and oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed. RESULTS Homeostatic model assessment values for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) of the HYP group tended to be lower than the HFD group. Regarding the OGTT, the area under the curve was 13% lower for the HYP group than the HFD group. CONCLUSION Insulin resistance tended to be lower and glucose uptake capacity was significantly augmented under hypoxia. From a clinical perspective, exposure to hypoxia may be a practical method of treating obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeram Park
- Department of Physical Education in Graduated school, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Inkwon Jang
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Hun-Young Park
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
| | - Kiwon Lim
- Department of Physical Education in Graduated school, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduated School, Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
- Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, SeoulRepublic of Korea
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Torre-Villalvazo I, Alemán-Escondrillas G, Valle-Ríos R, Noriega LG. Protein intake and amino acid supplementation regulate exercise recovery and performance through the modulation of mTOR, AMPK, FGF21, and immunity. Nutr Res 2019; 72:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Dünnwald T, Gatterer H, Faulhaber M, Arvandi M, Schobersberger W. Body Composition and Body Weight Changes at Different Altitude Levels: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Physiol 2019; 10:430. [PMID: 31057421 PMCID: PMC6477059 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in body composition and weight loss frequently occur when humans are exposed to hypoxic environments. The mechanisms thought to be responsible for these changes are increased energy expenditure resulting from increased basal metabolic rate and/or high levels of physical activity, inadequate energy intake, fluid loss as well as gastrointestinal malabsorption. The severity of hypoxia, the duration of exposure as well as the level of physical activity also seem to play crucial roles in the final outcome. On one hand, excessive weight loss in mountaineers exercising at high altitudes may affect performance and climbing success. On the other, hypoxic conditioning is presumed to have an important therapeutic potential in weight management programs in overweight/obese people, especially in combination with exercise. In this regard, it is important to define the hypoxia effect on both body composition and weight change. The purpose of this study is to define, through the use of meta-analysis, the extent of bodyweight -and body composition changes within the three internationally classified altitude levels (moderate altitude: 1500–3500 m; high altitude: 3500–5300 m; extreme altitude: >5300 m), with emphasis on physical activity, nutrition, duration of stay and type of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Dünnwald
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Hannes Gatterer
- Institute of Mountain Emergency Medicine, EURAC Research, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Martin Faulhaber
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Marjan Arvandi
- Institute of Public Health, Medical Decision Making and HTA, Department for Public Health, Medical Decision Making and Health Technology Assessment, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Schobersberger
- Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall in Tirol, Austria.,Tirol Kliniken GmbH Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Effect of BCAA supplementation on central fatigue, energy metabolism substrate and muscle damage to the exercise: a systematic review with meta-analysis. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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O'Brien KA, Atkinson RA, Richardson L, Koulman A, Murray AJ, Harridge SDR, Martin DS, Levett DZH, Mitchell K, Mythen MG, Montgomery HE, Grocott MPW, Griffin JL, Edwards LM. Metabolomic and lipidomic plasma profile changes in human participants ascending to Everest Base Camp. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2297. [PMID: 30783167 PMCID: PMC6381113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38832-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
At high altitude oxygen delivery to the tissues is impaired leading to oxygen insufficiency (hypoxia). Acclimatisation requires adjustment to tissue metabolism, the details of which remain incompletely understood. Here, metabolic responses to progressive environmental hypoxia were assessed through metabolomic and lipidomic profiling of human plasma taken from 198 human participants before and during an ascent to Everest Base Camp (5,300 m). Aqueous and lipid fractions of plasma were separated and analysed using proton (1H)-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and direct infusion mass spectrometry, respectively. Bayesian robust hierarchical regression revealed decreasing isoleucine with ascent alongside increasing lactate and decreasing glucose, which may point towards increased glycolytic rate. Changes in the lipid profile with ascent included a decrease in triglycerides (48-50 carbons) associated with de novo lipogenesis, alongside increases in circulating levels of the most abundant free fatty acids (palmitic, linoleic and oleic acids). Together, this may be indicative of fat store mobilisation. This study provides the first broad metabolomic account of progressive exposure to environmental hypobaric hypoxia in healthy humans. Decreased isoleucine is of particular interest as a potential contributor to muscle catabolism observed with exposure to hypoxia at altitude. Substantial changes in lipid metabolism may represent important metabolic responses to sub-acute exposure to environmental hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie A O'Brien
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK.
| | - R Andrew Atkinson
- Centre for Biomolecular Spectroscopy and Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics King's College London Guy's Campus London, London, UK
| | - Larissa Richardson
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Albert Koulman
- NIHR BRC Nutritional Biomarker Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Pathology building level 4, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew J Murray
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Stephen D R Harridge
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Daniel S Martin
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Critical Care Unit, Royal Free Hospital, Pond Street, London, NW3 2QG, UK
| | - Denny Z H Levett
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Kay Mitchell
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Monty G Mythen
- University College London Hospitals National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Hugh E Montgomery
- University College London Centre for Altitude Space and Extreme Environment Medicine, UCLH NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Institute of Sport and Exercise Health, First Floor, 170 Tottenham Court Road, London, W1T 7HA, UK
- Centre for Human Health and Performance, Department of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael P W Grocott
- Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, UK
- Integrative Physiological and Critical Illness Group, Division of Clinical and Experimental Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Julian L Griffin
- Department of Biochemistry and Cambridge Systems Biology Centre, University of Cambridge, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Lindsay M Edwards
- Centre for Human and Applied Physiological Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.
- Respiratory Data Sciences Group, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research, Stevenage, UK.
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Kerksick CM, Wilborn CD, Roberts MD, Smith-Ryan A, Kleiner SM, Jäger R, Collins R, Cooke M, Davis JN, Galvan E, Greenwood M, Lowery LM, Wildman R, Antonio J, Kreider RB. ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30068354 PMCID: PMC6090881 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-018-0242-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. In the year 2017 alone, 2082 articles were published under the key words ‘sport nutrition’. Consequently, staying current with the relevant literature is often difficult. Methods This paper is an ongoing update of the sports nutrition review article originally published as the lead paper to launch the Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition in 2004 and updated in 2010. It presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to optimization of training and performance enhancement through exercise training and nutrition. Notably, due to the accelerated pace and size at which the literature base in this research area grows, the topics discussed will focus on muscle hypertrophy and performance enhancement. As such, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) How ergogenic aids and dietary supplements are defined in terms of governmental regulation and oversight; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated in the United States; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of nutritional approaches to augment skeletal muscle hypertrophy and the potential ergogenic value of various dietary and supplemental approaches. Conclusions This updated review is to provide ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition with information that can be implemented in educational, research or practical settings and serve as a foundational basis for determining the efficacy and safety of many common sport nutrition products and their ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO, USA.
| | - Colin D Wilborn
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | | | - Abbie Smith-Ryan
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Rick Collins
- Collins Gann McCloskey and Barry PLLC, Mineola, NY, USA
| | - Mathew Cooke
- Department of Health and Medical Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jaci N Davis
- Exercise & Sport Science Department, University of Mary-Hardin Baylor, Belton, TX, USA
| | - Elfego Galvan
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Lonnie M Lowery
- Department of Human Performance & Sport Business, University of Mount Union, Alliance, OH, USA
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL, USA
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise & Sports Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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Ueda K, Sasai H, Tsujimoto T, Sanbongi C, Ikegami S, Kobayashi H, Shioya N, Suzuki S, Nakata Y. Randomized trial of amino acid mixture combined with physical activity promotion for abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2018. [PMID: 29520158 PMCID: PMC5833794 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s153151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of arginine, alanine, and phenylalanine mixture (A-mix) ingestion at 1,500 mg/day in combination with the promotion of physical activity for abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults. METHODS A placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, randomized trial for 12 weeks combined with a 4-week follow-up period was conducted at a single center in Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan, between December 2016 and May 2017. Data were analyzed between June and August 2017. The study participants were 200 overweight adults within the age range of 20-64 years. The participants were randomly assigned to the A-mix group (n=100) or a placebo group (n=100) and were administered 500 mL of test beverage containing 1,500 or 0 mg of A-mix, respectively, for 12 weeks. All participants maintained a physically active lifestyle between week 0 and week 12 through monthly sessions of physical activity. The primary outcomes were the 12-week changes in the abdominal total, subcutaneous, and visceral fat areas, as assessed by computed tomography. RESULTS Of the 200 enrolled participants, 199 (99%) accomplished the 12-week intervention and 4-week follow-up period. The per-protocol-based analysis for 194 participants demonstrated that the abdominal total fat area decreased significantly in the A-mix group compared with that in the placebo group (difference, 10.0 cm2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.4-19.6 cm2; P=0.041). Comparable outcomes were obtained for the abdominal subcutaneous fat area (difference, 7.4 cm2; 95% CI: 0.1-14.7 cm2; P=0.047). No study-related unfavorable events occurred. CONCLUSION A-mix supplementation in combination with physical activity promotion facilitated abdominal fat reduction in overweight adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ueda
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
| | - Hiroyuki Sasai
- Department of Life Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo
| | | | - Chiaki Sanbongi
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
| | - Shuji Ikegami
- Food Science and Technology Research Laboratories, Meiji Co., Ltd, Hachiouji
| | | | | | - Satoru Suzuki
- Shinagawa Season Terrace Health Care Clinic, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshio Nakata
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba
- Correspondence: Yoshio Nakata, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan, Tel/Fax +81 29 853 3076, Email
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Pasiakos SM, Berryman CE, Carrigan CT, Young AJ, Carbone JW. Muscle Protein Turnover and the Molecular Regulation of Muscle Mass during Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1340-1350. [PMID: 28166119 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
: Effects of environmental hypoxia on fat-free mass are well studied. Negative energy balance, increased nitrogen excretion, and fat-free mass loss are commonly observed in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. Reductions in fat-free mass can be minimized if energy consumption matches energy expenditure. However, in nonresearch settings, achieving energy balance during high-altitude sojourns is unlikely, and myofibrillar protein mass is usually lost, but the mechanisms accounting for the loss of muscle mass are not clear. At sea level, negative energy balance reduces basal and blunts postprandial muscle protein synthesis, with no relevant change in muscle protein breakdown. Downregulations in muscle protein synthesis and loss of fat-free mass during energy deficit at sea level are largely overcome by consuming at least twice the recommended dietary allowance for protein. Hypoxia may increase or not affect resting muscle protein synthesis, blunt postexercise muscle protein synthesis, and markedly increase proteolysis independent of energy status. Hypoxia-induced mTORC1 dysregulation and an upregulation in calpain- and ubiquitin proteasome-mediated proteolysis may drive catabolism in lowlanders sojourning at high altitude. However, the combined effects of energy deficit, exercise, and dietary protein manipulations on the regulation of muscle protein turnover have never been studied at high altitude. This article reviews the available literature related to the effects of high altitude on fat-free mass, highlighting contemporary studies that assessed the influence of altitude exposure (or hypoxia) on muscle protein turnover and intramuscular regulation of muscle mass. Knowledge gaps are addressed, and studies to identify effective and feasible countermeasures to hypoxia-induced muscle loss are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan M Pasiakos
- 1Military Nutrition Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA; 2Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN; and 3School of Health Sciences, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI
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Tonouchi N, Ito H. Present Global Situation of Amino Acids in Industry. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 159:3-14. [PMID: 27832295 DOI: 10.1007/10_2016_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
At present, amino acids are widely produced and utilized industrially. Initially, monosodium glutamate (MSG) was produced by extraction from a gluten hydrolysate. The amino acid industry started using the residual of the lysate. The discovery of the functions of amino acids has led to the expansion of their field of use. In addition to seasoning and other food use, amino acids are used in many fields such as animal nutrients, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. On the other hand, the invention of the glutamate fermentation process, followed by the development of fermentation methods for many other amino acids, is no less important. The supply of these amino acids at a low price is very essential for their industrial use. Most amino acids are now produced by fermentation. The consumption of many amino acids such as MSG or feed-use amino acids is still rapidly increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Tonouchi
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan.
| | - Hisao Ito
- Research Institute for Bioscience Products & Fine Chemicals, Ajinomoto Co. Inc., 1-1, Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, 210-8681, Japan
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Iskandar MM, Lands LC, Sabally K, Azadi B, Meehan B, Mawji N, Skinner CD, Kubow S. High Hydrostatic Pressure Pretreatment of Whey Protein Isolates Improves Their Digestibility and Antioxidant Capacity. Foods 2015; 4:184-207. [PMID: 28231198 PMCID: PMC5302329 DOI: 10.3390/foods4020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Whey proteins have well-established antioxidant and anti-inflammatory bioactivities. High hydrostatic pressure processing of whey protein isolates increases their in vitro digestibility resulting in enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. This study compared the effects of different digestion protocols on the digestibility of pressurized (pWPI) and native (nWPI) whey protein isolates and the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of the hydrolysates. The pepsin-pancreatin digestion protocol was modified to better simulate human digestion by adjusting temperature and pH conditions, incubation times, enzymes utilized, enzyme-to-substrate ratio and ultrafiltration membrane molecular weight cut-off. pWPI showed a significantly greater proteolysis rate and rate of peptide appearance regardless of digestion protocol. Both digestion methods generated a greater relative abundance of eluting peptides and the appearance of new peptide peaks in association with pWPI digestion in comparison to nWPI hydrolysates. Hydrolysates of pWPI from both digestion conditions showed enhanced ferric-reducing antioxidant power relative to nWPI hydrolysates. Likewise, pWPI hydrolysates from both digestion protocols showed similar enhanced antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a respiratory epithelial cell line as compared to nWPI hydrolysates. These findings indicate that regardless of considerable variations of in vitro digestion protocols, pressurization of WPI leads to more efficient digestion that improves its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michèle M Iskandar
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Larry C Lands
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Kebba Sabally
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Behnam Azadi
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
| | - Brian Meehan
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Nadir Mawji
- Montreal Children's Hospital - McGill University Health Centre, Division of Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Room D380, 2300 Tupper Street, Montreal, QC H3H 1P3, Canada.
| | - Cameron D Skinner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street W., Montreal, QC H4B 1R6 Canada.
| | - Stan Kubow
- School of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada.
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Wing-Gaia SL, Gershenoff DC, Drummond MJ, Askew EW. Effect of leucine supplementation on fat free mass with prolonged hypoxic exposure during a 13-day trek to Everest Base Camp: a double-blind randomized study. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2014; 39:318-23. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Loss of body weight and fat-free mass (FFM) are commonly noted with prolonged exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. Recent evidence suggests protein supplementation, specifically leucine, may potentially attenuate loss of FFM in subcaloric conditions during normoxia. The purpose of this study was to determine if leucine supplementation would prevent the loss of FFM in subcaloric conditions during prolonged hypoxia. Eighteen physically active male (n = 10) and female (n = 8) trekkers completed a 13-day trek in Nepal to Everest Base Camp with a mean altitude of 4140 m (range 2810–5364 m). In this double-blind study, participants were randomized to ingest either leucine (LEU) (7 g leucine, 93 kcal, 14.5 g whey-based protein) or an isocaloric isonitrogenous control (CON) (0.3 g LEU, 93 kcal, 11.3 g collagen protein) twice daily prior to meals. Body weight, body composition, and circumferences of bicep, thigh, and calf were measured pre- and post-trek. There was a significant time effect for body weight (−2.2% ± 1.7%), FFM (−1.7% ± 1.5%), fat mass (−4.0% ± 6.9%), and circumferences (p < 0.05). However, there was no treatment effect on body weight (CON −2.3 ± 2.0%; LEU −2.2 ± 1.5%), FFM (CON −2.1 ± 1.5%; LEU −1.2 ± 1.6%), fat mass (CON −2.9% ± 5.9%; LEU −5.4% ± 8.1%), or circumferences. Although a significant loss of body weight, FFM, and fat mass was noted in 13 days of high altitude exposure, FFM loss was not attenuated by leucine. Future studies are needed to determine if leucine attenuates loss of FFM with longer duration high altitude exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacie L. Wing-Gaia
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Dana C. Gershenoff
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Micah J. Drummond
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - E. Wayne Askew
- Division of Nutrition, University of Utah, 250 South 1850 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Nutritional strategies for the preservation of fat free mass at high altitude. Nutrients 2014; 6:665-81. [PMID: 24531260 PMCID: PMC3942726 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to extreme altitude presents many physiological challenges. In addition to impaired physical and cognitive function, energy imbalance invariably occurs resulting in weight loss and body composition changes. Weight loss, and in particular, loss of fat free mass, combined with the inherent risks associated with extreme environments presents potential performance, safety, and health risks for those working, recreating, or conducting military operations at extreme altitude. In this review, contributors to muscle wasting at altitude are highlighted with special emphasis on protein turnover. The article will conclude with nutritional strategies that may potentially attenuate loss of fat free mass during high altitude exposure.
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Luo Y, Zhu J, Gao Y. Metabolomic analysis of the plasma of patients with high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) using 1H NMR. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2012; 8:1783-8. [PMID: 22498880 DOI: 10.1039/c2mb25044f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Upon rapid ascent to a high altitude, non-acclimatized individuals, although healthy, are highly prone to contracting high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE). Early diagnosis is difficult and there is no reliable biomarker available. We used proton ((1)H) NMR metabolomics to profile the altered metabolic patterns of blood plasma from HAPE patients. The plasmas of ten patients with HAPE and ten individuals without HAPE were collected and compared using (1)H NMR spectroscopy. Data were evaluated with several multivariate statistical analyses, including the principal components, the orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant, and the orthogonal signal correction partial least-squares discriminant. Multivariate statistical analyses revealed a significant disparity between subjects with HAPE and those in the control group. Compared to the plasma of the controls, the HAPE patients had significant increases in valine, lysine, leucine, isoleucine, glycerol phosphoryl choline, glycine, glutamine, glutamic acid, creatinine, citrate, and methyl histidine. These were accompanied by decreases in α- and β-glucose, trimethylamine, and the metabolic products of lipids. The data demonstrate that metabolomics may be effective for the diagnosis of HAPE in the future, and can be used for further understanding HAPE pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjun Luo
- Department of High Altitude Disease, College of High Altitude Military Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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15
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Shimizu M, Miyagawa K, Iwashita S, Noda T, Hamada K, Genno H, Nose H. Energy expenditure during 2-day trail walking in the mountains (2,857 m) and the effects of amino acid supplementation in older men and women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:1077-86. [PMID: 21744005 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2057-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
We compared relative exercise intensity and active energy expenditure (AEE) on trail walking in the mountains, with those of daily exercise training, and whether branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) and arginine supplementation attenuated the release of markers indicating muscle damage and declines in physical performance. Twenty-one subjects (~63 years) were divided into two groups: amino acid (AA, 51 g of amino acids and 40 g of carbohydrate, male/female = 6/4) or placebo (PL, 91 g of carbohydrate, male/female = 6/5) supplementation during 2 days of trail walking in the mountains. We measured heart rate (HR), AEE, fatigue sensation, water and food intake, and sweat loss during walking. In addition, we measured peak aerobic capacity [Formula: see text] and heart rate (HR(peak)) with graded-intensity walking, vertical jumping height (VJ) before and after walking. We found that average HR and AEE during uphill walking were ~100% HR(peak) and ~60% [Formula: see text], while they were ~80 and ~20% during downhill walking, respectively. Moreover, average total AEE per day was sevenfold that of their daily walking training. VJ after walking remained unchanged compared with the baseline in AA (P > 0.2), while it was reduced by ~10% in PL (P < 0.01), although with no significant difference in the reduction between the groups (P > 0.4). The responses of other variables were not significantly different between groups (all, P > 0.2). Thus, trail walking in the mountains required a high-intensity effort for older people, while the effects of BCAA and arginine supplementation were modest in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneshige Shimizu
- Saga Nutraceuticals Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Higashisefuri, Kanzaki, Saga 842-0195, Japan.
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Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) and growth or maintenance of muscle mass (ID 442, 444, 445, 447, 448, 451, 1478), attenuation of the decline in muscle power following exercise at high. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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17
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Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, Cooke M, Earnest CP, Greenwood M, Kalman DS, Kerksick CM, Kleiner SM, Leutholtz B, Lopez H, Lowery LM, Mendel R, Smith A, Spano M, Wildman R, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN, Antonio J. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2010. [PMCID: PMC2853497 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-7-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sports nutrition is a constantly evolving field with hundreds of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper is a five year update of the sports nutrition review article published as the lead paper to launch the JISSN in 2004 and presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training and athletic performance through nutrition. More specifically, this paper provides an overview of: 1.) The definitional category of ergogenic aids and dietary supplements; 2.) How dietary supplements are legally regulated; 3.) How to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 4.) General nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 5.) An overview of our current understanding of the ergogenic value of nutrition and dietary supplementation in regards to weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement. Our hope is that ISSN members and individuals interested in sports nutrition find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
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Macdonald JH, Oliver SJ, Hillyer K, Sanders S, Smith Z, Williams C, Yates D, Ginnever H, Scanlon E, Roberts E, Murphy D, Lawley J, Chichester E. Body composition at high altitude: a randomized placebo-controlled trial of dietary carbohydrate supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 2009; 90:1193-202. [PMID: 19793859 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body mass loss is inevitable with chronic hypoxic exposure. However, the exact body-composition changes, their causes, and possible treatments remain unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective was to investigate body composition during a high-altitude expedition by using non-empirically derived methods, experimentally manipulating energy intake, and investigating the influence of initial body composition. DESIGN Forty-one participants completed a 21-d expedition in the Himalayas. Energy intake was manipulated with a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial of carbohydrate energy supplementation. Body composition was assessed before and after the expedition by using a 4-component model including fat mass, total body water, bone mineral mass, and residual mass (principally protein and glycogen). Data were analyzed by repeated-measures analysis of variance. RESULTS Participants allocated to receive carbohydrate were given an additional 15,058 +/- 6211 kcal over the 21-d expedition (>6 kcal x kg(-1) x d(-1)). Nevertheless, the functionally important residual mass decreased in both groups by 6% (main effect of time: P = 0.021), with no effect of allocation (interaction effect: P = 0.116). Similar decreases were observed for fat mass (11%) and total body water (3%), which were also unabated by allocation. Furthermore, high initial fat mass (by median split) did not preserve residual mass (high-fat compared with low-fat participants: residual loss = 5% compared with 8%; P = 0.990). CONCLUSIONS High-altitude exposure decreased body mass, including the functionally important residual component. These losses were not abated by increasing energy intake or an initially high fat mass. Factors other than negative energy balance must contribute to body-composition changes with chronic hypoxia. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00731510.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie H Macdonald
- School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Bangor University, George Building, Bangor, Gwynedd, United Kingdom.
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Hohlrieder M, Eschertzhuber S, Schubert H, Zinnecker R, Mair P. Severity and pattern of injury in survivors of alpine fall accidents. High Alt Med Biol 2004; 5:349-54. [PMID: 15454001 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2004.5.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Few data are available on the medical aspects of fall accidents in mountainous terrain. Therefore, we report the severity and pattern of injury in 97 survivors of a major fall in Alpine terrain. Twenty-eight of 97 victims (29%) had severe or critical multisystem trauma, with an injury severity score >/=14, the incidence increasing to 23 out of 28 (82%) in individuals with falls exceeding 50 m. Fractures of the extremities and the sacropelvic region (n = 55) were the most common injuries. Seventeen of 21 spine fractures (81%) occurred in the thoracolumbar region. Rib fractures were found in 17 victims, in eight of them (47%) with an accompanying pneumothorax. Critical head trauma with a Glasgow Come Scale below 9 was rather uncommon (n = 6); abdominal visceral injuries were rare (n = 2). The pattern of injury observed in our study suggests a feet- or side-first body position at impact in the majority of individuals surviving Alpine fall accidents. Furthermore, it indicates a direct impact, rather than deceleration type mechanism of injury. Because of the high incidence of severe multisystem trauma, major fall in Alpine terrain should be used as triage criterion for the dispatch of an advanced trauma life support unit and direct transfer of the victim to a trauma center. Considering the high incidence of fractures, measures for adequate immobilization and analgesia will generally be necessary before the difficult evacuation from the site of the accident can be started.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Hohlrieder
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, University Hospital Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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20
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Kreider RB, Almada AL, Antonio J, Broeder C, Earnest C, Greenwood M, Incledon T, Kalman DS, Kleiner SM, Leutholtz B, Lowery LM, Mendel R, Stout JR, Willoughby DS, Ziegenfuss TN. ISSN Exercise & Sport Nutrition Review: Research & Recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2004. [PMCID: PMC2129137 DOI: 10.1186/1550-2783-1-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sport nutrition is a constantly evolving field with literally thousands of research papers published annually. For this reason, keeping up to date with the literature is often difficult. This paper presents a well-referenced overview of the current state of the science related to how to optimize training through nutrition. More specifically, this article discusses: 1.) how to evaluate the scientific merit of nutritional supplements; 2.) general nutritional strategies to optimize performance and enhance recovery; and, 3.) our current understanding of the available science behind weight gain, weight loss, and performance enhancement supplements. Our hope is that ISSN members find this review useful in their daily practice and consultation with their clients.
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21
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San Miguel JL, Spielvogel H, Berger J, Araoz M, Lujan C, Tellez W, Caceres E, Gachon P, Coudert J, Beaufrere B. Effect of high altitude on protein metabolism in Bolivian children. High Alt Med Biol 2003; 3:377-86. [PMID: 12631423 DOI: 10.1089/15270290260512855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In Bolivia, malnutrition in children is a major health problem that may be caused by inadequate protein, energy, and micronutrient intake; exposure to bacterial and parasitic infections; and life in a multistress environment (high altitude, cold, cosmic radiation, low ambient humidity). However, no data on protein absorption and utilization at high altitude were available. Therefore, we evaluated the effect of altitude on protein metabolism in Bolivian children. We measured protein utilization using leucine labeled with a stable isotope ((13)C) in two groups of healthy prepubertal children matched for age. Group 1 (n = 10) was examined at high altitude (HA) in La Paz (3600 m), and group 2 (n = 10) at low altitude (LA) in Santa Cruz (420 m). The nutritional status did not differ between groups but, as was to be expected, the HA group had higher hemoglobin concentration than the LA group. The children consumed casein that was intrinsically labeled with L-(1-(13)C) leucine and expired (13)CO(2) was analyzed. Samples of expired air were measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometer in Clermont-Ferrand. It was found that cumulative leucine oxidation ((13)CO(2)) at 300 min after ingestion was 19.7 +/- 4.9% at HA and 25.2 +/- 3.2% at LA. These results showed that protein absorption and/or utilization is significantly affected by altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L San Miguel
- Instituto Boliviano de Biología de Altura, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, P.O. Box 641 La Paz, Bolivia.
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22
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Réentraı̂nement des bronchiteux chroniques obstructifs supplémentés en acides aminés ramifiés. Sci Sports 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0765-1597(02)00123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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23
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Ohtani M, Maruyama K, Suzuki S, Sugita M, Kobayashi K. Changes in hematological parameters of athletes after receiving daily dose of a mixture of 12 amino acids for one month during the middle- and long-distance running training. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2001; 65:348-55. [PMID: 11302168 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.65.348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that a mixture of amino acids, consisting of 9 essential amino acids and 3 non-essential amino acids was effective in facilitating muscle recovery from athletic activities. In this study, the objective was to determine whether this amino acid mixture improved the physical condition and associated blood parameters of athletes in training when administered for a prolonged period. Thirteen college middle- and long-distance runners were placed in a 6-month experiment and received the amino acid mixture at the dose of 2.2 g/day for one month, 4.4 g/day for one month, and 6.6 g/day for one month with washout periods between test periods. The physical condition was scored and blood samples were collected before and after each test period. When the subjects received 2.2 g of the amino acid mixture three times a day, the physical condition was significantly improved along with increases in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum albumin, and fasting glucose, and a decrease in creatine phophokinase (p<0.05), suggesting increased hematopoiesis and glycogenesis, and rapid alleviation of muscle inflammation by the amino acid mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ohtani
- Department of Life Sciences (Sports Sciences), Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
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24
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Antonio J, Sanders MS, Ehler LA, Uelmen J, Raether JB, Stout JR. Effects of exercise training and amino-acid supplementation on body composition and physical performance in untrained women. Nutrition 2000; 16:1043-6. [PMID: 11118822 DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00434-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 6 wk of essential amino acid (EAA) supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in untrained women (n = 21). Subjects were randomly assigned to a placebo (cellulose) or an EAA (average daily dose of 18.3 g of EAAs in pill form) group. Each subject participated in aerobic and heavy-resistance training three times per week. Body composition was assessed via dual x-ray absorptiometry analysis. Muscular endurance was determined via treadmill time to exhaustion, and strength was assessed by the total amount of weight lifted for one set to exhaustion at an estimated 12 repetitions maximum. No changes occurred in either group for body weight, lean body mass, fat mass, or bone mineral content. Treadmill time to exhaustion (TTE) improved significantly (P < 0.05) in the EAA group (mean +/- SD; pre-TTE = 13.15 +/- 3.67 min, post-TTE = 14. 73 +/- 4.26 min), whereas the placebo group did not change significantly. The total weight lifted at the subject's maximum 12 repetitions did not significantly change in either group. In previously untrained individuals, the ingestion of EAAs combined with aerobic and heavy-resistance training for 6 wk did not have a significant effect on body composition or muscular strength; however, aerobic muscular endurance increased significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Antonio
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Nebraska, Kearney, Nebraska, USA.
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25
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Colker CM, Swain MA, Fabrucini B, Shi Q, Kaiman DS. Effects of supplemental protein on body composition and muscular strength in healthy athletic male adults. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(00)88492-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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Kraemer WJ, Volek JS, Bush JA, Putukian M, Sebastianelli WJ. Hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise with or without nutritional supplementation. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1998; 85:1544-55. [PMID: 9760352 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nine resistance-trained men consumed either a protein-carbohydrate supplement or placebo for 1 wk in a crossover design separated by 7 days. The last 3 days of each treatment, subjects performed resistance exercise. The supplement was consumed 2 h before and immediately after the workout, and blood was obtained before and after exercise (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min postexercise). Lactate, growth hormone, and testosterone were significantly (P </= 0.05) elevated immediately postexercise. The lactate response was significantly lower during supplementation on days 2 and 3. Growth hormone and prolactin responses on day 1 were significantly higher during supplementation. After exercise, testosterone declined below resting values during supplementation. Cortisol decreased immediately postexercise on day 1; the response was diminished on days 2 and 3. Glucose and insulin were significantly elevated by 30 min during supplementation and remained stable during placebo. Insulin-like growth factor-I was higher during supplementation on days 2 and 3. These data indicate that protein-carbohydrate supplementation before and after training can alter the metabolic and hormonal responses to consecutive days of heavy-resistance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- W J Kraemer
- The Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana 47306, USA.
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28
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Bigard AX, Lavier P, Ullmann L, Legrand H, Douce P, Guezennec CY. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during repeated prolonged skiing exercises at altitude. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SPORT NUTRITION 1996; 6:295-306. [PMID: 8876349 DOI: 10.1123/ijsn.6.3.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation would minimize changes in body composition and alterations in plasma amino acid profile induced by prolonged exercises at altitude. Twenty-four highly trained subjects participated in six successive sessions of ski mountaineering (6-8 hr duration, altitude 2,500-4,100 m). Twelve subjects took a dietary supplement of BCAA (BCAA group) and 12 took a dietary supplement that was 98% carbohydrate (C group). Body weight decreased in C subjects (-2.1%, p < .01), while the body weight loss recorded in the BCAA group was not statistically significant (-1.2%, NS). Changes in body composition that resulted from repeated skiing exercise at altitude were not significantly minimized by BCAA administration. Peak power output recorded during an incremental bicycle exercise decreased in C subjects but did not change significantly in BCAA subjects. Results of this study demonstrate that neither changes in body composition related to the ski mountaineering program nor muscular performance during isometric contraction was significantly affected by BCAA administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A X Bigard
- Départment de Physiologie Systémique, CERMA, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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29
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Ferrando AA, Williams BD, Stuart CA, Lane HW, Wolfe RR. Oral branched-chain amino acids decrease whole-body proteolysis. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1995; 19:47-54. [PMID: 7658600 DOI: 10.1177/014860719501900147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study reports the effects of ingesting branched-chain amino acids (leucine, valine, and isoleucine) on protein metabolism in four men. METHODS To calculate leg protein synthesis and breakdown, we used a new model that utilized the infusion of L-[ring-13C6]phenylalanine and the sampling of the leg arterial-venous difference and muscle biopsies. In addition, protein-bound enrichments provided for the direct calculation of muscle fractional synthetic rate. Four control subjects ingested an equivalent amount of essential amino acids (threonine, methionine, and histidine) to discern the effects of branched-chain amino acid nitrogen vs the effects of essential amino acid nitrogen. Each drink also included 50 g of carbohydrate. RESULTS Consumption of the branched-chain and the essential amino acid solutions produced significant threefold and fourfold elevations in their respective arterial concentrations. Protein synthesis and breakdown were unaffected by branched-chain amino acids, but they increased by 43% (p < .05) and 36% (p < .03), respectively, in the group consuming the essential amino acids. However, net leg balance of phenylalanine was unchanged by either drink. Direct measurement of protein synthesis by tracer incorporation into muscle protein (fractional synthetic rate) revealed no changes within or between drinks. Whole-body phenylalanine flux was significantly suppressed by each solution but to a greater extent by the branched-chain amino acids (15% and 20%, respectively) (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that branched-chain amino acid ingestion suppresses whole-body proteolysis in tissues other than skeletal muscle in normal men.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Ferrando
- Biomedical Operations and Research Branch, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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30
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Schena F, Guerrini F, Tregnaghi P, Kayser B. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. Eur J Appl Physiol 1993. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00377713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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31
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Wagenmakers AJ. Branched-chain amino acid supplementation during trekking at high altitude. The effects on loss of body mass, body composition and muscle power. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSIOLOGY AND OCCUPATIONAL PHYSIOLOGY 1993; 67:92-5. [PMID: 8375374 DOI: 10.1007/bf00377712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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