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Wu Y, Cui Y, Song W, Wei W, He Z, Tao J, Yin D, Chen X, Gao C, Liu J, Liu L, Wu J. Reprogramming the Transition States to Enhance C-N Cleavage Efficiency of Rhodococcus opacusl-Amino Acid Oxidase. JACS AU 2024; 4:557-569. [PMID: 38425913 PMCID: PMC10900486 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidase (LAAO) is an important biocatalyst used for synthesizing α-keto acids. LAAO from Rhodococcus opacus (RoLAAO) has a broad substrate spectrum; however, its low total turnover number limits its industrial use. To overcome this, we aimed to employ crystal structure-guided density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamic simulations to investigate the catalytic mechanism. Two key steps were identified: S → [TS1] in step 1 and Int1 → [TS2] in step 2. We reprogrammed the transition states [TS1] and [TS2] to reduce the identified energy barrier and obtain a RoLAAO variant capable of catalyzing 19 kinds of l-amino acids to the corresponding high-value α-keto acids with a high total turnover number, yield (≥95.1 g/L), conversion rate (≥95%), and space-time yields ≥142.7 g/L/d in 12-24 h, in a 5 L reactor. Our results indicated the promising potential of the developed RoLAAO variant for use in the industrial production of α-keto acids while providing a potential catalytic-mechanism-guided protein design strategy to achieve the desired physical and catalytic properties of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyun Wu
- School
of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School
of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yaozhong Cui
- Jiangsu
Xishan Senior High School, Wuxi 214174, China
| | - Wei Song
- School
of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhizhen He
- School
of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jinyang Tao
- School
of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dejing Yin
- School
of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State
Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School
of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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2
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Mamounis KJ, Caldas Nogueira ML, Marchi Salvador DP, Andreo-Vidal A, Sanchez-Amat A, Davidson VL. Structural Determinants of the Specific Activities of an L-Amino Acid Oxidase from Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea CPMOR-1 with Broad Substrate Specificity. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27154726. [PMID: 35897902 PMCID: PMC9331233 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea strain CPMOR-1 expresses a flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-dependent L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) with broad substrate specificity. Steady-state kinetic analysis of its reactivity towards the 20 proteinogenic amino acids showed some activity to all except proline. The relative specific activity for amino acid substrates was not correlated only with Km or kcat values, since the two parameters often varied independently of each other. Variation in Km was attributed to the differential binding affinity. Variation in kcat was attributed to differential positioning of the bound substrate relative to FAD that decreased the reaction rate. A structural model of this LAAO was compared with structures of other FAD-dependent LAAOs that have different substrate specificities: an LAAO from snake venom that prefers aromatic amino acid substrates and a fungal LAAO that is specific for lysine. While the amino acid sequences of these LAAOs are not very similar, their overall structures are comparable. The differential activity towards specific amino acids was correlated with specific residues in the active sites of these LAAOs. Residues in the active site that interact with the amino and carboxyl groups attached to the α-carbon of the substrate amino acid are conserved in all of the LAAOs. Residues that interact with the side chains of the amino acid substrates show variation. This provides insight into the structural determinants of the LAAOs that dictate their different substrate preferences. These results are of interest for harnessing these enzymes for possible applications in biotechnology, such as deracemization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Mamounis
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (K.J.M.); (M.L.C.N.)
| | - Maria Luiza Caldas Nogueira
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (K.J.M.); (M.L.C.N.)
| | - Daniela Priscila Marchi Salvador
- Department of Molecular Biology, Center of Exact and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa 58051-900, PB, Brazil;
| | - Andres Andreo-Vidal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.-V.); (A.S.-A.)
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (A.A.-V.); (A.S.-A.)
| | - Victor L. Davidson
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; (K.J.M.); (M.L.C.N.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-407-266-7111; Fax: +1-407-266-7002
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3
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Calatrava V, Hom EF, Llamas Á, Fernández E, Galván A. Nitrogen scavenging from amino acids and peptides in the model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. The role of extracellular l-amino oxidase. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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4
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Zhao L, Jiang J, Zhu Z, Liao Z, Yao X, Yang Y, Cao Y, Jiang Y. Lysine enhances the effect of amphotericin B against Candida albicans in vitro. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:182-93. [PMID: 26711896 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphotericin B (AmB) is a polyene antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nodosus and has been used for >50 years in the treatment of acute systemic fungal infections. In the present study, we demonstrated that lysine, an essential amino acid, could enhance the effect of AmB against Candida albicans in vitro, although lysine itself did not exert a fungicidal effect. In addition, the combination of AmB with lysine could provide an enhanced action against Candida parapsilosis and Cryptococcus neoformans compared with AmB alone. Lysine could also enhance the antifungal effect of caspofungin or nystatin. An enhanced effect of the combination of lysine with AmB was observed for the prevention of biofilm and hypha formation. Furthermore, our results demonstrated that lysine-mediated oxidative damage, such as the generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species, may be the mechanism underlying the enhancing effect of lysine on AmB. Our results also showed that CaMCA1 gene plays an important role in increasing the sensitivity of C. albicans cells upon AmB treatment. Using AmB together with lysine may be a promising strategy for the therapy of disseminated candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuya Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China Pharmacy Department, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jingchen Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhenyu Zhu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zebin Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiangwen Yao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yu Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yingying Cao
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yuanying Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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5
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Campillo-Brocal JC, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Distribution in Different Organisms of Amino Acid Oxidases with FAD or a Quinone As Cofactor and Their Role as Antimicrobial Proteins in Marine Bacteria. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:7403-18. [PMID: 26694422 PMCID: PMC4699246 DOI: 10.3390/md13127073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acid oxidases (AAOs) catalyze the oxidative deamination of amino acids releasing ammonium and hydrogen peroxide. Several kinds of these enzymes have been reported. Depending on the amino acid isomer used as a substrate, it is possible to differentiate between l-amino acid oxidases and d-amino acid oxidases. Both use FAD as cofactor and oxidize the amino acid in the alpha position releasing the corresponding keto acid. Recently, a novel class of AAOs has been described that does not contain FAD as cofactor, but a quinone generated by post-translational modification of residues in the same protein. These proteins are named as LodA-like proteins, after the first member of this group described, LodA, a lysine epsilon oxidase synthesized by the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. In this review, a phylogenetic analysis of all the enzymes described with AAO activity has been performed. It is shown that it is possible to recognize different groups of these enzymes and those containing the quinone cofactor are clearly differentiated. In marine bacteria, particularly in the genus Pseudoalteromonas, most of the proteins described as antimicrobial because of their capacity to generate hydrogen peroxide belong to the group of LodA-like proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonatan C Campillo-Brocal
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain.
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6
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Żymańczyk-Duda E, Brzezińska-Rodak M, Kozyra K, Klimek-Ochab M. Fungal platform for direct chiral phosphonic building blocks production. Closer look on conversion pathway. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 175:1403-11. [PMID: 25399067 PMCID: PMC4318986 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-1356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The application of Rhodospirillum toruloides strain allowed resolving the chemically synthesized racemic mixtures of following chiral aminophosphonic acids: 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid (1), 1-amino-1-iso-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (2), 1-amino-1-phenylmethylphosphonic acid (4) and 1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid (3). The applied protocols resulted in obtaining pure (R)-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid (100 % of e.e.) and enantiomerically enriched mixtures of other phosphonates (73 % e.e. of (S)-1-amino-1-phenylmethylphosphonic acid, 51 % e.e. of (R)-1-amino-2-phenylethylphosphonic acid and 40 % e.e. of (S)-1-amino-2-methylpropylphosphonic acid). Products are valuable chiral building blocks and serve as aminophosphonic acids platform for further applications. Performed experiments allowed to define the path of xenobiotics bioconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Żymańczyk-Duda
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wroclaw University of Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370, Wrocław, Poland,
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7
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Racemization in reverse: evidence that D-amino acid toxicity on Earth is controlled by bacteria with racemases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92101. [PMID: 24647559 PMCID: PMC3960212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
D-amino acids are toxic for life on Earth. Yet, they form constantly due to geochemical racemization and bacterial growth (the cell walls of which contain D-amino acids), raising the fundamental question of how they ultimately are recycled. This study provides evidence that bacteria use D-amino acids as a source of nitrogen by running enzymatic racemization in reverse. Consequently, when soils are inundated with racemic amino acids, resident bacteria consume D- as well as L-enantiomers, either simultaneously or sequentially depending on the level of their racemase activity. Bacteria thus protect life on Earth by keeping environments D-amino acid free.
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8
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L-Amino acid oxidases from microbial sources: types, properties, functions, and applications. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1507-15. [PMID: 24352734 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
L-Amino acid oxidases (LAAOs), which catalyze the stereospecific oxidative deamination of L-amino acids to α-keto acids and ammonia, are flavin adenine dinucleotide-containing homodimeric proteins. L-Amino acid oxidases are widely distributed in diverse organisms and have a range of properties. Because expressing LAAOs as recombinant proteins in heterologous hosts is difficult, their biotechnological applications have not been thoroughly advanced. LAAOs are thought to contribute to amino acid catabolism, enhance iron acquisition, display antimicrobial activity, and catalyze keto acid production, among other roles. Here, we review the types, properties, structures, biological functions, heterologous expression, and applications of LAAOs obtained from microbial sources. We expect this review to increase interest in LAAO studies.
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9
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Trans-nuclear action of the nit-2 regulatory gene product and study of two additional nitrogen control genes in Neurospora crassa. Curr Genet 2013; 7:51-6. [PMID: 24173118 DOI: 10.1007/bf00365680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/1982] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The nit-2 gene of Neurospora crassa is a major regulatory gene for control of nitrogen metabolism. Synthesis of the enzyme L-amino acid oxidase requires a functional nit-2 gene product and is also controlled by amino acid induction and nitrogen catabolite repression. Electrophoretic variants of L-amino acid oxidase have been employed to demonstrate that in heterokaryons, a nit-2 (+) gene product can turn on the expression of this enzyme in its own nucleus and also in nuclei that possess a nit-2 mutant. This trans-nuclear effect is only partial since the variant coded for in the nucleus containing the nit-2 mutant allele is always present in lower amounts than the alternative form.Two additional putative nitrogen control genes, MS5 and en(am)1, have been found to have clear effects upon the expression of L-amino acid oxidase. The en(am)1 mutant appears to result in an unusual case of reversal of the control present in wild-type: the enzyme is expressed in a constitutive fashion and inducers, required for enzyme synthesis in wild-type, actually reduce the level of L-amino acid oxidase in en(am)1. The MS5 mutant shows a substantial release from the usual nitrogen catabolite repression exerted by glutamine in wild-type.
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10
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Arinbasarova AY, Makrushin KV, Medentsev AG, Lukasheva EV, Berezov TT. Production of extracellular H2O2 and L-lysine-α-oxidase during bulk growth of the fungus Trichoderma cf. aureoviride Rifai VKM F-4268D under salt stress. Microbiology (Reading) 2012. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261712050025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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11
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D-amino acid-induced expression of D-amino acid oxidase in the yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Curr Microbiol 2012; 65:764-9. [PMID: 22986818 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-012-0227-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 08/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We investigated D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) induction in the popular model yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. The product of the putative DAO gene of the yeast expressed in E. coli displayed oxidase activity to neutral and basic D-amino acids, but not to an L-amino acid or acidic D-amino acids, showing that the putative DAO gene encodes catalytically active DAO. DAO activity was weakly detected in yeast cells grown on a culture medium without D-amino acid, and was approximately doubled by adding D-alanine. The elimination of ammonium chloride from culture medium induced activity by up to eight-fold. L-Alanine also induced the activity, but only by about half of that induced by D-alanine. The induction by D-alanine reached a maximum level at 2 h cultivation; it remained roughly constant until cell growth reached a stationary phase. The best inducer was D-alanine, followed by D-proline and then D-serine. Not effective were N-carbamoyl-D,L-alanine (a better inducer of DAO than D-alanine in the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis), and both basic and acidic D-amino acids. These results showed that S. pombe DAO could be a suitable model for analyzing the regulation of DAO expression in eukaryotic organisms.
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12
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Yu Z, Qiao H. Advances in non-snake venom L-amino acid oxidase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2012; 167:1-13. [PMID: 22367642 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-012-9611-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
L-amino acid oxidase is widely found in diverse organisms and has different properties. It is thought to contribute to antimicrobial activity, amino acid catabolism, and so forth. The purpose of this communication is to summarize the advances in non-snake venom L-amino acid oxidase, including its enzymatic and structural properties, gene cloning and expression, and biological function. In addition, the mechanism of its biological function as well as its application is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiliang Yu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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El-Sayed AS, Shindia AA, Zaher Y. L-Amino acid oxidase from filamentous fungi: screening and optimization. ANN MICROBIOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-011-0318-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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14
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Molina-Quintero LR, Lucas-Elío P, Sanchez-Amat A. Regulation of the Marinomonas mediterranea antimicrobial protein lysine oxidase by L-lysine and the sensor histidine kinase PpoS. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:6141-9. [PMID: 20656878 PMCID: PMC2937512 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00690-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 07/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Some Gram-negative bacteria express a novel enzyme with lysine-epsilon-oxidase (LOD) activity (EC 1.4.3.20). The oxidation of l-Lys generates, among other products, hydrogen peroxide, which confers antimicrobial properties to this kind of enzyme and has been shown to be involved in cell death during biofilm development and differentiation. In addition to LOD, the melanogenic marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea, which forms part of the microbiota of the marine plant Posidonia oceanica, expresses two other oxidases of biotechnological interest, a multicopper oxidase, PpoA, with laccase activity and a tyrosinase named PpoB, which is responsible for melanin synthesis. By using both lacZ fusions with the lodAB promoter and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR), this study shows that the hybrid sensor histidine kinase PpoS regulates LOD activity at the transcriptional level. Although PpoS also regulates PpoA and PpoB, in this case, the regulatory effect cannot be attributed only to a transcriptional regulation. Further studies indicate that LOD activity is induced at the posttranscriptional level by l-Lys as well as by two structurally similar compounds, l-Arg and meso-2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), neither of which is a substrate of the enzyme. The inducing effect of these compounds is specific for LOD activity since PpoA and PpoB are not affected by them. This study offers, for the first time, insights into the mechanisms regulating the synthesis of the antimicrobial protein lysine-epsilon-oxidase in M. mediterranea, which could be important in the microbial colonization of the seagrass P. oceanica.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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15
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Sanchez-Amat A, Solano F, Lucas-Elío P. Finding new enzymes from bacterial physiology: a successful approach illustrated by the detection of novel oxidases in Marinomonas mediterranea. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:519-41. [PMID: 20411113 PMCID: PMC2855505 DOI: 10.3390/md8030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification and study of marine microorganisms with unique physiological traits can be a very powerful tool discovering novel enzymes of possible biotechnological interest. This approach can complement the enormous amount of data concerning gene diversity in marine environments offered by metagenomic analysis, and can help to place the activities associated with those sequences in the context of microbial cellular metabolism and physiology. Accordingly, the detection and isolation of microorganisms that may be a good source of enzymes is of great importance. Marinomonas mediterranea, for example, has proven to be one such useful microorganism. This Gram-negative marine bacterium was first selected because of the unusually high amounts of melanins synthesized in media containing the amino acid L-tyrosine. The study of its molecular biology has allowed the cloning of several genes encoding oxidases of biotechnological interest, particularly in white and red biotechnology. Characterization of the operon encoding the tyrosinase responsible for melanin synthesis revealed that a second gene in that operon encodes a protein, PpoB2, which is involved in copper transfer to tyrosinase. This finding made PpoB2 the first protein in the COG5486 group to which a physiological role has been assigned. Another enzyme of interest described in M. mediterranea is a multicopper oxidase encoding a membrane-associated enzyme that shows oxidative activity on a wide range of substrates typical of both laccases and tyrosinases. Finally, an enzyme very specific for L-lysine, which oxidises this amino acid in epsilon position and that has received a new EC number (1.4.3.20), has also been described for M. mediterranea. Overall, the studies carried out on this bacterium illustrate the power of exploring the physiology of selected microorganisms to discover novel enzymes of biotechnological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Sanchez-Amat
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Francisco Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
| | - Patricia Lucas-Elío
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, Murcia 30100, Spain; E-Mail:
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16
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Chen WM, Lin CY, Sheu SY. Investigating antimicrobial activity in Rheinheimera sp. due to hydrogen peroxide generated by l-lysine oxidase activity. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010; 46:487-93. [PMID: 25919624 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2010.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 01/08/2010] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A greenish yellow pigmented bacterial strain, designated GR5, was recently isolated from a freshwater culture pond for a soft-shell turtle. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicate that strain GR5 belongs to the genus Rheinheimera and its only closest neighbor is the type strain of Rheinheimera texasensis (98.2%). Based on the antibiogram assay, strain GR5 possesses a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity including Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, algae, and strain GR5 itself. Strain GR5 can synthesize a macromolecule with antimicrobial activity due to the generation of hydrogen peroxide and this antimicrobial effect can be inhibited by catalase. This antimicrobial activity is active only in complex culture media or chemically defined culture media containing l-lysine. This antimicrobial macromolecule in strain GR5 is shown to be a monomeric protein with a molecular mass of 71kDa and isoelectric point of approximately 3.68. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analyses reveal close similarity of a 19-amino acid fragment derived from this protein to the antibacterial protein, AlpP from the marine bacterium Pseudoalteromonas tunicata D2, and to the antibacterial protein, marinocine, from the marine bacterium Marinomonas mediterranea. This study explores the nature of antimicrobial macromolecule such as l-lysine oxidase. This is the first report on a freshwater bacterium producing antimicrobial activity by generating hydrogen peroxide through its enzymatic activity of l-lysine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ming Chen
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd., Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Chang Yi Lin
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Seafood Science, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd., Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan
| | - Shih Yi Sheu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, National Kaohsiung Marine University, No. 142, Hai-Chuan Rd., Nan-Tzu, Kaohsiung City 811, Taiwan.
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17
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Nuutinen JT, Timonen S. Identification of nitrogen mineralization enzymes, L-amino acid oxidases, from the ectomycorrhizal fungi Hebeloma spp. and Laccaria bicolor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 112:1453-64. [PMID: 18675352 DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2008.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are major nitrogen sources in soils and they harbour a central position in the nitrogen metabolism of cells. We determined whether Hebeloma spp. and Laccaria bicolor expressed the enzyme L-amino acid oxidase (LAO), which catalyses the oxidative deamination of the alpha-amino group of L-amino acids. We measured LAO activities from the mycelial extracts of seven laboratory-grown fungal strains with three methods, and we measured how LAO activities were expressed in one Hebeloma sp. strain grown on four nitrogen sources. Hebeloma spp. and L. bicolor converted L-phenylalanine, but not D-phenylalanine, to hydrogen peroxide, 2-oxoacid, and ammonia, suggesting that they expressed LAO enzymes. The enzymes utilized five out of seven tested L-amino acids as substrates. LAO activities were maximal at pH 8, where Michaelis constant (Km) values were 2-5mm. The LAO of Hebeloma sp. was expressed on every nitrogen source analysed, and the activities were the highest in mycelia grown in nitrogen-rich conditions. We suggest that LAO is a mechanism for cellular amino acid catabolism in Hebeloma spp. and L. bicolor. Many soil bacteria and fungi also express LAO enzymes that have broad substrate specificities. Therefore, LAO is a potential candidate for a mechanism that catalyses nitrogen mineralization from amino acids at the ecosystem level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaro T Nuutinen
- University of Helsinki, Department of Applied Biology, P.O. Box 27, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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18
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Rolland SG, Bruel CA. Sulphur and nitrogen regulation of the protease-encoding ACP1 gene in the fungus Botrytis cinerea: correlation with a phospholipase D activity. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2008; 154:1464-1473. [PMID: 18451055 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2007/012005-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Sulphur and nitrogen catabolic repressions are regulations that have long been recognized in fungi, but whose molecular bases remain largely elusive. This paper shows that catabolic repression of a protease-encoding gene correlates with the modulation of a phosphatidylethanolamine (PE)-specific phospholipase D (PLD) activity in the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Our results first demonstrate that the ACP1 gene is subject to sulphur catabolic repression, with sulphate and cysteine inhibiting its expression. Sulphate and cysteine also cause a decrease of the total cellular PLD activity and, reciprocally, the two PLD inhibitors AEBSF [4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulphonyl fluoride] and curcumin negatively affect ACP1 expression in vivo. Cysteine moreover inhibits the PE-specific PLD activity in cell extracts. ACP1 is regulated by nitrogen, but here we show that this regulation does not rely on the proximal AREA binding site in its promoter, and that glutamine does not play a particular role in the process. A decrease in the total cellular PLD activity is also observed when the cells are fed ammonia, but this effect is smaller than that produced by sulphur. RNA-interference experiments finally suggest that the enzyme responsible for the PE-specific PLD activity is encoded by a gene that does not belong to the known HKD gene family of PLDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane G Rolland
- Génomique fonctionnelle des champignons pathogènes des plantes, UMR5240 Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Université de Lyon, 14 Rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 9, France
| | - Christophe A Bruel
- Génomique fonctionnelle des champignons pathogènes des plantes, UMR5240 Microbiologie, Adaptation et Pathogénie, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, Bayer CropScience, Université de Lyon, 14 Rue Pierre Baizet, 69263 Lyon Cedex 9, France
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The macromolecule with antimicrobial activity synthesized by Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea strains is an L-amino acid oxidase. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:925-30. [PMID: 18504575 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1499-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2007] [Revised: 04/08/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Two purple pigmented bacterial strains, CPMOR-1 and CPMOR-2, have been newly isolated from the Mediterranean Sea. 16S RNA sequencing and phenotypic characteristics indicate that they belong to the species Pseudoalteromonas luteoviolacea. The synthesis of macromolecules with antimicrobial activity is a capacity described in many strains of this species although the nature of those macromolecules has not been reported up to now. The search for antimicrobial compounds in the two new strains described in this work shows that they synthesize a macromolecule with antimicrobial activity that can be inhibited by catalase, as it had been described in the type strain P. luteoviolacea NCIMB 1893(T). This work elucidates the nature of such macromolecule as a novel L-amino acid oxidase (LAO) with broad substrate specificity. The enzyme is most active with Met, Gln, Leu, Phe, Glu, and Trp. In growth media containing those amino acids, the hydrogen peroxide generated by the reaction catalyzed by the LAO mediates its antimicrobial activity.
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20
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Ahuja M, Punekar NS. Phosphinothricin resistance in Aspergillus niger and its utility as a selectable transformation marker. Fungal Genet Biol 2008; 45:1103-10. [PMID: 18479949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2008.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 03/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus niger is moderately susceptible to inhibition by phosphinothricin (PPT)-a potent inhibitor of glutamine synthetase. This growth inhibition was relieved by L-glutamine. PPT inhibited A. niger glutamine synthetase in vitro (K(I), 54 microM) and the inhibition was competitive with L-glutamate. The bar gene, imparting resistance to PPT, was successfully exploited as a dominant marker to transform this fungus. Very high PPT concentrations were required in the overlay for selection. Apart from bar transformants, colonies spontaneously resistant to PPT were frequently encountered on selection media. Reasons for such spontaneous resistance, albeit of moderate growth phenotype, were sought using one such isolate (SRPPT). The SRPPT isolate showed a 2-3-fold decrease in its glutamate uptake rate. Elevated external glutamate levels further suppressed the PPT-induced growth inhibition. Cellular entry of PPT could be through the L-glutamate uptake system thereby accounting for the observed spontaneous resistant phenotype. These results were useful in the fine-tuning of bar-selection in A. niger.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manmeet Ahuja
- Biotechnology Group, School of Bioscience and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India
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21
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Properties and applications of microbial D-amino acid oxidases: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:1-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1282-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2007] [Revised: 11/09/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Schliebs W, Würtz C, Kunau WH, Veenhuis M, Rottensteiner H. A eukaryote without catalase-containing microbodies: Neurospora crassa exhibits a unique cellular distribution of its four catalases. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2006; 5:1490-502. [PMID: 16963632 PMCID: PMC1563580 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00113-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbodies usually house catalase to decompose hydrogen peroxide generated within the organelle by the action of various oxidases. Here we have analyzed whether peroxisomes (i.e., catalase-containing microbodies) exist in Neurospora crassa. Three distinct catalase isoforms were identified by native catalase activity gels under various peroxisome-inducing conditions. Subcellular fractionation by density gradient centrifugation revealed that most of the spectrophotometrically measured activity was present in the light upper fractions, with an additional small peak coinciding with the peak fractions of HEX-1, the marker protein for Woronin bodies, a compartment related to the microbody family. However, neither in-gel assays nor monospecific antibodies generated against the three purified catalases detected the enzymes in any dense organellar fraction. Furthermore, staining of an N. crassa wild-type strain with 3,3'-diaminobenzidine and H(2)O(2) did not lead to catalase-dependent reaction products within microbodies. Nonetheless, N. crassa does possess a gene (cat-4) whose product is most similar to the peroxisomal type of monofunctional catalases. This novel protein indeed exhibited catalase activity, but was not localized to microbodies either. We conclude that N. crassa lacks catalase-containing peroxisomes, a characteristic that is probably restricted to a few filamentous fungi that produce little hydrogen peroxide within microbodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Abt. Systembiochemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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23
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Davis MA, Askin MC, Hynes MJ. Amino acid catabolism by an areA-regulated gene encoding an L-amino acid oxidase with broad substrate specificity in Aspergillus nidulans. Appl Environ Microbiol 2005; 71:3551-5. [PMID: 16000761 PMCID: PMC1168990 DOI: 10.1128/aem.71.7.3551-3555.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans can use a wide range of compounds as nitrogen sources. The synthesis of the various catabolic enzymes needed to breakdown these nitrogen sources is regulated by the areA gene, which encodes a GATA transcription factor required to activate gene expression under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The areA102 mutation results in pleiotropic effects on nitrogen source utilization, including better growth on certain amino acids as nitrogen sources. Mutations in the sarA gene were previously isolated as suppressors of the strong growth of an areA102 strain on l-histidine as a sole nitrogen source. We cloned the sarA gene by complementation of a sarA mutant and showed that it encodes an l-amino acid oxidase enzyme with broad substrate specificity. Elevated expression of this enzyme activity in an areA102 background accounts for the strong growth of these strains on amino acids that are substrates for this enzyme. Loss of function sarA mutations, which abolish the l-amino acid oxidase activity, reverse the areA102 phenotype. Growth tests with areA102 and sarA mutants show that this enzyme is the primary route of catabolism for some amino acids, while other amino acids are metabolized through alternative pathways that yield either ammonium or glutamate for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meryl A Davis
- Department of Genetics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia.
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24
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D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/pl00021754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0004-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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26
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Tishkov VI, Khoronenkova SV. D-amino acid oxidase: structure, catalytic mechanism, and practical application. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0050-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Sarower MG, Okada S, Abe H. Molecular characterization of D-amino acid oxidase from common carp Cyprinus carpio and its induction with exogenous free D-alanine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 420:121-9. [PMID: 14622982 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A full-length cDNA encoding D-amino acid oxidase (DAO, EC 1.4.3.3) was cloned and sequenced from the hepatopancreas of carp fed a diet supplemented with D-alanine. This clone contained an open reading frame encoding 347 amino acid residues. The deduced amino acid sequence exhibited about 60 and 19-29% identity to mammalian and microbial DAOs, respectively. The expression of full-length carp DAO cDNA in Escherichia coli resulted in a significant level of protein with DAO activity. In carp fed the diet with D-alanine for 14 days, DAO mRNA was strongly expressed in intestine followed by hepatopancreas and kidney, but not in muscle. During D-alanine administration, DAO gene was expressed quickly in hepatopancreas with the increase of DAO activity. The inducible nature of carp DAO indicates that it plays an important physiological role in metabolizing exogenous D-alanine that is abundant in their prey invertebrates, crustaceans, and mollusks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Golam Sarower
- Department of Aquatic Bioscience, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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28
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Kujan P, Prell A, Safár H, Holler P, Plhácková K, Sobotka M. D-amino-acid oxidase--an improved production of the enzyme by the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis in a laboratory fermentor. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2002; 46:427-31. [PMID: 11899477 DOI: 10.1007/bf02814434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The cultivation of the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis producing D-amino-acid oxidase (an enzyme participating in the transformation of cephalosporin C into 7-aminocephalosporanic acid for the production of beta-lactam antibiotics) was controlled by changes of dissolved oxygen tension and extended fermentation times. The production technology was optimized on a laboratory scale and scale-up parameters were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kujan
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czechia
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29
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Sun Y, Nonobe E, Kobayashi Y, Kuraishi T, Aoki F, Yamamoto K, Sakai S. Characterization and expression of L-amino acid oxidase of mouse milk. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:19080-6. [PMID: 11907037 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m200936200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
l-Amino acid oxidase (LAO) was purified from mouse milk. LAO reacted with l-amino acids in an apparent order of Phe > Met, Tyr > Cys, Leu > His other 11 amino acids tested and produced H(2)O(2) in a dose- and time-dependent manner. LAO in milk had a molecular mass of about 113 kDa and was converted to a 60-kDa protein by SDS-PAGE. LAO consisted of two subunits. The N- and C-terminal amino acid sequence determination followed by cDNA cloning showed that the 60-kDa protein consisted of 497 amino acids. LAO mRNA spanned about 2.0 kb, and its expression was found only in the mammary epithelial cells. Glucocorticoid was essential for LAO gene expression. Thus, the LAO gene is expressed acutely upon the onset of milk synthesis. LAO mRNA increased 1 day before parturition, peaked during early to mid-lactation, and decreased at the end of lactation. This is the first demonstration showing that LAO is present in milk. Mastitis is caused by an intramammary bacterial infection. As mouse milk produced H(2)O(2) using endogenous free amino acids, we suggest that LAO, together with free amino acids, is responsible for killing bacteria in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youping Sun
- Department of Animal Breeding, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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30
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Metabolic Regulation in Fungi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1874-5334(01)80005-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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31
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Expression of Trigonopsis variabilis D-amino acid oxidase gene in Escherichia coli and characterization of its inactive mutants. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 27:482-491. [PMID: 10978770 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00247-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The D-amino acid oxidase cDNA gene (daao) of Trigonopsis variabilis was prepared by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and cloned into Escherichia coli expression vector, pTrc99A, under the control of tac promoter. Expression of daao gene significantly affected the growth and morphology of E. coli. The highest D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) activity was 705 U (mg of protein)(-)(1), which was about 12-fold higher than that of D-alanine-induced T. variabilis. The DAAO protein exhibited activity on native-PAGE and had a M(r)value of 39.3 kDa. We also constructed an expression plasmid, pKm-DAAO, in which kanamycin instead of ampicillin was used as the selective marker. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis demonstrated that cephalosporin C could be converted to 7-glutarylcephalosporanic acid by cell-free extract of E. coli harboring pKm-DAAO. Four inactive DAAO mutants were obtained by error-prone PCR. Sequence analysis of these four DAAO mutants indicated the occurrence of mutations at Val-167, Pro-291, Pro-309, and Ala-343 residues. The His(6)-tagged DAAOs were expressed in E. coli and purified by nickel ion affinity chromatography. The results showed that all DAAO mutants lost their enzymatic activities and characteristic adsorption spectra for flavoenzyme. Based on the crystal structure of a homologous protein, pig DAAO, it is suggested that these four residues may play essential structural roles in DAAO conformation, thereby influencing DAAO's catalytic activity.
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St Leger RJ, Nelson JO, Screen SE. The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae alters ambient pH, allowing extracellular protease production and activity. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1999; 145 ( Pt 10):2691-9. [PMID: 10537191 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-145-10-2691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ambient pH regulates the expression of virulence genes of Metarhizium anisopliae, but it was unknown if M. anisopliae can regulate ambient pH. Mutants of M. anisopliae altered in production of oxalic acid were evaluated for the interrelationship of ambient pH, buffering capacity added to media, growth, and generation of extracellular proteases and ammonia. Wild-type and acid-overproducing mutants [Acid(+)] grew almost as well at pH 8 as at pH 6, but acid-non-producing [Acid(-)] mutants showed limited growth at pH 8, indicating that acid production is linked to the ability to grow at higher pH. Production of ammonia by M. anisopliae was strongly stimulated by low levels of amino acids in the medium when cells were derepressed for nitrogen and carbon. Likewise, although Aspergillus fumigatus and Neurospora crassa produced some ammonia in minimal media, addition of low levels of amino acids enhanced production. Ammonia production by A. fumigatus, N. crassa and M. anisopliae increased the pH of the medium and allowed production of subtilisin proteases, whose activities are observed only at basic pH. In contrast, protease production by the Acid(+) mutants of M. anisopliae was greatly reduced because of the acidification of the medium. This suggests that alkalinization by ammonia production is adaptive by facilitating the utilization of proteinaceous nutrients. Collectively, the data imply that ammonia may have functions related to regulation of the microenvironment and that it represents a previously unconsidered virulence factor in diverse fungi with the potential to harm tissues and disturb the host's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J St Leger
- Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park 20742-4454, USA.
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Calderón J, Olvera L, Martínez LM, Dávila G. A Neurospora crassa mutant altered in the regulation of L-amino acid oxidase. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 1997; 143 ( Pt 6):1969-1974. [PMID: 9202472 DOI: 10.1099/00221287-143-6-1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The isolation and characterization of a Neurospora crassa mutant altered in L-amino oxidase regulation is reported. The previously isolated gln-1bR8 strain, which only synthesizes the glutamine synthetase alpha monomer and lacks the beta monomer, was used as parental strain. A mutant derivative of strain was selected for its ability to grow on minimal medium in the presence of DL-methionine-SR-sulfoximine (MSO), an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase activity. This gln-1bR8;MSOR mutant overcame the inhibitory effect of MSO by increasing the activity of L-amino acid oxidase, an enzyme capable of degrading this compound. In contrast with the wild-type strain, the L-amino acid oxidase of the MSOR mutant was resistant to glutamine repression; in fact, it was induced by this amino acid but repressed by ammonium. This mutant is different from other nitrogen regulatory N. crassa mutants reported and is only altered in the regulation of L-amino acid oxidase. The MSOR mutation is epistatic to nit-2 since the nit2;MSOR double mutant regulated the L-amino acid oxidase in the same way as the MSOR single mutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Calderón
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México DF 04510, Mexico
| | - Leticia Olvera
- Departamento de Ecología Molecular, Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno UNAM, Apartado Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Luz María Martínez
- Departamento de Ecología Molecular, Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno UNAM, Apartado Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
| | - Guillermo Dávila
- Departamento de Genética Molecular, Centro de Investigación sobre Fijación de Nitrógeno UNAM, Apartado Postal 565-A, Cuernavaca, Mor., Mexico
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Abstract
In the fungi, nitrogen metabolism is controlled by a complex genetic regulatory circuit which ensures the preferential use of primary nitrogen sources and also confers the ability to use many different secondary nitrogen sources when appropriate. Most structural genes encoding nitrogen catabolic enzymes are subject to nitrogen catabolite repression, mediated by positive-acting transcription factors of the GATA family of proteins. However, certain GATA family members, such as the yeast DAL80 factor, act negatively to repress gene expression. Selective expression of the genes which encode enzymes for the metabolism of secondary nitrogen sources is often achieved by induction, mediated by pathway-specific factors, many of which have a GAL4-like C6/Zn2 DNA binding domain. Regulation within the nitrogen circuit also involves specific protein-protein interactions, as exemplified by the specific binding of the negative-acting NMR protein with the positive-acting NIT2 protein of Neurospora crassa. Nitrogen metabolic regulation appears to play a significant role in the pathogenicity of certain animal and plant fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Marzluf
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210, USA.
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Horner R, Wagner F, Fischer L. Induction of the d-Amino Acid Oxidase from Trigonopsis variabilis. Appl Environ Microbiol 1996; 62:2106-10. [PMID: 16535339 PMCID: PMC1388877 DOI: 10.1128/aem.62.6.2106-2110.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Induction of the d-amino acid oxidase (EC. 1.4.3.3) from the yeast Trigonopsis variabilis was investigated by using a minimal medium containing glucose as the carbon and energy source, (NH(inf4))(inf2)SO(inf4) as the nitrogen source, and various d- and dl-amino acid derivatives as inducers. The best new inducers found were N-carbamoyl-d-alanine, N-acetyl-d-tryptophan, and N-chloroacetyl-d-(alpha)-aminobutyric acid; when the induction effects of these compounds were compared with the effects of d-alanine as the nitrogen source and inducer, the resulting activities of d-amino acid oxidase per gram of dried yeast were 4.2, 2.1, and 1.5 times higher, respectively. The optimum concentration of the best inducer, N-carbamoyl-d-alanine, was 5 mM. This inducer could also be used in its racemic form. The induction was pH dependent. After cultivation of the yeast in a 50-liter bioreactor, d-amino acid oxidase activity of about 3,850 (mu)kat (231,000 U) was obtained. In addition, production of the d-amino acid oxidase was found to be significantly dependent on the metal salt composition of the medium. Addition of zinc ions was required to obtain high d-amino acid oxidase levels in the cells. The optimum concentration of ZnSO(inf4) was about 140 (mu)M.
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Xiao XD, Marzluf GA. Amino-acid substitutions in the zinc finger of NIT2, the nitrogen regulatory protein of Neurospora crassa, alter promoter element recognition. Curr Genet 1993; 24:212-8. [PMID: 8221929 DOI: 10.1007/bf00351794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
NIT2, the major nitrogen regulatory protein of Neurospora crassa mediates nitrogen catabolite derepression of the structural genes which specify enzymes of nitrogen catabolism. The promoter of the structural gene for L-amino acid oxidase, a nitrogen-regulated enzyme, was found to contain two NIT2 binding sites, each with two copies of a GATA core consensus sequence. Site-directed mutagenesis was employed to create amino-acid substitutions within the single zinc-finger region of NIT2, which serves as the DNA-binding domain. The affect of those mutations upon NIT2 function in vivo in the activation of three separate structural genes was examined by transformation assays and relevant enzyme activities, and DNA-binding activity in vitro was determined by gel band mobility-shift assays. It was shown that specific amino-acid residues within the zinc-finger loop region of NIT2 are important for DNA-binding activity, whereas other residues influence the specificity of DNA binding. Mutant NIT2 proteins were obtained which retain DNA-binding activity and alter the specificity of DNA recognition, thus allowing a distinction between related DNA elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- X D Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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37
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Machado MJ, Zancan GT. Effect of oxygen on the levels ofl-amino acid oxidase inNeurospora crassa. Mycology 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0147-5975(91)90029-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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38
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Niedermann DM, Lerch K. Regulation of biosynthesis of l-amino acid oxidase by Neurospora crassa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1991.tb04547.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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39
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Niedermann DM, Lerch K. Molecular cloning of the L-amino-acid oxidase gene from Neurospora crassa. J Biol Chem 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)44895-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Fu YH, Marzluf GA. nit-2, the major positive-acting nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa, encodes a sequence-specific DNA-binding protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990; 87:5331-5. [PMID: 2142530 PMCID: PMC54317 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.87.14.5331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The nit-2 major nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora crassa turns on the expression of various unlinked structural genes that specify nitrogen-catabolic enzymes under nitrogen-limitation conditions. The nit-2 gene encodes a protein of 1036 amino acid residues with a single zinc finger and a downstream basic region that may make up a DNA-binding domain. The zinc-finger domain of the NIT2 protein was synthesized in two ways to examine its DNA-binding activity with gel-band-mobility shift and DNA-footprint experiments. The NIT2 protein binds to specific DNA recognition elements that are located upstream of nitrogen-regulated structural genes. Each recognition element contains at least two copies of a core sequence whose consensus is TATCTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Fu YH, Marzluf GA. Molecular cloning and analysis of the regulation of nit-3, the structural gene for nitrate reductase in Neurospora crassa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1987; 84:8243-7. [PMID: 2891138 PMCID: PMC299518 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.84.23.8243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The nit-3 gene of Neurospora crassa encodes the enzyme nitrate reductase and is regulated by nitrogen catabolite repression and by specific induction with nitrate. The nit-3 gene was isolated from a cosmid-based genomic library by dual selection for benomyl resistance and for the ability to complement a nit-3 mutant strain using the sibling-selection procedure. The nit-3 gene was subcloned as a 3.8-kilobase DNA fragment from a cosmid that carried an approximately 40-kilobase N. crassa DNA insert. A restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis revealed that the cloned segment displayed tight linkage to two linkage-group-4 markers that flank the genomic location of nit-3. RNA gel blot analyses of RNA from wild-type and various mutant strains were carried out to examine the molecular mechanism for regulation of nit-3 gene expression. The nit-3 gene was transcribed to give a large mRNA of approximately 3.4 kilobases, the expected size to encode nitrate reductase. The nit-3 gene was only expressed in wild-type cells subject to simultaneous nitrogen derepression and nitrate induction. A mutant of nit-2, the major nitrogen regulatory gene of Neurospora, did not have detectable levels of nit-3 gene transcripts under the exact conditions in which these transcripts were highly expressed in wild type. Similarly, a mutant of nit-4, which defines a minor positive-acting nitrogen control gene, failed to express detectable levels of the nit-3 transcript. Nitrate reductase gene expression was partially resistant to nitrogen repression in a mutant of the nmr gene, which appears to be a regulatory gene with a direct role in nitrogen catabolite repression. Results are presented that suggest that the enzyme glutamine synthetase does not serve any regulatory role in controlling nitrate reductase gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Nahm BH, Marzluf GA. Induction and de novo synthesis of uricase, a nitrogen-regulated enzyme in Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 1987; 169:1943-8. [PMID: 2952636 PMCID: PMC212054 DOI: 10.1128/jb.169.5.1943-1948.1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two efficient procedures are presented for the purification of the purine catabolic enzyme uricase from Neurospora crassa. A specific antiserum for uricase was prepared and used to examine the regulation of uricase expression. Even when wild-type cells are growing under full nitrogen repression conditions, they possess a considerable basal level of uricase. Induction results in a severalfold increase in the level of this enzyme and reflects de novo enzyme synthesis. Identical forms of uricase were translated in vitro from RNA isolated from control and induced cells, but, unexpectedly, induced cells contained less translatable uricase mRNA than did control cells. Although uricase is localized in peroxisomes, the enzyme subunit appears to be synthesized in mature form without any requirement for processing.
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Amber nonsense mutations in regulatory and structural genes of the nitrogen control circuit of Neurospora crassa. Curr Genet 1986; 10:677-84. [PMID: 2965995 DOI: 10.1007/bf00410916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurospora crassa possesses a set of nitrogen-regulated enzymes whose expression requires a lifting of nitrogen catabolite repression and specific induction. The nit-2 gene is a major regulatory locus which appears to act in a positive way to turn on the expression of these nitrogen-related enzymes whereas the nit-4 gene appears to mediate nitrate induction of nitrate and nitrite reductase. The nit-3 gene specifies nitrate reductase and is subject to control by both nit-2 and nit-4. Many new nit-2, nit-3, and nit-4 mutants were isolated in order to obtain amber nonsense mutations in these loci which were suppressible by the suppressor gene, Ssu-1. A nit-2 nonsense mutant was isolated which has altered regulatory properties for control of nitrate reductase. L-amino acid oxidase, and uricase, and which may encode a truncated regulatory protein. Four nit-3 nonsense mutations were isolated, each of which completely lacks nitrate reductase activity, which is restored to markedly different levels by suppression with Ssu-1. Studies of heat activation and thermal lability of nitrate reductase suggest a qualitative alteration of the enzyme occurs in two of the Ssu-1 nit-3 strains.
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Control of l-amino acid oxidase in Neurospora crassa by different regulatory circuits. Arch Microbiol 1985. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00414765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
The production of an extracellular deaminase activity involved with the utilization of amino acids as sole sources of nitrogen is under the control of the nit-2 locus of Neurospora crassa. This locus is the sole major nitrogen regulatory locus described for N. crassa and is believed to encode a positive effector required for induction of activities involved with the utilization of alternate nitrogen sources. Production of deaminase activity requires the lifting of nitrogen metabolite repression, the presence of a functional nit-2 gene product, and specific induction by amino acids. Additional parameters of enzyme production are described.
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DeBusk RM, Ogilvie S. Participation of an extracellular deaminase in amino acid utilization by Neurospora crassa. J Bacteriol 1984; 159:583-9. [PMID: 6235210 PMCID: PMC215683 DOI: 10.1128/jb.159.2.583-589.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A strain of Neurospora crassa defective in amino acid transport can utilize a variety of amino acids for growth when readily metabolizable nitrogen is limiting. Growth is accompanied by the production of an extracellular deaminase that converts the amino acid to its respective keto acid plus equimolar quantities of utilizable nitrogen in the ammonium ion form. Production of the deaminase is subject to ammonium repression. The relationship between the ability of an amino acid to trigger deaminase production and the presence of particular amino acid permease deficiencies is complex. Four classes of amino acids have been defined with respect to this relationship. The existence of multiple extracellular deaminases is discussed.
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Lindberg RA, Drucker H. Regulation of a Neurospora crassa extracellular RNase by phosphorus, nitrogen, and carbon derepressions. J Bacteriol 1984; 157:380-4. [PMID: 6229529 PMCID: PMC215258 DOI: 10.1128/jb.157.2.380-384.1984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A new extracellular RNase, designated N4, was detected in culture filtrates from Neurospora crassa and its regulation was studied. Limitation of a nutrient obtainable from RNA alone was not sufficient to cause enzyme derepression. The addition of RNA to the medium had no inductive effect, but the addition of exogenous protein caused enzyme production. With protein in the medium, N4 was derepressible for all three elemental nutrients obtainable from RNA: carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Successful carbon derepression required the addition of a small amount of proteolytic activity to the cultures, as has been reported for the carbon-derepressible proteases of N. crassa. Exogenous protein affected RNase production before translation. Effects of the exogenous protein appeared similar to those previously reported for N. crassa protease induction. N4 was under the control of the nit-2 and nuc-1 gene products. nit-2 and nuc-1 mutants were unable to derepress enzyme synthesis for nitrogen and phosphorus limitation, respectively; however, these mutants responded like wild types to the other two states of derepression. Enzyme synthesis was constitutive in the preg mutant. Results indicate that the transcription of the N4 structural gene responds to multiple regulatory gene products from different regulatory circuits and that external protein affects the synthesis of classes of hydrolases other than proteases.
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